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accused misunderstood some material factual matter that prevented him from forming the requisite mens rea for the offence. In the context of sexual assault, for example, a mistake of fact defence usually involves an assertion that the accused did not realize the complainant was not consenting. Since the mens rea for sexual assault includes a subjective appreciation of the fact that the complainant is not consenting, the "defence" of mistake of fact in this context is thus properly understood as a failure on the part of the Crown to prove its case. In practical terms and common parlance, however, it is still considered to be a defence. Another example of this more general kind of defence is the "i.d. defence", which is really just an assertion by the accused that the Crown has failed to prove the identity of the perpetrator of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. There are many other examples of this kind of defence. In reality they are just clusters of specific shortcomings that arise frequently in the prosecution of certain kinds of offences.
749:"air of reality" to the defence on the evidence. That air of reality can arise from the Crown's case and/or from the defence case if one is called. It is not necessary for an accused to testify or call other evidence to raise a defence. If the evidence called by the Crown is sufficient to raise an air of reality to a defence, the jury must consider whether the defence applies, most on the standard of whether it raises a reasonable doubt. For example, in an assault case it may be that one of the Crown's eyewitnesses testifies that it looked to him like the victim punched the accused first and that the accused was defending himself. In such a case, even if all the other eyewitnesses saw the accused punch first, the jury must consider whether on all of the evidence it has a reasonable doubt that the accused acted in self-defence.
819:, swearing under oath the facts supporting the charge. The officer then lays the information before a Justice of the Peace, who then decides whether to issue process to summon the person named in the information, by a summons or an arrest warrant. Private individuals can also prepare an information, but private prosecutions are rare. The Attorney General of the province in which the proceedings are taking place may intervene and take over the case, or issue a stay of proceedings. Private prosecutions in Canada are usually restricted to regulatory offences such as practicing law without a licence and cruelty to animals.
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whether the evidence is admissible. If the judge determines there is sufficient evidence for a jury acting reasonably and judicially to convict the accused, the judge must commit the accused to stand trial. If not, the judge must discharge the accused and the proceedings end. However, if at a later date the Crown tenders further evidence, the Crown may recommence the proceedings. A discharge at a preliminary inquiry does not constitute double jeopardy.
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house and seized the drugs was defective and that his constitutional rights were therefore violated. If he is successful in establishing such a violation, the evidence can be excluded, and usually the Crown cannot otherwise prove its case. When this sort of thing happens, it is not really a defence at all, since the accused must establish it in a separate pre-trial application. Nevertheless, lawyers often refer to such applications as a "
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864:, proclaimed in force in 2004, indicates a preliminary inquiry is no longer automatic after an accused elects to be tried in a superior court. The Attorney General may also, in rare cases, bypass the preliminary inquiry and issue a direct indictment. This may occur even where the accused has requested a preliminary inquiry, or even when the accused has been discharged by a preliminary inquiry.
581:. They are defined as "summary" within the Act and, unless otherwise stated, are punishable by a fine of no more than $ 5,000 and/or six months in jail. Examples of offences which are always summary offences include trespassing at night (section 177), causing a disturbance (section 175) and taking a motor vehicle without the owner's consent (section 335) (an equivalent to the British
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Either party is entitled to a further appeal to the
Supreme Court of Canada against a conviction or acquittal if a judge of the court of appeal dissented on a question of law or if the court of appeal allowed a Crown appeal against an acquittal and substituted a conviction. Otherwise either party may
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The accused is tried at this stage. Where the accused is charged with an offence and has elected to be tried in provincial court, the judge may decide that the matter ought to be dealt with in the superior court and treat the trial as a preliminary inquiry and demand the accused to stand trial in the
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Most accused persons are released at the time of arrest on a promise to appear. Where the police decide to hold the accused, the police must produce the accused before a
Justice of the Peace within 24 hours. At that point a bail hearing will be held. An accused person generally does not bear the onus
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All defences – whether one is speaking of true defences or defences in the broader sense – can arise from the evidence called by the Crown or the accused. A defence can only be left with the jury (or considered by a judge trying the case without a jury) where there is an
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A true defence arises when some circumstances afford the accused a partial or complete justification or excuse for committing the criminal act. In Canada, the defences are generally similar to standard and popularly understood defences of other common law jurisdictions such as the U.K., Australia and
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The mental or fault elements of an offence are typically determined by the use of words within the text of the offence or else by case law. Mens Rea in Canada typically focuses on the actual or 'subjective' state of mind of the accused. Where no standard is explicitly stated conduct must typically be
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At this stage the trial court has all the authority to determine matters such as bail, preliminary motions, trial matters and the verdict. If the trial is by judge and jury, the jury has the ultimate authority to render a verdict but the trial judge has the authority over bail, pretrial motions and
867:
As of June 21, 2019, the coming into force of the
Liberal government's Bill C-75 restricts the availability of the preliminary inquiry to offences punishable by 14 years imprisonment or more. Previously, anyone punishable by an indictable offence punishable by five or more years imprisonment would
744:
In addition to the true defences as mentioned above, there are other "defences" in a broader sense. In some cases, these "defences" are really just an assertion that the Crown has not proven one of the elements of the offence. For example, the mistake of fact defence involves an assertion that the
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There is an even broader sense of the word "defence". Sometimes the defence will raise an issue capable of leading either to the termination of the proceedings or the exclusion of evidence. For example, in a drug case the accused might argue that the search warrant by which the police entered his
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Some defences are provided for by statute and some defences are provided for solely by the common law. In some cases common law defences are superseded by statutory enactment, for example duress, self-defence and as mentioned above, extreme intoxication. In the case of duress the
Supreme Court of
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Which affords a partial defence to offences of specific intent (e.g. reducing murder to manslaughter). When the accused establishes on a balance of probabilities he was intoxicated to the point of being in a mental state akin to automatism or a mental disorder, a related rare defence of extreme
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before a judge of a provincial court. This process must be requested by the defence or the Crown. The presiding judge must determine whether there is sufficient evidence for a jury, acting reasonably and judicially, to convict the accused. The judge may neither weigh the evidence nor determine
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defence can lead not to the exclusion of evidence but to the termination of the proceedings, known as a stay of proceedings. For example, if the accused is not brought to trial within a reasonable time, the proceedings must be stayed for delay by virtue of ss. 11(b) and 24(1) of the
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The specific elements of each offence can be found in the wording of the offence as well as the case law interpreting it. The external elements typically require there to be an "act", within some "circumstances", and sometimes a specific "consequence" that is caused by the action.
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proven to have been done with a general intent (i.e. intent to act in a certain way irrespective of the action's outcome). Where certain circumstances are part of the offence, the accused must have had knowledge of them, which can be imputed based on conduct and other evidence.
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However, if the accused elects trial by a provincial court judge, that judge can decline jurisdiction and refer the case to the superior trial court (section 554). The
Attorney General can also require a case to be tried by the superior trial court with a jury (section 568).
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If the accused is charged with an offence punishable by summary conviction or if the Crown elects to proceed by summary conviction if the accused is charged with a hybrid offence, the accused is not entitled to a preliminary inquiry and is immediately committed to trial.
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specifically prohibits this defence. However, in rare cases, ignorance of a law other than the one under which the accused is charged can be a defence if knowledge of that law is a relevant circumstance required to be proved as part of the actus reus and/or mens rea.
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breach. When entrapment is successfully established, the proceedings are deemed to be an "abuse of process" for which the remedy is a stay of proceedings. Cases of abuse of process arise in certain other circumstances, and they can also can involve
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Informally, mental health can also be dealt with by alternative measures, through "mental health diversion". Mental health diversion will usually require a plan of supervision with the assistance of mental health social workers and professionals.
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justifying release, subject to a few exceptions, such as if the accused is charged with murder, trafficking in narcotics, terrorism offences. An accused may be released or detained pending the trial and, if found guilty, the passing of sentence.
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Mental health issues with a defendant in criminal proceedings are formally dealt with in two ways: whether the defendant is "fit to stand for trial", and the verdict of "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder".
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The Crown may appeal against a verdict of acquittal on a question of law alone. The accused may appeal on a question of law, fact or mixed law and fact. Either party may appeal a sentence unless the sentence is one fixed by law.
1202:"Government Bill (House of Commons) C-75 (42-1) - Royal Assent - an Act to amend the Criminal Code, the Youth Criminal Justice Act and other Acts and to make consequential amendments to other Acts - Parliament of Canada"
599:. These can only be tried by the superior trial court of the province with a jury unless both the accused person and the Attorney General consent to trial by a superior trial court judge alone (section 473).
897:, the extent of injuries sustained by a victim). The Crown must prove an aggravating fact beyond a reasonable doubt while the accused bears a burden on a balance of probabilities to prove a mitigating fact.
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which provides for different procedures and punishments than those applicable to adults. It also provides that in some serious cases youths may be treated like adults for sentencing and other purposes.
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When the Crown is able to prove the elements of the offence beyond a reasonable doubt, the defence may still avoid conviction by raising a positive defence.
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A person who alleges an offence, generally a police officer, prepares an
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Canada struck down the statutory provision as violative of s. 7 of the
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There are two basic types of offences. The most minor offences are
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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Finally, ignorance of the law is not a defence. Section 19 of the
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or any other federal statute containing criminal offences. In all
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In constitutional terms, a criminal offence was defined in the
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if they unacceptably reduce the fault requirement of offences.
1232:. Association of Commonwealth Criminal Lawyers. Archived from
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Critical
Criminology in Canada: New Voices, New Directions
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each of which must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt".
570:, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the "
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is under the exclusive legislative jurisdiction of the
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may not follow
Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
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522:. The power to enact criminal law is derived from
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868:have been able to elect to have such an inquiry.
1278:Michelle G. Grossman; Julian V. Roberts (2011).
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709:the United States. The true defences include
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1345:also available in searchable format through
964:Section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867
786:breaches, and there is significant overlap.
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1028:"Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46"
635:For most offences defined by the
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1299:Aaron Doyle; Dawn Moore (2011).
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891:Criminal sentencing in Canada
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46:Please help
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1832:Puerto Rico
1742:Saint Lucia
1692:El Salvador
1457:Other areas
1165:R v Latimer
1082:R v Lifchus
817:Information
811:Information
558:Prosecution
438:Law schools
305:Other areas
1887:Categories
1827:Montserrat
1822:Martinique
1817:Guadeloupe
1672:Costa Rica
1581:Law school
1563:Provincial
1469:Indigenous
1464:Aboriginal
1416:Core areas
1240:2010-12-24
1068:Beaver v R
985:References
885:Sentencing
715:automatism
679:offences.
654:actus reus
590:indictable
420:Provincial
316:Indigenous
311:Aboriginal
262:Core areas
162:April 2020
49:improve it
1812:Greenland
1727:Nicaragua
1702:Guatemala
1573:Education
1506:Trademark
1496:Copyright
1159:R v Perka
1119:R v Stone
1106:R v Ruzic
1032:canlii.ca
723:necessity
432:Education
405:Tax Court
353:Trademark
343:Copyright
146:excessive
106:July 2018
90:summarize
55:talk page
1777:Anguilla
1712:Honduras
1682:Dominica
1657:Barbados
1518:Maritime
1448:Property
1438:Contract
1433:Criminal
1331:Archived
942:See also
701:Defences
691:Mens rea
669:mens rea
660:mens rea
534:codified
370:Maritime
293:Property
283:Contract
278:Criminal
207:a series
205:Part of
1807:Curaçao
1792:Bonaire
1787:Bermuda
1717:Jamaica
1697:Grenada
1652:Bahamas
1390:Sources
1037:June 7,
784:Charter
779:Charter
775:Charter
771:Charter
766:Charter
755:Charter
739:Charter
735:Charter
536:in the
526:of the
234:Sources
140:Please
132:use of
1732:Panama
1722:Mexico
1667:Canada
1662:Belize
1546:Appeal
1528:Courts
1501:Patent
1481:Family
1347:CanLII
1309:
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901:Appeal
711:duress
673:strict
515:Canada
383:Courts
348:Patent
328:Family
1782:Aruba
1707:Haiti
872:Trial
721:, or
1852:Saba
1677:Cuba
1443:Tort
1307:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1261:and
1253:See
1162:and
1103:see
1079:see
1065:See
1039:2023
895:i.e.
823:Bail
675:and
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508:The
288:Tort
1133:may
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