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of the
Canadian West and wrote of the importance of metropolitan areas, settlements, and indigenous people in the creation of markets. Turner and Innis have continued to exert influence over the historiography of the American and Canadian Wests. The Quebec frontier showed little of the individualism or democracy that Turner ascribed to the American zone to the south. The Nova Scotia and Ontario frontiers were more democratic than the rest of Canada, but whether that was caused by the need to be self-reliant on the frontier itself or the presence of large numbers of American immigrants is debated.
710:
forces, myths, and defining characteristics that pertain to the region. A third element of the framework tests the validity of Turner's
Frontier Thesis and Creighton's Metropolitan Thesis when applied to northern Canada. The fourth element consists of an overview of major northern environmental trends. The final element consists of four interrelated themes that identify the environmental relationships between northern and southern Canada.
45:
709:
2001 6(4): 611–626. ISSN 1084-5453. Proposes a five-part conceptual framework for the study of environmental history in the
Canadian North. The first element of the framework analyzes approaches to environmental history that are applicable to the Canadian North. The second element reviews historical
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The
Canadian political thinker Charles Blattberg has argued that such events ought to be seen as part of a process in which Canadians advanced a "border," as distinct from a "frontier," from east to west. According to Blattberg, a border assumes a significantly sharper contrast between the civilized
383:
expounded on what became known as the
Laurentian thesis: the most creative and major developments in Canadian history occurred in the metropolitan centres of Central Canada, and the civilization of North America is the civilization of Europe. Innis considered place to be critical in the development
97:
called "the significance of the frontier." For example, Turner argued in 1893, one change was that unlimited free land in the zone was available and thus offered the psychological sense of unlimited opportunity, which in turn had many consequences, such as optimism, future orientation, shedding of
335:
When the
Republican Party came to power in 1860, it promoted a policy of a free land, notably the Homestead Act of 1862, coupled with railroad land grants that opened cheap (but not free) lands for settlers. In 1890, the frontier line had broken up; census maps defined the frontier line as a line
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had been dispatched to the region. When the settlers began to arrive, a system of law and order was already in place, and the
Dakotas' lawlessness that was famous for the American "Wild West" did not occur in Canada. The federal government had also sent teams of negotiators to meet with the
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The
American frontier was generally the edge of settlement in the West and typically was more democratic and free-spirited in nature than the East because of the lack of social and political institutions. The idea that the frontier provided the core defining quality of the United States was
455:
Proposals to admit Turkey have been debated but are now currently stalled, partly on the grounds that Turkey is beyond Europe's historic frontier and is yet to comply with the 35-point policy that is set out by the EU. If all or most of
118:
Throughout
American history, the expansion of settlement was largely from the east to the west and so the frontier is often identified with "the West." On the Pacific Coast, settlement moved eastward. In New England, it moved north.
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was the term applied by scholars to the impact of the zone of land beyond the region of existing
European occupation. That is, as pioneers moved into the frontier zone they were changed significantly by the encounter. That is what
191:
settled in villages along the St. Lawrence River, built communities that remained stable for long stretches, and did not leapfrog west the way that the Americans would. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the
226:
to the new continent. The typical British settlements were quite compact and small: under a square mile. Conflict with the Native Americans arose out of political issues on who would rule. Early frontier areas east of the
379:, who emphasized the relationship between the center and periphery. Katerberg argues that "in Canada the imagined West must be understood in relation to the mythic power of the North" (Katerberg 2003). Innis's 1930 work
405:
indigenous peoples of the region. In a series of treaties, the basis for peaceful relations was established, and the long wars with the Natives that occurred in the United States largely did not spread to Canada.
115:. The idea implicitly negated any recognition of legitimate pre-existing occupation and embodied a blank denial of land rights to the indigenous peoples whose territories were being annexed by European colonists.
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and the uncivilized since unlike a frontier process in which the civilizing force is not supposed to be shaped by what it civilizes. Blattberg criticizes both the frontier and the border "civilizing" processes.
160:
Coast, the frontier was essentially any part of the forested interior of the continent beyond the fringe of existing settlements along the coast and the great rivers such as the
122:"Frontier" was borrowed into English from French in the 15th century with the meaning "borderland," the region of a country that fronts on another country (see also
187:
British, French, Spanish, and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different from one another. Only a few thousand French migrated to Canada; the
745:
420:, the frontier is a term used to describe the region beyond its expanding borders. The European Union has designated the countries surrounding it as part of the
396:
The pattern of settlement of the Canadian Prairies began in 1896, when the American Prairies had already achieved statehood. Pioneers then headed north to the "
740:
293:), were used by the states as rewards to veterans of the war. How to formally include the new frontier areas into the nation was an important issue in the
204:, they did not usually settle down. Actual French settlement in those areas was limited to a few very small villages on the lower Mississippi and in the
424:. That is a region primarily of less developed countries, many of which aspire to become part of the European Union. Current applicants include
239:
west of the Appalachians to the Mississippi River. The Americans began moving across the Appalachians into areas such the Ohio Country and the
151:
143:
126:). The use of frontier to mean "a region at the edge of a settled area" is a special North American development. (Compare the Australian "
499:"Governor Bourke's 1835 Proclamation of Terra Nullius | Australia's migration history timeline | NSW Migration Heritage Centre"
147:
705:
Mulvihill, Peter R.; Baker, Douglas C.; and Morrison, William R. "A Conceptual Framework for Environmental History in Canada's North."
49:
408:
Like their American counterparts, the Canadaian Prairies supported populist and democratic movements in the early 20th century.
269:
gained formal, if not actual, control of the British lands west of the Appalachians. Many thousands of settlers, typified by
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38:
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for supporting the growth of a free farmer population that might oppose slavery and for depoulating the East.
698:
Katerberg, William H. "A Northern Vision: Frontiers and the West in the Canadian and American Imagination."
218:
In contrast, the British colonies generally pursued a more systematic policy of widespread settlement of the
211:
Likewise, the Dutch set up fur trading posts in the Hudson River Valley, followed by large grants of land to
421:
262:
232:
181:
602:
Land of Savagery / Land of Promise: The European Image of the American Frontier in the Nineteenth Century
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For the next century, the expansion of the nation into those areas, as well as the subsequently-acquired
130:".) In the Turnerian sense, "frontier" was a technical term that was explicated by hundreds of scholars.
228:
590:(1984), an analysis of the frontier experience from perspective of social sciences and historiography
294:
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597:(1952 and later editions), the most detailed textbook, with highly detailed annotated bibliographies
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has also set itself the primary task of eventually joining EU, as have many small countries in the
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215:, who brought in tenant farmers who created compact permanent villages but did not push westward.
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for cultivation and exploitation of the land, a practice that required the extension of European
105:", the "frontier" concept also had a massive impact on Native Americans like the declaration of
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693:
Shaping the Upper Canadian Frontier: Environment, Society and Culture in the Trent Valley.
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223:
201:
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Cavell, Janice. "The Second Frontier: the North in English-Canadian Historical Writing."
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667:(2003), ch. 3, a comparison of the Canadian 'border' with the American 'frontier'
611:(2003), ch. 3, a comparison of the Canadian 'border' with the American 'frontier'
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651:
Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860
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of the 1760s resulted in a complete victory for the British, who took over the
278:
219:
188:
112:
65:
320:, attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers. The question of whether the
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restraints caused by land scarcity, and wastefulness of natural resources.
686:
Game in the Garden: A Human History of Wildlife in Western Canada to 1940
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The impact of the frontier in popular culture was enormous, as shown in
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Populism and Democratic Thought in the Canadian Prairies, 1910 to 1945.
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enacted by the British around 1835 to legitimize their colonization of
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Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664-1775
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368:
73:
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American Frontier and Western Issues: An Historiographical Review
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countriesbecome members, the frontier may be the boundaries with
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beyond which the population was under 2 persons per square mile.
290:
702:
2003 33(4): 543–563. ISSN 0272-2011 Fulltext online at Ebsco
679:
Land, Power, and Economics on the Frontier of Upper Canada.
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frontier thesis was developed by the Canadian historians
595:
Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier
674:
2002 83(3): 364–389. ISSN 0008-3755 Fulltext in Ebsco
632:
2nd ed (1997), primary sources and essays by scholars
324:would become "slave" or "free" helped to spark the
156:In the earliest days of European settlement of the
630:Major Problems in the History of the American West
543:From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers
37:"Virgin land" redirects here. For other uses, see
665:Shall We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada
609:Shall We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada
726:Transhumanist.com: Opening Space as a Frontier
400:." Before the settlers began to arrive, the
305:saw a similar pattern of settlement pressure.
616:The American West: A New Interpretive History
8:
297:in the 1780s and was partly resolved by the
281:and adjacent areas. Some areas, such as the
688:U. of British Columbia Press, 2002. 216 pp.
644:History of the American Frontier, 1763-1893
625:(1998), 1000+ pages of articles by scholars
231:included the Connecticut River Valley. The
101:Operating in tandem with the doctrine of "
623:The New Encyclopedia of the American West
614:Hine, Robert V. and John Mack Faragher.
72:term referring to areas near or beyond a
490:
681:McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2001. 747 pp.
746:History of United States expansionism
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653:(2000), University of Oklahoma Press
152:Spanish colonization of the Americas
144:British colonization of the Americas
700:American Review of Canadian Studies
452:joined the European Union in 2007.
148:French colonization of the Americas
351:elaborated by the great historian
25:
695:U. of Calgary Press 2003. 164 pp.
50:National Ranching Heritage Center
581:The Frontier In American History
48:A restored pioneer house at the
347:that were set on the frontier.
741:Canada–United States relations
513:The Illinois Country 1673-1818
27:Area near or beyond a boundary
1:
558:1990; Seymour Martin Lipset,
639:(1986) essays by 14 scholars
526:The Hudson Through the Years
39:Virgin land (disambiguation)
588:America's Frontier Heritage
583:by Frederick Jackson Turner
359:in 1893 around the notion.
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672:Canadian Historical Review
511:Clarence Walworth Alvord,
283:Virginia Military District
259:American Revolutionary War
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402:North West Mounted Police
237:French colonial territory
200:watershed, as far as the
32:Frontier (disambiguation)
353:Frederick Jackson Turner
95:Frederick Jackson Turner
618:(2000), recent textbook
600:Billington, Ray Allen.
593:Billington, Ray Allen.
586:Billington, Ray Allen.
381:The Fur Trade in Canada
635:Nichols, Roger L. ed.
528:(1996); Sung Bok Kim,
422:European Neighbourhood
273:, had already reached
233:French and Indian Wars
134:Colonial North America
57:
707:Environmental History
621:Lamar, Howard R. ed.
251:Further information:
229:Appalachian Mountains
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295:Continental Congress
30:For other uses, see
684:Colpitts, George.
663:Blattberg, Charles
607:Blattberg, Charles
343:, , and after 1910
303:Southwest Territory
299:Northwest Ordinance
721:Turner Thesis text
649:Slotkin, Richard,
642:Paxson, Frederic,
560:Agrarian Socialism
373:Harold Adams Innis
326:American Civil War
310:Louisiana Purchase
257:After victory the
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554:Laycock, David.
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392:Canadian Prairies
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289:(both in
279:Tennessee
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189:habitants
113:Australia
66:political
468:See also
450:Bulgaria
440:and the
369:Canadian
285:and the
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213:patroons
174:Delaware
158:Atlantic
90:frontier
74:boundary
62:frontier
570:Sources
562:(1950).
479:Marches
446:Romania
438:Balkans
434:Ukraine
430:Croatia
416:In the
128:outback
124:marches
84:In the
658:Canada
646:(1924)
604:(1981)
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