119:
during World War I, when it was used to conduct military research. At first it only transmitted Morse code, however during the spring of 1919 employee Arthur
Runciman began a series of voice tests, although initially the equipment was promoted as being useful for point-to-point communication rather than broadcasting. In early 1919, parent company British Marconi shipped a surplus 500-watt transmitter to Montreal for evaluation. As was common at a number of early stations, the engineers soon tired of having to repetitively speak for the test transmissions, and began to play phonograph records, which drew the attention of local amateur radio operators. The first documented broadcast of entertainment by XWA to a general audience occurred on the evening of May 20, 1920, when a concert was prepared for a Royal Society of Canada audience listening 110 miles (175 kilometers) away at the
165:
running in 10-meter steps from 400 to 450 meters (750-667 kHz). Commercial broadcasting stations initially operated under the restriction that "No tolls shall be levied or collected on account of any service performed by this class of station." By 1924 this provision was loosened to allow "the rental of broadcasting stations for advertising purposes" after procuring "the consent of the
Minister in writing". However, "direct advertising" was prohibited between the hours of 6.30 p.m. and 11 p.m. ("Direct advertising" was generally defined as conventional advertising messages, in contrast to "indirect advertising", which consisted of more general sponsorship announcements).
149:
90:
the Naval
Service. This included members of the general public who only possessed a radio receiver and were not making transmissions, who were required to hold an "Amateur Experimental Station" licence, as well as pass the exam needed to receive an "Amateur Experimental Certificate of Proficiency", which required the ability to send and receive Morse code at five words a minute. (This policy contrasted with the United States, which only required licenses for operating transmitters, and had no restrictions or taxes on individuals only using receivers).
157:
be renewed yearly. They were issued by the
Department of Marine and Fisheries in Ottawa, by Departmental Radio Inspectors, and by postmasters located in the larger towns and cities, with licence periods coinciding with the April 1-March 31 fiscal year. As of March 31, 1923 there was a total of 9,996 Private Receiving Station licenses. The licence fee eventually rose to $ 2.50 per year to provide revenue for both radio and television broadcasts by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, however, it was eliminated effective April 1, 1953.
169:
established in communities which didn't have a commercial station. Only a small number of
Amateur Broadcasting stations would be authorized, and most were eventually converted to commercial operations. (Canada's establishment of an amateur broadcasting station classification was in sharp contrast to the United States, where, beginning in early 1922, amateur stations were explicitly prohibited from making broadcasts intended for the general public.) As of the fall of 1925, there were 11 Canadian amateur broadcasting stations.
106:
Canada where reportedly in May 1919 he "constructed a small station in
Halifax, Nova Scotia, over which voice and music were broadcast in probably the first scheduled programs in Canada". In 1920 Grant began working for the Canadian Air Board's Forestry patrol, developing air-to-ground communication for the spotter aircraft used to report forest fires, initially using radiotelegraphy. The original base was located at Morley, Alberta, where Grant constructed station CYAA. In January 1921 operations moved to the
340:
2149:
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374:(CBC). The CBC was controlled by the national government, and funded largely by taxes (licence fees) collected from radio sets owners. The CBC took over the regulatory role of the Radio Branch, and focused most of its attention on providing programming for a national network. However, private stations continued to exist, which were allowed to rebroadcast CBC programs.
483:(RTNDA) in 1962, to seek equal access to all types of news sources at a time when government agencies banned broadcast reporters from press conferences. By the time of his retirement in 1971, Edwards felt that he brought peace between print news and broadcast news, and that they realized one complimented the other in reporting breaking news.
184:, Toronto). By the late 1920s easy to use radio sets using loudspeakers were widely available, although somewhat expensive, which opened up a much broader audience, attracting the middle class who could afford them, and also restaurants clubs and taverns, who wanted to attract customers. Even remote towns and localities could listen.
545:
with reports from its Ottawa bureau and other reports exchanged by the stations themselves. By 2004, Standard's stations had rejoined
Broadcast News which became the sole national newswire service for commercial radio stations in Canada. In 2007, Broadcast News was rebranded Canadian Press to provide
160:
In 1922 two new transmitting categories were added to the regulations: "Private
Commercial Broadcasting station" and "Amateur Broadcasting station". The annual licence fees for these stations were set on June 30, 1922 at $ 50 for commercial broadcasting stations, and $ 5 for amateur. As of March 31,
118:
A better known example was a
Montreal station, which was first licensed sometime between April 1, 1914 and March 31, 1915 as experimental station XWA to the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of Canada, Ltd. ("Canadian Marconi"), and was one of the few civilian stations allowed to continue operating
89:
The
Radiotelegraph Act of June 6, 1913 established general Canadian policies for radio communication, then commonly known as "wireless telegraphy". Similar to the law in force in Britain, this act required that operation of "any radiotelegraph apparatus" required a licence, issued by the Minister of
168:
Amateur broadcasting stations were issued alphanumeric call signs starting with the number "10", and initially were assigned to transmit on 250 meters (1200 kHz). These stations were licensed to individual amateur associations, and were prohibited from carrying advertising. Most were expected to be
156:
In January 1922 the government lowered the barrier for individuals merely interested in receiving broadcasts, by introducing a new licence category, Private Receiving Station, that removed the need to qualify for an amateur radio licence. The receiving station licences initially cost $ 1 and had to
123:
in the capital city of Ottawa. XWA eventually began operating on a regular schedule, at first run almost single-handedly by Douglas "Darby" Coats. Sometime in 1921 the station's call sign was changed to "9AM", reflecting a policy change in the call signs issued to experimental stations, and a short
110:
in southern Alberta, where Grant established station VAW, which was capable of audio transmissions. In addition to the forestry work Grant began making a series of experimental entertainment broadcasts, believed to be the first in western Canada. Grant left the forestry project and established the
491:
in Toronto. However, CFRB's owner, Standard Broadcasting, objected to BN's policy of non-exclusivity which would allow items recorded by its reporters to be broadcast by their competitors. As a result, Standard Broadcasting founded a competitor, Standard Radio News (later Standard Broadcast News),
393:
The CBC set up a French-language network in Quebec and adjacent Francophone areas. Although the French-language service had little competition from American stations, it proved quite conservative in technology and programming. It was closely aligned with powerful newspaper and church interests and
191:
Radio signals on the AM band travel great distances at night, and Canada soon found it had few open frequencies due to the existence of its much larger American neighbor. A major reallocation of U.S. stations on November 11, 1928 informally set aside six frequencies for exclusive Canadian use, but
164:
In late April 1922 an initial group of twenty-three commercial broadcasting station licences was announced, which received four-letter call signs starting with "CF", "CH", "CJ" or "CK", plus one additional "C" as the third or fourth letter. These stations were assigned to a band of six wavelengths
101:
technology made audio transmissions practical. There was no formal category of radio stations providing entertainment broadcasts intended for the general public until April 1922, so the earliest Canadian stations making broadcasts operated under a mixture of Experimental, Amateur, and governmental
540:
By 1994, Standard was providing content to more than 100 stations. Those stations could not pay higher fees to sustain the service, resulting in Standard spending $ 1 million a year to subsidize its news agency. As a result, Standard chose to terminate its subscribers and only service Standard's
105:
Information about the earliest experimental broadcasts is limited. One pioneer was William Walter Westover Grant, who served in the British Royal Air in France during World War I, where he gained extensive experience installing and maintaining radio equipment. After the war ended, he returned to
809:
Privately owned talk radio syndication networks in Canada are generally formed for the purposes of sharing programs across a group of stations with common ownership, although some are formed to distribute their one or two talk radio programs to a number of stations regardless of ownership. The
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in Toronto known as "CPRY"; the call letters standing for "Canadian Pacific Royal York" While a network of affiliates carried the CPR radio network's broadcasts in the first half of the 1930s, the takeover of CNR's Radio service by the CRBC removed CPR's need to have a network for competitive
93:
With its entrance into World War I in August 1914, Canada generally banned the civilian use of radio receivers and transmitters. This restriction remained in force until 1 May 1919. Radio regulation remained under the oversight of the Department of Naval Service until July 1, 1922, when it was
85:
From the late 1890s until 1913 there were few regulations covering radio communication in Canada. The earliest stations were only capable of transmitting Morse code; despite this limitation as early as May 1907 the Marconi station at Camperdown, Nova Scotia began broadcasting time signals on a
790:. These stations typically produce their own local morning and afternoon programs and regional noon hour programs to go along with the network programming that is aired during the rest of the day. Both networks are commercial-free. CBC Radio One's flagship national talk program is the weekend
238:
languages, and distributed nationwide through the railway's own telegraph lines and through rented airtime on private radio stations. However, political and competitive pressure forced CNR Radio to close, with many of its assets and personnel migrating to a new government-operated agency, the
593:
requirement for talk radio, or "spoken word," programming, unless the individual station's license expressly stipulates such a requirement; most do not. (In Canada, prospective radio stations may propose certain restrictions on their license in order to gain favour with the
486:
Broadcast News only had the capability to send print copy to its subscribers until 1965 when it used the technical services of its wirephoto service to develop the technology to send audio reports to radio stations across Canada, using dispatches recorded by reporters at
1279:, April 25, 1922, page 5. (Within the "CF" assignments, this first group also included CFCA (Toronto), CFCB (Vancouver), and CFCE (Halifax). In this list, CKCE Toronto should be 450 instead of 45 meters, and for Winnipeg, "CHCE" should be CHCF and "CKbC" should be CKZC.)
230:
entertainment and information for its passengers. As broadcasts could be received by anyone living in the coverage area of station transmitters, the network provided radio programming to Canadians from the Pacific coast at Vancouver to the Atlantic coast at Halifax.
335:"This country must be assured of complete Canadian control of broadcasting from Canadian sources. Without such control, broadcasting can never be the agency by which national consciousness may be fostered and sustained and national unity still further strengthened."
180:(AC) electricity that immediately became a worldwide standard for much more powerful and easier-to-use radios. He set up the Rogers Majestic company to manufacture receivers and established several broadcasting stations, including experimental station 9RB (later
536:
also established a wire service, the Canadian Contemporary News Service which, by the 1980s, was only servicing CHUM-owned radio stations with a once-a-day broadcast, leaving CP's Broadcast News and Standard Broadcast News to compete for subscribers.
588:
In contrast to talk radio stations in the United States, where syndicated programs tend to make up a significant part of most schedules, privately owned Canadian talk radio stations tend to be predominantly local in programming and focus. There is no
35:
dates to the early 1920s, as part of the worldwide development of radio stations sending information and entertainment programming to the general public. Television was introduced in the 1950s, and soon became the primary broadcasting service.
991:
1586:
218:. That year it began equipping its trains with radio receivers to allow passengers to hear radio broadcasts. In 1924, CNR began building its own stations, and by 1928 it had created Canada's first national network,
128:
magazine reported that it was now broadcasting once a week on Tuesdays starting at 8 p.m. In April 1922, the station received a commercial broadcasting station license with the randomly assigned call letters of
806:, which is now part of CTV) has a large and dedicated listening audience. The station is heard throughout the Ottawa valley and on the Internet. Several key programs focus on local political and world issues.
479:. Edwards travelled across Canada to improve broadcast journalism, and instituted annual regional meetings to raise the standards for broadcast news directors. He was the driving force behind formation of the
474:
On January 1, 1954, CP replaced Press News with a new subsidiary, Broadcast News (BN). The venture operated in co-operation with private broadcasters, and supplied news reports to privately owned radio and
500:'s audio service which Standard had the Canadian rights to. Broadcast News responded by establishing its own bureau in Ottawa and developing a package that included reports from its parliamentary bureau,
1681:
595:
140:
In addition to the developing experimental broadcasts taking place in Canada, some American stations, especially at night, could easily be received in the heavily populated parts of Canada.
1590:
234:
During its nine-year existence, CNR Radio provided music, sports, information and drama programming to Canadians. Programs were produced in English, French and occasionally in some
1467:, February 1, 1922, pages 8-9. Although described here as "temporarily withdrawn", permission for broadcasting to the general public by U.S. amateur stations was never reinstated.
111:
W. W. Grant Radio, Ltd. in Calgary, which on May 18, 1922 was issued the city's third commercial broadcasting station license, with the randomly assigned call letters CFCN (now
2040:
172:
At first station audiences consisted largely of young men tinkering with crystal sets, which required the use of earphones so only one person at a time could listen. In 1925
188:
sports coverage, especially of ice hockey, absorbed fans more thoroughly than newspaper accounts ever could, and rural areas were especially influenced by sports coverage.
1750:
273:
A number of problems arose during the 1920s, causing debates on how broadcasting should be managed. These problems included the feeling that religious radio stations had "
459:. Also in 1941, Canadian Press created Press News as its radio subsidiary with Sam. G. Ross as manager. By 1944, Press News served 35 of 90 Canadian radio stations. When
152:
From 1922 to 1953 individual members of the public were required to pay for annual Private Receiving Station licences in order to legally receive broadcasting stations.
443:
services, Transradio Press Service and British United Press, as both of them sold paid sponsorships for the news copy it sold to private radio stations in Canada. The
439:
Commercial sponsorship of radio newscasts was banned in Canada into the 1940s, which prompted the government to temporarily suspend the licenses of two American-owned
196:
gave Canada some additional exclusive assignments, and the development of the FM band eventually eased the restrictions on the number of available broadcasting slots.
193:
471:
distrusted each other in competition for advertising money, and he was a frequent peacekeeper while convincing them to co-operate for their best interests.
2230:
Ali, Christopher. "A broadcast system in whose interest? Tracing the origins of broadcast localism in Canadian and Australian television policy, 1950–1963."
1685:
223:
2522:
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which sent subscriber stations hourly broadcast packages consisting of report's from the new agency's bureau in Parliament Hill as well as items from
409:
The development of radio news broadcasting in Canada, as in the United States, was delayed by bitter conflict between newspaper and radio interests.
1079:
2502:
Webb, Jeff A. "The Origins of Public Broadcasting: The Commission of Government and the Creation of the Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland."
756:, a political and entertainment based show hosted by Roy Green that airs on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, primarily on the Corus Radio Network.
574:
and Rogers' network of all-news radio stations (owned by Rogers), as well as Canadian Press, for their national and international news content.
328:
281:
277:", and that U.S. stations unfairly dominated the airwaves despite an agreements to reserve some frequencies exclusively for Canadian stations.
268:
240:
476:
67:
changing programming content, including concerns about American "cultural imperialism" via the airwaves, and its impact on Canadian identity
630:
680 before they became nationally syndicated (Adler's show originated from CJOB and retained its original title, while Warren was based in
235:
1919:
1244:
by Pip Wedge, May 2005, Canadian Communications Foundation. Coats went on to have a long broadcasting career. (broadcasting-history.ca)
1791:
836:
2165:
394:
was seen as a propaganda forum for the traditional elites of Quebec. It did not promote separatism or a sense of Québec nationalism.
73:
role of the Québec government and Francophone versus Anglophone cultural tastes and the role of other ethnic groups and First Nations
1990:
1956:
1552:
1016:
847:
773:
444:
371:
355:
2302:
Godfrey, Donald G., and David R. Spencer. "Canadian Marconi: CFCF television from Signal Hill to the Canadian Television Network."
312:
was formed to lobby for their implementation. It influenced public opinion in support of public broadcasting by making the case to
1909:
Mary Vipond, "The continental marketplace: Authority, advertisers, and audiences in Canadian news broadcasting, 1932–1936" (1999)
1349:
1225:
1136:
1060:
1044:
464:
2214:
Paul Saurette and Shane Gunster. "Ears wide shut: Epistemological populism, argutainment and Canadian conservative talk radio."
750:, a weekend program about home renovations hosted by Ren Molnar. It is the most widely distributed talk radio program in Canada.
2481:
Vipond, Mary. "Going Their Own Way: The relationship between the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission and the BBC, 1933–36."
2319:
MacLennan, Anne F. "American network broadcasting, the CBC, and Canadian radio stations during the 1930s: A content analysis."
822:, is one of the newest national networks in Canada, with operations in three of its major markets, and has room for expansion.
2460:
Vipond, Mary. "The continental marketplace: Authority, advertisers, and audiences in Canadian news broadcasting, 1932–1936."
2424:
2334:
1636:"The People's University of the Air: St. Francis Xavier University Extension, Social Christianity, and the Creation of CJFX"
148:
2242:
1508:
Stacy L. Lorenz, "A Lively Interest on the Prairies": Western Canada, the Mass Media, and a 'World of Sport,' 1870-1939,"
1111:
1385:"Budget Speech Delivered by Hon. D. C. Abbott, Minister of Finance, in the House of Commons, Thursday, February 19, 1953"
1384:
1288:
27:
Radio was introduced in Canada in the late 1890s, although initially transmissions were limited to the dot-and-dashes of
2474:
Vipond, Mary. "One Network or Two? French-Language Programming on the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission, 1932–36."
787:
468:
460:
301:
288:, Charles A. Bowman and Augustine Frigon were members of this commission. The Aird Report recommended the creation of a
1841:
Mary Vipond, "One Network or Two? French-Language Programming on the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission, 1932–36,"
1881:"Analyse de la programmation radiophonique sur les ondes québécoises entre 1922 et 1939: musique, théâtre, causeries."
1572:
1476:
1399:
1253:
975:
606:
1587:"Presenting: A Behind-The-Scenes Look At The Historic Royal York Hotel – One of Toronto's Crown Jewels (part I)"
1460:
1095:
911:
214:
Company (CNR) became interested in radio broadcasting in 1923, due in large part to the leadership of its president,
891:
2105:
1415:
1333:
1317:
1098:
included in "Sessional Paper No. 38, Report for the Naval Service for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 1915", from
631:
542:
497:
397:
In 1969 the province of Quebec established its own radio and television system, breaking the federal CBC monopoly.
2507:
211:
943:
927:
508:
and Canadian Press bureaus across Canada. A third service, Newsradio, was created by the Canadian subsidiary of
1368:
819:
675:
505:
421:
321:
280:
In December 1928, P.J. Arthur (Minister of Marine and Fisheries) founded the "Aird Commission", officially the
247:
1272:
559:
1533:
550:
left the co-operative. Within a few years, with most commercial radio and television stations being owned by
2069:
1635:
831:
386:(CP) established a French-language radio news service through its subsidiary Broadcast News, the first such
308:, made the future of the Aird Commission's recommendations favouring public broadcasting uncertain, and the
107:
250:(CPR) had applied for licences in January 1930 to compete with the CNR Radio service, but the onset of the
1946:
959:
760:
707:
1980:
1880:
1492:
1076:
1744:
1612:
1152:
792:
721:
614:
317:
309:
173:
1241:
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and, coincidentally, both hosts had hosted different morning call-in programs in the same time slot on
2497:
The voice of Newfoundland: a social history of the Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland, 1939-1949
2297:
1521:
2455:
2391:
Skinner, David. "Divided Loyalties: The Early Development of Canada's" Single" Broadcasting System."
711:
698:
643:
610:
413:
215:
398:
2365:
1783:
1720:
1032:
811:
619:
555:
347:
331:(CRBC), was formed. At its creation, Bennett spoke of the need for public control of radio saying:
289:
177:
2307:
601:
The most recent nationally syndicated, politically oriented weekday talk radio show in Canada was
2141:
2110:
2100:
2079:
703:
623:
448:
383:
285:
2324:
2292:
Gasher, Mike. "Invoking public support for public broadcasting: The Aird Commission revisited."
1184:
120:
2013:
1168:
370:
However the commission had severe internal political troubles, and was replaced in 1936 by the
2190:
Andreas Krebs, "Reproducing colonialism: Subject formation and talk radio in English Canada."
1986:
1952:
728:
401:
became an instrument of the provincial government, and often presented separatist viewpoints.
339:
1444:
1003:"'The Voice of the Prairie' A Brief History of W. W. Grant (1892-1968)" by Robert P. Murray,
416:
established Canada's first coast-to-coast news wire service for radio providing news copy by
31:, and primarily used for point-to-point services, especially for maritime communication. The
1732:
777:
669:
Other Canadian talk radio programs which have been syndicated to different markets include:
609:
and heard on eleven stations across the country. The show ended in August 2021. Until 2006,
590:
501:
251:
1035:
by J. Lyman Potts, Canadian Communications Foundation, March 1997 (broadcasting-history.ca)
562:, the television and radio stations owned by these three conglomerates now largely rely on
2074:
2041:"News Broadcasting – "The Early Years II": A Review of Radio News in Canada – (1937-1952)"
1556:
1083:
784:
663:
425:
255:
55:
2488:
Vipond, Mary. "British or American?: Canada's 'mixed' broadcasting system in the 1930s."
1815:
1549:
2131:
1210:"Ottawa Hears Montreal Concert Over the Wireless Telephone; Experiment Complete Success"
2445:
Journal of the Canadian Historical Association/Revue de la Société historique du Canada
2136:
1404:
Report of the Department of the Naval Service for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 1922
980:
Report of the Department of the Naval Service for the Fiscal Year Ending March 31, 1922
558:(which in 2016 absorbed the broadcast properties formerly owned by CanWest Global) and
547:
521:
455:
copy until January 1, 1941 when the network inaugurated its own national news service,
359:
2450:
Vipond, Mary. "The beginnings of public broadcasting in Canada: the CRBC, 1932-1936."
2443:
Vipond, Mary. "The Mass Media in Canadian History: The Empire Day Broadcast of 1939."
2379:
Something New in the Air: The Story of First Peoples Television Broadcasting in Canada
64:
financing of the broadcast media through the government, licence fees, and advertising
2516:
2331:
Nothing on but the Radio: A Look Back at Radio in Canada and How It Changed the World
1721:"English-Language Radio Drama: A Comparison of Central and Regional Production Units"
780:
440:
429:
17:
1416:"Radiotelegraph Regulations: Licenses: 7. Private Commercial Broadcasting Licenses"
1369:"Table 73: Wireless and Radio Stations in Operation in Canada, as at March 31, 1923"
133:, and it later adopted the slogan of "Canada's First". This station was deleted, as
2203:
1820:
1100:
Sessional Papers: Sixth Session of the Twelfth Parliament of the Dominion of Canada
803:
768:
topics hosted by Rob McConnell. It is also syndicated throughout the United States.
733:
533:
480:
305:
275:...emerged as a new weapon with which one religious group could bludgeon another...
185:
2312:
Johnston, Russell. "The emergence of broadcast advertising in Canada, 1919–1932."
532:, an all-news radio network. Newsradio was closed in 1989 with the demise of CKO.
254:
meant that CPR did not end up pursuing these applications, but instead operated a
227:
2148:
2117:
2086:
1828:
2280:
567:
452:
387:
363:
313:
161:
1923 there were 57 commercial, and 8 amateur, authorized broadcasting stations.
98:
2275:
Filion, Michel. "Broadcasting and cultural identity: the Canadian experience."
1736:
1682:"The Birth and Death of The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (1932-1936)"
94:
transferred to civilian control under the Department of Marine and Fisheries.
765:
737:
618:
was heard Saturdays and Sundays. Both programs are or were distributed by the
583:
551:
433:
343:
28:
1684:. Canadian Communication Foundation (broadcasting-history.ca). Archived from
192:
the country complained this was insufficient. In 1941, implementation of the
70:
media's influence on shaping audience responses to music, sports and politics
841:
815:
417:
205:
2467:
Vipond, Mary. "London listens: The popularity of radio in the depression."
1318:
Radiotelegraph Regulations: License to Operate a Radio Receiving Equipment"
1209:
994:(1914-1935), Museum of the Highwood Archives 989-078-001 (virtualmuseum.ca)
324:, newspapers, university presidents and other influential public figures.
2355:
Public Eye: Television and the Politics of Canadian Broadcasting, 1952-68
2261:
Cabatoff, Kenneth. "Radio-Quebec: a case study of institution-building."
685:
659:
571:
563:
517:
493:
456:
351:
76:
impact of the Internet and smartphones on traditional broadcasting media.
1896:
Kenneth Cabatoff, "Radio-Quebec: a case study of institution-building."
1854:
Elzéar Lavoie, "L'évolution de la radio au Canada français avant 1940."
1540:, February 7, 2006 (revised March 4, 2015) (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
1499:, December 2, 2008 (revised March 4, 2015) (thecanadianencyclopedia.ca)
681:
647:
2339:
Nolan, Michael. "An Infant Industry: Canadian Private Radio 1919–36."
2414:
The sound and the fury: An anecdotal history of Canadian broadcasting
1431:"Document 8: Department of Marine and Fisheries, form letter, 1924",
772:
The two largest talk radio networks in Canada are the publicly owned
525:
1705:
Johnston, Russell, "The early trials of Protestant radio, 1922-38,"
658:
is no longer syndicated nationally but continues to air in Calgary,
2490:
Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media
2431:
Listening In: The First Decade of Canadian Broadcasting 1922-1932.
338:
284:, to investigate options and the perceived American radio threat.
147:
1306:
Listening In: The First Decade of Canadian Broadcasting 1922-1932
844:, The radio network operated by Canadian National Railway 1923-33
799:
741:
651:
627:
513:
488:
181:
134:
130:
112:
2362:
Missed Opportunities: The Story of Canada's Broadcasting Policy
1869:
Histoire de la radio au Québec: information, éducation, culture
880:
Missed Opportunities: The Story of Canada's Broadcasting Policy
1524:, Canadian Communications Foundation (broadcasting-history.ca)
529:
509:
1615:. Canadian Communication Foundation (broadcasting-history.ca)
61:
debates regarding state versus private ownership of stations
2447:
14.1 (2003): 1-21; The 2003 Presidential Address of the CHA
1086:
Canadian Communication Foundation (broadcasting-history.ca)
596:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
2421:
Rain, Drizzle, Fog: Film and Television in Atlantic Canada
2407:
From Coast to Coast: A Personal History of Radio in Canada
992:"Timeline of W.W. Grant's contribution to radio in Canada"
694:, a call-in home renovation program hosted by Shell Busey.
481:
Radio and Television News Directors Association of Canada
1824:. Vancouver, British Columbia. June 24, 1983. p. 2.
1483:(U.S. Department of Commerce), October 1, 1925, page 11.
2249:
Communicating in Canada's Past: Essays in Media History
1982:
Communicating in Canada's Past: Essays in Media History
554:(which absorbed both Standard Radio and CHUM Limited),
44:
Major themes in Canadian broadcasting history include:
2386:
When Television was Young: Primetime Canada, 1952-1967
2270:
Canadian content: Culture and the quest for nationhood
744:, usually only the third hour is broadcast nationally.
1920:"News Broadcasting – "The Early Years" – (1900-1936)"
1719:
Jackson, John D.; Millen, Paul (September 12, 2003).
1634:
McGowan, Mark G. (University of Toronto) (May 2012).
1308:, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992, pages 22-23.
51:
construction of stations and the building of networks
1810:
1808:
916:
The Year-Book of Wireless Telegraphy & Telephony
316:, farm groups, business associations, churches, the
1125:
The Early Development of Radio in Canada, 1901-1930
1045:"Forest Fire Air Patrols Observe Million Sq. Miles"
1005:
The Early Development of Radio in Canada, 1901-1930
944:"Regulations: 97. Amateur Experimental Certificate"
420:to private radio stations across the country while
226:), developed, owned and operated by CNR to provide
2064:
2062:
1979:Allen, Gene; Robinson, Daniel (14 November 2009).
2400:Radio Ladies: Canada's Women on the Air 1922-1975
2374:(Oxford University Press, 2004), scholarly essays
1948:Making National News: A History of Canadian Press
1350:"Radio Telephone Receiving Sets Must Be Licensed"
2364:(1990); a wide-ranging history of broadcasting
2348:The Politics of Canadian Broadcasting, 1920-1951
2314:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
1613:"The Radio Broadcast that Fulfilled the Promise"
928:"Regulations: 18. Amateur Experimental Licenses"
2204:Broadcast Dialogue; retrieved February 2, 2022.
2304:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
1749:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
1187:(Adventures in Radio - 13) by D. R. P. Coats,
1171:(Adventures in Radio - 14) by D. R. P. Coats,
1061:"Radio Telephone Concert For the Canadian Club
598:and have an easier time obtaining a license.)
194:North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement
1777:
1775:
1773:
1575:, Provincial Archives of Alberta (alberta.ca)
451:as its source for national and international
8:
1364:
1362:
144:Formal establishment of broadcasting service
2070:"Charles Edwards of Broadcast News retires"
224:Canadian National Railways Radio Department
2247:Allen, Gene, and Daniel J. Robinson, eds.
2166:"News Services and Station Groups – Radio"
528:chain RadioMutuel and in 1981 joined with
390:for French broadcasters in North America.
259:reasons, and it was discontinued in 1935.
1273:"Radio Department: Broadcasting Stations"
802:(580 AM) in Ottawa (formerly part of the
432:to several Canadian radio stations using
54:widespread purchase and use of radio and
48:development of the engineering technology
1765:The Oxford Companion to Canadian History
1664:"Canada Radio Fans Fight Interference."
1477:"Canadian amateur broadcasting stations"
1268:
1266:
898:, January 1913, page 52 (reprinted from
740:. A three-hour program originating from
327:In 1932 a public broadcasting body, the
200:Canadian National Railway Radio: 1923–33
2433:(McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992)
2160:
2158:
2132:"Broadcasters urged 'fight for access'"
1676:
1674:
1573:Canadian National Railway Company fonds
1550:CBC/Radio-Canada milestones (1901-1939)
858:
796:, which has been broadcast since 1965.
2285:Gasher, Mike, and David Skinner, eds.
1742:
1395:
1393:
1334:"Radiotelegraph Regulations: Licenses"
724:advice program hosted by Sue McGarvie.
463:became manager of Press News in 1944,
329:Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission
282:Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting
269:Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting
241:Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission
2402:(2nd ed. Magnetewan Publishing, 2012)
2263:Canadian Journal of Political Science
2216:Canadian Journal of Political Science
2192:Canadian Journal of Political Science
1898:Canadian Journal of Political Science
1169:"Early Days in Canadian Broadcasting"
962:(correspondence from E. T. Scholey),
680:airs on Sunday nights on stations in
124:notice in the November 1921 issue of
7:
2172:. Canadian Communications Foundation
2047:. Canadian Communications Foundation
1400:"Fees For Examinations and Licenses"
1260:magazine, November 1, 1921, page 47.
1185:"The Birth of Canadian Broadcasting"
1112:"Radio in Quebec society: Key dates"
818:, the successor to the long-defunct
2499:(University of Toronto Press, 2008)
2440:(James Lorimer & Company, 2000)
2251:(University of Toronto Press, 2009)
2232:International Communication Gazette
1522:"Canada's First Network: CNR Radio"
1226:"Wireless Concert Given for Ottawa"
2256:Documents of Canadian Broadcasting
1926:. History of Canadian Broadcasting
1792:Canadian Communications Foundation
1589:. Advisor.d6cn.com. Archived from
1585:Pacher, Susanne (30 August 2007).
1561:CBC/Radio-Canada Corporate Website
1433:Documents of Canadian Broadcasting
1137:"Wireless 'Phones Being Installed"
837:Canadian Communications Foundation
25:
2523:History of broadcasting in Canada
2452:Canadian Journal of Communication
2294:Canadian Journal of Communication
2101:"News Service to Serve Radio, TV"
1782:Potts, J. Lyman (February 1996).
1725:Canadian Journal of Communication
1242:Douglas "Darby" Coats (1892-1973)
1153:"Wireless Phones Being Installed"
1114:by Pierre Pagé. (phonotheque.org)
1033:"W.W.W. 'Bill' Grant (1892-1968)"
848:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
774:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
445:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
372:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
356:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
33:history of broadcasting in Canada
2170:History of Canadian Broadcasting
2147:
2116:
2085:
1827:
1788:History of Canadian Broadcasting
1784:"Charles B. Edwards (1906–1983)"
1646:(1). University of New Brunswick
1096:"Licensed Experimental Stations"
892:"The First Wireless Time Signal"
97:During World War I, advances in
2372:Communication History in Canada
2289:(Oxford University Press, 2012)
2144:. October 17, 1962. p. 42.
1985:. University of Toronto Press.
1951:. University of Toronto Press.
1945:Allen, Gene (1 November 2018).
1017:"Noted Engineer Pioneered CFCN"
2082:. August 13, 1971. p. 10.
1534:"English-Language Radio Drama"
1375:(1922-1923 edition), page 685.
918:(1914 edition), pages 131-132.
428:to transmit news reports from
1:
2239:Broadcasting Policy in Canada
2113:. January 2, 1954. p. 8.
2014:"The Press: No More Sponsors"
1461:"Miscellaneous: Broadcasting"
1422:, September 23, 1922, page 2.
1340:, September 23, 1922, page 1.
1324:, September 23, 1922, page 7.
912:"Laws and Regulations—Canada"
867:Broadcasting Policy in Canada
520:. Newsradio was purchased by
477:television stations in Canada
2287:Mass communication in Canada
2277:Media, Culture & Society
1051:, October 29, 1921, page 26.
702:; a 2-hour show focusing on
504:'s audio service as well as
176:invented a radio tube using
1883:by Marie-Thérèse Lefebvre,
1668:, January 16, 1927, p. 12D.
1563:, accessed January 23, 2008
1495:by Donald J.c. Phillipson,
1435:by Roger Bird, pages 35-36.
1295:, August 13, 1951, page 70.
1102:(1916, volume 27, page 119)
976:"5. Radiotelegraph Service"
950:, June 27, 1914, page 4550.
934:, June 27, 1914, page 4546.
543:owned-and-operated stations
2539:
2476:Canadian Historical Review
2341:Canadian Historical Review
2272:(U of Toronto Press, 2008)
1871:(Les Editions Fides, 2007)
1856:Recherches sociographiques
1843:Canadian Historical Review
1763:Gerald Hallowell, editor,
1737:10.22230/cjc.1990v15n1a536
1707:Canadian Historical Review
966:, September 1919, page 27.
632:Victoria, British Columbia
581:
516:in Toronto and items from
498:United Press International
266:
203:
2370:Robinson, Daniel J., ed.
2279:(1996) 18#3 pp: 447–467.
2002:– via Google Books.
1968:– via Google Books.
1816:"'BN' Pioneer Dies at 76"
1538:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1497:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1451:, November 1922, page 34.
1445:"The Canadian Convention"
1406:(June 30, 1922), page 27.
1356:, April 19, 1922, page 9.
1159:, March 22, 1919, page 5.
1143:, March 22, 1919, page 5.
1123:Murray, Robert P. (2005)
982:(June 30, 1922), page 27.
902:, October 1912, page 411)
788:Ici Radio-Canada Première
646:and originating from its
642:, hosted by conservative
560:Rogers Sports & Media
212:Canadian National Railway
2462:Journal of Radio Studies
2438:The mass media in Canada
2393:Journal of Radio Studies
2321:Journal of Radio Studies
1900:(1978) 11#1 pp: 125-138.
1845:(2008) 89#3 pp: 319-343.
1510:Journal of Sport History
1277:Winnipeg Evening Tribune
1175:, November 1940, page 7.
1067:, April 6, 1922, page 9.
1021:The Canadian Broadcaster
896:Electrician and Mechanic
894:by Captain J. L. Jayne,
810:largest of these is the
748:Renovations Cross Canada
676:George Stroumboulopoulos
546:a single identity after
465:radio stations in Canada
422:Transradio Press Service
378:French-language services
322:Canadian Club of Toronto
248:Canadian Pacific Railway
2495:Webb, Jeffrey Allison.
2464:(1999) 6#1 pp: 169–184.
2409:(CBC Enterprises, 1985)
2366:excerpt and text search
2109:. Owen Sound, Ontario.
1666:Tampa (Florida) Tribune
1289:"In Montreal it's CFCF"
1232:, May 21, 1920, page 4.
1216:, May 21, 1920, page 7.
1191:, October 1940, page 8.
832:History of broadcasting
764:, a nightly show about
692:The Home Discovery Show
638:, Corus had syndicated
300:The 1930 election of a
81:Early radio development
2316:(1997) 17#1 pp: 29–47.
2306:44.3 (2000): 437–455.
2265:11.01 (1978): 125–138.
1858:(1971) 12#1 pp: 17-49.
1739:(inactive 2024-08-01).
1512:(2000) 27#2 pp 195-227
1493:"Edward Samuel Rogers"
1481:Radio Service Bulletin
1465:Radio Service Bulletin
1200:Murray (2005) page 29.
1023:, April 1943, page 17.
960:"Our Canadian Cousins"
708:professional wrestling
570:(owned by Corus), and
367:
153:
108:High River Air Station
2506:24.1 (1994): 88-106.
2478:89.3 (2008): 319–343.
2395:12.1 (2005): 136-155.
2343:70.4 (1989): 496–518.
2323:12.1 (2005): 85-103.
2234:74.3 (2012): 277–297.
2218:44#1 (2011): 195-218.
2194:44#2 (2011): 317-339.
2078:. Brandon, Manitoba.
1047:by Chester A. Bloom,
793:Cross Country Checkup
615:Warren on the Weekend
582:Further information:
342:
318:Royal Canadian Legion
310:Canadian Radio League
151:
18:Canadian broadcasting
2045:Broadcasting History
1924:Broadcasting History
1373:The Canada Year Book
1354:Calgary Daily Herald
1157:(Portland) Oregonian
1065:Calgary Daily Herald
1049:Calgary Daily Herald
948:The Canadian Gazette
932:The Canadian Gazette
900:The American Jeweler
854:Notes and references
699:Live Audio Wrestling
469:newspapers in Canada
414:British United Press
348:contributing editors
2492:2.2 (2004): 89-100.
2485:15.1 (2009): 71–83.
2237:Armstrong, Robert.
2140:. Ottawa, Ontario.
1887:(2011) 65: 179-225.
1885:Les Cahiers des dix
1709:, September 1, 1994
712:Fight Network Radio
620:Corus Radio Network
556:Corus Entertainment
304:government, led by
296:Public broadcasting
290:public broadcasting
263:The Aird Commission
178:Alternating Current
2384:Rutherford, Paul.
2142:The Canadian Press
2111:The Canadian Press
2080:The Canadian Press
1593:on 8 December 2008
1555:2008-01-13 at the
1420:The Canada Gazette
1338:The Canada Gazette
1322:The Canada Gazette
1082:2018-09-09 at the
865:Robert Armstrong,
754:The Roy Green Show
736:program hosted by
704:mixed martial arts
624:Winnipeg, Manitoba
449:The Canadian Press
441:broadcast newswire
384:The Canadian Press
368:
358:, photographed by
216:Sir Henry Thornton
154:
86:regular schedule.
2471:87 (1996): 47–63.
2268:Edwardson, Ryan.
2254:Bird, Roger, ed.
1387:, page 21 (gc.ca)
1291:(advertisement),
729:Prime Time Sports
710:, distributed on
566:(owned by Bell),
512:using reports by
16:(Redirected from
2530:
2419:Varga, Darrell.
2412:Troyer, Warner.
2405:Stewart, Sandy.
2398:Stewart, Peggy.
2353:Peers, Frank W.
2346:Peers, Frank W.
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306:R.B. Bennett
302:Conservative
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568:Global News
344:Journalists
137:, in 2010.
99:vacuum tube
2504:Acadiensis
1998:1 November
1964:1 November
1692:2019-09-19
1640:Acadiensis
766:paranormal
738:Bob McCown
656:Rutherford
640:Rutherford
584:Talk radio
578:Talk radio
552:Bell Media
434:Morse Code
29:Morse code
1650:4 October
1077:"CKMX-AM"
842:CNR Radio
816:TSN Radio
650:station,
418:telegraph
412:In 1936,
382:In 1945,
220:CNR Radio
206:CNR Radio
2517:Category
2176:July 31,
2051:July 31,
2024:July 31,
1930:July 31,
1553:Archived
1254:"Strays"
1080:Archived
826:See also
820:the Team
686:Montreal
660:Edmonton
572:CityNews
564:CTV News
518:CBS News
506:ABC News
494:NBC News
457:CBC News
453:newswire
366:, 1944).
364:Montréal
352:newsroom
292:system.
243:(CRBC).
228:en route
2423:(2009)
2333:(2003)
2243:excerpt
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1797:May 19,
1293:Sponsor
682:Toronto
648:Calgary
354:of the
40:History
2508:online
2456:online
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