279:
37:
2260:
674:
has been registered and used in a country party to the international convention. Third, the applicant proposes to use the mark in Canada; since the mark will be registered only after the applicant files a declaration of commenced use of mark in Canada, as per subsection 40(2), the applicant satisfies the requirement of owning the trademark at the time of registration.
503:, trademarks are very different from patents and copyrights to the extent that they require "no fancy or imagination, no genius, no laborious thought". The Supreme Court of Canada calls them "something of an anomaly". Unlike other branches of intellectual property law, protection of trademarks does not necessarily arise from any act of creativity.
714:
Subsection 38(2) provides an opponent with seven grounds on which to base a statement of opposition, which can generally be categorized under the following areas: noncompliance with filing requirements, mark unregistrable (see section 12), applicant is not the owner or the mark lacks distinctiveness.
436:
Canada, unlike the US, does not have a provision governing notice by a trademark owner of the existence of a trademark, other than in the case of a licensee being allowed by an owner to use one. The use of symbols such as ™ or ® is therefore optional but advised, accompanied by a full written notice.
749:
Registration doesn't require proof of damage. It can also allow a claimant to stop the use of similar marks, despite the defendant's disavowal. In passing-off, however, the mark can be used by similar businesses as long as it doesn't lead to confusion. Moreover, disavowal and honesty are taken into
673:
provides three basic grounds on which an applicant may base their application. First, the mark has been previously used or made known in Canada. Advertising the trademark may be sufficient to satisfy the mark being made known in Canada, even though it has never been used in Canada. Second, the mark
645:
to advise, prepare and file the application to register. Section 12 of the act contains subsections (a)-(i) which list the type of marks not eligible for registration. The ineligibilities are generally designed to ensure adequate distinctiveness and ensure that names, places, people and descriptive
846:
What happens when two products are virtually indistinguishable, because the brands are very similar for instance? The use of the same word will usually not frustrate the trust function, which is more crucial than the linguistic function. This might produce higher search costs for consumers, but as
787:
This function deals with the idea that trademarks help condensing complex information into a single word or symbol, immediately recognizable by consumers. This eventually reduces search costs for customers by simplifying the decision-making process and facilitating exchanges between the seller and
506:
Using the term "industrial property" instead of "intellectual property" may be more appropriate when referring to trademarks, which are mainly commercial devices, although the term "property" is still misleading since trademark law does not grant 'owners' the right to exclude others from using it.
835:
On the other hand, when one or both the functions are frustrated, the rule is considered to be normatively weak. For instance, the rule regarding comparative advertising in Canada appears to be inconsistent with both functions to the extent that prohibiting a company to use a competitor's name in
810:
A seller will often say that a product carries all three attributes; however, consumers are not able to verify such information and distinguish trustworthy products from non-trustworthy ones. Honest sellers will ask for a more substantial price in order to maintain the quality of the product. But
581:
the owner of a valid registered trade mark has the exclusive right to the mark's use throughout Canada in respect of the wares or services for which it is registered. Section 20 provides that no unapproved person may sell, distribute, or advertise wares or services in association with a confusing
2064:
372:
Although any name or symbol could be protected under trademark law, there are issues concerning the limits of that protection. For instance, enforcing protection of a mark and its perception is questionable where there is no actual confusion for consumers. Likewise, protecting a mark against all
735:
Registration is costly; however, once the trademark is registered, proving an infringement is easier and therefore possibly less expensive than a common law passing-off action. The rationales behind the two notions also differ: passing off merely protects the disruption of economic relations by
479:
Where a company has adopted a business name that is the same or very similar to that of a competitor, a key consideration is the potential for customers to become confused. Even where a
Plaintiff has only used its brand name for a limited period of time and has little in the way of good will, a
699:
for two months, providing a window of opportunity for opponents to file a statement of opposition to the proposed registration. Section 38 of the Act requires opponents to provide detailed specifications of the grounds for opposition, such that the applicant has a fair opportunity to rebut the
420:
43. ... the Act clearly recognizes that it does not protect the utilitarian features of a distinguishing guise. In this manner, it acknowledges the existence and relevance of a doctrine of long standing in the law of trademarks. This doctrine recognizes that trademarks law is not intended to
364:
A trademark is only protected to the extent that it is used by a person to distinguish a product or service from another. Trademarks do not give exclusive rights to a symbol, for instance, but only for the symbol in relation to a particular use in order to distinguish the product from others.
692:
either finds the mark eligible or ineligible for registration. An owner may appeal the registrar's ineligibility decision to the court. For an eligible mark the next step is for CIPO to issue a notice of the application's approval for advertisement. The application and trademark must then be
757:
Misrepresentation is required in passing-off, which doesn't protect loss of control for instance, while mere depreciation of goodwill could suffice in registration. However, this distinction is more limited nowadays, since passing off gives protection against loss of control as long as
831:
When the two functions are preserved, a normatively robust rule is created. An example of this is the tort of passing off: passing off usually frustrates both the linguistic function (by increasing search costs for consumers), and the trust function (by creating a "lemons" problem).
836:
order to convey correct information to consumers makes communication less efficient and more costly (linguistic function), and makes it hard for the company to explain why the products it sells are different from the competitor's, which would create a trust problem (trust function)
657:. If a mark is eligible for registration, then trademark agents may conduct searches of registers to determine if any registered mark has similarities that may be confusing. A trademark does not have to be original, but it must be sufficiently distinct. Searches of registers at the
614:
reduced this validity period to ten years for all future registrations and renewals. The renewable nature of trademark registrations makes it the only form of intellectual property with statutory protections that do not definitively expire. However, sections 44 and 45 of the
827:
Although the trust function is more important than the linguistic one, the two functions are closely related. Trademarks can indicate complex attributes that consumers can't verify by themselves, just like a name helps identify a person, but also their attributes.
585:
The common law protects marks by recognizing the owner's right to exclusive uses, subject to the geographical and market boundaries of the owner's established trade reputation. Registration also allows the owner to register in other countries that adhere to the
428:
clarifies that the mere purpose of a product, however unique, cannot be subject of a trademark. Such utilitarian features fall more properly within the realm of patent law. The distinct look and feel of a product, however, can attract trademark protection. In
818:
In this context, trademarks fulfill a trust function to the extent that they provide a more reliable market for consumers, who can't immediately tell if credence goods are trustworthy or not. Honest sellers can develop and provide more desirable products.
753:
Passing-off requires proof of the existence of reputation each time and action is brought, whereas registration gives a presumption of validity and gives continuous protection against passing-off and infringement in case of normal use of the
389:(a) a mark that is used by a person for the purpose of distinguishing or so as to distinguish wares or services manufactured, sold, leased, hired or performed by him from those manufactured, sold, leased, hired or performed by others,
762:
Relying on the common law action of passing off is still useful when a symbol cannot be registered or when registration is invalid. Moreover, its flexibility makes it more adequate than the concept of infringement provided by the
646:
or common words are not monopolized through registration. In addition, when a generic product is legally sold by a number of distributors, it is not generally possible for one manufacturer to claim exclusive trademark protection.
2020:
2096:
433:, the Supreme Court of Canada held that trademark infringement had occurred when the size, shape, and colour of Metoprolol tablets (used to treat hypertension) were mimicked by two competitors with comparable products.
368:
Trademarks help potential customers to identify the source of products and thus have a significant impact on trade, especially when product identity is marketed as an extension of the customers' personal identity.
2289:
588:
847:
long as additional information is provided, the trust function is preserved and consumers can still distinguish the two products, although in some cases additional information can create even more confusion.
2101:
623:
to require, from time to time, owners submit information or evidence regarding the ongoing usage of registered marks. If a trademark is abandoned, shows no evidence of being used or is not renewed, the
451:
To protect the public so that it may be confident that, in purchasing a product bearing a particular trademark which it favorably knows, it will get the product which it asks for and wants to get.
1817:
839:
Why is the trust function more important than the linguistic one? Because frustrating the linguistic function would lead to higher search costs, while frustrating the trust function would cause
476:
had in the goodwill of their business. However, the protection of the public is a priority, and the
Supreme Court has also said that trademark law was in fact "consumer protection legislation".
421:
prevent the competitive use of utilitarian features of products, but that it fulfills a source-distinguishing function. This doctrine of functionality goes to the essence of what is a trademark.
2274:
2008:
1147:
2394:
454:
Where the owner of a trademark has spent energy, time, and money in presenting to the public the product, he is protected in his investment from its misappropriation by pirates and cheats.
582:
trademark or trade name and section 22 further prohibits a non-owner from using a registered mark in any manner likely to deteriorate the value of the goodwill attached to the mark.
555:. Generally, all visual marks can be registered with the exception of marks that possess certain characteristics prohibited by the Act. Among the prohibited characteristics include:
767:
for situations that are not covered by the legislation, for instance misleading practices on the
Internet. It also gives more protection to non-profit and public activity than the
1248:
525:. For unregistered trademarks, the common law tort of passing off is the primary means by which producers can obtain remedies against a competitor. Section 7(b) and 7(c) of the
2587:
1810:
373:
criticism or allusions, as if it were an actual person, is controversial since trying to protect marks at all costs could be harmful to free speech and free trade.
309:
491:, try to achieve a balance between the rights of the owner and those of others. This means taking into account the public interest in free trade and expression.
2463:
2304:
2755:
2577:
1803:
1754:
233:
1881:
2582:
2294:
653:
also prohibits the registration of any mark connoting association with royalty, government, international agencies, professions, or marks containing
2567:
949:
532:
Most of the law of passing off has been inherited from the UK case law. For a successful action in passing off the claimant must show three things:
1151:
2136:
480:
similarly-named competitor may confuse customers and cause the
Plaintiff to lose control of its own reputation, thus justifying damages under the
2723:
343:
of the mark or create confusion between different vendors' goods or services. A mark can be protected either as a registered trademark under the
1565:
815:
phenomenon will appear due to this information asymmetry, in which the actual price and the price that consumers are willing to pay decrease.
811:
consumers will not be willing to pay more for a supposedly trustworthy product. Eventually, the honest seller will have to exit the market. A
2659:
2597:
1876:
996:
910:
658:
2644:
339:
provides protection for distinctive marks, certification marks, distinguishing guises, and proposed marks against those who appropriate the
2335:
1972:
1677:
1593:
1305:
146:
58:
2572:
905:
869:
1826:
1682:
1127:
500:
302:
151:
406:
A distinguishing guise can only be registered if it "is not likely unreasonably to limit the development of any art or industry". In
1977:
1955:
1860:
1744:
1218:
857:
408:
223:
2209:
2189:
1598:
63:
2750:
2592:
2478:
1982:
806:
and credence goods (consumers can't assess the quality of a product even after consuming it, because it is often too costly).
963:
2649:
2370:
2214:
1772:
295:
251:
2458:
2654:
2639:
2613:
2375:
2179:
2129:
1886:
1619:
1614:
516:
465:
86:
81:
920:
716:
709:
683:
2718:
2488:
2204:
1558:
2320:
2159:
2091:
1910:
1898:
1777:
915:
720:
403:
Certification marks are used in classifying the nature of a good or service (e.g., a Fair Trade
Certified logo).
256:
1214:
2385:
2365:
1891:
1336:
689:
625:
620:
539:
the other party's use of the mark constitutes misrepresentation of their wares as those of the claimants, and
2473:
2340:
1948:
1855:
1840:
1737:
1727:
1687:
1660:
1655:
779:
Trademarks have two distinct yet related economic functions: the linguistic function and the trust function
413:
213:
203:
171:
156:
129:
124:
1352:
1115:
925:
601:
2713:
2700:
2685:
2417:
2355:
2330:
2199:
2122:
1934:
1732:
1719:
1667:
1624:
1588:
724:
228:
208:
196:
136:
91:
53:
20:
2350:
1903:
1243:
2360:
2234:
1709:
1639:
1629:
1551:
1252:
933:
812:
743:
Unlike passing off, registration doesn't require market reputation, although it does require actual use.
695:
606:
Prior to June 17, 2019, a duly registered trademark was valid for fifteen years and could be renewed in
565:
marks that are "clearly descriptive" or "deceptively misdescriptive" of the associated wares or services
340:
183:
106:
96:
2516:
2448:
2402:
2345:
2299:
2194:
2069:
888:
874:
862:
2618:
2453:
2219:
1941:
1845:
1704:
1692:
1672:
218:
178:
161:
141:
2680:
2675:
2501:
2438:
2164:
1454:
1134:: Notice of registration; display with mark; recovery of profits and damages in infringement suit
1437:
George A. Akerlof (1970). "The Market for "Lemons": Quality
Uncertainty and Market Mechanism".
2496:
2169:
1634:
1301:
992:
101:
2623:
2506:
2279:
2059:
2037:
1446:
939:
700:
allegations and meet their onus of satisfying the registrar that registration is warranted.
1172:
1079:
1019:
2695:
2690:
2521:
2511:
2284:
2244:
2086:
2074:
2047:
2032:
2003:
1784:
1764:
1061:
642:
263:
2443:
2239:
2224:
2184:
2042:
1927:
1749:
840:
469:
327:
1255:
2744:
2229:
1795:
1574:
944:
892:
521:
The primary means of protecting registered trademarks is through an action under the
336:
283:
36:
28:
2407:
800:
search goods (consumers immediately know the quality of the products before buying)
1131:
1525:
2412:
2174:
348:
2468:
607:
473:
332:
2249:
2145:
1530:
803:
experience goods (consumers know the quality of the product by consuming it)
654:
536:
the existence of goodwill or reputation within an identifiable market area,
736:
misrepresentation, while registration actually sees marks as commodities.
2422:
746:
Registration covers Canada as a whole, while passing off is merely local.
1458:
964:"Beyond Search Costs: The Linguistic and Trust Functions of Trademarks"
843:
due to the fact that customers can't tell the products apart anymore.
2542:
878:
1450:
551:
A mark must be registrable in order to be fully protected under the
381:
The Act gives the following definition for the scope of trademarks:
542:
the misrepresentation could potentially or actually did cause harm.
2537:
589:
International
Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
2547:
2114:
661:(CIPO), NUANS, and possibly US registers are standard practice.
461:
2118:
1799:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1211:
Greystone
Capital Management Inc. v. Greystone Properties Ltd.
445:
Trademark law appears to be divided in two types of purposes:
35:
562:
marks that can produce confusion with another vendor's mark
1349:
Oxford
Pendaflex Canada Ltd. v. Korr Marketing Ltd. et al.
347:
or can alternately be protected by a common law action in
989:
Intellectual
Property Law: Copyright, Patents, Trademarks
529:
also codifies the tort of passing off into federal law.
1470:
1468:
559:
marks that are "primarily merely" a name or family name
1189:(Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition §9 (1995))
865:, 3 SCR 302 (17 November 2005) (the "Lego case")
731:
Differences between registered and unregistered marks
641:
Trademark owners typically retain the services of a
610:. On June 17, 2019, amendments to section 46 of the
2668:
2632:
2606:
2560:
2530:
2487:
2431:
2393:
2384:
2313:
2267:
2152:
1991:
1965:
1919:
1869:
1833:
1763:
1718:
1648:
1607:
1581:
885:Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin v. Boutiques Cliquot Ltée
460:The Supreme Court of Canada has emasized that the
377:Statutory definition of trademarks in Canadian law
325:provides protection to marks by statute under the
1333:Breck's Sporting Goods Co. Ltd. v. Magder et al.
796:There are three classes or attributes of goods:
723:. Decisions of the Board can be appealed to the
1292:Teresa Scassa (2010). "Ch. 7: Section 7 of the
715:Once the statement of opposition is filed, the
418:
383:
2305:Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy
2130:
1811:
1559:
628:may expunge the trademark from the register.
568:any government, royal, or international marks
303:
8:
1107:
1105:
2390:
2137:
2123:
2115:
1818:
1804:
1796:
1566:
1552:
1544:
1531:
1142:
1140:
310:
296:
15:
1150:. Bereskin & Parr LLP. Archived from
991:(2nd ed.). Toronto: Irwin Law Inc.
950:World Intellectual Property Organization
1011:
27:
823:Relationship between the two functions
1877:Canadian Intellectual Property Office
1526:Trademarks Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. T-13)
1388:
1376:
1364:
1279:
1230:
1112:Ciba-Geigy Canada Ltd. v. Apotex Inc.
1048:
1036:
911:Canadian Intellectual Property Office
891:, 1 SCR 824 (2 June 2006) (the "
877:, 1 SCR 772 (2 June 2006) (the "
659:Canadian Intellectual Property Office
637:Trademark agents, selection, searches
7:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1148:"Use of Trademark Notices in Canada"
704:Oppositions to proposed registration
573:Advantages of trademark registration
495:Trademarks and intellectual property
360:The scope of Canadian trademarks law
2573:International Trademark Association
968:Brigham Young University Law Review
906:Intellectual property law in Canada
870:Mattel, Inc. v. 3894207 Canada Inc.
2756:Canadian intellectual property law
1827:Canadian intellectual property law
1439:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1339:, 1 SCR 527 (28 January 1975)
1300:. Markham: LexisNexis. Section 1.
1118:, 3 SCR 120 (29 October 1992)
501:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
1956:Integrated Circuit Topography Act
858:Kirkbi AG v. Ritvik Holdings Inc.
409:Kirkbi AG v. Ritvik Holdings Inc.
2258:
775:Economic functions of trademarks
277:
2593:Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt
2479:Protected designation of origin
1861:Integrated circuit topographies
1355:, 1 SCR 494 (5 April 1982)
1321:Blades Enterprises v. Thibeault
577:According to section 19 of the
1296:and the Tort of Passing Off".
1221:(British Columbia, Canada)
771:, which is more constraining.
710:Opposition proceeding (Canada)
684:Opposition proceeding (Canada)
487:Courts, when interpreting the
395:(c) a distinguishing guise, or
1:
2624:Unregistered trademark symbol
2459:Electronic registration marks
441:The purpose of trademarks law
758:misrepresentation is proved.
468:was intended to protect the
2614:Registered trademark symbol
1899:Trademarks Opposition Board
916:Trademarks Opposition Board
721:Trademarks Opposition Board
517:Passing off in Canadian law
2772:
2205:Initial interest confusion
707:
681:
599:
514:
2709:
2256:
2092:Patent Cooperation Treaty
1911:Copyright Board of Canada
1778:Law School Admission Test
1541:
1536:Links to related articles
739:Other differences exist:
257:Law School Admission Test
1678:Immigration and refugees
1323:, (1975) 65 DLR (3d) 378
1024:(R.S.C., 1985, c. T-13)"
678:Post-eligibility process
632:The registration process
596:Duration and termination
398:(d) a proposed trademark
392:(b) a certification mark
147:Immigration and refugees
2474:Geographical indication
1892:Registrar of Trademarks
1887:Commissioner of Patents
1882:Chief Executive Officer
783:The linguistic function
725:Federal Court of Canada
665:Application to register
626:Registrar of Trademarks
414:Supreme Court of Canada
2751:Canadian trademark law
2714:Category:Trademark law
2701:World Trademark Review
2686:Trademark infringement
2418:Unregistered trademark
2200:Functionality doctrine
1668:Civil and human rights
1298:Canadian Trademark Law
926:Section 45 proceedings
921:Opposition proceedings
719:are determined by the
547:Trademark registration
423:
401:
323:Canadian trademark law
137:Civil and human rights
40:
2449:Collective trademarks
2235:Reputation parasitism
2190:Coexistence agreement
1999:Intellectual Property
1949:Industrial Design Act
1705:Labour and employment
1683:Intellectual property
1513:, pp. 1567–1568.
1489:, pp. 1565–1566.
1427:, pp. 1560–1561.
1217: (1 March 1999),
987:Vaver, David (2011).
602:Section 45 proceeding
179:Labour and employment
152:Intellectual property
39:
2454:Defensive trademarks
2403:Registered trademark
2300:Community Trade Mark
2250:Well-known trademark
2195:Confusing similarity
2097:Strasbourg Agreement
2070:Marrakesh VIP Treaty
2660:Washington Redskins
2619:Service mark symbol
2502:Hologram trademarks
2439:Certification marks
2220:Secondary liability
2210:Good faith doctrine
1904:Patent Appeal Board
1870:Government agencies
1599:Provincial statutes
1379:, pp. 434–435.
1244:The Trademark Cases
962:Ariel Katz (2010).
385:"trademark" means:
64:Provincial statutes
2681:Trademark examiner
2676:Trademark attorney
2016:Industrial Designs
1856:Industrial designs
934:Trademarks Journal
792:The trust function
696:Trademarks Journal
693:advertised in the
669:Section 16 of the
41:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2724:WP:MOS/Trademarks
2556:
2555:
2507:Motion trademarks
2497:Colour trademarks
2170:Generic trademark
2112:
2111:
1793:
1792:
998:978-1-55221-209-7
813:market for lemons
499:According to the
320:
319:
284:Canada portal
2763:
2522:Sound trademarks
2517:Shape trademarks
2512:Scent trademarks
2489:Non-conventional
2391:
2295:Singapore Treaty
2280:Madrid Agreement
2275:Paris Convention
2262:
2261:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2060:Berne Convention
2038:Singapore Treaty
2009:Paris Convention
1834:Protected rights
1820:
1813:
1806:
1797:
1745:Courts of Appeal
1594:Federal statutes
1568:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1532:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1346:
1340:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1307:978-0-43345202-7
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1215:1999 CanLII 5690
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1144:
1135:
1125:
1119:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1002:
983:
981:
979:
940:Trademark symbol
312:
305:
298:
282:
281:
280:
224:Courts of Appeal
59:Federal statutes
16:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2705:
2696:Trademark troll
2691:Trademark share
2664:
2628:
2602:
2552:
2526:
2483:
2444:Chartered marks
2427:
2380:
2309:
2285:Madrid Protocol
2263:
2259:
2254:
2245:Parallel import
2160:Distinctiveness
2148:
2143:
2113:
2108:
2102:UPOV Convention
2087:Budapest Treaty
2075:WIPO Convention
2065:Rome Convention
2048:WIPO Convention
2033:Madrid Protocol
2021:Hague Agreement
2004:TRIPS Agreement
1987:
1961:
1915:
1865:
1829:
1824:
1794:
1789:
1785:Call to the bar
1759:
1750:Superior Courts
1714:
1644:
1603:
1577:
1572:
1537:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1501:, p. 1570.
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:, p. 1561.
1473:
1466:
1451:10.2307/1879431
1436:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:, p. 1563.
1411:
1407:
1403:, p. 1555.
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1347:
1343:
1337:1975 CanLII 213
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
999:
986:
977:
975:
961:
958:
956:Further reading
902:
853:
825:
794:
788:the consumers.
785:
777:
733:
712:
706:
686:
680:
667:
643:trademark agent
639:
634:
604:
598:
575:
549:
519:
513:
497:
443:
379:
362:
357:
316:
278:
276:
269:
268:
264:Call to the bar
247:
239:
238:
229:Superior Courts
199:
189:
188:
120:
112:
111:
77:
69:
68:
49:
12:
11:
5:
2769:
2767:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2645:Debian–Mozilla
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2464:Font trademark
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2371:United Kingdom
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2336:European Union
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2240:Cybersquatting
2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:Nominative use
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Priority right
2182:
2180:Concurrent use
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2043:Nice Agreement
2040:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1928:Trademarks Act
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1769:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:Administrative
1617:
1615:Constitutional
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1520:External links
1518:
1516:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1464:
1445:(3): 488–500.
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1391:, p. 436.
1381:
1369:
1367:, p. 434.
1357:
1353:1982 CanLII 45
1341:
1325:
1313:
1306:
1294:Trademarks Act
1284:
1282:, p. 424.
1272:
1260:
1235:
1233:, p. 425.
1223:
1203:
1191:
1182:
1175:Trademarks Act
1164:
1136:
1128:15 U.S.C.
1120:
1116:1992 CanLII 33
1101:
1089:
1082:Trademarks Act
1071:
1064:Trademarks Act
1053:
1051:, p. 430.
1041:
1039:, p. 429.
1029:
1022:Trademarks Act
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
997:
984:
974:(5): 1555–1608
957:
954:
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
930:
929:
928:
923:
913:
908:
901:
898:
897:
896:
882:
866:
852:
849:
841:market failure
824:
821:
808:
807:
804:
801:
793:
790:
784:
781:
776:
773:
760:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:
732:
729:
708:Main article:
705:
702:
682:Main article:
679:
676:
666:
663:
638:
635:
633:
630:
612:Trademarks Act
600:Main article:
597:
594:
574:
571:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
553:Trademarks Act
548:
545:
544:
543:
540:
537:
527:Trademarks Act
523:Trademarks Act
515:Main article:
512:
509:
496:
493:
482:Trademarks Act
470:property right
458:
457:
456:
455:
452:
442:
439:
400:
399:
396:
393:
390:
378:
375:
361:
358:
356:
353:
328:Trademarks Act
318:
317:
315:
314:
307:
300:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
271:
270:
267:
266:
261:
260:
259:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
200:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
181:
176:
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
149:
144:
139:
134:
133:
132:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
87:Administrative
84:
82:Constitutional
78:
75:
74:
71:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
50:
47:
46:
43:
42:
32:
31:
25:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2768:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2376:United States
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Disparagement
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:Trademark law
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1935:Copyright Act
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1733:Federal Court
1731:
1729:
1728:Supreme Court
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:Supreme Court
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1165:
1154:on 2014-01-02
1153:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
990:
985:
973:
969:
965:
960:
959:
955:
951:
948:
946:
945:Official mark
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:
931:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
899:
894:
893:Veuve Cliquot
890:
886:
883:
880:
876:
872:
871:
867:
864:
860:
859:
855:
854:
850:
848:
844:
842:
837:
833:
829:
822:
820:
816:
814:
805:
802:
799:
798:
797:
791:
789:
782:
780:
774:
772:
770:
766:
756:
752:
748:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
711:
703:
701:
698:
697:
691:
685:
677:
675:
672:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
647:
644:
636:
631:
629:
627:
622:
618:
613:
609:
603:
595:
593:
591:
590:
583:
580:
572:
567:
564:
561:
558:
557:
556:
554:
546:
541:
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
528:
524:
518:
510:
508:
504:
502:
494:
492:
490:
485:
483:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
453:
450:
449:
448:
447:
446:
440:
438:
434:
432:
427:
422:
417:
415:
411:
410:
404:
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
386:
382:
376:
374:
370:
366:
359:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:Trademark law
334:
330:
329:
324:
313:
308:
306:
301:
299:
294:
293:
291:
290:
285:
275:
274:
273:
272:
265:
262:
258:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
243:
242:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:Federal Court
207:
205:
204:Supreme Court
202:
201:
198:
193:
192:
185:
182:
180:
177:
173:
172:Trade secrets
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
116:
115:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
73:
72:
65:
62:
60:
57:
55:
52:
51:
45:
44:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
18:
17:
2432:Non-standard
2408:Service mark
2325:
2081:
2054:
2027:
2015:
1998:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1850:
1697:
1589:Constitution
1575:Canadian law
1506:
1494:
1482:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1344:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1258: (1879).
1242:
1238:
1226:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1174:
1167:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1123:
1111:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1074:
1063:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1021:
1014:
988:
976:. Retrieved
971:
967:
932:
884:
868:
856:
845:
838:
834:
830:
826:
817:
809:
795:
786:
778:
768:
764:
761:
738:
734:
713:
694:
687:
670:
668:
650:
648:
640:
616:
611:
605:
587:
584:
578:
576:
552:
550:
531:
526:
522:
520:
505:
498:
488:
486:
481:
478:
459:
444:
435:
430:
425:
424:
419:
407:
405:
402:
384:
380:
371:
367:
363:
344:
331:and also at
326:
322:
321:
214:Appeal Court
166:
54:Constitution
29:Canadian law
2650:Stolichnaya
2469:Ghost marks
2413:Trade dress
2366:Philippines
2175:Passing off
1920:Legislation
1649:Other areas
1177:, s. 50(2)"
1132:§ 1111
889:2006 SCC 23
875:2006 SCC 22
863:2005 SCC 65
717:proceedings
619:permit the
511:Passing off
466:passing off
349:passing off
252:Law schools
119:Other areas
2745:Categories
2028:Trademarks
1983:Trademarks
1942:Patent Act
1851:Trademarks
1773:Law school
1755:Provincial
1661:Indigenous
1656:Aboriginal
1608:Core areas
1389:Vaver 2011
1377:Vaver 2011
1365:Vaver 2011
1280:Vaver 2011
1231:Vaver 2011
1158:2014-01-02
1049:Vaver 2011
1037:Vaver 2011
1007:References
608:perpetuity
474:plaintiffs
431:Ciba-Geigy
416:declared:
333:common law
234:Provincial
130:Indigenous
125:Aboriginal
76:Core areas
2719:Case laws
2655:Ugg boots
2640:Budweiser
2341:Hong Kong
2321:Australia
2055:Copyright
1973:Copyright
1841:Copyright
1765:Education
1698:Trademark
1688:Copyright
1511:Katz 2010
1499:Katz 2010
1487:Katz 2010
1475:Katz 2010
1425:Katz 2010
1413:Katz 2010
1401:Katz 2010
1270:, par. 21
1099:, par. 43
690:registrar
655:obscenity
621:registrar
246:Education
219:Tax Court
167:Trademark
157:Copyright
2633:Disputes
2423:Wordmark
2395:Standard
2268:Treaties
2215:Fair use
2165:Dilution
2153:Concepts
1992:Treaties
1710:Maritime
1640:Property
1630:Contract
1625:Criminal
1201:, par. 2
1084:, s. 13"
978:March 8,
900:See also
851:Case Law
750:account.
355:Overview
341:goodwill
184:Maritime
107:Property
97:Contract
92:Criminal
21:a series
19:Part of
2669:Related
2607:Symbols
2531:Related
2351:Ireland
2314:Country
2082:Patents
1978:Patents
1846:Patents
1582:Sources
1459:1879431
1351:,
1335:,
1213:,
1114:,
1066:, s. 2"
887:,
873:,
861:,
48:Sources
2561:Bodies
2543:Emblem
2326:Canada
1738:Appeal
1720:Courts
1693:Patent
1673:Family
1457:
1304:
1268:Mattel
1199:Mattel
1130:
1097:Kirkbi
995:
895:case")
881:case")
879:Barbie
426:Kirkbi
412:, the
197:Courts
162:Patent
142:Family
2588:ICANN
2583:USPTO
2578:EUIPO
2538:Brand
2386:Types
2356:Japan
2346:India
2331:China
2290:TRIPS
1966:Cases
1455:JSTOR
1251:
754:mark.
472:that
2598:CIPO
2568:WIPO
2548:Logo
2361:Oman
1635:Tort
1302:ISBN
1253:U.S.
993:ISBN
980:2011
972:2010
688:The
649:The
462:tort
102:Tort
1447:doi
1249:100
769:Act
765:Act
671:Act
651:Act
617:Act
579:Act
489:Act
464:of
345:Act
2747::
1467:^
1453:.
1443:84
1441:.
1256:82
1247:,
1139:^
1104:^
970:.
966:.
727:.
592:.
484:.
351:.
335:.
23:on
2138:e
2131:t
2124:v
1819:e
1812:t
1805:v
1567:e
1560:t
1553:v
1461:.
1449::
1310:.
1179:.
1173:"
1161:.
1086:.
1080:"
1068:.
1062:"
1026:.
1020:"
1001:.
982:.
311:e
304:t
297:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
