421:
592:
201:
75:
623:
655:
695:
671:
639:
63:
611:
244:
20:
440:, with a sloping site, the "first big commission" of London and Wise, the effect of a canal was achieved by a series of connected pieces of water of different sizes and shapes running parallel to the main garden facade (in fact at the side) quite near the house. These ran under several bridges of different sizes, and down cascades, so that a walk in the garden is little impeded. Various other arrangements are found, some dictated by the site, or the reuse of a pre-existing feature such as a moat. Some houses had more than one canal, typically parallel, as at
711:
2268:
464:
355:
2280:
535:, the two leading diarists of the day, saw it on the "new canal" there on 1 December 1662, the first time Pepys had ever seen it ("a very pretty art"). Then it was "performed before their Majesties and others, by diverse gentlemen and others, with scheets after the manner of the Hollanders". Two weeks later, on 15 December 1662, Pepys accompanied the Duke of York, later King
2304:
2292:
381:, a vocal enthusiast for the new English landscape garden style, thought the Wrest Park gardens "very ugly in the old-fashioned manner with high hedges and canals", and few new canals were being constructed (one excavated in 1759 is mentioned as exceptionally late). Many were converted to more natural-seeming shapes; for example the canal at
327:, published in London in 1709 and later in an expanded French edition, shows many leading houses and their gardens at a point near the peak of the trend, which really "took hold" in the 1690s. They must sometimes be treated with a certain caution, as showing what was planned rather than what had actually been constructed. King
265:, and the large "Long Canal" (now usually "Long Water") at Hampton Court; the "first long canals to be built in England". Of these, the very long and thin canal (775-metre by 38-metre, or 850 by 42-yards) in St James's was later expanded and remodelled into the current lake, with some filled in to allow for an expansion of
118:
the next largest groups (10 or 11 each) those with ratios of 1 to 5, and then 10 to 15. Most were between 50 and 100 metres long, but two were 460 and 300 metres. A few use a tapering shape to give (from one end) an impression of being longer than they actually are. Some had or have islands, others cascades into them.
435:
The classic placement of a canal was at right-angles to the centre of the garden front (normally the rear), allowing uninterrupted views to and from the house. This was followed at
Versailles, Hampton Court, Wrest Park and most other houses. Some canals were at right angles to the facade, but offset
117:
or "mere ponds"; "Amazingly, in view of the received wisdom about the scarcity of surviving canals nationally, a high proportion of these are still recognisable and water-filled". Analysis of the proportions of these showed that nearly half were between 5 and 10 times as long as they were wide, with
121:
Apart from being a highly prestigious, because expensive, ornament to a garden, and a pleasant place to walk, canals had some practical uses. A large stock of water near the house may have been useful for watering the garden and other household purposes; some houses had special "dipping pools" for
130:
in 1717, when he was in "imminent danger from being some time under water in my new-made canal here, with the boate (out of which I fell topsy-turvy) driven by the wind over my head". He may have been fishing with a rod, by now a popular leisure activity. Louis XIV famously staged mock naval
455:
the far end had a curving bulge at one side only, and at
Westbury Court there is a T-shaped canal. At Hampton Court Charles II's Long Canal was expanded by William III, at the palace end, with much narrower curved branches, with bridges, running round the outside of the semi-circle of
591:
654:
223:
of 1660, when
Charles II and his loyal courtiers returned from an exile mostly spent in the Netherlands, or in France. Although not especially interested in gardens, Charles asked Louis XIV to allow him to borrow his chief gardener and landscaper,
670:
420:
122:
the gardeners and servants to take water from. Many canals were stocked with fish, and they attracted edible waterfowl, who could nest safely if there was an island. Boats of an appropriate size could be taken out, and the
563:
at
Versailles remained exceptional in its size, and as a metaphor for Louis XIV's power. As part of this, a flotilla of naval and pleasure craft was planned for it from the time of construction. These came to include 14
694:
622:
610:
502:
was used as it passed through the grounds, including "canalizing" it in two straightened sections. There is no attempt to create an axis relative to the house, or indeed among the elements of water. The
151:
Connections to the very long history of long and thin formal water features in gardens elsewhere have not been clearly demonstrated. Setting ancient gardens aside, these have been a strong feature of the
526:
on metal skates seems to have arrived in
England at the same time as the garden canal, with the English Restoration in 1660. In London St James's Park was the main centre until the 19th century. Both
408:
are an early example of this, constructed in 1833 when the park was still a large private garden. The canal is still long, at 350 feet (107 m) by 34 feet (10 m). The "Jellicoe Canal" at the
580:
and sailing ships. Various of these took part in staged mock-battles. By the 1670s buildings had been built to house the 260 men working on the flotilla, who at times included enslaved "Moors".
200:
638:
539:, on a skating outing: "To the Duke, and followed him in the Park, when, though the ice was broken, he would go slide upon his skates, which I did not like; but he slides very well." In 1711
59:
which is landscaped. Usually it appears to be enclosed, though in fact water passes in and out by channels below the surface. The edges are often walled, and the water relatively shallow.
74:
55:
or lake by its shape, and typically falls somewhere between the two in area. It might be wholly artificial, created by diverting and damming a stream, or based around a natural
1236:
2308:
1079:. Larwood notes that "the London boys" had improvised butcher's bones as skates since the 12th century. Rosamund's Pond was also in St James's Park, see pp. 85 (map), 87.
1916:
710:
1342:
94:
style of the later 17th century, especially from about 1690 to 1720, though this has been challenged in recent years. There was also a tradition of canals in the
86:, 1662–68, seen from the far end, with the palace in the distance. This main branch is 1585 metres long and 122 wide. The cross-branches disappear behind trees.
370:
A number of more regular serpentine canals were dug "from the late 1720s", following a fashion established for garden paths and walks some years before. One at
749:
Martin, 213: "These canals were not the waterways used by commercial barges, but were long and thin ponds that were decorative features in formal gardens"
436:
to one side, and others parallel to the facade. This cut off the house from the garden beyond the canal unless there were bridges, which were rare. At
343:
on the three sides away from the palace, which remains. Generally, leaders in taste began moving away from very formal garden designs in the 1720s.
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62:
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in London, a royal project of the 1730s, was one of the earliest artificial lakes designed to appear natural, with an irregular curving shape.
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240:
and his brother Claude came instead. André Mollet had worked for both of
Charles' parents, and had paid visits to England since the 1620s.
1222:
301:
212:
1076:
325:
Britannia
Illustrata, or Views of Several of the Queens Palaces also of the Principal Seats of the Nobility and Gentry of Great Britain
243:
1038:
451:, though of greatly varying proportions, but there were some deviations, though very few shapes as complicated as at Versailles. At
1590:
1209:
19:
123:
988:
188:(d. 1584). The medieval garden in England, as elsewhere in Europe, had a long tradition of moats, fishponds, and "decorative
2330:
1147:
43:
is a relatively large piece of water that has a very regular shape, usually long, thin and rectangular. The peak period for
1008:
385:
in
Suffolk was described as "new" in 1698, but in 1795 was filled in to create a larger lake, crossing it at right angles.
1043:
185:
400:, rather than being flanked by regular avenues of trees, as the larger original ones often were. The "Canal Gardens" at
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1315:
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was the 17th and 18th centuries, by the end of which less formal water features were in favour, in the style of the
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1300:
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1960:
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328:
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In the next century there was a revival in more formal gardens, with the influential garden designer and writer
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48:
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1970:
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in 1699. William III was interested in gardening, and is usually credited with adding to the influence of
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1980:
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a significant figure. Shorter and fatter canals began to be built, often featuring the many varieties of
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1759:
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Monument record CUL 035 – Post
Medieval garden canal, part of a large formal garden around Culford Hall.
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103:
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24:
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547:: "Delicate walking weather; and the Canal and Rosamund's Pond full of the rabble and with skates,
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2020:
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332:
251:
67:
296:, where the "Long Water", "Broad Water" and "Ladies Lake" have managed to survive a makeover by
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2015:
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717:
685:
409:
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277:. The Hampton Court one remains intact, with a narrow semi-circle added at the palace end by
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Added some 20 years after the Main Canal. There was also a further canal, now gone. See
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that were available by then. They tended to be placed as the centre of a thickly-planted
237:
27:, now restored to its putative state in about 1720. It is 137 metres (449 ft) long.
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173:
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136:
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431:, 1719, lined by avenues of young trees, with a bulging rounded end forming a "bason".
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1310:
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401:
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359:
161:
56:
946:
205:
View of the Canal in St. James's Park, the Queen's House etc., taken from the Parade
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1985:
1965:
1933:
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1499:
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393:
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293:
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515:, created for the palace's canals, made in 1709-15, and recently partly restored.
184:
by 1609. Numerous others can be seen in the prints of great houses in France by
113:
found evidence of 56 in the county, some previously thought to be fragments of a
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262:
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before 1629, but the
English history of the garden canal really begins with the
189:
140:
36:
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in particular. Permission was given, but Le Nôtre never made the journey, and
1794:
1677:
1612:
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1173:, C. Harper-Bill, C. Rawcliffe and R.G.. Wilson (eds.), 2002, Boydell Press,
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165:
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of his new "Great Fountain Garden", and then parallel to the palace facade.
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448:
428:
1090:
The Sun King at Sea: Maritime Art and Galley Slavery in Louis XIV's France
616:
Swans on William III's curving extension of the Hampton Court "Long Canal"
2100:
2027:
1955:
1692:
1567:
1357:
701:
457:
437:
169:
66:
One of a pair of matching canals, c. 1710, framing the entrance drive of
2209:
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1672:
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424:
340:
323:'s aerial perspective views in various prints and books culminating in
316:
110:
949:, Suffolk Heritage Explorer, Suffolk Historic Environment Record data.
1901:
1894:
1889:
1305:
577:
576:, small rowing boats, and reduced-sized warships, both oar-powered
1990:
462:
419:
405:
363:
353:
242:
199:
106:, made in 1662–68, the main branch 1585 metres long and 122 wide.
73:
61:
18:
1009:"AISLABIE, John (1670-1742), of Studley Royal, nr. Ripon, Yorks."
335:, had excavated a long thin canal running around the edge of the
90:
Traditionally, in England the canal has been associated with the
1911:
1526:
114:
52:
1218:
412:, with a large collection of water-lilies, dates to the 1970s.
1839:
511:, opposite Hampton Court Palace, was another scheme using the
180:, not far from Paris, in the 16th century, and at the nearby
498:
do not include a canal on a strict definition, as the small
1013:
The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1715-1754
875:
Jacques, 31, although he generally defends their accuracy
250:
seen in the distance from the end of the "Long Water" in
1171:
East Anglian History: Studies in Honour of Norman Scarfe
257:
The Mollets were responsible for a canal in what is now
1157:
Gardens of Court and Country: English Design 1630-1730
600:, the Hampton Court "Long Canal" when new, c. 1665,
288:
Others soon followed the royal lead, for example at
2182:
2119:
2086:
1848:
1391:
1256:
989:
the entry on the National Heritage List for England
143:during the winter, as well as swimming in summer.
664:, lying parallel to the "main canal" shown above.
978:Quest-Ritson, 84–85 (84 quoted); Martin, 224–226
568:, some built on site and others presented (with
308:, the leading English designers of the day, for
176:, is famous. In France, there were examples at
1169:Martin, Edward, "Garden Canals in Suffolk", in
490:, retreated in disgrace (after a period in the
700:Extravagant waterworks at Vaeshartelt Castle,
543:still thinks the sport might be unfamiliar to
1230:
300:in the 18th century. Wrest Park was done by
8:
2106:List of organic gardening and farming topics
135:at Versailles. Canals were made during the
1237:
1223:
1215:
1039:"Baroque water garden opens in Bushy Park"
98:style, culminating in the huge four-armed
958:Martin, 215, 221; Hobhouse, 229–233, 238
897:. The Royal Parks. 2007. Archived from
731:
688:, mother of George I, round three sides
587:
211:A "canal-like feature" was created for
1088:Martin, Meredith, and Weiss, Gillian,
660:The junction of the T-shaped canal at
70:; the other is out of sight at right.
51:. It is distinguished from a garden
7:
2291:
1188:The English Garden: A Social History
767:Martin, 214–215; Quest-Ritson, 79–83
2303:
1092:, 89–94, 2022, Getty Publications,
555:The Versailles Grand Canal flotilla
213:Baptist Hicks, 1st Viscount Campden
467:Section of the canalized river at
14:
164:. The very small example in the
102:that dominates the bottom of the
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2290:
2279:
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1037:Chris Wickham (7 October 2009).
848:Quest-Ritson, 80–82; Martin, 215
709:
693:
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637:
621:
609:
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1159:, 2017, Yale University Press,
1015:, History of Parliament website
16:Formal water feature in gardens
1026:National Trust map of the site
884:Quest-Ritson, 112–115, 121–122
839:Quest-Ritson, 79–80, 80 quoted
160:generally, with some found in
109:A detailed study of canals in
1:
1073:The Story of the London Parks
1044:Richmond and Twickenham Times
895:"Hyde Park: Park of Pleasure"
739:National Trust "History" page
186:Jacques I Androuet du Cerceau
310:Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent
2137:Index of pesticide articles
484:Chancellor of the Exchequer
374:was so adapted in 1736-37.
269:. This was mostly done by
2357:
1281:Climate-friendly gardening
1204:, 2009, Haus Publishing,
1075:, 118–119, 1872, Hotwood,
447:Most canals were strictly
232:and the planned palace at
228:, apparently to advise on
2260:
2157:Plant disease forecasting
2111:Vegan organic agriculture
1961:Genetically modified tree
505:Upper Lodge Water Gardens
366:, 1833, an early revival.
1142:, 2004, Pavilion Books,
1140:Plants in Garden History
716:"Jellicoe Canal" at the
549:if you know what that is
49:English landscape garden
785:Martin, graph on p. 221
182:Palace of Fontainebleau
2096:Biodynamic agriculture
2033:Postharvest physiology
1981:Landscape architecture
1678:Indonesian home garden
704:, Netherlands, c 1860.
471:
432:
367:
254:
208:
87:
71:
28:
2331:Garden design history
1343:Historic conservation
1184:Quest-Ritson, Charles
968:RHS: "Jellicoe Canal"
937:Quest-Ritson, 121–122
662:Westbury Court Garden
632:, Bedfordshire, 1700s
466:
423:
357:
246:
203:
104:Gardens of Versailles
84:Gardens of Versailles
77:
65:
25:Westbury Court Garden
22:
2273:Gardening portal
2172:Aquamog weed remover
2147:List of insecticides
1106:Hampton Court Palace
901:on 11 September 2007
678:Herrenhausen Gardens
478:in Yorkshire, where
416:Placement and shapes
390:John Claudius Loudon
337:Herrenhausen Gardens
315:The Dutch engravers
267:Horse Guard's Parade
248:Hampton Court Palace
230:Hampton Court Palace
96:French formal garden
33:history of gardening
23:The "Main Canal" at
928:Quoted, Martin, 215
866:Martin, 215, quoted
857:Quest-Ritson, 82–89
830:Quest-Ritson, 79–80
358:The Canal Gardens,
331:, while still only
221:English Restoration
2142:List of fungicides
1907:Companion planting
1202:The English Garden
1200:Trotha, Hans von,
1136:Hobhouse, Penelope
598:Hendrick Danckerts
574:Republic of Venice
472:
444:, but not always.
433:
368:
333:Elector of Hanover
255:
252:Hampton Court Park
209:
126:nearly drowned at
88:
72:
68:Stonyhurst College
29:
2318:
2317:
2190:Community orchard
2016:drought tolerance
1196:978-0-14-029502-3
1190:, 2003, Penguin,
1179:978-0-85115-878-5
1165:978-0-300-22201-2
718:RHS Garden Wisley
686:Sophia of Hanover
494:), the extensive
410:RHS Garden Wisley
275:the Prince Regent
273:in the 1820s for
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2247:Plant collecting
2183:Related articles
2120:Plant protection
1301:French intensive
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1216:
1123:
1122:Quest-Ritson, 82
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1112:Royal Collection
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1069:St. James's Park
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999:Quest-Ritson, 89
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919:Jacques, 333-334
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602:Royal Collection
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488:South Sea Bubble
304:and his partner
298:Capability Brown
217:Chipping Campden
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2237:Lists of plants
2232:List of gardens
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644:"Ladies Lake",
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259:St James's Park
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178:Fleury-en-Bière
158:Islamic gardens
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131:battles on the
124:Earl of Bristol
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2006:free-flowering
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1323:Groundskeeping
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1316:computer-aided
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1153:Jacques, David
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1065:Larwood, Jacob
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628:"Long Water",
627:
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589:
585:
582:
556:
553:
541:Jonathan Swift
520:
517:
513:Longford River
417:
414:
379:Horace Walpole
372:Longleat House
345:The Serpentine
321:Leonard Knijff
312:in the 1700s.
226:André Le Nôtre
197:
194:
174:Granada, Spain
168:, part of the
154:Persian garden
148:
145:
139:, and allowed
137:Little Ice Age
128:Ickworth House
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2353:
2342:
2341:Water gardens
2339:
2337:
2336:Garden design
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2222:Garden centre
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2200:Floral design
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2066:reforestation
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
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1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Intercropping
1974:
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1935:
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1918:
1917:most valuable
1915:
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1910:
1908:
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1896:
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1885:Arboriculture
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1478:Garden square
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1408:Ancient Egypt
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546:
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516:
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510:
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501:
497:
496:water gardens
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:John Aislabie
477:
476:Studley Royal
470:
469:Studley Royal
465:
461:
459:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
430:
426:
422:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
402:Roundhay Park
399:
398:flower garden
395:
391:
386:
384:
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375:
373:
365:
361:
360:Roundhay Park
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
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326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
302:George London
299:
295:
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283:Dutch gardens
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162:Islamic Spain
159:
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119:
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107:
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97:
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85:
81:
76:
69:
64:
60:
58:
57:water feature
54:
50:
46:
45:garden canals
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2264:
2167:Weed control
2056:horticulture
1986:Olericulture
1966:Hydroculture
1956:Fruticulture
1934:Floriculture
1863:Permaculture
1850:Horticulture
1246:Horticulture
1201:
1187:
1170:
1156:
1139:
1118:
1105:
1100:
1094:google books
1089:
1084:
1077:google books
1072:
1071:, Vol. 2 of
1068:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1042:
1032:
1020:
1012:
1004:
995:
983:
974:
963:
954:
942:
933:
924:
915:
903:. Retrieved
899:the original
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
772:
763:
754:
745:
734:
560:
558:
548:
545:his "Stella"
529:Samuel Pepys
522:
473:
446:
434:
394:water-lilies
387:
383:Culford Park
376:
369:
324:
314:
294:Bedfordshire
287:
285:on England.
256:
238:André Mollet
210:
204:
150:
132:
120:
108:
99:
92:Dutch garden
89:
79:
44:
40:
30:
2309:WikiProject
2078:Monoculture
2073:Viticulture
2051:agriculture
2011:propagation
1951:Hügelkultur
1873:sustainable
1858:Agriculture
1800:Therapeutic
1780:Shakespeare
1591:Renaissance
1383:Xeriscaping
1378:Sustainable
1373:Square foot
1363:Proplifting
1328:Garden tool
1296:Foodscaping
1108:, c.1665-67
905:5 September
812:Martin, 214
794:Martin, 221
776:Martin, 214
684:, canal by
561:Grand Canal
533:John Evelyn
524:Ice skating
500:River Skell
486:during the
279:William III
263:Westminster
141:ice skating
133:Grand Canal
100:Grand Canal
80:Grand Canal
37:landscaping
2325:Categories
1971:Indigenous
1868:stock-free
1840:Zoological
1720:Pollinator
1613:Greenhouse
1556:Sharawadgi
1544:Vietnamese
1505:East Asian
1413:Australian
1368:Raised bed
1333:Green wall
1148:1862056609
1130:References
646:Wrest Park
630:Wrest Park
570:gondoliers
509:Bushy Park
449:rectangles
442:Stonyhurst
306:Henry Wise
290:Wrest Park
166:Generalife
2242:Perennial
2205:Floristry
2152:Pesticide
2132:Herbicide
2127:Fungicide
2021:hardiness
1785:Shrubbery
1765:Sculpture
1586:landscape
1515:Cantonese
1490:Container
1485:Community
1453:Byzantine
1448:Butterfly
1438:Botanical
1338:Guerrilla
1286:Community
1276:Butterfly
1271:Arboretum
1266:Allotment
1258:Gardening
1250:gardening
572:) by the
458:parterres
453:Chevening
429:Chevening
377:By 1771,
349:Hyde Park
271:John Nash
234:Greenwich
2285:Category
2195:Features
2101:Grafting
2061:forestry
2043:Tropical
2028:Pomology
2001:cuttings
1996:breeding
1830:Wildlife
1810:Tropical
1760:Scottish
1710:Pleasure
1698:Paradise
1693:Charbagh
1663:Monastic
1658:Medieval
1568:Floating
1522:Japanese
1473:Communal
1463:Colonial
1428:Biblical
1393:Types of
1358:Parterre
1050:25 April
702:Meerssen
566:gondolas
537:James II
438:Longleat
339:outside
329:George I
170:Alhambra
2297:Commons
2210:Ikebana
2162:Pruning
2088:Organic
2038:Roguing
1924:Cutting
1815:Victory
1790:Spanish
1770:Sensory
1715:Prairie
1683:Persian
1673:Orchard
1638:Kitchen
1633:Keyhole
1628:Italian
1623:Islamic
1618:Hanging
1577:French
1563:Fernery
1551:English
1510:Chinese
1495:Cottage
1423:Baroque
1395:gardens
1348:History
1011:, from
720:, 1970s
682:Hanover
584:Gallery
578:galleys
519:Skating
425:Jan Kip
341:Hanover
319:'s and
317:Jan Kip
196:England
147:History
111:Suffolk
82:in the
31:In the
2047:Urban
1944:Taiwan
1939:Canada
1902:Botany
1895:Saikei
1890:Bonsai
1835:Winter
1820:Walled
1755:School
1750:Sacred
1705:Physic
1668:Mughal
1648:Market
1603:German
1581:formal
1573:Flower
1539:Korean
1458:Cactus
1443:Bottle
1403:Alpine
1353:Native
1306:Garden
1291:Forest
1208:
1194:
1177:
1163:
1146:
207:, 1771
1991:Plant
1929:Flora
1878:urban
1825:Water
1805:Trial
1775:Shade
1735:Roman
1608:Greek
1598:Front
1500:Dutch
1468:Color
726:Notes
492:Tower
406:Leeds
364:Leeds
190:meres
41:canal
1912:Crop
1745:Rose
1740:Roof
1730:Rock
1725:Rain
1688:Bāgh
1653:Mary
1643:Knot
1527:Roji
1418:Back
1248:and
1206:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1052:2011
907:2007
676:The
559:The
531:and
156:and
115:moat
78:The
53:pond
39:, a
35:and
1795:Tea
1532:Zen
1433:Bog
680:in
507:in
474:At
404:in
362:in
347:in
292:in
261:in
215:at
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
