651:
632:
367:, between c. 1.90–1.80 Ga. The Canadian Shield was the first part of North America to be permanently elevated above sea level and has remained almost wholly untouched by successive encroachments of the sea upon the continent. It is the Earth's greatest area of exposed Archean rock. The metamorphic base rocks are mostly from the Precambrian (between 4.5 Ga and 540 Ma) and have been repeatedly uplifted and eroded. Today it consists largely of an area of low relief 300–610 m (980–2,000 ft) above sea level with a few
671:
510:
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1020:
193:
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617:. As mountains erode, their roots rise and are eroded in turn. The rocks that now form the surface of the shield were once far below the Earth's surface. The high pressures and temperatures at those depths provided ideal conditions for mineralization. Although these mountains are now heavily eroded, many large mountains still exist in Canada's far north called the
687:
1006:
594:, which is the largest dike swarm known on Earth. The North American craton is the bedrock forming the heart of the North American continent, and the Canadian Shield is the largest exposed part of the craton's bedrock. The Canadian Shield is part of an ancient continent called
702:. This arrangement was caused by severe glaciation during the ice ages that covered the shield and scraped the rock clean. The lowlands of the Canadian Shield have a very dense soil that is not suitable for forestation; it also contains many marshes and bogs (
1629:
549:. The shield was originally an area of very large, very tall mountains (about 12,000 m or 39,000 ft) with much volcanic activity, but the area was eroded to nearly its current topographic appearance of relatively low relief over 500 Ma.
650:
509:
406:
section is included, the
Canadian Shield is approximately circular, bounded on the northeast by the northeast edge of Greenland, with Hudson Bay in the middle. It covers much of Greenland, all of Labrador and the
557:
in which belts of volcanic rock that have been altered by metamorphism are surrounded by granitic rock. These belts range in age from 3.6 to 2.7 Ga. Much of the granitic rock belongs to the distinctive
2527:
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The
Canadian Shield is among the oldest geologic areas on Earth, with regions dating from 2.5 to 4.2 billion years. The multitude of rivers and lakes in the region is classical example of a
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islands. In total, the exposed area of the shield covers approximately 8,000,000 km (3,100,000 sq mi). The true extent of the shield is greater still and stretches from the
1865:
690:
Typical shield landscape in a southern
Ontario region with very few old growth trees, due to a history of logging and fires. Black River, Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park.
631:
1678:
Report on the 2007 Diamond
Drilling Program, McClarty Lake Project, Manitoba: The Pas Mining District NTS 63-K-08; UTM ZONE 14 N 415938 E, 6038968 N; 54° 29′ 28″ N 100° 17′ 52″ W
2755:
621:. This is a vast, deeply dissected mountain range, stretching from northernmost Ellesmere Island to the northernmost tip of Labrador. The range's highest peak is Nunavut's
2903:
2532:
971:) deposits from which more than 183 million tonnes of sulfide have been mined." The portion in the Northwest Territories has recently been the site of several major
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344:. The Canadian Shield once had jagged peaks, higher than any of today's mountains, but millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to rolling hills.
3349:
670:
4172:
4147:
137:
1477:
de
Geoffroy, J.; Wignall, T. K. (1 May 1971). "A probabilistic appraisal of mineral resources in a portion of the Grenville Province of the Canadian shield".
391:), scooped out thousands of lake basins, and carried away much of the region's soil. The northeastern portion, however, became tilted up so that, in northern
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required to stabilize diamond as a mineral. The kimberlite eruptions then bring the diamonds from over 150 kilometres (93 mi) depth to the surface. The
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1805:
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4187:
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has striking similarities to the
Sudbury Basin. This suggests it could be a second metal-rich impact crater. In northeastern Quebec, the giant
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1317:
1840:
1514:
4152:
1659:
1249:
3592:
3283:
2314:
1944:
1442:
Smithies, R.H (15 October 2000). "The
Archaean tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) series is not an analogue of Cenozoic adakite".
363:
Eon that were progressively amalgamated during the interval 2.45–1.24 Ga, with the most substantial growth period occurring during the
4112:
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730:
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resulting from its long volcanic history are frequently visible. As a deep, common, joined bedrock region in eastern and central
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4132:
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130:
4177:
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4127:
4107:
3307:
2826:
2407:
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1407:
Card, K.D. (August 1990). "A review of the
Superior Province of the Canadian Shield, a product of Archean accretion".
440:
436:
1725:
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impact (scraping down to bare rock) creating the thin soils. The age of the
Canadian Shield is estimated to be 4.28
4137:
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3180:
2770:
2724:
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2417:
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1930:
1900:
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1129:
810:. The many lakes and rivers on the shield contain a plentiful quantity of different sports fish species, including
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1981:
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492:
476:
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Shilts, William W.; Aylsworth, Janice M.; Kaszycki, Christine A.; Klassen, Rodney A. (1987). "Canadian Shield".
4024:
4014:
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3204:
2821:
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2179:
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581:
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408:
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3222:
2412:
2378:
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1880:
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3901:
3627:
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3259:
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3186:
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2434:
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2216:
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1607:
625:
at 2,616 metres (8,583 ft) above sea level. Precambrian rock is the major component of the bedrock.
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3719:
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3498:
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3109:
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2022:
1058:
929:
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464:
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96:
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Pilkington, Mark; Roest, Walter R. (1998). "Removing varying directional trends in aeromagnetic data".
3867:
3726:
3989:
3953:
3871:
3677:
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3608:
3508:
3463:
3301:
2979:
2934:
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2596:
2579:
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2511:
2506:
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1996:
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1416:
1346:
1237:
Peterson Field Guide to
Geology of Eastern North America by Roberts, David & Roger Tory Peterson.
1214:
1063:
905:, Ontario. Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the shield since the
807:
737:
have boreal forests that give way to taiga in the most northerly parts of Manitoba and Saskatchewan.
734:
591:
546:
372:
364:
321:
309:
197:
The Canadian Shield is a broad region of Precambrian rock (pictured in shades of red) that encircles
3712:
901:. There are many mining towns extracting these minerals. The largest, and one of the best known, is
741:
drainage is generally poor, the soil compacting effects of glaciation being one of the many causes.
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3881:
3842:
3797:
3458:
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2683:
2601:
2557:
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2309:
2189:
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pipes in which the diamonds are found are closely associated with cratons, which provide the deep
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3906:
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3651:
3538:
3533:
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2574:
2501:
2439:
2346:
2300:
2221:
2184:
2108:
1643:
1511:
1053:
1048:
1043:
987:
480:
472:
420:
3022:
706:). The rest of the region has coarse soil that does not retain moisture well and is frozen with
1656:
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3543:
3438:
3124:
3012:
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1160:
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618:
566:
428:
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356:
329:
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106:
1309:
1300:
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Formed over 3 billion years through processes such as plate tectonics, erosion and glaciation
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3073:
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2708:
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1966:
1920:
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1455:
1424:
1379:
1354:
1011:
983:
948:
933:
606:
488:
432:
257:
246:
86:
1681:, by Jessica Norris & Tracy Hurley (Whitehorse, Yukon: Aurora Geosciences, 2007‑09‑24).
1181:
3932:
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3412:
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2625:
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2120:
2093:
1663:
1617:
1518:
1280:
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Tsuyoshi Iizuka, at al., "Geology and Zircon Geochronology of the Acasta Gneiss Complex",
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863:
835:
577:
554:
233:
223:
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3376:
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2115:
2103:
2069:
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Alexander Murray; Harrisson Panabaker; Holy O'Rourke; David Barrett (7 February 2006).
921:
827:
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325:
269:
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192:
4071:
3896:
3886:
3528:
3493:
3325:
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3192:
3134:
3083:
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3027:
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2125:
1976:
1428:
1033:
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297:
265:
209:
206:
172:
38:
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3705:
3478:
3443:
2964:
2959:
2648:
2079:
2006:
1124:
843:
823:
785:
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of the shield is one of very thin soil lying on top of the bedrock, with many bare
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484:
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to the east of a line extended north from the Saskatchewan-Alberta border, most of
456:
317:
289:
253:
110:
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3488:
3483:
3337:
3129:
3017:
2974:
2174:
1986:
980:
831:
638:
380:
360:
285:
250:
57:
50:
44:
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1498:
17:
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3119:
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1810:
1253:
1001:
976:
819:
789:
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599:
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384:
198:
1566:
1383:
152:
139:
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910:
867:
839:
769:
765:
738:
718:
569:. Many of Canada's major ore deposits are associated with greenstone belts.
520:
448:
444:
403:
368:
341:
293:
261:
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1359:
1334:
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3391:
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1971:
947:
in central Manitoba and east-central Saskatchewan "is one of the largest
854:. The vast forests contain a myriad population of other birds, including
524:
452:
399:, the land rises to more than 1,500 metres (5,000 feet) above sea level.
392:
376:
1630:"Making Sense of Shield Lakes and Rivers | Northern Ontario Travel"
686:
3448:
3058:
3048:
2027:
1991:
1961:
972:
952:
879:
838:, and many types of baitfish. The water surfaces are also home to many
811:
753:
722:
699:
610:
595:
587:
563:
550:
468:
460:
424:
352:
348:
337:
277:
64:
1552:
503:, but these regions are overlaid with much younger rocks and sediment.
3644:
2001:
1770:
960:
917:
898:
894:
886:
773:
742:
703:
657:
416:
333:
296:; it also extends south into the northern reaches of the continental
281:
202:
71:
878:
The Canadian Shield is one of the world's richest areas in terms of
320:, Davis and James. The shield extends into the United States as the
383:
Epoch, continental ice sheets depressed the land surface (creating
3876:
3104:
3007:
2032:
859:
855:
851:
847:
781:
761:
714:
685:
590:
complexes, which is 2.7 Ga. The Canadian Shield also contains the
500:
3684:
3114:
1657:
3-D Magnetic Imaging using Conjugate Gradients: Temagami anomaly
1335:"Exhumed paleoplains of the Precambrian Shield of North America"
968:
964:
890:
777:
676:
Typical Canadian Shield landscape: spruce, lakes, bogs, and rock
332:. The Canadian Shield is a U-shaped subsection of the Laurentia
273:
3581:
2885:
1743:
1208:"Metallogeny and Tectonic Evolution of the Trans-Hudson Orogen"
1100:
553:
has exposed the roots of the mountains, which take the form of
882:
614:
1308:. Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice Hall Ginn Canada. pp.
710:
throughout the year. Forests are not as dense in the north.
545:
of the area being disturbed by glaciation and the effect of
1739:
729:
that covers northern Quebec and most of Labrador. The
312:
comprising four smaller physiographic provinces: the
3967:
3941:
3920:
3765:
3620:
3426:
3400:
3369:
3232:
3167:
3151:
3092:
3041:
3000:
2993:
2917:
2809:
2783:
2722:
2634:
2550:
2520:
2472:
2463:
2364:
2298:
2202:
2138:
2054:
2045:
2015:
1954:
1943:
1849:
1786:
1777:
938:
the largest-known meteorite impact craters on Earth
201:. It spans eastern, northeastern, and east-central
178:
168:
129:
124:
116:
102:
92:
82:
32:
1299:
725:industry. The boreal forest area gives way to the
605:Mountains have deep roots and float on the denser
936:project (Manic-cinq, or Manic-5). This is one of
387:) but also tilted up its northeastern "rim" (the
580:, Ontario, is one of the world's best preserved
994:mines are actively mining kimberlite diamonds.
527:, region. Big Island Lake is in the background.
3350:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
1247:Alberta Heritage - Alberta Online Encyclopedia
475:, Baffin Island and significant bands through
375:) probably eroded from the plateau during the
3593:
2897:
1755:
1592:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
940:, though not as large as the Sudbury crater.
745:typically prevails in the northern regions.
562:family of rocks, which are characteristic of
519:Panorama of Canadian Shield geography in the
27:Geographic and geologic area of North America
8:
1119:
1117:
885:. It is filled with substantial deposits of
272:has left the area with only a thin layer of
3344:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
1611:, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
920:from the meteorite impact was found in the
797:
598:, which was formed about 2.5 Ga during the
292:, covering over half of Canada and most of
3600:
3586:
3578:
3164:
3089:
2997:
2904:
2890:
2882:
2719:
2469:
2295:
2051:
1951:
1826:World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)
1783:
1762:
1748:
1740:
1091:
1089:
802:), the shield area contains many of their
191:
29:
1358:
796:are present. In the case of polar bears (
959:) districts in the world, containing 27
1644:"Wildlife of the Boreal Shield Ecozone"
1256:- The Canadian Shield Region of Alberta
1159:(3rd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
1085:
924:in May 2007. The nearby but less-known
713:The shield is covered in parts by vast
627:
451:, the central and northern portions of
371:and low mountain ranges (including the
3278:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
3242:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
1306:Making Connections: Canada's geography
284:, the shield stretches north from the
2528:Metropolitan areas and agglomerations
276:, through which exposures of igneous
232:
7:
4173:Geology of the Northwest Territories
4148:Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador
347:The Canadian Shield is a collage of
262:North American Craton (or Laurentia)
3284:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
2801:Topics by provinces and territories
1444:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1376:Geomorphic Systems of North America
1333:Ambrose, J. W. (1 September 1964).
427:including northern sections of the
264:, the ancient geologic core of the
1285:Fundamentals of Physical Geography
731:Midwestern Canadian Shield forests
717:in the south that support natural
560:tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite
459:, a small portion of northeastern
25:
4123:Stratigraphy of the United States
3272:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
1584:World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001).
351:plates and accreted juvenile arc
3562:
3561:
3217:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
2864:
2863:
2851:
1586:"Northern Canadian Shield taiga"
1018:
1004:
669:
649:
630:
508:
499:in the east and as far south as
336:signifying the area of greatest
4188:Physiographic regions of Canada
1886:Former colonies and territories
1723:Schwartzenberger, Tina (2005),
1137:from the original on 2015-06-24
3280:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
1821:Post-Confederation (1867–1914)
431:, the Adirondack Mountains of
1:
4000:Middle East Eastern Highlands
3524:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
1464:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00236-3
727:Eastern Canadian Shield taiga
4103:Geology of the United States
2945:Glacial history of Minnesota
1714:Resources in other libraries
1429:10.1016/0301-9268(90)90059-Y
1281:"The Drainage Basin Concept"
1069:Glacial history of Minnesota
932:is the site of an extensive
4153:Geology of New York (state)
3863:Chiapas–Guatemala Highlands
3308:Kettle Moraine State Forest
3211:Lion's Head Provincial Park
1866:Crown and Indigenous people
1609:Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus
1590:WildWorld Ecoregion Profile
1339:American Journal of Science
1184:. The Canadian Encyclopedia
1101:"Physiographic Regions Map"
435:, the northernmost part of
4209:
3954:East Australian Cordillera
3454:Penultimate Glacial Period
3181:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
2756:Provincial and territorial
2679:Inventions and discoveries
1816:British Canada (1763–1867)
1616:December 24, 2008, at the
1499:10.2113/gsecongeo.66.3.466
1103:. Natural Resources Canada
660:of the Canadian Shield in
249:, a large area of exposed
4113:Precambrian United States
4088:Precambrian North America
4053:
4035:Himalayan Mountain System
3959:Western Australian Shield
3838:Baja California peninsula
3557:
3519:Late Glacial Interstadial
3298:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
3175:Arrowhead Provincial Park
2950:List of prehistoric lakes
2845:
1982:Newfoundland and Labrador
1709:Resources in your library
1155:Marshak, Stephen (2009).
945:Flin Flon greenstone belt
926:Temagami Magnetic Anomaly
308:The Canadian Shield is a
190:
37:
4193:Regions of the Subarctic
4083:Geology of North America
4025:Northern Asian Mountains
4015:Central Siberian Plateau
3980:Central European Uplands
3474:Holocene glacial retreat
3266:Glacial Lakes State Park
3205:Foothills Erratics Train
1606:C. Michael Hogan (2008)
1384:10.1130/DNAG-CENT-v2.119
1298:Clark, Bruce W. (1999).
1269:, 153 (2007) pp. 179–208
951:volcanic-hosted massive
733:that run westwards from
643:Temagami Greenstone Belt
539:deranged drainage system
409:Great Northern Peninsula
234:[bukljekanadjɛ̃]
4163:Geology of Saskatchewan
3823:Pacific Mountain System
3514:Bølling–Allerød warming
3254:Devil's Lake State Park
3223:Ovayok Territorial Park
2912:Continental glaciations
1916:Persons of significance
1911:National Historic Sites
1666:Retrieved on 2008-03-12
1521:Retrieved on 2007-07-20
1456:2000E&PSL.182..115S
1130:Encyclopædia Britannica
806:locations, such as the
4118:Stratigraphy of Canada
4045:Central Asian Lowlands
3949:East Australian Basins
3877:Andean Mountain System
3741:East African Highlands
3659:South African Platform
3356:Yosemite National Park
3260:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
3199:Eskers Provincial Park
3187:Cypress Hills (Canada)
2985:Timeline of glaciation
1811:New France (1534–1763)
798:
691:
637:Weathered Precambrian
310:physiographic division
227:
3975:Fenno-Scandian Shield
3902:Paraná–Paraguay Plain
3853:Gulf Coastal Lowlands
3828:Rocky Mountain System
3818:Intermontane Plateaus
3778:Appalachian Highlands
3628:African Alpine System
3609:Physiographic regions
3499:Quaternary glaciation
3434:Quaternary glaciation
3332:Mill Bluff State Park
3296:Interstate State Park
3110:Giant current ripples
2925:Cordilleran ice sheet
2023:Northwest Territories
1926:Territorial evolution
1729:, Weigl Educational,
1675:Troymet Exploration,
1360:10.2475/ajs.262.7.817
1279:Pidwirny, M. (2006).
1206:Corrigan, D. (2008).
1157:Essentials of geology
1099:(12 September 2016).
1059:Volcanology of Canada
930:Manicouagan Reservoir
748:Many mammals such as
689:
574:Sturgeon Lake Caldera
471:mainland and, of its
465:Northwest Territories
97:North American craton
4183:Geology of Greenland
4143:Geology of Minnesota
3990:Great European Plain
3509:Wisconsin glaciation
3464:Last Glacial Maximum
2980:Post-glacial rebound
2935:Last Glacial Maximum
2930:Laurentide ice sheet
1997:Prince Edward Island
1409:Precambrian Research
1267:Precambrian Research
1064:Wisconsin glaciation
874:Mining and economics
808:Wapusk National Park
735:Northwestern Ontario
592:Mackenzie dike swarm
547:post-glacial rebound
373:Laurentian Mountains
365:Trans-Hudson orogeny
322:Adirondack Mountains
4158:Geology of Manitoba
4133:Geology of Michigan
4030:Indo-Gangetic Plain
4010:West Siberian Plain
3882:Brazilian Highlands
3858:Neovolcanic Plateau
3833:Sierra Madre System
3798:Hudson Bay Lowlands
3494:Pre-Illinoian Stage
3459:Last Glacial Period
3248:Coteau des Prairies
3159:Greenland ice sheet
2352:Firearms regulation
1726:The Canadian Shield
1545:1998Geop...63..446P
1491:1971EcGeo..66..466D
1421:1990PreR...48...99C
1351:1964AmJS..262..817A
1097:The Atlas of Canada
1074:Geography of Canada
721:as well as a major
656:Folded Precambrian
495:in the west to the
304:Geographical extent
237:), also called the
149: /
39:Stratigraphic range
4178:Geology of Alberta
4168:Geology of Nunavut
4128:Geology of Ontario
4108:Precambrian Canada
4058:Physical geography
3907:Patagonian Plateau
3808:Interior Highlands
3720:Natal Terrace Belt
3699:Damara–Nama Upland
3539:4.2 kiloyear event
3534:8.2 kiloyear event
3469:Mousterian Pluvial
3201:, British Columbia
2533:Population centres
1662:2009-07-11 at the
1517:2012-08-14 at the
1301:"Geologic History"
1054:Basement (geology)
1049:Platform (geology)
1044:Geology of Ontario
696:surface expression
692:
493:Western Cordillera
473:Arctic Archipelago
421:St. Lawrence River
357:sedimentary basins
324:(connected by the
243:Laurentian Plateau
4138:Geology of Quebec
4098:Geology of Canada
4065:
4064:
4020:Eastern Highlands
3872:Yucatán Peninsula
3756:
3749:
3737:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3655:
3647:
3636:
3575:
3574:
3544:Piora Oscillation
3504:Sangamonian Stage
3365:
3364:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
2879:
2878:
2858:Canada portal
2779:
2778:
2546:
2545:
2360:
2359:
2315:Political parties
2283:Foreign relations
2198:
2197:
2085:Canadian Prairies
2075:Pacific Northwest
2041:
2040:
1939:
1938:
1896:Foreign relations
1695:Library resources
1553:10.1190/1.1444345
1512:Caldera Volcanoes
1319:978-0-13-012635-1
1182:"Canadian Shield"
1125:"Canadian Shield"
975:discoveries. The
758:white-tailed deer
619:Arctic Cordillera
567:continental crust
429:Ontario Peninsula
314:Laurentian Upland
258:metamorphic rocks
239:Laurentian Shield
229:Bouclier canadien
216:
215:
153:52.000°N 71.000°W
107:Laurentian Upland
16:(Redirected from
4200:
4093:Regional geology
4005:Fertile Crescent
3868:Gulf Coast Plain
3803:Innuitian Region
3752:
3745:
3732:
3727:Mozambique Plain
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3650:
3642:
3630:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3579:
3565:
3564:
3165:
3090:
3074:Terminal moraine
2998:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2867:
2866:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2720:
2563:Higher education
2470:
2455:Science and tech
2342:Multiculturalism
2296:
2278:Local government
2243:House of Commons
2227:Governor General
2063:
2052:
1967:British Columbia
1952:
1806:Pre-colonization
1784:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1528:
1522:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1479:Economic Geology
1474:
1468:
1467:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1257:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:on April 9, 2008
1219:
1213:. Archived from
1212:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1093:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1012:Geography portal
1009:
1008:
1007:
949:Paleoproterozoic
801:
673:
653:
634:
555:greenstone belts
541:, caused by the
512:
379:Era. During the
236:
207:upper midwestern
195:
164:
163:
161:
160:
159:
154:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
78:
74:
67:
60:
53:
47:
30:
21:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4049:
3963:
3937:
3933:West Antarctica
3928:East Antarctica
3916:
3813:Interior Plains
3793:Canadian Shield
3783:Arctic Lowlands
3761:
3678:Matabele Upland
3664:Kalahari Region
3640:African massive
3633:Atlas Mountains
3616:
3606:
3576:
3571:
3553:
3439:Illinoian Stage
3422:
3413:Lambert Glacier
3396:
3382:Killary Harbour
3361:
3314:Lake Bonneville
3234:
3228:
3163:
3139:
3088:
3037:
3033:U-shaped valley
3023:Roche moutonnée
2989:
2955:Proglacial lake
2940:Canadian Shield
2913:
2910:
2880:
2875:
2852:
2850:
2841:
2805:
2775:
2718:
2630:
2621:Social programs
2587:Law enforcement
2542:
2516:
2459:
2356:
2294:
2194:
2134:
2121:Atlantic Canada
2099:Canadian Shield
2094:Northern Canada
2061:
2060:
2037:
2011:
1947:and territories
1946:
1935:
1845:
1792:
1773:
1768:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1703:
1702:
1700:Canadian Shield
1698:
1691:
1689:Further reading
1686:
1685:
1674:
1670:
1664:Wayback Machine
1655:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1632:. 28 June 2016.
1628:
1627:
1623:
1618:Wayback Machine
1605:
1601:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1519:Wayback Machine
1510:
1506:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1415:(1–2): 99–156.
1406:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1287:(2nd ed.).
1278:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1039:Athabasca Basin
1024:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1000:
876:
864:predatory birds
842:, most notably
836:arctic grayling
799:Ursus maritimus
684:
677:
674:
665:
654:
645:
635:
578:Kenora District
535:
530:
529:
528:
518:
513:
447:, northeastern
330:Superior Upland
306:
260:. It forms the
256:and high-grade
247:geologic shield
220:Canadian Shield
196:
185:
183:
158:52.000; -71.000
157:
155:
151:
148:
143:
140:
138:
136:
135:
109:
77:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
43:
42:
33:Canadian Shield
28:
23:
22:
18:Canadian shield
15:
12:
11:
5:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4040:Deccan Plateau
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3995:Ural Mountains
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3848:Central Meseta
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Atlantic Plain
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3738:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3713:Cape Mountains
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3656:
3648:
3637:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3549:Little Ice Age
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3418:Ross Ice Shelf
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3377:Hardangerfjord
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3302:Kelleys Island
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3250:, South Dakota
3245:
3238:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3190:
3189:, Saskatchewan
3184:
3178:
3171:
3169:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Glacial striae
3010:
3004:
3002:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Historiography
2819:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2538:Municipalities
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:Transportation
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Stock exchange
2432:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2403:Communications
2400:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2249:Prime Minister
2246:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2170:National Parks
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2116:Eastern Canada
2113:
2112:
2111:
2104:Central Canada
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2070:Western Canada
2066:
2064:
2062:(west to east)
2049:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Constitutional
1857:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1668:
1649:
1635:
1621:
1599:
1596:on 2010-03-08.
1576:
1567:"Barbeau Peak"
1558:
1539:(2): 446–453.
1523:
1504:
1485:(3): 466–479.
1469:
1450:(1): 115–125.
1434:
1399:
1392:
1366:
1345:(7): 817–857.
1325:
1318:
1290:
1271:
1258:
1252:2010-12-08 at
1239:
1230:
1198:
1172:
1166:978-0393932386
1165:
1147:
1113:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1015:
999:
996:
922:Rove Formation
909:is an ancient
875:
872:
715:boreal forests
683:
680:
679:
678:
675:
668:
666:
655:
648:
646:
636:
629:
534:
531:
515:
514:
507:
506:
505:
441:Upper Michigan
437:Lower Michigan
326:Frontenac Axis
305:
302:
266:North American
214:
213:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
133:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
70:
63:
56:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4205:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Alpine System
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:Orinoco Basin
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:Guiana Shield
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3843:Buried Ranges
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3568:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Younger Dryas
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
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3425:
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3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3326:Lake Missoula
3324:
3321:
3320:Lake Lahontan
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3290:Ice Age Trail
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3193:Eramosa River
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:North America
3150:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3084:Veiki moraine
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Rogen moraine
3067:
3065:
3064:Pulju moraine
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Erratic block
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Tunnel valley
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
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2978:
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2900:
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2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
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2818:
2815:
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2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
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2788:
2786:
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2772:
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2767:
2764:
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2745:
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2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Protectionism
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
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2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
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2600:
2598:
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2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
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2503:
2500:
2498:
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2426:
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2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:Dairy farming
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:Supreme Court
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2127:
2126:The Maritimes
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:New Brunswick
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:First Nations
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1735:1-55388-141-9
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1275:
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1268:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:
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1240:
1234:
1231:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Baltic Shield
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:Canada portal
1016:
1013:
1002:
997:
995:
993:
989:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
934:hydroelectric
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:impact crater
912:
908:
907:Sudbury Basin
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
881:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:northern pike
813:
809:
805:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
688:
681:
672:
667:
663:
659:
652:
647:
644:
640:
633:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:much like an
608:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
565:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
526:
522:
517:
511:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:north of the
418:
414:
410:
405:
400:
398:
397:Baffin Island
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
303:
301:
299:
298:United States
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
211:
210:United States
208:
204:
200:
194:
189:
184:United States
181:
177:
174:
173:North America
171:
167:
162:
134:
132:
128:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
75:
68:
61:
54:
46:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4055:
3892:Amazon Plain
3792:
3706:Namib Desert
3479:Oldest Dryas
3449:Interstadial
3444:Interglacial
3427:Time periods
3358:, California
3352:, Washington
3093:Glacifluvial
3042:Depositional
2965:Lake Chicago
2960:Lake Agassiz
2939:
2868:
2849:
2817:Bibliography
2739:Coat of arms
2723:
2644:Architecture
2614:Homelessness
2465:Demographics
2384:Floriculture
2320:Human rights
2299:
2288:Peacekeeping
2217:Constitution
2139:
2098:
2080:Great Plains
2055:
2007:Saskatchewan
1850:
1794:
1787:
1724:
1699:
1676:
1671:
1652:
1638:
1624:
1608:
1602:
1594:the original
1589:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1507:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1375:
1369:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1305:
1293:
1284:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1242:
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1215:the original
1201:
1193:
1186:. Retrieved
1175:
1156:
1150:
1139:. Retrieved
1128:
1105:. Retrieved
981:lithospheric
942:
877:
844:Canada geese
824:yellow perch
786:grizzly bear
747:
712:
694:The current
693:
662:Georgian Bay
623:Barbeau Peak
604:
571:
536:
497:Appalachians
457:Saskatchewan
413:Newfoundland
401:
346:
318:Kazan Region
307:
290:Arctic Ocean
242:
238:
228:
219:
217:
120:8,000,000 km
3773:Appalachian
3747:Rift Valley
3671:Lunda Swell
3652:Mid-African
3489:Pleistocene
3484:Older Dryas
3346:, Wisconsin
3338:Oneida Lake
3334:, Wisconsin
3310:, Wisconsin
3292:, Wisconsin
3286:, Wisconsin
3274:, Wisconsin
3268:, Minnesota
3262:, Wisconsin
3256:, Wisconsin
3244:, Wisconsin
3130:Outwash fan
3125:Kettle hole
3018:Ribbon lake
2975:Teays River
2699:Individuals
2507:2021 Census
2492:Immigration
2374:Agriculture
2335:Transgender
2175:Great Lakes
2155:Earthquakes
2109:Great Lakes
2016:Territories
1987:Nova Scotia
1906:Monarchical
1891:Immigration
1571:Bivouac.com
1378:: 119–161.
832:brook trout
794:black bears
790:polar bears
639:pillow lava
582:mineralized
481:Southampton
463:, mainland
455:, northern
443:, northern
439:and all of
381:Pleistocene
361:Proterozoic
286:Great Lakes
268:continent.
251:Precambrian
156: /
131:Coordinates
59:Proterozoic
45:Precambrian
4072:Categories
4056:See also:
3921:Antarctica
3754:Abyssinian
3734:Madagascar
3692:High Karoo
3408:Antarctica
3401:Antarctica
3387:Monte Rosa
3340:, New York
3120:Kame delta
3079:Till plain
2970:Lake Tight
2827:Historians
2684:Literature
2597:Corruption
2580:Euthanasia
2570:Healthcare
2512:Population
2234:Parliament
2204:Government
1841:since 1982
1533:Geophysics
1393:0813753023
1254:Archive-It
1224:2008-03-05
1141:2009-02-10
1107:2019-11-15
1080:References
977:kimberlite
820:lake trout
770:wolverines
739:Hydrologic
719:ecosystems
708:permafrost
600:Neoarchean
585:Neoarchean
543:watersheds
423:, much of
415:, most of
385:Hudson Bay
369:monadnocks
328:) and the
270:Glaciation
199:Hudson Bay
3942:Australia
3328:, Montana
3225:, Nunavut
3219:, Ontario
3213:, Ontario
3207:, Alberta
3195:, Ontario
3183:, Alberta
3177:, Ontario
3001:Erosional
2994:Landforms
2602:Terrorism
2558:Education
2497:Languages
2485:Ethnicity
2480:Canadians
2428:Petroleum
2408:Companies
2310:Elections
2190:Volcanism
2165:Mountains
2047:Geography
1955:Provinces
1945:Provinces
1876:Etymology
1836:1960–1981
1831:1945–1960
1789:Year list
911:meteorite
868:songbirds
866:and many
840:waterfowl
828:whitefish
664:, Ontario
521:Flin Flon
489:Ellesmere
469:Nunavut's
449:Minnesota
445:Wisconsin
404:Greenland
402:When the
294:Greenland
186:Greenland
103:Sub-units
3912:Piedmont
3766:Americas
3567:Category
3392:Svalbard
3322:, Nevada
3100:Diluvium
2870:Category
2810:Research
2784:Contents
2766:Heraldic
2674:Identity
2669:Holidays
2664:Folklore
2575:Abortion
2502:Religion
2440:Taxation
2347:Cannabis
2325:Intersex
2301:Politics
2273:Military
2185:Wildlife
1972:Manitoba
1901:Military
1871:Economic
1796:timeline
1660:Archived
1614:Archived
1515:Archived
1250:Archived
1135:Archived
998:See also
700:outcrops
525:Manitoba
477:Somerset
453:Manitoba
433:New York
393:Labrador
377:Cenozoic
353:terranes
241:or the
205:and the
125:Location
4078:Cratons
3968:Eurasia
3370:Eurasia
3059:Moraine
3049:Drumlin
2918:General
2837:Surveys
2832:Studies
2796:Outline
2771:Tartans
2725:Symbols
2714:Theatre
2659:Cuisine
2636:Culture
2609:Poverty
2551:Society
2445:Tourism
2418:Fishing
2391:Banking
2366:Economy
2222:Monarch
2160:Islands
2057:Regions
2028:Nunavut
1992:Ontario
1962:Alberta
1779:History
1541:Bibcode
1487:Bibcode
1452:Bibcode
1417:Bibcode
1347:Bibcode
973:diamond
953:sulfide
903:Sudbury
880:mineral
812:walleye
804:denning
774:weasels
754:caribou
723:logging
704:muskegs
682:Ecology
641:in the
611:iceberg
596:Arctica
588:caldera
564:Archean
551:Erosion
533:Geology
461:Alberta
425:Ontario
389:Torngat
359:of the
349:Archean
338:glacial
288:to the
278:bedrock
254:igneous
245:, is a
179:Country
144:71°00′W
141:52°00′N
93:Unit of
66:Archean
3645:Sahara
3621:Africa
3316:, Utah
3304:, Ohio
3235:States
3233:United
3168:Canada
3135:Sandur
2734:Anthem
2709:Sports
2654:Cinema
2626:Values
2473:Topics
2413:Energy
2396:Dollar
2261:Courts
2238:Senate
2180:Rivers
2150:Cities
2141:Topics
2002:Quebec
1921:Racism
1852:Topics
1771:Canada
1733:
1697:about
1390:
1316:
1188:29 May
1163:
992:Diavik
984:mantle
961:copper
918:Ejecta
899:copper
897:, and
895:silver
887:nickel
856:ravens
782:otters
766:wolves
750:beaver
743:Tundra
658:gneiss
607:mantle
417:Quebec
334:craton
282:Canada
224:French
203:Canada
182:Canada
169:Region
87:Shield
3685:Veldt
3105:Esker
3008:Fjord
2791:Index
2761:Royal
2694:Media
2689:Music
2592:Crime
2521:Lists
2033:Yukon
1931:Women
1218:(PDF)
1211:(PDF)
988:Ekati
860:crows
852:gulls
848:loons
762:moose
602:era.
501:Texas
485:Devon
111:Kazan
3870:and
3613:list
3115:Kame
2749:List
2744:Flag
2330:LGBT
2254:list
1731:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1190:2024
1161:ISBN
990:and
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