574:. Hover flies are also commonly seen pollinating the flower heads of this plant. Florivores such as beetles and grasshoppers are commonly seen as well. The compounds found in the fragrance may not be in the highest abundance but they are highly attractive. P-anisaldehyde is found in less than 1%, yet it attracts pollinators such as honey bees. This is thought to be the result of additive and synergistic effects from the blend increasing the attraction to the plant. After pollination, it can be seen that fragrance emission decreases in
621:
51:
636:
430:
934:
93:
757:
552:
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the terpenes (oxoisophoroneoxide, oxoisophorone, and dihydrooxoisophorone) found in the blend. This was seen in both natural plants emitting the fragrance and emitting the scent synthetically. It is believed that general arousal can be stimulated through exposure of a single compound, whereas the accumulated exposure of all the compounds influence the foraging behaviour of the butterflies.
70:
930:
long-term sustainable control solution that is free and does not involve herbicides. Plants systemically diseased with the rust gradually but surely die. Reductions in thistle density were estimated, in 10 sites in the U.S., Greece, and Russia, to average 43%, 64%, and 81% by 18, 30, and 42 months, respectively, after a single application of spores of the fungus.
913:
also feeds on the thistle and has been used as a control agent in Canada. One larva of the species can consume up to 95% of seeds in a particular flower bud. However, use of this weevil has had a damaging effect on other thistle species as well, include some that are threatened. It may therefore not
585:
The fragrance contains several compounds that attract diverse insects. Looking at certain butterflies species, it can be seen that the fragrance blend is highly attractive to them, being sensitive to their antennae. High antennal response are seen in consequence to the phenylacetaldehyde as well as
929:
is used in North
America and New Zealand in biological control. In 2013, in four countries in three continents, epidemics of systemic disease caused by this rust fungus could be routinely and easily established. The procedure for establishing this control agent involves three simple steps and is a
610:
which assists in wind dispersal. One to 5 flower heads occur per branch, with plants in very favourable conditions producing up to 100 heads per shoot. Each head contains an average of 100 florets. Average seed production per plant has been estimated at 1530. More seeds are produced when male and
481:
is one of the worst invasive weeds worldwide. Through comparison of its genetic expressions, the plant evolves differently with respect to where it has established itself. Differences can be seen in their R-protein mediated defenses, sensitivities to abiotic stresses, and developmental timing.
2421:
505:
Its underground structure consists of four types, 1) long, thick, horizontal roots, 2) long, thick, vertical roots, 3) short, fine shoots, and 4) vertical, underground stems. Though asserted in some literature, creeping thistle does not form rhizomes. Root buds form
510:
on the thickened roots of creeping thistle, and give rise to new shoots. Shoots can also arise from the lateral buds on the underground portion of regular shoots, particularly if the shoots are cut off through mowing or when stem segments are buried.
895:
Growing forages such as alfalfa can help control the species as a weed by frequently cutting the alfalfa to add nutrients to the soil, the weeds also get cut, and have a harder time re-establishing themselves, which reduces the shoot density.
2429:
970:
Crop tolerance and weed control ratings were conducted in the spring of 2012, and the
Prepass herbicide by DOW AgroSciences was found to be most effective at controlling the species as a weed problem in alfalfa fields.
991:
is considered the most nutritious part. The leaves are also edible, though the spines make their preparation for food too tedious to be worthwhile. The stalks, however, are also edible and more easily despined.
2410:
Berner, D. K., et al. (2015) Asymptomatic systemic disease of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) caused by
Puccinia punctiformis and changes in shoot density following inoculation. Biological Control 86:28-35.
566:
emits attracts both pollinators and florivores containing compounds that attract each respectively. Honeybees are shown to have the highest visitation rate, followed by other bee species in the genera
349:
The plant is beneficial for pollinators that rely on nectar. It also was a top producer of nectar sugar in a 2016 study in
Britain, with a second-place ranking due to a production per floral unit of (
892:
Control methods include cutting at flower stem extension before the flower buds open to prevent seed spread. Repeated cutting at the same growth stage over several years may "wear down" the plant.
904:
feeds on Canada thistle and has been reported to be the most effective biological control agent for that plant. Its larvae parasitize the seed heads, feeding solely upon fertile seed heads.
611:
female plants are closer together, as flowers are primarily insect-pollinated. The plant can bloom from seed in a year then subsequently the seeds produced can emerge in the following year.
497:, although male plants sometimes produce bisexual flowers. It also differs from other native North American species in having large roots and multiple small flower heads on a branched stem.
967:
are approved in some regions. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that can be used when the plant has grown a few inches tall, where the herbicide can be absorbed by the leaf surfaces.
1904:
578:. This is regulated through a regulatory feedback mechanism depending on the pollination status of the plant. This mechanism has only been observed in pistillate plants for dioecious
1983:"AreAltica carduorumandAltica cirsicola(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Different Species? Implications for the Release of A. cirsicolafor the Biocontrol of Canada Thistle in Canada"
658:
Variation in leaf characters (texture, vestiture, segmentation, spininess) is the basis for determining creeping thistle varieties. According to Flora of
Northwest Europe the two
598:
compound cyme is 10–22 mm (0.39–0.87 in) in diameter, pink-purple, with all the florets of similar form (no division into disc and ray florets). The flowers are usually
868:. Many countries regulate this plant, or its parts (i.e., seed) as a contaminant of other imported products such as grains for consumption or seeds for propagation. In Canada,
1844:
1950:
2401:
Berner, D. K., et al. (2013) Successful establishment of epiphytotics of
Puccinia punctiformis for biological control of Cirsium arvense. Biological Control 67:350-360.
2293:
1585:
Andersson, Susanna (2003-03-01). "Antennal responses to floral scents in the butterflies
Inachis io , Aglais urticae (Nymphalidae), and Gonepteryx rhamni (Pieridae)".
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1931:
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3247:
2801:
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has shown some promise for controlling Canada thistle, but it must be used in conjunction with other control measures to be effective. Also
3409:
2127:
421:. Canada and Canadian thistle are in wide use in the United States, despite being a misleading designation (it is not of Canadian origin).
2682:
1154:
3379:
2716:
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2325:"Unexpected Ecological Effects of Distributing the Exotic Weevil, Larinus planus (F.), for the Biological Control of Canada Thistle"
1868:
1298:
620:
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1289:
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eras, and tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, and ground water is plentiful. C
3351:
3180:
2814:
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1839:
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1945:
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be a desirable control agent. It is unclear if the government continues to use this weevil to control Canada thistles or not.
3134:
2301:
3304:
3038:
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is placed in the subtribe
Carduinae, tribe Cardueae of the family Asteraceae. Unlike other species in the same genus, it is
2907:
2938:
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1265:
1243:
543:
are very spiny, lobed, and up to 15–20 cm long and 2–3 cm broad (smaller on the upper part of the flower stem).
3149:
1659:
Theis, Nina (May 2006). "Fragrance of Canada
Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Attracts Both Floral Herbivores and Pollinators".
872:
is classified as a primary noxious weed seed in the Weed Seeds Order 2005 which applies to Canada's Seeds
Regulations.
3221:
3085:
2889:
2621:
1103:
1063:
3312:
3139:
3072:
2383:
Induction of Systemic Aecial Infection in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) by Teliospores of Puccinia punctiformis.
1123:
2956:
2164:"Evaluation of the growth response of six invasive species to past, present and future atmospheric carbon dioxide"
719:
Wimm. & Grab). Leaves all entire or the upper leaves entire and the lower stem leaves shallowly and regularly
607:
1139:
Flora of North America, Canada or creeping or field thistle, Chardon du Canada ou des champs, cirse des champs,
92:
3399:
2979:
2269:
2046:
2029:
993:
230:
3317:
3077:
50:
1777:
Theis, Nina; Raguso, Robert A. (November 2005). "The effect of pollination on floral fragrance in thistles".
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The flowers are visited by a wide variety of insects such as bees, moths, wasps and beetles (the generalised
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1551:
2783:
2757:
2521:
1138:
1083:
3394:
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2752:
2646:
2564:
2028:
El-Sayed, A. M.; Byers, J. A.; Manning, L. M.; JĂĽrgens, A.; Mitchell, V. J.; Suckling, D. M. (June 2008).
1718:
Theis, Nina; Raguso, Robert A. (2005-10-25). "The Effect Of Pollination On Floral Fragrance in Thistles".
983:
species, the roots are edible, though rarely used, not in the least because of their propensity to induce
828:
even where it is native, for example being designated an "injurious weed" in the United Kingdom under the
2832:
2530:
2216:
2142:
925:
209:
3265:
1414:"Transcriptome divergence between introduced and native populations of Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense"
3356:
1982:
1966:
1020:
429:
3185:
2966:
2690:
2602:
2339:
1994:
1786:
1727:
1668:
1594:
1509:
1198:
813:
2731:
1500:
Hamdoun, A. M. (1970-09-01). "The Anatomy of Subterranean Structures of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop".
3023:
1638:
Targeting pollinators and evading herbivores : floral scent emission in two species of Cirsium
59:
2930:
2656:
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in many additional regions where it has been introduced, usually accidentally as a contaminant in
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3167:
3064:
2770:
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1818:
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1700:
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331:
238:
87:
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933:
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1400:
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3000:
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2010:
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1684:
1641:
1610:
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1383:
1333:
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919:
900:
747:(Wimm. & Grab). Leaves thick, subcoriaceous, surface wavy, marginal spines long and stout.
692:
659:
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have a risk of increased growth which could expand its range and outcompete native species.
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3005:
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2002:
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833:
805:
789:
507:
2855:
2262:
Operational Field Guide to the Propagation and Establishment of the Bioagent Larinus Planus
2248:
1879:
Kay, Q. O. N. (1985). Hermaphrodites and subhermaphrodites in a reputedly dioecious plant,
1187:"Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows"
1000:
lists creeping thistle as one of the 22 botanical forages used in their gin, The Botanist.
470:
from thickened roots that send up numerous erect shoots during the growing season. It is a
2987:
2450:
2149:
2131:
1954:
1848:
1274:
1253:
1127:
1072:
471:
463:
365:
A number of other names are used in other areas or have been used in the past, including:
315:
130:
1981:
Laroche, A.; DeClerck-Floate, R. A.; LeSage, L.; Floate, K. D.; Demeke, T. (1996-06-01).
1888:
951:
feeds on this species and is considered to be a good potential biological control agent.
2343:
1998:
1790:
1731:
1672:
1598:
1513:
1202:
3051:
3046:
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1521:
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1186:
909:
829:
785:
117:
3103:
3373:
2351:
2086:
1480:
1453:
Lloyd, D. G.; Myall, A. J. (1976). "Sexual Dimorphism in Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop".
997:
865:
595:
467:
226:
2085:
Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015).
2071:
1704:
1622:
1328:
1311:
756:
551:
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3172:
2390:
2359:
1822:
1763:
841:
555:
528:
520:
3226:
3090:
2819:
2669:
2613:
2087:"Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers"
1104:
Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo dei campi comune, Acker-Kratzdistel, ĂĄkertistel,
963:) caused drastic declines in thistle infestation in Sweden in the 1950s. MCPA and
3212:
2626:
2030:"Floral scent of Canada thistle and its potential as a generic insect attractant"
1211:
3126:
2943:
2925:
2917:
2840:
2596:
2300:. Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests. 17 May 2007. Archived from
861:
781:
642:
532:
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A study conducted has shown that with future global atmospheric carbon levels,
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2468:
1798:
1739:
1680:
984:
964:
460:
319:
176:
17:
3015:
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2587:
2268:. Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests. May 2001. Archived from
2187:
2055:
2014:
1806:
1747:
1688:
1614:
1529:
1387:
602:, but not invariably so, with some plants bearing hermaphrodite flowers. The
2739:
2703:
1645:
1120:
845:
734:
720:
599:
536:
524:
494:
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plants lose 97% of the water taken up through their roots to transpiration.
449:
166:
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2195:
2110:
2063:
2006:
1814:
1755:
1696:
1439:
1337:
1230:
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1606:
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The feathery pappus is also used by the Cherokee to fletch blowgun darts.
959:
Applying herbicide: Herbicides dominated by phenoxy compounds (especially
3325:
3206:
3111:
2636:
2581:
2179:
519:
Stems are 30–150 cm, slender green, and freely branched, smooth and
445:
156:
143:
2992:
2793:
1412:
Guggisberg, Alessia; Lai, Zhao; Huang, Jie; Rieseberg, Loren H. (2013).
1084:
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023656
3252:
2806:
2493:
1378:
1361:
988:
857:
186:
2102:
1430:
1413:
1052:. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. p. 1.
562:
Every plant species has a unique floral fragrance. The fragrance that
2845:
2422:"2011/12 Fall Alfalfa Herbicide Trials for Control of Canada Thistle"
2163:
853:
849:
837:
773:
323:
31:
2558:
780:. Creeping thistle foliage is used as a food by over 20 species of
3278:
2868:
2708:
2215:. Saskatchewan Soil Conservation Association. 2016. Archived from
932:
796:
777:
755:
550:
428:
104:
1919:
The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. VIII: Crows to Finches
1290:
Weeds and weed management on arable land: an ecological approach
960:
825:
792:
603:
540:
327:
2695:
2562:
1362:"THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 13. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop"
683:(Fisch.) Ledeb. Southern Europe. Leaves thickly hairy beneath.
30:"Cursed thistle" redirects here. For the medicinal plant, see
2541:. Lists general information and resources for Canada thistle.
1312:"Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance"
535:
on the stem with their base sessile and clasping or shortly
2298:
Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations
334:
elsewhere. The standard English name in its native area is
2047:
10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[720:FSOCTA]2.0.CO;2
673:. Most of Europe. Leaves hairless or thinly hairy beneath.
2526:(L.) Scop." Journal of Ecology 98, no. 4 (2010): 938-983.
1155:"Nebraska Department of Agriculture Noxious Weed Program"
1899:
1897:
2522:
Tiley, G.E.D. "Biological Flora of the British Isles:
3196:
2571:
1264:Invasive and Problem Plants of the United States:
1049:The Nature, Ecology, and Control of Canada Thistle
803:species is also noted to be a food source for the
2323:Louda, Svaa M.; O'Brien, Charles W. (June 2002).
1552:"The Biology of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)"
2537:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
1293:Sigurd HĂĄkansson CABI Publishing Series, 2003,
706:Wimm. & Grab). Leaves gray-tomentose below.
466:growing up to 150 cm, forming extensive
8:
1185:Hicks, DM; Ouvrard, P; Baldock, KCR (2016).
2539:United States National Agricultural Library
2559:
531:), mostly without spiny wings. Leaves are
68:
49:
38:
2045:
1859:Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989).
1429:
1377:
1327:
1284:
1282:
1220:
1210:
1119:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
582:. Fragrance emission increases with age.
2152:, Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 139, No. 9
1917:Cramp, S., & Perrins, C. M. (1994).
768:The seeds are an important food for the
1965:Ecological Flora of the British Isles:
1905:"America's most weeded: Canada Thistle"
1834:
1832:
1012:
616:
444:plant. The C3 plants originated during
253:
3415:Taxa named by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
606:are 4–5 mm long, with a feathery
1580:
1578:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1245:Californian Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
1110:includes photos and distribution maps
1062:Joint Nature Conservation Committee:
7:
3140:51fc5f19-dc48-4886-bfe5-8aae8a9a413a
2967:d7ebd65f-de97-4d75-ba92-effafd55cfd9
1861:Flora of Britain and Northern Europe
1248:, Landcare Research, New Zealand
824:The species is widely considered a
776:, and to a lesser extent for other
2389:Band 80, Nr. 8, 1990, S. 872–877,
1921:. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
1522:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1970.tb00952.x
1467:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085102
844:in several countries; for example
25:
2531:Species Profile- Canada Thistle (
2125:Identification of injurious weeds
1366:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
1310:Raven, J.A.; Edwards, D. (2001).
3318:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:248577-1
3078:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:195034-1
2381:R. C. French, A. R. Lightfield:
2352:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00541.x
634:
619:
91:
2500:from the original on 2021-12-21
687:The Biology of Canadian Weeds:
338:. It is also commonly known as
2168:Journal of Experimental Botany
2034:Journal of Economic Entomology
1316:Journal of Experimental Botany
1:
1329:10.1093/jexbot/52.suppl_1.381
937:Electron scan micrography of
840:crop seeds. It is cited as a
733:. Leaves shallowly to deeply
330:, northern Africa and widely
1212:10.1371/journal.pone.0158117
3410:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2162:Ziska, L. H. (2003-01-02).
1944:The Ecology of Commanster:
1838:Flora of Northwest Europe:
1779:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1720:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1661:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1360:MOORE, R. J. (1975-10-01).
1027:. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew
1021:"Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop"
641:A creeping thistle with a "
477:Given its adaptive nature,
280:Cephalonoplos ochrolepidium
3431:
3380:NatureServe secure species
2490:"Culture Keepers: Blowgun"
1046:Hodgson, Jesse M. (1968).
1025:Plants of the World Online
433:Flowering creeping thistle
314:is a perennial species of
29:
27:Species of flowering plant
2551:Photos, Drawings, Text. (
2545:Profile: Canada Thistle (
1967:Phytophagous Insects for
1799:10.1007/s10886-005-7615-9
1740:10.1007/s10886-005-7615-9
1681:10.1007/s10886-006-9051-x
795:, and several species of
371:lettuce from hell thistle
244:
237:
215:
208:
88:Scientific classification
86:
66:
57:
48:
41:
3405:Plants described in 1753
2391:DOI:10.1094/Phyto-80-872
1887:100: 457-472. Available
1550:Donald, William (1994).
994:Bruichladdich distillery
2553:Wild Plants of Winnipeg
832:. It is also a serious
2007:10.1006/bcon.1996.0039
943:
765:
764:) feeding on the seeds
760:A European goldfinch (
559:
459:Creeping thistle is a
434:
411:small-flowered thistle
272:Cephalonoplos arvensis
2555:from Nature Manitoba)
2449:Plants for a Future:
2210:"Forages in Rotation"
2143:Weed Seeds Order 2005
1607:10.1007/s000490300001
1252:May 23, 2010, at the
936:
926:Puccinia punctiformis
759:
737:, often asymmetrical.
554:
547:Flower head fragrance
432:
2332:Conservation Biology
2239:Moore 1975, Maw 1976
1930:Finnish Lepidoptera
1636:Theis, Nina Aileen.
987:in some people. The
814:pollination syndrome
322:, native throughout
2372:Turner et al. 1980.
2344:2002ConBi..16..717L
1999:1996BiolC...6..306L
1791:2005JCEco..31.2581T
1732:2005JCEco..31.2581T
1673:2006JCEco..32..917T
1599:2003Checo..13...13A
1514:1970WeedR..10..284H
1203:2016PLoSO..1158117H
1094:(Linnaeus) Scopoli]
762:Carduelis carduelis
558:on creeping thistle
501:Underground network
60:Conservation status
3198:Serratula arvensis
2426:www.forageseed.net
2304:on 30 January 2019
2180:10.1093/jxb/erg027
2148:2012-03-21 at the
2130:2007-06-26 at the
1987:Biological Control
1953:2007-08-26 at the
1847:2008-07-05 at the
1379:10.4141/cjps75-163
1322:(90001): 381–401.
1273:2008-07-05 at the
1143:(Linnaeus) Scopoli
1126:2007-08-08 at the
1071:2009-08-11 at the
948:Aceria anthocoptes
944:
940:Aceria anthocoptes
788:butterfly and the
766:
560:
442:C3 carbon fixation
435:
375:California thistle
296:Serratula arvensis
3367:
3366:
3001:Open Tree of Life
2565:Taxon identifiers
2103:10.1111/plb.12328
1907:. 25 August 2015.
1785:(11): 2581–2600.
1726:(11): 2581–2600.
1431:10.1111/nph.12258
920:Puccinia obtegens
917:The rust species
901:Orellia ruficauda
590:Flowers and seeds
515:Shoots and leaves
399:perennial thistle
361:Alternative names
307:
306:
300:
292:
284:
276:
268:
260:
250:
81:
16:(Redirected from
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3067:
3055:
3054:
3042:
3041:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3008:
2996:
2995:
2983:
2982:
2970:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2946:
2944:NBNSYS0000004492
2934:
2933:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2773:
2761:
2760:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2711:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2617:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2560:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2467:. Archived from
2461:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2428:. Archived from
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2329:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2294:"Larinus planus"
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2174:(381): 395–404.
2159:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2049:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1877:
1871:
1857:
1851:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1556:
1547:
1534:
1533:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1481:"Canada Thistle"
1477:
1471:
1470:
1455:Annals of Botany
1450:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1372:(4): 1033–1048.
1357:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1307:
1301:
1286:
1277:
1262:
1256:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1160:. Archived from
1159:
1151:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1117:
1111:
1101:
1095:
1086:Flora of China,
1081:
1075:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1017:
834:invasive species
820:Status as a weed
809:beetle species.
806:Altica cirsicola
784:, including the
638:
623:
367:Canadian thistle
356:
354:
336:creeping thistle
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
264:Carduus arvensis
258:
248:
221:
96:
95:
75:
72:
71:
53:
39:
21:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3400:Flora of Europe
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3192:
3184:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3156:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3035:
3029:Cirsium arvense
3027:
3022:
3016:Cirsium_arvense
3014:
3012:
3004:
2999:
2991:
2988:Observation.org
2986:
2978:
2973:
2965:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2915:MichiganFlora:
2914:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2805:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2771:Cirsium arvense
2769:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2743:
2738:
2730:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2683:Cirsium_arvense
2681:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2657:cirsium-arvense
2655:
2653:
2645:
2643:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2603:Cirsium arvense
2601:
2600:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2573:Cirsium arvense
2567:
2547:Cirsium arvense
2533:Cirsium arvense
2524:Cirsium arvense
2518:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2452:Cirsium arvense
2448:
2444:
2435:
2433:
2420:Administrator.
2419:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2387:Phytopathology.
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2150:Wayback Machine
2141:
2137:
2132:Wayback Machine
2122:
2118:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1969:Cirsium arvense
1964:
1960:
1955:Wayback Machine
1947:Cirsium arvense
1943:
1939:
1933:Cirsium arvense
1929:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1881:Cirsium arvense
1878:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1849:Wayback Machine
1841:Cirsium arvense
1837:
1830:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1418:New Phytologist
1411:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1359:
1358:
1345:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1287:
1280:
1275:Wayback Machine
1267:Cirsium arvense
1263:
1259:
1254:Wayback Machine
1242:
1238:
1197:(6): e0158117.
1184:
1183:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1141:Cirsium arvense
1137:
1133:
1128:Wayback Machine
1118:
1114:
1106:Cirsium arvense
1102:
1098:
1092:Cirsium arvense
1089:
1082:
1078:
1073:Wayback Machine
1065:Cirsium arvense
1061:
1057:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1009:
977:
957:
890:
885:
877:C. arvense
870:C. arvense
822:
801:C. arvense
754:
741:Cirsium arvense
727:Cirsium arvense
710:Cirsium arvense
700:Cirsium arvense
689:Cirsium arvense
677:Cirsium arvense
667:Cirsium arvense
656:
651:
650:
649:
646:
639:
630:
628:Cirsium arvense
624:
592:
580:C. arvense
564:C. arvense
549:
517:
503:
491:Cirsium arvense
488:
479:Cirsium arvense
472:ruderal species
468:clonal colonies
464:perennial plant
455:
438:Cirsium arvense
427:
419:stinger-needles
403:prickly thistle
363:
352:
350:
316:flowering plant
311:Cirsium arvense
303:
288:Cnicus arvensis
252:
251:
233:
223:
219:Cirsium arvense
217:
204:
201:C. arvense
90:
82:
73:
69:
62:
43:Cirsium arvense
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3348:
3344:wfo-0000074013
3335:
3322:
3309:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3218:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3177:
3173:wfo-0000006870
3164:
3154:
3150:canada-thistle
3144:
3131:
3121:
3108:
3095:
3082:
3069:
3056:
3043:
3033:
3020:
3010:
2997:
2984:
2971:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2850:
2837:
2824:
2811:
2798:
2788:
2775:
2762:
2749:
2736:
2726:
2713:
2700:
2687:
2674:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2618:
2608:
2593:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2542:
2528:
2517:
2516:External links
2514:
2511:
2510:
2496:. 2013-04-12.
2481:
2465:"The Botanist"
2456:
2442:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2374:
2365:
2338:(3): 717–727.
2315:
2285:
2252:
2241:
2232:
2201:
2154:
2135:
2116:
2077:
2040:(3): 720–727.
2020:
1993:(3): 306–314.
1973:
1958:
1937:
1923:
1910:
1893:
1872:
1852:
1828:
1769:
1710:
1667:(5): 917–927.
1651:
1628:
1574:
1535:
1508:(3): 284–287.
1492:
1472:
1445:
1424:(2): 595–608.
1404:
1393:
1343:
1302:
1278:
1257:
1236:
1177:
1146:
1131:
1112:
1096:
1087:
1076:
1055:
1038:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1005:
976:
973:
956:
953:
910:Larinus planus
889:
886:
884:
881:
830:Weeds Act 1959
821:
818:
753:
750:
749:
748:
738:
724:
723:or undulating.
707:
685:
684:
674:
655:
652:
648:
647:
640:
633:
631:
625:
618:
615:
614:
613:
591:
588:
548:
545:
516:
513:
508:adventitiously
502:
499:
487:
484:
453:
426:
423:
407:setose thistle
383:cursed thistle
362:
359:
340:Canada thistle
318:in the family
305:
304:
302:
301:
293:
285:
277:
269:
261:
256:Breea arvensis
247:
246:
245:
242:
241:
235:
234:
224:
213:
212:
206:
205:
198:
196:
192:
191:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
147:
146:
141:
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
84:
83:
67:
64:
63:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
18:Canada thistle
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3427:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Flora of Asia
3393:
3391:
3390:Edible plants
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2471:on 2017-04-27
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2432:on 2016-12-02
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2275:on 2018-11-13
2271:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2222:on 2016-12-02
2218:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:Plant Biology
2088:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:0-340-40170-2
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1502:Weed Research
1496:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1299:0-85199-651-5
1296:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1167:on 2022-01-19
1163:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Isle of Islay
995:
990:
986:
982:
974:
972:
968:
966:
962:
954:
952:
950:
949:
942:
941:
935:
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1559:Weed Science
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529:glaucousness
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379:corn thistle
378:
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1883:(L.) Scop.
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979:Like other
907:The weevil
862:New Zealand
782:Lepidoptera
643:cuckoo spit
523:(having no
425:Description
415:way thistle
355:239 ÎĽg
291:(L.) Hoffm.
275:(L.) Fourr.
267:(L.) Robson
131:Angiosperms
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3374:Categories
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3052:gcc-106632
3047:Plant List
2644:Calflora:
2504:2017-08-25
2475:2015-04-18
2436:2016-12-01
2308:30 January
2279:2019-01-30
2226:2016-12-01
1568:2016-07-14
1486:2022-05-01
1171:2016-05-08
1108:(L.) Scop.
1090:si lu ji,
1007:References
985:flatulence
965:clopyralid
864:, and the
735:pinnatifid
721:pinnatifid
704:vestitum (
691:list four
626:Pappus of
461:herbaceous
332:introduced
320:Asteraceae
259:(L.) Less.
177:Asteraceae
3213:Q21877408
2784:200023656
2758:200023656
2740:FloraBase
2654:Cal-IPC:
2188:0022-0957
2056:0022-0493
2015:1049-9644
1807:0098-0331
1748:0098-0331
1689:0098-0331
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1530:1365-3180
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846:Australia
790:engrailed
770:goldfinch
693:varieties
660:varieties
654:Varieties
600:dioecious
576:C.arvense
537:decurrent
533:alternate
525:trichomes
495:dioecious
450:Paleozoic
195:Species:
167:Asterales
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3326:Tropicos
3292:11105329
3279:248577-1
3207:Wikidata
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3124:VASCAN:
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2931:2.154063
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2678:eFloraSA
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2582:Wikidata
2498:Archived
2196:12493868
2146:Archived
2128:Archived
2111:25754608
2072:14419740
2064:18613571
1951:Archived
1845:Archived
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1697:16739013
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1271:Archived
1250:Archived
1231:27341588
1191:PLOS ONE
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1121:Database
1069:Archived
955:Chemical
772:and the
745:horridum
568:Halictus
521:glabrous
486:Taxonomy
446:Mesozoic
249:Synonyms
239:Synonyms
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157:Asterids
144:Eudicots
3385:Cirsium
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3331:2722639
3253:5393543
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2807:3113414
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2360:2367835
2340:Bibcode
2249:Lalonde
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1823:5722787
1787:Bibcode
1764:5722787
1728:Bibcode
1669:Bibcode
1595:Bibcode
1510:Bibcode
1222:4920406
1199:Bibcode
989:taproot
981:Cirsium
888:Organic
883:Control
858:Ireland
778:finches
752:Ecology
731:arvense
681:incanum
671:arvense
188:Cirsium
183:Genus:
163:Order:
105:Plantae
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3227:206281
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3104:3339-1
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3060:PLANTS
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2732:cirarv
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850:Brazil
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774:linnet
608:pappus
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539:. The
417:, and
324:Europe
32:Cnicus
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3266:33734
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3099:SANBI
3065:CIAR4
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2975:NZPCN
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679:var.
669:var.
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604:seeds
440:is a
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138:Clade
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112:Clade
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3300:ITIS
3274:IPNI
3261:GRIN
3248:GBIF
3222:APNI
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3127:2988
3073:POWO
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2903:ITIS
2864:IPNI
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2828:GRIN
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2704:EPPO
2670:VHPB
2647:2118
2622:APNI
2385:In:
2310:2019
2192:PMID
2184:ISSN
2107:PMID
2060:PMID
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2011:ISSN
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975:Uses
961:MCPA
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