History of Canadian nationality law

1979:

corner stores, libraries, concert halls, auto repair shops, pubs, cabarets, elevators, churches, synagogues, mosques, and temples – in a world wherever one can meet and converse with Canadians – during the prescribed three years. One can observe Canadian society for all its virtues, decadence, values, dangers, and freedoms, just as it is. That is little enough time in which to become Canadianized. If a citizenship candidate misses that qualifying experience, then Canadian citizenship can be conferred, in effect, on a person who is still a foreigner in experience, social adaptation, and often in thought and outlook... So those who would throw in their lot with Canadians by becoming citizens must first throw in their lot with Canadians by residing among Canadians, in Canada, during three of the preceding four years, to Canadianize themselves. It is not something one can do while abroad, for Canadian life and society exist only in Canada and nowhere else.

1153: 924:. The uniform law, which went into effect on 1 January 1915, required a married woman to derive her nationality from her spouse, meaning if he was British, she was also, and if he was foreign, so was she. It stipulated that upon loss of nationality of a husband, a wife could declare that she wished to remain British and provided that if a marriage had terminated, through death or divorce, a British-born national who had lost her status through marriage could reacquire British nationality through naturalisation without meeting a residency requirement. The statute reiterated common law provisions for natural-born persons born within the realm on or after the effective date. By using the word 1183:

nationals of Britain. This served as a catalyst to restructure the nationality laws throughout Britain. Under its terms, anyone born in Canada would now automatically be granted Canadian nationality, and marriage to a non-Canadian spouse would no longer strip a Canadian woman of her nationality. The Act permitted Canadian men to have Canadian nationality granted to children born outside the country, but Canadian women could only apply to do the same if their children had been born out of wedlock. Canadian citizenship was generally conferred immediately on the following persons:

7118: 2873: 337: 60: 475:. Those born outside the realm — except children of those serving in an official post abroad, children of the monarch, and children born on a British sailing vessel — were considered by common law to be foreigners. Marriage did not affect the status of a subject of the realm, except that under common law, single women, including divorcées, were not allowed to be parents thus their children could not derive nationality maternally and were 490:. Other than common law, there was no standard statutory law which applied for subjects throughout the realm, meaning different jurisdictions created their own legislation for local conditions, which often conflicted with the laws in other jurisdictions in the empire. Thus, a person who was naturalised in Canada, for example, would be considered a foreigner, rather than a British national, in Australia or South Africa. In 1774, the 1927:, 2 F.C. 208, opined that residency entails more than a mere counting of days. He held that residency is a matter of the degree to which a person, in mind or fact, settles into or maintains or centralizes their ordinary mode of living, including social relations, interests, and conveniences. The question becomes whether an applicant's linkages suggest that Canada is their home, regardless of any absences from the country. 7105: 1324:

complete code for defining such status. The Act together with later retroactive amendments in 1953, had significant effects upon children of war brides. As Canadian soldiers fathered some 30,000 war children in Europe (including 22,000 in Britain and 6,000–7,000 in the Netherlands), of which a great number were born out of wedlock, the Act's provisions had differing impacts depending on how they were born:

2167:, holding that the pursuant (Taylor) had lost his Canadian citizenship under s. 20 of the 1947 Act (i.e., absence from Canada for 10 consecutive years), and therefore the court could not grant his request. However, he was now able to request a grant of citizenship under s. 5(4) of the current Act (i.e., special cases). Citizenship was subsequently granted to Taylor in December 2007. 1471:(FCA), at par. 74), and thus becoming a Canadian citizen on the date the Act came into force (provided that domicile still existed); after that date, only where the Minister grants a special certificate to the child, lawfully admitted to Canada for permanent residence, whose responsible parent has already been granted a certificate of citizenship (S.C. 1946, c. 15, s. 10(3)) 407:, which created fully independent Canadian citizenship, separate from British law and status as British subjects. That Act came into force on January 1, 1947, and remained in force for thirty years. It conferred citizenship in different ways, by birth in Canada, birth to a Canadian parent, and by naturalisation. Since 1977, Canadian nationality has been regulated by the 2859: 1967:, 62 F.T.R. 122, 19 Imm. L.R. (2d) 259, emphasized how important it is for a potential new citizen to be immersed in Canadian society and that a person cannot reside in a place where the person is not physically present. Thus, a potential citizen must establish that they have been physically present in Canada for the requisite period of time. 2537:, which is restricted to Commonwealth citizens who were "born to or legally adopted by a parent who at the time of the birth or adoption had citizenship of the United Kingdom and Colonies by his birth in the United Kingdom or in any of the Islands", or who were wives (or had been wives) of a CUKC or similarly situated Commonwealth citizen 2374:(UNHCR), was ineligible for naturalization under s. 5(4) as she had made no notable contribution to Canada "to grant Canadian citizenship." Though her work was "commendable" and "aligns with Canada’s humanitarian assistance mandate," it was noted that the majority of her work with the UNHCR was done outside of Canada. 1305:

original nationality. To recover their nationality, women were required to obtain permanent residency through family sponsorship, meet medical and suitability requirements, and apply to be naturalised after living in Canada for a year. They were also required to take an oath of allegiance if they were approved. The

1266:

Although Canada restricted dual citizenship between 1947 and 1977, there were some situations where Canadians could nevertheless legally possess another citizenship. For example, migrants becoming Canadian citizens were not asked to formally prove that they had ceased to hold the nationality of their

1261:

where a Canadian had acquired that status by descent from a Canadian parent, and who was either not lawfully admitted to Canada for permanent residence on the commencement of the Act or was born outside Canada afterwards, loss of citizenship could occur on the person's 22nd birthday unless the person

1020:

on June 30, 1923, which barred Chinese immigration except for a very restricted group of diplomats, merchants, missionaries, students and returning residents. In 1928, the Japanese government agreed to amend their emigration agreement, limiting immigration to Canada to 150 persons annually. After the

2377:

However, the judge ruled that, due to Canada's commitment to the mandate and goals of the UN, exceptional services to the UN must be considered as exceptional service to Canada for citizenship applications. As a result, the court quashed the decision-maker's decision, and the application was sent to

1978:

It is clear that the purpose of paragraph 5(1)(c) is to ensure that everyone who is granted precious Canadian citizenship has become, or at least has been compulsorily presented with the everyday opportunity to become "Canadianized." This happens by "rubbing elbows" with Canadians in shopping malls,

1215:

In the latter two cases, a "Canadian" was a British subject who would have been considered a Canadian citizen if the 1947 Act had come into force immediately before the marriage or birth (as the case may be). Where the child born outside Canada was not a minor (i.e. was not under 21 years in age) at

1041:

Once ratified, the 1931 Statute of Westminster gave the Dominions the ability to govern independently on behalf of their constituents, rather than implementing governance on behalf of the British crown. This allowed Commonwealth members to define members of their own communities separately from that

714:

were required to follow the status of their husband. This meant primarily that if they married a person who was not a Status Indian, they lost their Indian status. Likewise, being a Status Indian person was described in law until 1951, as a male person who had native blood with a tribal affiliation.

1725:

Individuals can now only become Canadian citizens by descent if one of their parents was either a native-born citizen of Canada or a foreign-born but naturalized citizen of Canada. This effectively limits citizenship by descent to one generation born outside Canada. Such an individual might even be

1133:

3. Every dependent who is permitted to enter Canada pursuant to section two of this Order shall for the purpose of Canadian immigration law be deemed to be a Canadian citizen if the member of the forces upon whom he is dependent is a Canadian citizen and shall be deemed to have Canadian domicile if

1069:

There were complex rules for determining whether married women qualified as British subjects. Until 14 January 1932, the rule was that the wife of a British subject was deemed to be a British subject as well, and the wife of an alien was deemed to be an alien. After that date, and until 31 December

513:

was drafted to modernize and codify the legal system in place for Lower Canada, creating a coherent compilation of the various laws in effect in the territory in both English and French. Under the terms of the Code, foreign women automatically acquired the nationality of their spouse upon marriage.

1528:

The rule relating to loss of citizenship by naturalized Canadians living outside Canada for more than ten years was repealed on 7 July 1967, with provision made for such loss to be reversed through a petition for resumption of citizenship. Immigration restrictions based on race and national origin

944:

of Britain that required legal changes to be unanimous among all member countries. In 1919, women were successful in lobbying for foreign women to be able to naturalise independently of their spouse in Canada, but by law they were still required to have the same nationality as their husband in the

1121:

2. Every dependent applying for admission to Canada shall be permitted to enter Canada and upon such admission be deemed to have landed within the meaning of the said Act; and where the member of the Canadian Armed Forces is either a Canadian citizen or has Canadian domicile, the dependent shall,

1691:

Section 8 of the Act provides that Canadians born outside Canada, to a Canadian parent who also acquired Canadian citizenship by birth outside Canada to a Canadian parent, will lose Canadian citizenship at age 28 unless they have established specific ties to Canada and applied to retain Canadian

1304:

of 1946 did not contain provisions to automatically repatriate Canadian women who had lost their nationality before 1 January 1947. This meant that between two and three thousand women, who married allies of Britain during the Second World War, in Canada or overseas, were still deprived of their

446:

in which subjects were bound together by a scheme of protection and service tied to land ownership. Possession of land was typically tied to military and court service and omitted women because they could not perform those obligations. Thus, French nationality also derived from place of birth in

1323:

These amendments would lead to later jurisprudence that addressed a transition that was problematic in certain cases. Although the 1946 Act did not deprive any Canadian national of such status, being a Canadian national did not automatically confer Canadian citizenship, as the Act represented a

1240:

registration of a child born outside Canada to a Canadian "responsible parent" (being the father, if the child was born in wedlock, or the mother, if the child was born out of wedlock and was residing with the mother, if the father was deceased or if custody of the child had been awarded to the

2271:

All eight applicants' revocation notices were quashed, and the three subsections of the Act are deemed inoperable as of 10 July 2017 after the suspension of the ruling has expired until their formal repeal on 11 January 2018, when revocation is now a matter of the Federal Court, whereafter the

1729:

The second generation born abroad can only gain Canadian citizenship by immigrating to Canada – this can be done by their Canadian citizen parents sponsoring them as dependent children, which is a category with fewer requirements and would take less time than most other immigration application

1182:

meant that nationals in Canada were finally described as Canadian, rather than British, and it also granted married women greater choice over their own nationality status. The law redefined the order of nationality, stipulating that Canadians were nationals of Canada first and only secondarily

2008:, the applicant has accumulated 1,095 days of physical presence. If so, the residency requirement is considered to have been met. If not, then the judge must additionally assess the application under the "centralized mode of existence" approach, guided by the non-exhaustive factors set out in 1781:

Citizenship was granted retroactively to those individuals who were born or naturalized in Canada as well as to those who were British subjects residing in Canada prior to 1947 (or prior to April 1949, in the case of Newfoundland) who were not eligible for Canadian citizenship when the first

1037:

the Nationality Act was reformed to prevent women from losing their nationality through marriage if they would be rendered stateless. The amendment also introduced the concept of consent, meaning that alien women did not automatically derive the nationality of a spouse, but could obtain his

2108:

regarding the discriminatory practice on adoptive parentage. More specifically, a child born abroad to Canadian citizens would obtain "automatic" citizenship whereas a child adopted abroad must gain admission to Canada as permanent residents, as mandated by paragraph 5(2)(a) of the

2341:

was granted by the SCC, who would examine whether the man and his elder brother, who won a similar case in April that year, would fall under s. 3(2) of the Act. On 19 December 2019, the SCC ruled in Alex and Timothy Vavilov's favour and affirmed their status as Canadian citizens.

2268:

in a way that " a person of the right to a fair hearing by the principles of fundamental justice for the determination of his rights and obligations," because those who had their citizenship revoked under these subsections did not have a right to present their cases to the court.

932:

nationals. For those born abroad on or after the effective date, legitimacy was still required, and could only be derived by a child from a British father (one generation), who was natural-born or naturalised. Naturalisations required five years residence or service to the crown.

6372: 831:

Although the terms "Canadian citizen" and indeed "Canadian citizenship" were used in this Act, they did not create the legal status of Canadian citizen in a nationality sense. People who had the status of "Canadian citizen" were merely free from immigration controls.

1771:

received royal assent on 19 June 2014. Several provisions had retroactive effect to 17 April 2009, in order to correct certain situations that arose from the 2009 amendments, with the remainder coming into effect on 1 August 2014, 28 May 2015, and 11 June 2015.

2215:. The Court of Appeal believed that the officer had failed to validate the genuineness of the adoption by failing to correspond with the relevant Quebec authorities. Hence, there was no evidence to prove that the adoption was indeed an adoption of convenience. 1934:, Justice Barbara Reed further elaborated that in residency cases the question before the Court is whether Canada is the country in which an applicant has centralized their mode of existence. Resolving such a question involves consideration of several factors: 1510:

to retroactively grant citizenship to a small group of First Nations and Inuit who had entered Canada from Alaska at some point before 1947 but had not made formal application to enter Canada. The amendment provided that anyone who was defined as "Indians"

2003:

In 2010, it seemed that a relative judicial consensus for decision-making in residence cases might emerge. In several Federal Court decisions it was held that the citizenship judge must apply a hybrid two-test approach by firstly ascertaining whether, on

1951:

Is the physical absence caused by a clearly temporary situation such as employment as a missionary abroad, following a course of study abroad as a student, accepting temporary employment abroad, accompanying a spouse who has accepted temporary employment

1733:

Foreign-born citizens being adopted in a foreign country by Canadian citizens can now acquire Canadian citizenship immediately upon completion of the adoption, without first entering Canada as a permanent resident, as was the case under the previous

466:

defined civil status in the territory. In Britain, allegiance, in which subjects pledged to support a monarch, was the precursor to the modern concept of nationality. The crown recognised from 1350 that all persons born within the territories of the

1861:"Statelessness" was added to the available grounds for the Minister to exercise his or her discretion in granting citizenship to any person "to alleviate cases of special and unusual hardship or to reward services of an exceptional value to Canada." 653:

culture and Catholicism. The policies adopted for immigrants, and indigenous peoples, were aimed to include those who could quickly assimilate into the mainstream culture and exclude those who could not. In 1885, the government passed the

1489:

removed the one-year residency requirement for repatriation of married women, but still required them to apply for naturalisation. It also allowed foreign husbands of Canadian nationals and minor children to be admitted for immigration.

6364: 2134:

After the amendment in 2007, most adopted persons now automatically acquire citizenship after the finalization of the adoption, even if the adoption itself took place before the amendment, as the previous ruling is no longer relevant.

1789:

The required residence prior to application for citizenship was lengthened to four years (1,460 days) out of the previous six years, with 183 days minimum of physical presence in four out of six years. Residency is defined as physical

1097:

If husband naturalized in a foreign country → then wife's status changed only if she was automatically included in her husband's alien naturalization. However, she could apply to retain British subject status and be issued a Series I

1030: 1011:, which was defined as being any British subject who was a Canadian citizen as defined above, the wife of any such citizen, and any person born outside Canada whose father was a Canadian national at the time of that person's birth. 1993:"it does not engender confidence in the system for conferring citizenship if an applicant is, in the course of a single application, subjected to different legal tests because of the differing legal views of the Citizenship Court;" 2070:

ruled that children born of Canadian mothers abroad prior to 15 February 1977 were to be treated the same as those of Canadian fathers (i.e., granted citizenship upon application without the requirements of a security check or

1645:), which came into force on 15 February 1977. Under its provisions, children who were legitimate or adopted were allowed for the first time to derive nationality from their Canadian mother. Canada removed restrictions on 1439:

where the mother was a natural-born Canadian citizen, a British subject with Canadian domicile, had acquired citizenship by naturalization, or had had her domicile in Canada for the 20 years immediately before January 1,

1429:

where the father was a natural-born Canadian citizen, a British subject with Canadian domicile, had acquired citizenship by naturalization, or had had his domicile in Canada for the 20 years immediately before January 1,

1373:

citizenship could be revoked on the 24th birthday, except where Canadian domicile had been established by the 21st birthday, or a declaration of retention of citizenship was filed during the three years prior to the 24th

913:

a decision was made to draft a common nationality code defining British nationals for use across the empire. The status of all British subjects in the Empire (whether by birth or naturalization) was standardized by the

385:

During the early colonial period, residents of the French colonies were French subjects, governed by French nationality law, while residents of British colonies were British subjects, governed by British law. Prior to

514:

Married women were legally incapacitated and subject to their husband's authority. They were also required to share his domicile, which under French law is tied to the place from which one derives their civil rights.

5553: 1519:), and who were not natural-born citizens, but were domiciled in Canada on 1 January 1947, and had been resident in Canada for ten years as at 1 January 1956, were granted citizenship retroactive to January 1, 1947. 615:

was the first federal Act to be passed, and it provided that persons who had been previously naturalized in any part of the Dominion possessed the same status as anyone naturalized under that Act. In addition:

6167: 1109:

By marrying a Canadian soldier, a woman, if not already British, acquired the status of British subject and Canadian national. If she then landed in Canada, she became a British subject of Canadian domicile.

397:

After Confederation, as Canada evolved to full nationhood, it gradually enacted laws relating to rights of domicile and entry to Canada, although Canadians continued to be British subjects under British law.

6340: 1484:

ended, but was replaced by an act which limited immigration to the spouses and minor unmarried children of Chinese and other Asian persons who already had Canadian nationality. In 1950, an amendment to the

1877:

The Minister was granted the power to seize or detain any document submitted for the purposes of the Act if there are reasonable grounds to believe the document was fraudulently or improperly obtained or

1854:

The adult maximum age limit applicable for the requirements to demonstrate adequate knowledge of one of the official languages is now applicable to those under 55 years of age, rather than by those under

1848:

The period required for physical presence in Canada was reduced from 1,460 days over six years to a total of 1,095 days over the five years immediately prior to submitting an application for citizenship.

1267:

former country. Similarly children born in Canada to non-Canadian parents were not under any obligation to renounce a foreign citizenship they had acquired by descent. Holding a foreign passport did not

1656:

birth in Canada (except where neither parent is a citizen or permanent resident and either parent is a representative of a foreign government, their employee, or anyone granted diplomatic privileges or

2575:

children born outside Canada to Canadian fathers where the child was born before 1926 (hence aged over 21 on 1 January 1947) and had not been admitted to Canada as a landed immigrant before 1947.

1142:, which provided that, subject to medical examination, war brides and children of Canadian servicemen, who were still in Europe, were automatically entitled to admission and landing in Canada. 1901:

There have been several court decisions dealing with the subject of Canadian citizenship. In particular, the interpretation of the 3-year (1,095-day) residence requirement enacted by the 1977

2298:

as an employee of a foreign government, are Canadian citizens by birth and are not subject to the exceptions under s. 3(2). This would be because only employees of foreign governments with "

1864:

The prohibition on receiving a grant of citizenship, or taking the citizenship oath, while serving a term of imprisonment was broadened to include being held under any form of incarceration.

1130:

2. Every dependent applying for admission to Canada shall be permitted to enter Canada and upon such admission shall be deemed to have landed within the meaning of Canadian immigration law.

1999:"there is no doubt that a review of the citizenship decisions of this Court, on that issue, demonstrates that the process of gaining citizenship in such circumstances is akin to a lottery." 4567: 634:, which came into force on 4 July 1883. It made the rules allowing aliens to hold property uniform throughout the Dominion, and otherwise standardized the law along the same lines as the 1197:

who was granted, or whose name was included in, a certificate of naturalization under any act of the Parliament of Canada and had not become an alien at the commencement of the Act, or

1948:

What is the extent of the physical absences—if an applicant is only a few days short of the 1095-day total it is easier to find deemed residence than if those absences are extensive?

1503:

joined Confederation on 31 March 1949, and British subjects in Newfoundland acquired Canadian citizenship on broadly similar terms to those applying in the rest of Canada since 1947.

800:

Aliens, as well as all other British subjects, who wished to immigrate to Canada required permission to land. "Domicile" was declared to have been acquired by a person having his

701:

immigrants from entering Canada unless they arrived from their birth country; since there was no direct route to Canada from India, the law effectively barred Indian immigration.

4315: 2049:

ruled that the child of a Canadian mother had the right to be granted Canadian citizenship, despite one of the parents responsible (i.e. the father) having been naturalized as a

5541: 4408: 2442:

continued to confer British subject status (the only nationality and citizenship status of the United Kingdom and its colonies and dominions before 1949) on Canadians until the

2207:. Dufour was thus denied citizenship under paragraph 5.1(3)(b) after a citizenship officer found that (a) his adoption was not approved by the appropriate department within the 1449:

in the public service; being a representative of a Canadian company or international organization; or who is away because of ill health or disability (S.C. 1952–53, c. 23, s. 8)

6937: 2930: 1858:

The requirement to file income tax returns was clarified, so that persons must provide such returns for three years within the five-year period before applying for citizenship.

940:

motivated new federal interest in the question of women's nationality, but the country's legislative ability to change its nationality laws was limited by the common code for

6760: 1042:

which defined British subjects, opening the door to nationality in member states of the realm. Because of this Canadians, and others living in countries that became known as

230: 1870:

The provision specifying that a person whose citizenship is revoked reverts to being a foreign national was amended to provide that the person's status reverts to that of a

1839:

was passed on June 19, 2017. Most provisions took effect upon Royal Assent, with the remainder coming into force on October 11, 2017 January 24, 2018 and December 5, 2018.

6661: 2082: 6780: 7006: 2015:

However, most recently, this compromise formula was rejected by Federal Court judges, with some judges commenting on the need for legislation to resolve the issue.

1377:

where the citizen (and spouse, where applicable) has resided outside of Canada for ten consecutive years, except when in military service or other specified reasons

1022: 2937:. Another situation occurred to Chloé Goldring who was born in Belgium to a Canadian father born in Bermuda and an Algerian mother. Due to the nationality laws of 2123:

had (a) overreached itself in declaring that the granting of citizenship was a service customarily available to the general public; and (b) breached the rules of

365: 2371: 2555:

wives, as a result of marriages occurring after the coming into force of the Act, are no longer able to acquire the right of abode by the fact of such marriage

1756:

who were born abroad to a Canadian citizen parent on or after 1 January 1947, if not already a citizen, but only if they were the first generation born abroad.

211: 2448:

came into effect on 31 December 1948. That, together with succeeding Acts, changed the nature of Canadian citizenship status as it could apply within the UK:

6712: 5230: 2367: 238: 1152: 6598: 1939:

Was the individual physically present in Canada for a long period before recent absences which occurred immediately before the application for citizenship?

487: 6348: 6324: 3178: 1224:

In addition to those people who became Canadian citizens upon the coming into force of the Act, citizenship afterwards was generally acquired as follows:

2509: 6707: 6702: 5584: 494:

restored French civil law in the territory of Quebec. The Constitution of 1791, divided Canada into two provinces and reaffirmed that Quebec, known as

7154: 6785: 6749: 2945:, she was not eligible for citizenship of any of those countries and was born stateless. Chloé Goldring was subsequently granted Canadian citizenship. 2925:

This situation has already occurred at least twice. In one situation, Rachel Chandler was born in China to a father who is a Canadian citizen born in

6807: 1083:

If husband was an alien → then wife only ceased to be a British subject if she automatically acquired her husband's alien nationality upon marriage.

533: 92: 6824: 6654: 6409: 5703: 4348: 3467: 206: 4737: 6179: 6148: 5894: 5867: 5690: 5613: 3272: 2330:, were employees of a foreign government at the time of his birth. Moreover, none of his parents were ever Canadian citizens since they only 6727: 4773: 3925: 3760: 2211:; and (b) Dufour arrived in Canada on a visitor's visa instead of a permanent resident visa, even when his adoption was later approved by a 447:

French territory, until the nineteenth century, but under feudal law married women were subjugated to the authority of their husbands under

7057: 7021: 6901: 6896: 6819: 6521: 6437: 5767: 2307: 1237:

grant of citizenship to women who lost British subject status prior to 1947 upon marriage to a foreign man or his subsequent naturalization

216: 5455: 1905:, which does not define the term "residence" and, further, prohibits an appeal of a Federal Court decision in a citizenship matter to the 6861: 1029:

in 1930, Canada became the first Commonwealth country to modify its laws to conform with the provisions to prevent statelessness in the

672:

to restrict emigration to 400 persons per year and only allow contract labourers who had been government-approved, domestic workers for

4325: 638:

of the United Kingdom. It also provided that Canadian women automatically derived their nationality upon marriage from their husbands.

6526: 4422: 3933: 3768: 2463: 2438: 2262:

ruled in a judicial review that s. 10(1), 10(3), and 10(4) of the Act—all regarding revocation of citizenship—violated s. 2(e) of the

2242: 1205:

a British subject who lived in Canada for 20 years immediately before 1947 and was not, on 1 January 1947, under order of deportation;

1200:

who was a British subject who had acquired Canadian domicile (i.e. five years' residence in Canada as a landed immigrant) before 1947;

916: 358: 322: 6722: 6717: 2562:

women from outside the Commonwealth who married Canadian citizens who did not naturalize as Canadian citizens before 1 January 1949.

7164: 7031: 6797: 6647: 6588: 6268: 1746:

who became citizens when the first citizenship act took effect on 1 January 1947 (including people born in Canada prior to 1947 and

178: 126: 5785:"'In the Case of a Woman' or 'The Headache': Married Women's Nationality and Canada's Citizenship Act at Home and Europe, 1946–50" 2185:

ruled that the citizenship officer cannot unreasonably deny a person's citizenship application made under paragraph 5.1(3) if the

7144: 7089: 7074: 6976: 6802: 6755: 6442: 4263: 2523: 2477: 2050: 1803:

A fast-track mechanism for citizenship was established for permanent residents serving with—and individuals on exchange with—the

1094:

If husband naturalized as a British subject → then wife must apply to become a British subject and obtain a Series H certificate.

82: 1262:

had filed a declaration of retention between their 21st and 22nd birthday and renounced any previous nationality they possessed.

7159: 7026: 6921: 6846: 2534: 656: 294: 1669:

delayed registration of a foreign birth under the Act before 15 February 1977 (This provision was repealed on 14 August 2004.)

7149: 6312: 6140:

The Civil Code of Lower Canada: Together with a Synopsis of Changes in the Law References to the Reports of the Commissioners

2364:(UN) and its agencies is considered as "service of exceptional value to Canada" just as well, due to Canada's UN membership. 2120: 1832: 1596: 1179: 1165: 403: 97: 43: 4378: 6051: 5957: 2197:, the officer must prove, with tangible evidence, that the Quebec legal system was defrauded by the citizenship applicant. 6831: 6616: 5493: 5451: 4568:"Legislative Summary of Bill C-6: An Act to amend the Citizenship Act and to make consequential amendments to another Act" 1871: 1016: 937: 693: 351: 248: 243: 191: 159: 112: 102: 87: 6981: 6692: 6683: 4539:

Order Fixing the Day on which this Order is registered as the Day on which Certain Provisions of the Act Come into Force

2933:, she was not eligible for citizenship of either country, but, as her paternal grandfather was Irish-born, she acquired 2491: 2470: 2444: 2429: 2072: 1955:

What is the quality of the connection with Canada: is it more substantial than that which exists with any other country?

317: 144: 5784: 2294:(SCC) ruled that children born in Canada to a parent who is employed by a foreign government, but is not recognized by 7084: 6991: 6948: 6876: 6463: 6458: 6083: 5638: 5304: 4413: 4349:"Rachel Chandler's status highlights a policy that could see thousands of stateless children born abroad to Canadians" 1810:

Knowledge and language requirements were unchanged, except that the knowledge test must be taken in English or French.

1753:

who were born in Canada or had become a Canadian citizen on or after 1 January 1947, and had then lost citizenship; or

2570:

children born outside Canada to Canadian fathers who were not registered as Canadian citizens before 1 January 1949.

1649:, and many of the provisions to acquire or lose Canadian citizenship that existed under the 1947 Act were repealed. 623:

Alien-born women became naturalized by marriage to a natural-born subject or to a husband naturalized under the Act.

7108: 6841: 6814: 6770: 6402: 6242: 6232: 5886: 5859: 5699: 5629: 5295: 3643: 510: 5211: 4479:

Order Fixing the Day on which this Order is made as the Day on which Certain Provisions of the Act Come into Force

3859: 1234:

grant of citizenship to a foreign woman married to a Canadian man after one year's residence as a landed immigrant

626:

The laws in Nova Scotia and the former Province of Canada that allowed aliens to hold property were kept in force.

6851: 6621: 5974: 5789: 5575: 5021: 4552: 2245:(AHR) technology, but with no genetic links to the father, was declared not to be a Canadian citizen by descent. 2104: 1216:

the time the Act came into force, proof of landed immigrant status was required to confirm Canadian citizenship.

796:

a person naturalized under the laws of Canada who had not subsequently become an alien or lost Canadian domicile.

139: 4524: 506: 7079: 6961: 6891: 6298: 4642: 4538: 4492: 4464: 2942: 2901: 2891: 2886: 2549:

are declared to be separate and distinct classes, and British subjects are declared to be Commonwealth citizens

1800:

Time spent in Canada before being granted Permanent Resident status does not apply towards the residency period

1500: 910: 279: 196: 31: 5476:"Differentiating Indigenous Citizenship: Seeking Multiplicity in Rights, Identity, and Sovereignty in Canada" 6926: 6678: 6581: 6571: 6531: 6504: 6499: 5958:"The Quebec Experience: Codification of Family Law and a Proposal for the Creation of a Family Court System" 5625:"'If two ride a horse, one must ride in front': Married Women's Nationality and the Law in Canada 1880–1950" 5605: 5570: 5197: 4746: 3264: 2938: 2357: 2323: 2291: 2287: 2264: 2259: 2230: 2182: 2164: 2157:

to a Canadian serviceman father and a non-Canadian mother acquired citizenship upon arrival in Canada after

2154: 2150: 2093: 2067: 2046: 1910: 1906: 1828: 1512: 1187:

a person who was born in Canada (or on a Canadian ship) on or before January 1, 1947, and had not become an

705: 480: 4506: 4436: 4288: 1696:

Canadian citizens are not subject to the section 8 provisions, nor is anyone born before 15 February 1977.

7016: 6971: 6906: 6576: 6563: 6541: 6511: 6468: 6432: 6138: 5152: 4973: 4646: 4446: 2370:

decision-maker determined that the appellant, Halepota, a permanent resident and a senior director of the

2212: 1960:

The general principle is that the quality of residence in Canada must be more substantial than elsewhere.

1881:

Transitional provisions provided for certain of the 2014 amendments to be deemed to have never had effect.

1208:

women who were married to a Canadian before 1947 and who entered Canada as a landed immigrant before 1947;

524: 459: 387: 302: 5008: 4751: 3232: 1945:

Does the pattern of physical presence in Canada indicate a returning home or merely visiting the country?

6986: 6553: 6483: 6473: 6395: 4572: 4220: 4163: 2896: 2512:

as at 31 December 1948, are still entitled to be British subjects not subject to UK immigration control

2295: 2005: 1804: 1467:

before 1947, deemed to be a British subject with Canadian domicile upon landing (P.C. 858, confirmed in

681: 391: 201: 186: 77: 69: 5255: 5132: 4992: 4048: 4041: 3256: 1258:

naturalized Canadians who lived outside Canada for 10 years and did not file a declaration of retention

4199: 1983:

The co-existence of such disparate, yet equally valid approaches has led some judges to comment that:

1412: 7046: 7036: 6836: 6368: 5965: 5480: 5148: 5116: 5100: 5084: 4685: 4478: 4020: 3841: 3484: 3432: 3411: 2546: 2484: 2424: 2186: 868: 756: 529: 419: 253: 164: 51: 5268: 5049: 4356: 4181: 3625: 981: 888: 509:, requiring foreign women to automatically derive their nationality from their spouse. In 1866, the 30:

This article is about the history of Canadian nationality rules. For current nationality rules, see

7051: 7001: 6966: 6956: 6881: 6548: 6536: 6516: 5843: 5166: 4887: 4711: 4659: 2303: 2208: 1916:

Over the years two principal schools of thought for residence have emerged from the Federal Court.

1913:, has "led to a great deal of mischief and agony" and generated considerable judicial controversy. 455: 107: 3745: 1291:"naturalized British subject" became "Canadian citizen other than a natural-born Canadian citizen" 1211:

children born outside Canada to a Canadian father (or mother, if born out of wedlock) before 1947.

7041: 6996: 6911: 6886: 6871: 6285: 6215: 6199: 6111: 6031: 6022: 5929: 5826: 5739: 5723: 5513: 5408: 5348: 5324: 5273: 4861: 4835: 4809: 4784: 4587: 4511: 4451: 4441: 4293: 4235: 4225: 4204: 4186: 4025: 3938: 3864: 3846: 3773: 3648: 3630: 3489: 3462: 3416: 3196: 3183: 2518:

non-CUKCs subject to immigration control, if neither born in the UK nor a holder of a UK passport

1971: 1816:

Provision was made for the regulation of consultants, as well as for certain anti-fraud measures.

1417: 1043: 673: 5759: 4553:

Order Fixing December 5, 2018 as the day on which sections 11 and 12 of that Act come into force

1080:

If husband was a British subject → then wife automatically became a British subject on marriage.

969:

An Act to define Canadian Nationals and to provide for the Renunciation of Canadian Nationality

462:, Canada was transferred to British control and converted to the laws of Britain. For a decade, 59: 5436: 5030: 4945: 4916: 4525:

Order Fixing October 11, 2017 as the Day on which Certain Provisions of the Act Come into Force

3626:

An Act to define Canadian Nationals and to provide for the Renunciation of Canadian Nationality

1673:

Canadian citizens are in general no longer subject to involuntary loss of citizenship, barring

1122:

upon being landed, be deemed to have acquired the same status for the purposes of the said Act.

7011: 6916: 6765: 6737: 6670: 6478: 6316: 6207: 6191: 6154: 6144: 6103: 6095: 6043: 6035: 5986: 5978: 5937: 5921: 5890: 5863: 5853: 5818: 5810: 5731: 5715: 5658: 5650: 5609: 5521: 5505: 5489: 5416: 5400: 5340: 5332: 5316: 4320: 4145: 3268: 2934: 1920: 688: 685: 665: 646: 642: 572: 498:, was to retain French law as it existed up to 1763, while English law would be applicable in 312: 154: 17: 5878: 5192: 4465:

Order Fixing August 1, 2014 as the Day on which Certain Provisions of the Act came into Force

1851:

The requirement that a person intend to reside in Canada if granted citizenship was repealed.

6931: 6791: 6277: 6183: 6087: 5802: 5707: 5642: 5580: 5497: 5390: 5382: 5373: 5308: 4493:

Order Fixing June 11, 2015 as the Day on which Certain Provisions of the Act Come into Force

2327: 1646: 1574: 1114: 805: 650: 439: 149: 4230: 1666:

notification in the case of a woman who lost British subject status by marriage before 1947

6628: 6608: 5917: 5549: 5447: 2542: 2414: 2338: 2241:. In this case, a person who was born to a Canadian citizen father outside of Canada with 2234: 2124: 1942:

Where are the applicant's immediate family and dependents (and extended family) residents?

698: 472: 3819: 2565:

If not entitled to become CUKCs, then they became "British subjects without citizenship"

649:

society; whereas, those in Quebec identified as nationals of Canada, with unique ties to

1170:

Canadian citizenship, as a status separate from British nationality, was created by the

6775: 6593: 6258: 5291:"Subject to Empire: Married Women and the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act" 4507:

An Act to amend the Citizenship Act and to make consequential amendments to another Act

2906: 2864: 2361: 2331: 2299: 1837:

An Act to amend the Citizenship Act and to make consequential amendments to another Act

801: 677: 676:

families, and persons who had been previous residents to enter Canada. With increasing

468: 273: 5063: 4613: 4267: 1813:

Authority was provided for revoking or denying citizenship in specified circumstances.

7138: 7122: 6418: 6219: 6115: 5830: 5743: 5501: 5395: 2878: 2319: 1034: 825: 715:

His children or legal wife derived their Indian status from their father or husband.

476: 341: 2552:

Commonwealth citizens lose the right of abode if they cease to have such citizenship

6128: 5675: 5369:"Invisible Women: The Legal Fiction of Marital Unity in Nineteenth-Century America" 5352: 2158: 809: 505:

In 1849, Upper Canada passed a statute to bring its law into line with the British

499: 495: 5806: 3800: 5883:

From Subjects to Citizens: A Hundred Years of Citizenship in Australia and Canada

4386: 2929:

and a mother who is a Chinese citizen. Due to the nationality laws of Canada and

6014: 5994: 1740:

Provision was also made for the reinstatement of Canadian citizenship to those:

1188: 817: 463: 5542:"Family law in France: Overview – Domicile, Nationality and Habitual Residence" 438:

established that the laws and ordinances of France governed the territory. The

6697: 6303: 6299:"Between South China and British Columbia: Life Trajectories of Chinese Women" 6211: 6158: 6107: 6047: 5990: 5941: 5822: 5711: 5662: 5525: 5420: 5336: 3827: 2854: 1793:

Adult applicants must file Canadian income tax returns, as required under the

1674: 1553: 1050:. However in legal documents the term "British subject" continued to be used. 960: 847: 735: 710: 551: 491: 382:

dates back over three centuries, and has evolved considerably over that time.

6320: 6195: 6099: 6039: 5982: 5925: 5814: 5735: 5719: 5654: 5509: 5404: 5320: 5167:"Supreme Court to decide whether sons of Russian spies are Canadian citizens" 3842:

An Act to amend the Immigration Act and to repeal the Chinese Immigration Act

2233:

clarified that for a child to be considered a Canadian citizen by descent, a

1867:

The power to revoke citizenship on grounds of national security was repealed.

620:

Aliens could apply for naturalization after three years' residence in Canada.

6745: 5798: 5212:"Supreme Court ruling means children of Russian spies are Canadian citizens" 4418: 3457: 2098: 1747: 1038:

nationality if they requested it within six months of his change of status.

1031:

Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws

1026: 448: 443: 435: 307: 5344: 486:

Nationality acts passed in Britain did not extend beyond the bounds of the

6091: 6071: 5624: 2533:

the freedom to enter the UK without immigration control is defined as the

1231:

naturalization in Canada after five years' residence as a landed immigrant

2427:" in 1977, but the UK did not follow suit until 1 January 1983, when the 2312: 2238: 2200: 2190: 2161:

without having subsequently lost their citizenship whilst living abroad.

1126:

This was later replaced by P.C. 858 of February 9, 1945, which declared:

941: 661: 5517: 5475: 1245:

Loss of Canadian citizenship generally occurred in the following cases:

6203: 5727: 5685: 5412: 5368: 5328: 5290: 3761:"Operational Manual CP9 – Acquisition and Loss of Canadian Citizenship" 6289: 5933: 5905: 5231:"Top court restores Canadian citizenship of Alexander Vavilov, son on 4164:"House of Commons Debates, 22nd Parliament, 3rd Session : Vol. 4" 3789:, at chapter 9, "Women and loss of British subject status before 1947" 2053:

before 15 February 1977 and thus renouncing his Canadian citizenship.

1316:, in order to specify that a "Canadian citizen" was one as defined in 5646: 3818: 1589: 1288:"natural-born British subject" became "natural-born Canadian citizen" 1157: 999: 901: 821: 774: 603: 6639: 6187: 5386: 4742:(1998), 1998 CanLII 7442 (FC), 144 F.T.R. 141, 77 A.C.W.S. (3d) 933" 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2113:, which incorporates, by reference, the requirements imposed by the 6281: 5312: 1282:

replaced the following phrases throughout all federal legislation:

532:

was given authority over "Naturalization and Aliens", by virtue of

2926: 1963:

In contrast, a line of jurisprudence flowing from the decision in

1722:

There is no longer a requirement to apply to maintain citizenship.

1516: 1151: 669: 2436:

While Canada created Canadian citizenship on 1 January 1947, the

1060:

those to naturalized British subjects or citizens (coloured red).

856:

An Act respecting British Nationality, Naturalization and Aliens

6266:

Tamaki, George T. (1947). "The Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946".

6072:"'Anglo-Conformity': Assimilation Policy in Canada, 1890s–1950s" 5881:. In Boyer, Pierre; Cardinal, Linda; Headon, David John (eds.). 2318:

The appellant, Vavilov, a man who was born in Canada to Russian

1138:

On May 15, 1947, P.C. 858 was replaced with an amendment to the

813: 6643: 6391: 6387: 2409:

Canadians, British nationality, and immigration law (1947–1981)

1007:

A separate status of "Canadian national" was created under the

5686:"Canaries in the Mines of Citizenship: Indian Women in Canada" 5381:(2). College Park, Maryland: Feminist Studies, Inc.: 346–366. 3259:. In Burt, Sandra D.; Code, Lorraine; Dorney, Lindsay (eds.). 2505:

Continued to be regarded as British subjects during 1947–1948

2322:, was previously declared not to be a Canadian citizen by the 4614:"In re Citizenship Act and in re Antonios E. Papadogiorgakis" 2127:

by failing to notify the Minister that the provisions of the

1726:

stateless if he or she has no claim to any other citizenship.

782:

The status of "Canadian citizen" was first created under the

4409:"Letters: Being Single, God & Sex and Medical Marijuana" 5193:

Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v. Vavilov

1990:"there cannot be two correct interpretations of a statute;" 1328:

Status of children born to war brides outside Canada under

5855:

Citizenship, Alienage, and the Modern Constitutional State

5046:

Taylor v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)

4044:, 3 FCR 324 (2 November 2007), setting aside in part 2203:

citizen who was adopted by a Quebec man, was deemed as an

1156:

First Canadian Citizenship ceremony on January 3, 1947 in

394:

were British subjects, governed primarily by British law.

6168:"Statelessness as Result of Conflict of Nationality Laws" 4046:

Taylor v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)

4038:

Taylor v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)

3050: 3048: 2378:

another decision-maker for consideration for the ruling.

1713:

received Royal assent, coming into force one year later.

1023:

World Conference on the Codification of International Law

5879:"Citizenship and Subject-Hood in 20th Century Australia" 4247: 1652:

Under the new Act, Canadian citizenship is acquired by:

6365:"Retention of Citizenship Prior Attaining 28 Years Old" 3011: 3009: 2656:

Canadian citizenship separated from British nationality

2193:. Moreover, in order to render a Quebec adoption as an 1996:

there's a "scandalous incertitude in the law;" and that

1057:

those to British subjects by birth (coloured blue), and

1309:

of 1946 also made no mention of First Nations people.

3341: 3339: 1194:

a person other than a natural-born Canadian citizen:

1053:

Prior to 1947, Canada issued two types of passports:

928:, the statute nullified legitimacy requirements for 790:

a person born in Canada who had not become an alien;

7067: 6947: 6860: 6736: 6677: 6607: 6562: 6492: 6451: 6425: 3458:"British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914" 3435:. Last modified 6 June 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2017. 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 1602: 1588: 1580: 1570: 1541: 987: 977: 950: 882: 874: 864: 837: 793:

a British subject possessing Canadian domicile; and

762: 752: 725: 719:

Canadian citizens and Canadian nationals, 1910–1947

691:) immigration to Canada between 1897 and 1907, the 668:immigrants. In 1907, an agreement was reached with 586: 578: 568: 541: 390:in 1867, the residents of the various provinces of 2976: 2272:Minister can no longer make unilateral decisions. 1399:who were minors on the day the Act came into force 1252:in the case of a minor, naturalization of a parent 708:women in Canada who were Status Indians under the 411:, enacted in 1976 and brought into force in 1977. 5758:Grey, Julius H.; Gill, John (16 September 2020). 4566:Béchard, Julie; Elgersma, Sandra (8 March 2016). 2464:British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 2439:British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 917:British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 5252:Halepota v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) 5113:Hassouna v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) 3926:"Operational Manual CP10 – Proof of Citizenship" 3162: 2646:Standardized to Imperial naturalization criteria 2527:to CUKCs without a UK-born parent or grandparent 2389:Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) 2237:must be proven to the Canadian parent through a 1529:were removed from Canadian legislation in 1967. 6243:"Nationality of Women and the Hague Conference" 5540:Butruille-Cardew, Charlotte (1 November 2020). 5145:Vavilov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) 5129:Vavilov v. Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) 5097:Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Kandola 3501: 1976: 1936: 1128: 1119: 5081:Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Dufour 3953:, at 2.7, "Documents establishing citizenship" 2326:, as his parents, who were arrested in a 2010 1827:On February 25, 2016, as a consequence of the 434:Canada became a French possession in 1663 and 6655: 6403: 5604:(3rd ed.). Haywards Heath, West Sussex: 4316:"Citizenship Act creates a 'stateless' child" 2153:had ruled that an individual born abroad and 1692:citizenship. Children born outside Canada to 1294:"Canadian national" became "Canadian citizen" 1178:), which came into effect on 1 January 1947. 359: 8: 4200:An Act to amend The Canadian Citizenship Act 4182:An Act to amend the Canadian Citizenship Act 3429:Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada 2678:Uniformity of alien property ownership rules 1842:The Act provided for the following changes: 1687:knowingly concealing material circumstances. 1663:grant after three years' residence in Canada 1413:An Act to amend The Canadian Citizenship Act 560:An Act respecting Aliens and Naturalization 401:In 1946, the federal Parliament enacted the 239:Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada 6013:Lobingier, Charles Sumner (December 1932). 4215: 4213: 4168:Canadian Parliamentary Historical Resources 4146:"Newfoundland Act, Terms of Union, Term 43" 3821:Order in Council P.C. 858, February 9, 1945 3620: 3618: 3479: 3477: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3257:"6. The Changing Patterns of Public Policy" 3217: 3215: 3179:An Act respecting Aliens and Naturalization 3173: 3171: 2163:In November 2007, this was reversed by the 1407: 1405: 1070:1946, the rules were generally as follows: 518:Imperial and federal legislation, 1868–1914 488:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 6662: 6648: 6640: 6410: 6396: 6388: 4911: 4909: 2634:Delayed foreign birth registration revoked 2521:immigration control later extended by the 2510:Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies 2423:replaced the term "British subject" with " 2119:However, this case also declared that the 2102:justification pursuant to s. 15(g) of the 366: 352: 212:Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act 38: 6345:Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 6076:International Journal of Canadian Studies 5394: 4120: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3708: 3597: 3393: 3381: 3299: 3201:. Emigration Commission. 1871. p. 80 3000: 2988: 2337:On 10 May 2018, the federal government's 2117:pertaining to permanent resident status. 2096:ruled that the Minister must establish a 1660:birth outside Canada to a Canadian parent 4447:Protection of Canada from Terrorists Act 3900: 3876: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3513: 3444: 3234:Naturalization and Nationality in Canada 3078: 3066: 3054: 3039: 3015: 2450: 2022: 1326: 1312:An Act passed later in 1946 amended the 426:does not restrict multiple citizenship. 4940: 4938: 4228:1974-75-76, c. 108 – now known as the 3912: 3888: 3696: 3672: 3525: 3102: 3090: 2962: 2918: 2199:The respondent, Burou Jeanty Dufour, a 1559: 1392: 1134:the said member has Canadian domicile. 1117:P.C. 7318 of 21 September 1944 stated: 966: 853: 804:in Canada for three years after having 741: 557: 50: 5704:Canadian Political Science Association 5229:MacKinnon, Leslie (19 December 2019). 5041: 5039: 4969: 4967: 4437:Strengthening Canadian Citizenship Act 3732: 3720: 3684: 3609: 3585: 3573: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3114: 2720:"Canadian national" as separate status 2360:ruled that exceptional service to the 1769:Strengthening Canadian Citizenship Act 1750:) and who then lost their citizenship; 1618:Strengthening Canadian Citizenship Act 1538: 947: 834: 722: 538: 207:Immigration and Refugee Protection Act 6375:from the original on 12 February 2021 6180:American Society of International Law 6172:American Journal of International Law 6143:. Montreal, Quebec: Dawson Brothers. 5691:Canadian Journal of Political Science 5461:from the original on 12 November 2020 4989:Benner v. Canada (Secretary of State) 3369: 3027: 2328:crackdown of Russian agents in the US 2059:Benner v. Canada (Secretary of State) 1897:Definition of "residence requirement" 1775:Among the Act's significant changes: 920:, which was adopted in Canada by the 7: 7007:Northwest Territories capital cities 5956:L'Heureux-Dubé, Claire (July 1984). 5005:Canada (Attorney General) v. McKenna 4995:, 1 SCR 358 (27 February 1997). 4324:. September 25, 2009. Archived from 4132: 4108: 4096: 3660: 3357: 3345: 3330: 3318: 3287: 2845:Timeline of Canadian nationality law 2604:First use of term "Canadian citizen" 2400:Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) 1637:Citizenship law was reformed by the 1271:cause loss of Canadian citizenship. 217:Canadian immigration and refugee law 6351:from the original on 14 August 2019 5910:Transactions of the Grotius Society 5904:Llewellyn-Jones, Frederick (1929). 5770:from the original on 5 January 2021 5474:Blackburn, Carole (February 2009). 5437:"Report on Citizenship Law: France" 5435:Bertossi, Christophe (April 2010). 5210:Bronskill, Jim (19 December 2019). 4645:, 1 FC 286 (3 December 1992), 4444:2014, c. 22 (later amended by the 4421:. December 30, 2010. Archived from 4347:Branham, Daphne (October 9, 2010). 4289:An Act to amend the Citizenship Act 4021:An Act to amend the Immigration Act 3198:Colonization circular, Issues 30-32 2743:Naturalization and Aliens Act, 1881 2624:Dual citizenship loss rules revoked 2372:U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees 1711:An Act to amend the Citizenship Act 1612:An Act to amend the Citizenship Act 1220:Acquisition and loss of citizenship 1033:. In 1931, under the government of 808:, excluding any time spent in "any 632:Naturalization and Aliens Act, 1881 613:Aliens and Naturalization Act, 1868 380:history of Canadian nationality law 6327:from the original on 22 April 2021 5906:"The Nationality of Married Women" 5602:Fransman's British Nationality Law 5587:from the original on 25 March 2021 5556:from the original on 14 April 2021 5011:, 1 FC 401 (19 October 1998). 4781:Citizenship and Immigration Canada 4750:. 13 February 1998. Archived from 3934:Citizenship and Immigration Canada 3769:Citizenship and Immigration Canada 3433:History of citizenship legislation 3263:(2nd ed.). Toronto, Ontario: 3261:Changing Patterns: Women in Canada 1919:Early on, Associate Chief Justice 1807:to honour their service to Canada. 641:From the late nineteenth century, 25: 6269:University of Toronto Law Journal 6241:Sickmon, May C. (26 April 1930). 6057:from the original on 9 April 2021 5289:Baldwin, M. Page (October 2001). 4385:. 12 October 2010. Archived from 3644:The Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 2189:had fully validated the person's 1797:, to be eligible for citizenship. 1346:Subject to automatic revocation? 786:, which included anyone who was: 630:The 1868 Act was replaced by the 7155:History of immigration to Canada 7116: 7104: 7103: 6341:"Canadian Citizenship Act, 1947" 5783:Iacovetta, Franca (April 2019). 5502:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.01103.x 4051:, 299 FTR 158 (1 September 2006) 2871: 2857: 2614:P.C. 7138 – war brides provision 2524:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 2478:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962 1506:In 1956, Parliament amended the 645:viewed their nation as a white, 442:of France developed a system of 335: 83:History of immigration to Canada 58: 27:History of citizenship in Canada 6786:Former colonies and territories 6311:. Vancouver, British Columbia: 6297:Woon, Yuen-Fong (Winter 2007). 6070:Mann, Jatinder (January 2014). 5885:. Governance. Ottawa, Ontario: 2791:Canadian Citizenship Act (1946) 1987:the " law is in a sorry state;" 1255:service in foreign armed forces 525:British North America Act, 1867 6313:University of British Columbia 6249:. Hamburg, New York. p. 3 5684:Green, Joyce (December 2001). 4783:. 11 June 2010. Archived from 4367:– via LostCanadians.org. 3799:Taylor, Joe (12 August 2005). 2501:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 2421:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1976 2121:Canadian Human Rights Tribunal 1597:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 1562:An Act respecting citizenship 1332:(1946), as at January 1, 1947 1172:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 1166:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 1147:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 744:An Act respecting Immigration 697:was passed in 1908 to prevent 660:, requiring payment of a $ 50 416:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 404:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 93:Economic impact of immigration 18:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1976 1: 6166:Samore, William (July 1951). 6015:"Rise and Fall of Feudal Law" 5973:(6). Baton Rouge, Louisiana: 5858:. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: 5807:10.1080/09612025.2018.1484327 5623:Girard, Philip (March 2013). 5569:Chan, Arlene (7 March 2017). 5494:American Ethnological Society 5452:European University Institute 4383:Canadian Council for Refugees 4379:"Canada's stateless children" 2733:Aliens and Naturalization Act 2366:In this case, a senior-level 1249:naturalization outside Canada 1017:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 694:Continuous journey regulation 593:Naturalization and Aliens Act 542:Aliens and Naturalization Act 249:Immigration and Refugee Board 244:Canada Border Services Agency 113:Provincial Nomination Program 88:Canada immigration statistics 6761:Crown and Indigenous peoples 5367:Basch, Norma (Summer 1979). 5269:The Canadian Citizenship Act 4170:. May 8, 1956. p. 3679. 3860:The Canadian Citizenship Act 3485:The Naturalization Act, 1914 2782:Canadian Nationals Act, 1921 2508:If not entitled to become a 2499:Canadian citizens under the 2492:British Nationality Act 1981 2471:British Nationality Act 1948 2445:British Nationality Act 1948 2430:British Nationality Act 1981 2006:the balance of probabilities 1337:How citizenship is acquired 1330:The Canadian Citizenship Act 1318:The Canadian Citizenship Act 1280:The Canadian Citizenship Act 1065:Eligibility of married women 1009:Canadian Nationals Act, 1921 951:Canadian Nationals Act, 1921 6084:University of Toronto Press 5639:University of Toronto Press 5305:University of Chicago Press 2334:of two deceased Canadians. 2308:Minister of Foreign Affairs 2243:assisted human reproduction 1105:World War II-era war brides 454:In 1763, at the end of the 7181: 6247:The Erie County Republican 5887:University of Ottawa Press 5860:Cambridge University Press 5700:Cambridge University Press 5630:Canadian Historical Review 5296:Journal of British Studies 3974:S.C. 1946, c. 15, s. 45(2) 2412: 2346: 2276: 2248: 2219: 2171: 2139: 2078: 2056: 2035: 1163: 643:English or Anglo-Canadians 511:Civil Code of Lower Canada 507:Naturalisation Act of 1844 135:History of nationality law 29: 7098: 6897:Newfoundland and Labrador 6622:Law School Admission Test 5975:Paul M. Hebert Law Center 5764:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5712:10.1017/S0008423901778067 5600:Fransman, Laurie (2011). 5576:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5571:"Chinese Immigration Act" 5488:(1). New York, New York: 5396:2027/spo.0499697.0005.210 5022:Canadian Human Rights Act 2688:Extension to Newfoundland 2564: 2539: 2532: 2514: 2504: 2456: 2453: 2383: 2105:Canadian Human Rights Act 1627: 1607: 1595: 1548: 1494:Extensions of citizenship 1458:S.C. 1952–53, c. 23, s. 5 1391: 1370: 1364: 1350: 1345: 995: 955: 897: 887: 842: 770: 730: 599: 591: 546: 7165:Canadian nationality law 6522:Immigration and refugees 5303:(4). Chicago, Illinois: 4249:Retention of Citizenship 3963:Canadian Citizenship Act 3265:McClelland & Stewart 3255:Burt, Sandra D. (1993). 2902:Canadians of convenience 2892:Canadian nationality law 2887:Canadian immigration law 2769:Naturalization Act, 1914 2708:Reform of adoption rules 2310:" are exempted from the 1970:In the words of Justice 1784:Canadian Citizenship Act 1716:Among the changes made: 1641:(popularly known as the 1501:Dominion of Newfoundland 1384:Other than natural-born 1174:(popularly known as the 1014:Canada later passed the 922:Naturalization Act, 1914 838:Naturalization Act, 1914 418:imposed restrictions on 280:Canadians of convenience 32:Canadian nationality law 7145:Legal history of Canada 6750:Persons of significance 6236:(subscription required) 6178:(3). Washington, D.C.: 6137:McCord, Thomas (1867). 6132:(subscription required) 6030:(1). Ithaca, New York: 5847:(subscription required) 5679:(subscription required) 5637:(1). Toronto, Ontario: 5606:Bloomsbury Professional 5258: (28 November 2018) 5198:Federal Court of Appeal 5151: (10 August 2015), 5052: (2 November 2007). 4950:Federal Court of Canada 4921:Federal Court of Canada 4892:Federal Court of Canada 4866:Federal Court of Canada 4840:Federal Court of Canada 4814:Federal Court of Canada 4747:Federal Court of Canada 4716:Federal Court of Canada 4690:Federal Court of Canada 4664:Federal Court of Canada 4618:Federal Court of Canada 4592:Federal Court of Canada 4305:S.C. 2008, c. 14, s. 14 4264:"Retaining Citizenship" 3231:Howell, Alfred (1884). 2698:Reform of descent rules 2666:Reform of descent rules 2292:Supreme Court of Canada 2288:Federal Court of Appeal 2265:Canadian Bill of Rights 2260:Federal Court of Canada 2231:Federal Court of Appeal 2195:adoption of convenience 2183:Federal Court of Appeal 2165:Federal Court of Appeal 2149:In September 2006, the 2131:were being questioned. 2094:Federal Court of Appeal 2047:Federal Court of Appeal 2019:Other significant cases 1907:Federal Court of Appeal 1191:before January 1, 1947; 657:Chinese Immigration Act 636:Naturalization Act 1870 458:under the terms of the 422:. The current Canadian 98:Permanent resident card 7160:History of nationality 6781:Events of significance 6512:Civil and human rights 6231: – via 6127: – via 5877:Irving, Helen (2004). 5852:Irving, Helen (2016). 5842: – via 5790:Women's History Review 5760:"Canadian Citizenship" 5698:(4). Ottawa, Ontario: 5674: – via 5235:Russian sleeper spies" 4454:2015, c. 9, s. 10–11 ) 2800:Citizenship Act (1976) 2332:assumed the identities 2205:adoptee by convenience 1981: 1958: 1241:mother by court order) 1161: 1136: 1124: 890:Canadian Nationals Act 303:Demographics of Canada 7150:Immigration to Canada 6902:Northwest Territories 6847:Territorial evolution 6549:Labour and employment 6527:Intellectual property 6092:10.3138/ijcs.2014.014 5218:. The Canadian Press. 5103: (31 March 2014). 5068:CanadianWarBrides.com 4888:"Sarvarian v. Canada" 4573:Library of Parliament 3805:CanadianWarBrides.com 3468:The National Archives 3163:Butruille-Cardew 2020 2897:Immigration to Canada 2756:Immigration Act, 1910 2300:diplomatic privileges 2296:Global Affairs Canada 2251:Hassouna v. Canada,** 1965:Re Pourghasemi (1993) 1805:Canadian Armed Forces 1681:false representation, 1639:Citizenship Act, 1976 1575:R.S.C., 1985, c. C-29 1534:Citizenship Act, 1976 1482:Chinese Exclusion Act 1420:1952–53, c. 23, s. 2 1155: 1048:subjects of the Crown 936:By 1918, the rise of 826:asylum for the insane 784:Immigration Act, 1910 726:Immigration Act, 1910 392:British North America 202:Immigration Act, 1976 197:Citizenship Act, 1976 192:Citizenship Act, 1946 187:Immigration Act, 1869 78:Immigration to Canada 6922:Prince Edward Island 6369:Government of Canada 6082:. Toronto, Ontario: 5966:Louisiana Law Review 5844:Taylor & Francis 5579:. Toronto, Ontario: 5481:American Ethnologist 5173:. The Canadian Press 5087: (1 April 2014). 5064:"Who is Joe Taylor?" 4836:"Canada v. Elzubair" 4207:1967–68, c. 4, s. 4 3877:Grey & Gill 2020 3502:Llewellyn-Jones 1929 3267:. pp. 212–242. 2547:Commonwealth citizen 2485:Immigration Act 1971 2425:Commonwealth citizen 1925:Papadogiorgakis (Re) 1365:Born out of wedlock 530:Parliament of Canada 522:Upon passage of the 420:multiple citizenship 254:Public Safety Canada 165:Commonwealth citizen 160:Honorary citizenship 52:Canadian citizenship 6837:Population history 6808:Chinese immigration 6443:Provincial statutes 6371:. 22 January 2016. 6367:. Ottawa, Ontario: 5135: (21 June 2017) 4816:. 29 September 2010 4790:on 15 December 2010 4712:"Collier v. Canada" 4389:on 29 February 2012 3750:, note 17 at p. 125 3687:, pp. 479–491. 3552:, pp. 150–151. 3412:The Immigration Act 3290:, pp. 254–255. 3237:. Carswell & Co 2977:L'Heureux-Dubé 1984 2222:Canada** v. Kandola 2073:Oath of Citizenship 1888:Judicial review of 1677:on the grounds of: 1333: 1089:During the marriage 1075:At time of marriage 1044:Commonwealth realms 911:Imperial Conference 806:been landed therein 704:From 1869 to 1985, 145:Oath of Citizenship 108:Temporary residency 103:Permanent residency 6032:Cornell Law School 6023:Cornell Law Review 5119: (10 May 2017) 5070:. Maven New Media. 5062:Jarratt, Melynda. 4917:"Ghaedi v. Canada" 4894:. 17 November 2010 4774:"CP – 5 Residence" 4718:. 30 November 2006 4692:. 29 December 2001 4666:. 16 December 2003 4028:1946, c. 54, s. 1 3849:1947, c. 19, s. 3 3801:"CIC inaccuracies" 3463:legislation.gov.uk 2433:went into effect. 2349:Halepota v. Canada 2209:Haitian government 2174:Canada** v. Dufour 2142:Taylor v. Canada,* 1872:permanent resident 1709:On 17 April 2008, 1620:(S.C. 2014, c. 22) 1614:(S.C. 2008, c. 14) 1327: 1162: 464:English Common Law 318:Population by year 7132: 7131: 7123:Canada portal 6693:18000 BCE–1500 CE 6671:History of Canada 6637: 6636: 6150:978-0-665-40178-7 5896:978-0-7766-0553-1 5889:. pp. 9–18. 5869:978-1-10706-510-9 5615:978-1-84592-095-1 4977:, 3 FC 691 (FCA) 4952:. 28 January 2011 4923:. 25 January 2011 4862:"Dedaj v. Canada" 4810:"Canada v. Salim" 4588:"Imran v. Canada" 4425:on June 28, 2011. 4359:on March 24, 2012 4353:The Vancouver Sun 4321:The Vancouver Sun 4189:1956, c. 6, s. 2 4099:, pp. 84–85. 3274:978-0-7710-2854-0 2935:Irish citizenship 2735: 2594:First Federal Act 2579: 2578: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2390: 2306:certified by the 2279:Vavilov v. Canada 2187:Quebec government 1921:Arthur L. Thurlow 1635: 1634: 1478: 1477: 1005: 1004: 907: 906: 780: 779: 609: 608: 483:by their father. 444:feudal allegiance 376: 375: 342:Canada portal 313:Canadian identity 16:(Redirected from 7172: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7107: 7106: 7058:Name etymologies 6938:Name etymologies 6877:British Columbia 6792:Heritage Minutes 6664: 6657: 6650: 6641: 6589:Courts of Appeal 6438:Federal statutes 6412: 6405: 6398: 6389: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6293: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6237: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6162: 6133: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6056: 6019: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6000:on 21 April 2021 5999: 5993:. Archived from 5962: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5900: 5873: 5848: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5680: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5647:10.3138/chr.1349 5619: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5581:Historica Canada 5565: 5563: 5561: 5546:Practical Law UK 5536: 5534: 5532: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5460: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5398: 5374:Feminist Studies 5363: 5361: 5359: 5277: 5265: 5259: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5207: 5201: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5165:Bronskill, Jim. 5162: 5156: 5142: 5136: 5126: 5120: 5110: 5104: 5094: 5088: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5059: 5053: 5043: 5034: 5029:, 1985, c. H-6, 5028: 5018: 5012: 5002: 4996: 4986: 4980: 4975:Glynos v. Canada 4971: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4913: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4789: 4778: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4686:"Chen v. Canada" 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4660:"Mann v. Canada" 4656: 4650: 4643:1992 CanLII 2417 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4563: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4535: 4529: 4521: 4515: 4503: 4497: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4469: 4461: 4455: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4355:. Archived from 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4266:. Archived from 4260: 4254: 4245: 4239: 4217: 4208: 4196: 4190: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4087:(FC), at par. 80 4082: 4076: 4075:(FC), at par. 12 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4035: 4029: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3943: 3937:. Archived from 3930: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3856: 3850: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3779:on June 18, 2014 3778: 3772:. Archived from 3765: 3757: 3751: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3640: 3634: 3622: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3426: 3420: 3408: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3228: 3222: 3221:S.C. 1881, c. 13 3219: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3193: 3187: 3175: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2946: 2923: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2731: 2721: 2718: 2709: 2706: 2699: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2679: 2676: 2667: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2647: 2644: 2635: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2615: 2612: 2605: 2602: 2595: 2592: 2451: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2290:and, later, the 2083:Attorney General 2038:Glynos v. Canada 2023: 1647:dual citizenship 1584:15 February 1977 1539: 1515:) or "Eskimos" ( 1472: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1409: 1400: 1397: 1354:Born in wedlock 1334: 1115:Order in Council 1046:, were known as 988:Assented to 948: 938:women's suffrage 909:In 1911, at the 875:Assented to 869:S.C. 1914, c. 44 835: 763:Assented to 757:S.C. 1910, c. 27 723: 579:Assented to 573:S.C. 1868, c. 66 539: 473:British subjects 456:Seven Years' War 368: 361: 354: 340: 339: 338: 140:Citizenship Test 62: 39: 21: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7117: 7115: 7094: 7063: 6943: 6864:and territories 6863: 6856: 6732: 6681: 6673: 6668: 6638: 6633: 6629:Call to the bar 6603: 6594:Superior Courts 6558: 6488: 6447: 6421: 6416: 6378: 6376: 6363: 6354: 6352: 6339: 6330: 6328: 6296: 6265: 6252: 6250: 6240: 6235: 6224: 6222: 6188:10.2307/2194545 6165: 6151: 6136: 6131: 6120: 6118: 6069: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6017: 6012: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5960: 5955: 5946: 5944: 5918:Grotius Society 5903: 5897: 5876: 5870: 5851: 5846: 5835: 5833: 5797:(3). Abingdon: 5782: 5773: 5771: 5757: 5748: 5746: 5683: 5678: 5667: 5665: 5622: 5616: 5599: 5590: 5588: 5568: 5559: 5557: 5550:Thomson Reuters 5539: 5530: 5528: 5473: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5448:Badia Fiesolana 5439: 5434: 5425: 5423: 5387:10.2307/3177600 5366: 5357: 5355: 5288: 5285: 5280: 5266: 5262: 5250: 5246: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5196:, 2019 SCC 65 ( 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5127: 5123: 5111: 5107: 5095: 5091: 5079: 5075: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5044: 5037: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5003: 4999: 4987: 4983: 4972: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4946:"Hao v. Canada" 4944: 4943: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4842:. 16 March 2010 4834: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4518: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4486: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4458: 4434: 4430: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4360: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4328:on June 4, 2011 4314: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4286: 4282: 4273: 4271: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4246: 4242: 4231:Citizenship Act 4221:Citizenship Act 4218: 4211: 4197: 4193: 4179: 4175: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4036: 4032: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3871: 3857: 3853: 3839: 3835: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3641: 3637: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3596: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3482: 3475: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3427: 3423: 3409: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3240: 3238: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2979:, p. 1575. 2975: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2543:British subject 2530: 2417: 2415:British subject 2411: 2398: 2387: 2339:leave to appeal 2129:Citizenship Act 2125:natural justice 2115:Immigration Act 2111:Citizenship Act 2021: 1972:Francis Muldoon 1903:Citizenship Act 1899: 1894: 1890:Citizenship Act 1831:victory in the 1825: 1765: 1707: 1702: 1623: 1566: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1543:Citizenship Act 1537: 1526: 1508:Citizenship Act 1496: 1487:Citizenship Act 1466: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1410: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1314:Immigration Act 1307:Citizenship Act 1302:Citizenship Act 1277: 1228:birth in Canada 1222: 1168: 1150: 1140:Immigration Act 1107: 1067: 982:S.C. 1921, c. 4 973: 970: 965: 964: 860: 857: 852: 851: 748: 745: 740: 739: 721: 564: 561: 556: 555: 520: 460:Treaty of Paris 432: 424:Citizenship Act 409:Citizenship Act 372: 336: 334: 329: 328: 327: 297: 287: 286: 285: 268: 260: 259: 258: 233: 223: 222: 221: 181: 171: 170: 169: 129: 119: 118: 117: 72: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7178: 7176: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7137: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7112: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7080:Historiography 7077: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6800: 6798:Historic Sites 6795: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6756:Constitutional 6753: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6613: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6464:Administrative 6461: 6459:Constitutional 6455: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6361: 6337: 6294: 6282:10.2307/824453 6263: 6259:Newspapers.com 6238: 6233:Cambridge Core 6163: 6149: 6134: 6067: 6010: 5953: 5901: 5895: 5874: 5868: 5849: 5780: 5755: 5681: 5620: 5614: 5597: 5566: 5537: 5471: 5432: 5364: 5313:10.1086/386266 5284: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5260: 5244: 5221: 5202: 5184: 5157: 5137: 5121: 5105: 5089: 5073: 5054: 5035: 5013: 4997: 4981: 4963: 4934: 4905: 4879: 4868:. 26 July 2010 4853: 4827: 4801: 4765: 4754:on 7 July 2012 4729: 4703: 4677: 4651: 4631: 4620:. 30 June 1978 4605: 4594:. 14 June 2012 4579: 4558: 4556:, SI/2018-109 4544: 4530: 4516: 4498: 4484: 4470: 4456: 4428: 4400: 4370: 4339: 4307: 4298: 4280: 4255: 4240: 4238:1985, c. C-29 4209: 4191: 4173: 4155: 4137: 4135:, p. 271. 4125: 4123:, p. 410. 4121:Iacovetta 2019 4113: 4111:, p. 263. 4101: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4063:(FCA), par. 42 4053: 4030: 4012: 4010:, p. 411. 4008:Iacovetta 2019 4000: 3998:, p. 405. 3996:Iacovetta 2019 3988: 3986:, p. 397. 3984:Iacovetta 2019 3976: 3967: 3955: 3917: 3905: 3903:, p. 167. 3893: 3891:, p. 553. 3881: 3869: 3851: 3833: 3810: 3791: 3752: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3711:, p. 401. 3709:Iacovetta 2019 3701: 3699:, p. 548. 3689: 3677: 3665: 3663:, p. 259. 3653: 3635: 3614: 3602: 3600:, p. 400. 3598:Iacovetta 2019 3590: 3588:, p. 169. 3578: 3576:, p. 163. 3566: 3564:, p. 155. 3554: 3542: 3540:, p. 148. 3530: 3528:, p. 528. 3518: 3516:, p. 151. 3506: 3504:, p. 123. 3494: 3473: 3449: 3447:, p. 145. 3437: 3421: 3398: 3396:, p. 412. 3394:Iacovetta 2019 3386: 3382:Blackburn 2009 3374: 3372:, p. 723. 3362: 3360:, p. 256. 3350: 3335: 3333:, p. 253. 3323: 3304: 3300:Blackburn 2009 3292: 3280: 3273: 3247: 3223: 3211: 3188: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3141:, p. 160. 3131: 3119: 3107: 3105:, p. 526. 3095: 3093:, p. 525. 3083: 3081:, p. 138. 3071: 3069:, p. 131. 3059: 3057:, p. 130. 3044: 3042:, p. 129. 3032: 3030:, p. 347. 3020: 3005: 3003:, p. 219. 3001:Lobingier 1932 2993: 2991:, p. 192. 2989:Lobingier 1932 2981: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2907:Lost Canadians 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2868: 2865:History portal 2852: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2703: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2671: 2661: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2538: 2535:right of abode 2531: 2529: 2528: 2519: 2515: 2513: 2506: 2503: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2413:Main article: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2396: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2362:United Nations 2354: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2320:sleeper agents 2284: 2282: 2275: 2274: 2256: 2254: 2247: 2246: 2227: 2225: 2218: 2217: 2179: 2177: 2170: 2169: 2155:out of wedlock 2147: 2145: 2138: 2137: 2090: 2088: 2077: 2076: 2064: 2062: 2055: 2054: 2043: 2041: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2020: 2017: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1801: 1798: 1795:Income Tax Act 1791: 1787: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1633: 1632: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1536: 1531: 1525: 1524:1967 amendment 1522: 1521: 1520: 1504: 1495: 1492: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1460: 1451: 1442: 1432: 1422: 1401: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1276: 1273: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1164:Main article: 1149: 1144: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1003: 1002: 993: 992: 989: 985: 984: 979: 975: 974: 972: 971: 968: 958: 957: 956: 953: 952: 905: 904: 895: 894: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 872: 871: 866: 862: 861: 859: 858: 855: 845: 844: 843: 840: 839: 798: 797: 794: 791: 778: 777: 768: 767: 764: 760: 759: 754: 750: 749: 747: 746: 743: 733: 732: 731: 728: 727: 720: 717: 628: 627: 624: 621: 607: 606: 597: 596: 589: 588: 584: 583: 580: 576: 575: 570: 566: 565: 563: 562: 559: 549: 548: 547: 544: 543: 534:section 91(25) 519: 516: 469:British Empire 431: 428: 374: 373: 371: 370: 363: 356: 348: 345: 344: 331: 330: 326: 325: 323:Ethnic origins 320: 315: 310: 305: 299: 298: 293: 292: 289: 288: 284: 283: 276: 274:Lost Canadians 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 257: 256: 251: 246: 241: 235: 234: 229: 228: 225: 224: 220: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 183: 182: 177: 176: 173: 172: 168: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 131: 130: 125: 124: 121: 120: 116: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 74: 73: 68: 67: 64: 63: 55: 54: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7177: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7125: 7124: 7113: 7111: 7110: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7032:Richmond Hill 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6962:Charlottetown 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6892:New Brunswick 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6658: 6653: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6577:Federal Court 6575: 6573: 6572:Supreme Court 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6135: 6130: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6016: 6011: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5977:: 1575–1640. 5976: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5959: 5954: 5943: 5939: 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5195: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5153:Federal Court 5150: 5146: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5009:1998 FCA 9098 5006: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4815: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4733: 4730: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4647:Federal Court 4644: 4640: 4635: 4632: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4528:, SI/2017-57 4527: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4496:, SI/2015-46 4495: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4482:, SI/2015-42 4481: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4468:, SI/2014-71 4467: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4404: 4401: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4340: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4270:on 2008-05-11 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3944:on 2014-06-18 3940: 3936: 3935: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3901:Fransman 2011 3897: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3792: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3735:, p. 11. 3734: 3729: 3726: 3723:, p. 47. 3722: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3612:, p. 43. 3611: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3562:Fransman 2011 3558: 3555: 3551: 3550:Fransman 2011 3546: 3543: 3539: 3538:Fransman 2011 3534: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3514:Fransman 2011 3510: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445:Fransman 2011 3441: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3384:, p. 72. 3383: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3348:, p. 84. 3347: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3302:, p. 67. 3301: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3236: 3235: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3153:, p. 15. 3152: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3117:, p. 33. 3116: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3079:Fransman 2011 3075: 3072: 3068: 3067:Fransman 2011 3063: 3060: 3056: 3055:Fransman 2011 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040:Fransman 2011 3036: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3016:Bertossi 2010 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2952: 2944: 2941:, Canada and 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2879:Canada portal 2869: 2866: 2855: 2850: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2770: 2757: 2744: 2734: 2581: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2408: 2402: 2391: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2358:Federal Court 2355: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2324:Federal Court 2321: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2151:Federal Court 2148: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2068:Supreme Court 2065: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2007: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1911:Supreme Court 1908: 1904: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1833:2015 election 1830: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1762: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1513:First Nations 1509: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1480:In 1947, the 1470: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1436: 1433: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1351:Natural-born 1349: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1113:In addition, 1111: 1104: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1035:R. 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