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587:, resulting in communities being disproportionately exposed to toxic and hazardous waste based on race. Environmental racism can also be caused by several factors. These factors include intentional neglect, the alleged need for a receptacle for pollutants in urban areas, and a lack of institutional power and low land values of people of color. It is also a well-documented and well-known fact that communities of color and low-income communities are disproportionately impacted by polluting industries and lax regulation of these industries. 75% of Black Americans are reported to more likely live in communities dubbed as "fence-line", communities in close proximities to sites of pollution and industry. Over 1 million of Black Americans are reported to live within a half-mile radius of oil and gas wells.
33:
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Louisiana. The organization successfully defeated the construction of a $ 1.25 billion plastics manufacturing plant in 2019 and is currently fighting to prevent
Formosa Plastics from building a multibillion-dollar plant in the parish. Rise St. James is also committed to educating the community and those outside of the community about the chemicals they breathe in every day. The organization's website includes a "Chemical of the Month" page and provides information on a specific chemical and how much it is found in certain areas of Cancer Alley.
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the government's use of the disparate impact standard of the Civil Rights Act, which says policies cannot cause disproportionate harm to people of color and continue greenlighting industrial activities in an area already overburdened by pollution. Five weeks later, the EPA dropped its Cancer Alley investigation. In
February 2024, the EPA requested a delay in an impending federal trial against Denka until after the agency finalized a rule expected to tighten emission limits for chloroprene.
594:). Primarily White neighborhoods rallied together against the petrochemical companies that were being placed in their communities. As a result, these companies shifted their sights and locations towards poor communities of color. NIMBY’s growth occurred in the 1970’s at the same time public awareness about health risks related to pollution from these waste facilities grew. These White communities had social power and “clout” that low-income communities of color did not have.
119:
373:. The state of Louisiana issued Shintech permits to proceed with the project in 1997, despite their acknowledgement that these locations would be adding 623,000 pounds of pollutants to the air annually. The residents of Convent formed a coalition called St. James Citizens for the Environment (SJCJE) that drew the attention of outside legal groups including the
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According to the EPA, air monitoring performed near Denka's plant has shown that chloroprene levels are as high as 14 times the recommended level of 0.2 ÎĽg/m, which poses "an imminent and substantial endangerment" to nearby communities. Louisiana
Attorney General Jeff Landry sued the EPA, challenging
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In April 2022, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency initiated civil rights investigations of Louisiana state agencies. The probe focused on whether the process of granting permits along the industrial corridor violated the civil rights of residents who live nearby. The probe specifically examined
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where there are now 30 large petrochemical plants within a 10-mile radius, only 9% of the full-time industry jobs in the city are held by local residents, and at least one in four residents live in poverty. The promised economic prosperity in these major investments has never yet to be delivered, yet
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was built on the bodies of enslaved Black people. The chemical corridor is responsible for the body burden of their descendants." Her words are particularly poignant in relation to the economic stimulation and job creation that is promised with the proposal of each new plant in the area, while a tiny
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In
September 2022, environmental justice advocates in southern Louisiana were able to declare victory after two decisions denied two major petrochemical complexes from moving forward. State District Court Judge Trudy White released a decision that reversed and vacated 14 air regulations permits that
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signed an executive order regarding environmental justice and specifically cited Cancer Alley as a hard-hit area. Louisiana
Chemical Association President Greg Bowser responded to President Biden's remarks on the region, refuting claims that residents of the industrial corridor have a higher risk of
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permits that the Corps issued the prior year. It had come to light that independent archaeologists that
Formosa Plastics hired had discovered that enslaved people were buried in unmarked graves beneath the 2,300-acre site that Formosa planned to develop their plastics complex on. Citing violation of
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In
February 2023, the EPA and prosecutors in the U.S. Attorney's office for the Eastern District of Louisiana filed a complaint against Denka Performance Elastomer under Section 303 of the Clean Air Act. The complaint asserted that the company's LaPlace, Louisiana, plant posed an imminent danger to
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The state of
Louisiana says that Denka has reached the goal of lowering emissions by 85%, but some residents remain skeptical. Many residents believe that instead of reducing emissions by a percentage, the emissions should be 0.2 micrograms per cubic meter of air, which is what is considered a safe
411:
proposed the
Sunshine Project, a $ 9.4 billion industrial complex to be located on the west bank of St. James Parish that is estimated to become the petrochemical and plastics project with the single greatest environmental detriment, at an estimated 13,628,086 tons of greenhouse gas emissions
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Many scholars and residents of Cancer Alley have referred to the area as a "frontline example of environmental racism". Environmental racism can be defined as the institutional rules, regulations, policies, or government/corporate decisions that deliberately target certain communities for locally
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The EPA, in both 2016 and 2020, reported that those residing in Cancer Alley are exposed to more than 10 times “the level of health risk from hazardous air pollutants” than other residents in the state. Human Rights Watch reviewed data from 12 fossil fuel and petrochemical plants operating in the
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Another group that has been actively fighting against the petrochemical industry in Cancer Alley is Rise St. James. Rise St. James is a faith-based grassroots organization that fights for environmental justice and works to defeat the proliferation of petrochemical industries in St. James Parish,
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in response to minority and low-income communities throughout the country being constantly threatened by pollution. Many communities that face the largest burdens from pollution tend to be poor and consist mainly of minorities. Due to this, poor and minority communities will resort to grassroots
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In April 2024, the EPA announced a new rule targeting more than 200 chemical plants across the U.S., requiring them to cut enough toxic emissions to reduce cancer risks for people living in those areas by 96 percent. It marked the first time the EPA had amended national emissions standards for
519:
Activists and locals have disputed the conclusions of the LTR asserting the tracts used cover large areas and the data does not allow for specific locations adjacent to chemical plants to be analyzed individually. They also posited that the data may be incomplete as those who died during the
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Registry's annual reports provide cancer rates for the 'Industrial Corridor', a subjectively defined area in southeast Louisiana that corresponds to West Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge, Iberville, Ascension, St. James, St. John, and St. Charles parishes. (Louisiana parishes are equivalent to
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yearly. The proposed complex would span 2,500 acres and will be situated one mile from an elementary school, On January 15, 2020, RISE St. James, a faith-based grassroots organization of St. James Parish community members, in conjunction with the nonprofit conservation organization
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federal laws in the approval of destroying wetlands, the region's first and quickly dwindling line of defense against progressively-intensifying natural disasters, as well as the failure to protect the water, air, and health of the surrounding communities, and the violation of the
638:." Even though flaring causes chemicals to be released into the air, the process is legal in emergencies and burns the chemicals directly into the air. After the hurricane, residents were not only left with damaged homes but also more pollution in the air and water than usual.
532:
Cancer Alley area from October 2020 to November 2023. Out of these 12 facilities, only one of them was “reported in compliance with all three federal laws” in the 3-year observational period. Only 2 of these facilities “were in compliance with the Clean Water Act” as well.
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hazardous organic pollutants in more than 30 years. The new rule requires plants to locate the source of toxic contamination and make repairs when emissions exceed standards. The plants are also required to install air monitors at their fence lines.
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the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality and Department of Health regarding the permitting of a Denka Performance Elastomers plant, as well as a proposed Formosa Plastics Sunshine plant and a proposed Greenfield Exports grain terminal.
1818:
544:, which is an area in Cancer Alley, had a higher-than-expected level of chloroprene. This subsequently caused the EPA to begin working closely with the owner of the neoprene plant in the area, Denka Performance Elastomer, and the
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developing cancer in multiple articles. Furthermore, he cited Louisiana Tumor Registry (LTR) data to support his claims. The LTR claims that there has not been an increase in cancer deaths connected to industrial pollution.
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data, the number of industrial plants in Louisiana that reported their toxic releases grew from 255 to 320 from 1988 to 2017, an increase of 25%, even as the number of such plants nationwide dropped by 16% over that period.
633:
hit in 2021. The storm's projected path was through the industrial region. The threat of the hurricane's destruction caused the industries located in Cancer Alley to release unprocessed chemicals and gases into the air via
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counties). This definition omits the neighboring parishes of Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, and Plaquemines, which are similarly impacted by industrial pollution and are typically considered to be part of 'Cancer Alley'.
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This form of environmental racism poses serious and disproportionate threats to the enjoyment of several human rights of its largely African American residents, including the right to equality and non-discrimination, the
1275:
2221:
1493:
150:, but during the 1950s, many sought to migrate to less densely populated places. Many relocated to the small communities along the river between New Orleans and Baton Rouge, many of which had significant or majority
404:, which would have been the world's largest if completed and was expected to create 5,000 jobs, the 750 residents of the town waged a legal battle and eventually won forcing Formosa to build their plant elsewhere.
452:
and exploitation of Black people and people of Color are difficult to ignore. "One oppressive economy begets another," says Barbara L. Allen on the subject, a professor of science, technology, and society at
1449:
899:
297:
782:
Blodgett, Abigail D. (December 2006). "An Analysis of Pollution and Community Advocacy in 'Cancer Alley': Setting an Example for the Environmental Justice Movement in St James Parish, Louisiana".
2378:
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had grown accustomed to regular fires at a local oil refinery, and developed their own informal evacuation plans for their occurrences. Despite the known problems with pollution, the
987:
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in failing to protect the burial grounds of enslaved people, the lawsuit demanded the rescinding of the permits issued in September 2019 as well as the conducting of a full
1524:
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public health based on its emissions of cancer-causing chloroprene. Air monitoring near the Denka plant found chloroprene levels as high as 14 times the recommended level.
2510:
1145:
1323:
2144:
32:
1934:
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1879:
1634:
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338:
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The EPA's National Air Toxic Assessment looked at toxic emissions around the nation in 2011 and released the findings in 2015. The study found that the air in
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as having a likelihood of its residents getting cancer from air pollution over 700 times the national average. According to EPA, it emits 99% of the nation's
2245:"An Analysis of Pollution & Community Advocacy in 'Cancer Alley':Setting an Example for the Environmental Justice Movement in St James Parish,Louisiana"
2430:
290:, researchers found that the plants employed between 4.9% and 19.4% African Americans, which is low in comparison to the overall population of the county (
762:
2370:
1977:
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Beginning in the 1980s, locals also perceived certain species of plants and animals becoming less common. By 1988, locals began referring to an area in
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1061:
947:
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Berry, Gregory R. (March 2003). "Organizing Against Multinational Corporate Power In Cancer Alley: The Activist Community as Primary Stakeholder".
2306:
1978:"EPA and Justice Department File Complaint Alleging Public Health Endangerment Caused by Denka Performance Elastomer's Carcinogenic Air Pollution"
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92:
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in the area continued unabated, and even continued expanding. In the early 1980s, an oil refinery purchased the land of Good Hope for expansion.
401:
334:
107:
103:
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discusses the environmental and health conditions in Cancer Alley, as well as the socioeconomic and political ramifications, in her 2016 book
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425:
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activism to protect themselves. Many have also cited the EPA's failure to be consistent in their enforcement of federal environmental laws.
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Another reason for the disproportionate siting of industrial facilities in poor and Black communities is the “Not In My Backyard Movement” (
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minority of full-time industry jobs are actually filled by community members who bear the brunt of the pollution burden – for example, in
2091:
602:
The location of Cancer Alley also poses more environmental impacts other than air pollution. Since Cancer Alley is located closer to the
2520:
2145:"Critical Infrastructure, Environmental Racism, and Protest: A Case Study in Cancer Alley, Louisiana – Columbia Human Rights Law Review"
1902:
979:
871:
434:
232:
2515:
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1019:
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who also had cancer might not be included. Louisiana health officials are unable to release the specific cases and data because of
102:
have led the charge in protesting the expansion of the petrochemical industry in Cancer Alley, as well as addressing the associated
1093:
655:
the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) had issued for the proposed Formosa Plastics Group complex in the town of
836:
2446:
1516:
413:
139:
1608:
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441:. On November 4, 2020, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced its plans to suspend its permit for the Sunshine Project.
1960:
1926:
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1005:
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1871:
445:
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1630:
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467:
370:
291:
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256:
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240:
1052:"The Faces of Pollution : As Cancer, Miscarriages Mount, Louisiana Wonders If It Is a 'National Sacrifice Zone'"
646:
In recent years in the United States, the environmental protection and civil rights movements have merged to form an
2435:
438:
2054:"For communities near chemical plants, EPA new standards on toxic pollution are a relief • Louisiana Illuminator"
1998:
717:
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983:
689:
417:
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caused a fire at a plant that produced pool chemicals, which led to chlorine gas being burned for three days.
606:, hurricanes pose a great risk and have caused large amounts of damage in past years. For example, in 2005,
381:
Legal Defense Fund. In 1998, after considerable pressure and lobbying, Shintech withdrew its project plans.
2471:
1811:"Health officials in "Cancer Alley" will study if living near a controversial chemical plant causes cancer"
2024:
1927:"State says St. John plant reduced emissions of a likely carcinogen by 85%, residents say it's not enough"
463:
205:
143:
76:
60:
1051:
1298:
739:
408:
181:
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for permitting Formosa Plastics' proposed petrochemical complex. The lawsuit sought to invalidate the
2256:
2119:"Environmental Justice & Environmental Racism – Greenaction for Health and Environmental Justice"
1961:"EPA investigates Louisiana environmental, health for racial discrimination in air pollution permits"
793:
744:
659:. The town already has multiple oil refineries and industrial plants and is located in Cancer Alley.
577:
488:
421:
212:
201:
41:
1517:"Activists want the $ 9.4B Formosa project stopped due to the slave cemetery at the St. James site"
1119:
722:
2452:
2272:
2244:
1196:
809:
656:
541:
397:
393:
366:
362:
358:
322:
318:
252:
1147:
Toxic Air Pollution is Linked to Higher Cancer Rates among Impoverished Communities in Louisiana
829:"In a Notoriously Polluted Area of the Country, Massive New Chemical Plants Are Still Moving In"
679:
used a photograph of a cemetery located in Cancer Alley as the cover art for their 1996 album,
2412:
2185:
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1426:
1369:
1317:
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928:
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374:
216:
135:
56:
45:
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The sentiments stated by environmental activists were echoed by the Human Rights Commission.
215:
as "Cancer Alley". The "alley" later grew to encompass an eighty-five-mile stretch along the
2264:
2173:
1241:"Louisiana's Cancer Alley Residents Sue Chemical Plant for Nearly 50 Years of Air Pollution"
1188:
918:
908:
801:
672:
615:
548:
to lower chloroprene emissions. The overall goal was to lower chloroprene emissions by 85%.
487:
in Louisiana. The UN council on contemporary racism strongly condemned what they defined as
458:
449:
236:
228:
151:
37:
1396:"Denying Access to Legal Representation: The Attack on the Tulane Environmental Law Clinic"
2459:
1476:
1453:
623:
525:
501:
429:
326:
170:
2118:
1842:"From Pollution to the Pandemic, Racial Equity Eludes Louisiana's Cancer Alley Community"
345:
pollution. EPA opened civil rights investigations over this pollution from Cancer Alley.
2260:
1650:"Biden utters the words 'Cancer Alley,' but will he help Louisiana's chemical corridor?"
797:
142:. Many of these facilities were previously located in major population centers, such as
1547:"Lawsuit challenges Trump administration's fast-tracking of Louisiana Plastics project"
1423:
Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility
923:
894:
734:
603:
260:
177:
155:
118:
99:
88:
68:
2053:
828:
2504:
2371:"What's the Matter with Cancer Alley? Arlie Russell Hochschild's Anatomy of Trumpism"
2276:
1200:
813:
630:
497:
454:
84:
55:
is the regional nickname given to an 85-mile (137 km) stretch of land along the
471:
continues to be a cited reason for the continued approval of petrochemical permits.
1878:. Office for Civil Rights, Department of Health & Human Services. May 7, 2008.
952:
131:
127:
80:
1604:
1445:
Bernhardt, C., Shaykevich, A., & The Environmental Integrity Project. (2020).
1268:"After Decades Of Air Pollution, A Louisiana Town Rebels Against A Chemical Giant"
980:"Letter from Sharon Lavigne to Pres. Biden on Cancer Alley & Formosa Plastics"
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in 2017 caused power outages that led to unrefrigerated chemicals in a plant in
611:
378:
342:
310:
275:
224:
220:
185:
174:
147:
64:
2307:"Activists in Louisiana's 'Cancer Alley' hail halt to petrochemical complexes"
2268:
1470:
Army Corps suspends permit for Formosa Plastics' controversial Louisiana plant
832:
805:
712:
162:
2486:
2473:
2433:, Unwelcome Neighbors: How the poor bear the burdens of America's pollution.
2403:
Nitzkin JL (April 1992). "Cancer in Louisiana: a public health perspective".
2189:
1373:
1192:
1741:"Louisiana industry: 'Cancer alley' is false description of health problems"
1490:"Formosa plastics' proposed Louisiana plant gets permit to destroy wetlands"
512:
154:
populations. By the 1970s, the area had a proliferation of plants producing
72:
17:
1710:"Opinion: The Data Doesn't Support "Cancer Alley" Designation in Louisiana"
932:
2416:
913:
2442:
676:
354:
314:
189:
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production in the United States. Environmentalists consider the region a
2214:"What is Cancer Alley? Louisiana Factories, Chemicals, & Pollutants"
278:
in Louisiana continued to proliferate in the 21st century. According to
635:
619:
1680:"Letter to the Editor: 'Cancer Alley' moniker unwarranted by research"
1605:"Formosa Selects St. James Parish for $ 9.4 Billion Louisiana Project"
1362:"EPA opens civil rights investigations over pollution in Cancer Alley"
2025:"The EPA Is Backing Down From Environmental Justice Cases Nationwide"
610:
caused almost 11 million gallons of oil to spill into the water near
330:
306:
200:
on their hands. By the early 1980s, residents in the neighborhood of
948:"What are 'sacrifice zones' and why do some Americans live in them?"
173:
was noted by federal agencies. An EPA report found 66 pollutants in
27:
Area in Louisiana with larger than usual clusters of cancer patients
1297:
Lett, Victor Blackwell,Wayne Drash,Christopher (October 20, 2017).
1215:
2080:"Being Black Causes Cancer: Cancer Alley and Environmental Racism"
1094:"Welcome to 'cancer alley,' where toxic air is about to get worse"
591:
448:
in St. James Parish remain to be monitored, the multigenerational
389:
193:
122:
Parishes of Louisiana that comprise "Cancer Alley", marked in pink
900:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
895:"Uneven magnitude of disparities in cancer risks from air toxins"
1631:"USA: Environmental racism in "Cancer Alley" must end – experts"
197:
504:, right to an adequate standard of living and cultural rights.
827:
Younes, Lylla; Shaw, Al; Perlman, Claire (October 30, 2019).
1447:
Greenhouse Gases from Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Production
2339:
1464:
1462:
325:. The plant was sold in 2015 to Japanese chemical company
2174:"Cancer Alley and the Fight Against Environmental Racism"
1092:
Baurick, T.; Younes, L.; Meiners, J. (October 30, 2019).
860:"Cancer Alley and the Fight Against Environmental Racism"
622:
decomposing and igniting into a large fireball. In 2020,
91:
where rates of cancer caused by air pollution exceed the
2463:
1050:
Maraniss, David; Weisskopf, Michael (January 24, 1988).
583:
undesirable land uses and lax enforcement of zoning and
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in their discussion with experts and other UN officials:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
1492:. Center for Biological Diversity. September 10, 2019.
629:
One of the largest environmental impacts happened when
1603:
Office of Governor John Bel Edwards (April 23, 2018).
1339:
EPA: Plant emits 99% of US chloroprene pollution | CNN
483:
discussed the continued industrial projects along the
1549:. Center for Biological Diversity. January 15, 2020.
1468:
Center for Biological Diversity. (November 4, 2020).
2113:
2111:
2109:
2334:
2332:
126:Following an oil and gas boom around the time of
2300:
2298:
1999:"EPA delays trial against neoprene manufacturer"
357:announced that they would be creating three new
2167:
2165:
1774:"Cancer Incidence in Louisiana by Census Tract"
1299:"Toxic tensions in the heart of 'Cancer Alley'"
2405:Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society
546:Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality
329:. The area immediately adjacent to the Denka/
8:
1322:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
286:Per a 2003 study that surveyed 11 plants in
420:, and the nonprofit Healthy Gulf, sued the
309:opened a plant to manufacture the chemical
1144:Terrell, Kimberly A.; St. Julien, Gianna.
999:
997:
763:McCastle v. Rollins Environmental Services
479:On March 2, 2021, the United Nations (UN)
169:. By the 1970s, serious air pollution and
2511:Environmental issues in the United States
1920:
1918:
1916:
1633:. United Nations Human Rights Committee.
922:
912:
750:Environmental racism in the United States
2453:Cancer Alley: Big Industry, Big Problems
296:
180:, and 31 lethal chemicals in the air of
117:
31:
1574:"One Oppressive Economy Begets Another"
1278:from the original on September 19, 2018
1120:"Chemical Plant Accidents and Injuries"
774:
388:proposed to build a $ 700 million
301:EPA-estimated cancer risk in the region
2350:from the original on December 15, 2022
2317:from the original on December 15, 2022
2283:from the original on December 15, 2022
2224:from the original on December 15, 2022
2125:from the original on December 15, 2022
2094:from the original on December 15, 2022
1937:from the original on December 15, 2022
1840:Dermansky, Julie (February 25, 2021).
1768:
1766:
1496:from the original on November 29, 2021
1315:
1064:from the original on September 9, 2022
874:from the original on December 10, 2022
839:from the original on February 15, 2023
2172:CastellĂłn, Idna (February 12, 2021).
2078:Batiste, Johneisha (April 24, 2022).
2052:WWNO, Halle Parker (April 10, 2024).
2047:
2045:
1993:
1991:
1972:
1970:
1954:
1952:
1648:Baurick, Tristan (January 28, 2021).
1611:from the original on November 1, 2021
1584:from the original on November 1, 2021
1553:from the original on December 8, 2021
1527:from the original on November 1, 2021
946:Matei, Adrienne (November 16, 2021).
858:CastellĂłn, Idna (February 12, 2021).
7:
2212:O'Leary, Megan (February 10, 2022).
1982:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1959:Schleifstein, Mark (April 7, 2022).
1901:Juhasz, Antonia (January 25, 2024).
1360:Laughland, Oliver (April 14, 2022).
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
396:, a small majority Black community (
369:) that serves as the parish seat of
365:, a small majority Black community (
83:. This area accounts for 25% of the
2178:Villanova Environmental Law Journal
2082:. Social Science Research Network.
2023:Nolan, Delaney (January 20, 2024).
1882:from the original on April 13, 2021
1852:from the original on April 12, 2021
1821:from the original on April 13, 2021
1790:from the original on April 13, 2021
1751:from the original on April 13, 2021
1720:from the original on April 13, 2021
1690:from the original on April 13, 2021
1660:from the original on March 27, 2021
1637:from the original on March 2, 2021.
1100:from the original on April 23, 2021
1007:Green Atlas: A Multimedia Reference
990:from the original on July 20, 2021.
864:Villanova Environmental Law Journal
398:2000 population of 570, 93.7% Black
367:2010 population of 711, 65.7% Black
1739:Bowser, Greg (February 12, 2021).
1515:Jones, T. L. (December 18, 2019).
1479:. Center for Biological Diversity.
1247:from the original on July 24, 2019
642:Activism and environmental justice
435:National Historic Preservation Act
384:In 1992, when the Taiwanese-owned
95:'s own limits of acceptable risk.
25:
2381:from the original on July 7, 2020
1216:"Air Toxics Screening Assessment"
1004:Mulvaney, Dustin (July 3, 2013).
960:from the original on May 19, 2022
377:Environmental Law Clinic and the
2369:McCann, Sean (August 22, 2016).
1214:US EPA, OAR (February 2, 2022).
2003:Chemical & Engineering News
511:On January 27, 2021, President
414:Center for Biological Diversity
42:Baton Rouge ExxonMobil Refinery
1181:Organization & Environment
648:environmental justice movement
416:, the grassroots organization
361:(PVC) manufacturing plants in
1:
1925:Sneath, Sara (July 6, 2020).
392:and pulp processing plant in
227:and includes the parishes of
1714:The Times of Houma/Thibodaux
446:Formosa Plastics Corporation
426:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
409:Formosa Plastics Corporation
386:Formosa Plastics Corporation
2431:Cancer Alley: Myth or Fact?
2375:Los Angeles Review of Books
695:Strangers in Their Own Land
402:St. John the Baptist Parish
337:has been recognized by the
335:St. John the Baptist Parish
274:Industrial plants emitting
2537:
2521:Environment of Mississippi
2458:December 17, 2016, at the
2436:New Orleans Times-Picayune
2243:Blodgett, Abigail (2006).
1572:Groner, A. (May 7, 2021).
1475:November 29, 2021, at the
1452:September 6, 2021, at the
1400:journals.library.wustl.edu
575:
439:environmental impact study
98:Community leaders such as
75:, which contains over 200
2269:10.1080/13549830600853700
1872:"Your Rights Under HIPAA"
806:10.1080/13549830600853700
718:Triangle of death (Italy)
313:, the main ingredient in
2516:Environment of Louisiana
1781:Louisiana Tumor Registry
1421:Taylor, Dorceta (2014).
1193:10.1177/1086026602250213
984:Louisiana Bucket Brigade
690:Arlie Russell Hochschild
418:Louisiana Bucket Brigade
196:suffered second-degree
893:James, Wesley (2012).
682:Songs of Love and Hate
506:
481:Human Rights Committee
457:. She continues, "The
444:While developments by
302:
206:petrochemical industry
123:
49:
2149:hrlr.law.columbia.edu
2058:Louisiana Illuminator
1716:. February 21, 2021.
1686:. February 24, 2021.
914:10.3390/ijerph9124365
740:Environmental justice
598:Environmental impacts
493:
300:
121:
35:
1984:. February 28, 2023.
1903:""We're Dying Here""
745:Environmental racism
578:Environmental racism
572:Environmental racism
489:environmental racism
422:Trump administration
349:Community organizing
249:St. John the Baptist
77:petrochemical plants
2483: /
2261:2006LoEnv..11..647B
798:2006LoEnv..11..647B
723:Valley of the Drums
707:Comparable examples
321:on the border with
2218:Lung Cancer Center
1907:Human Rights Watch
1342:, October 20, 2017
1266:Hersher, Rebecca.
667:In popular culture
585:environmental laws
552:level by the EPA.
542:LaPlace, Louisiana
450:disenfranchisement
359:polyvinyl chloride
333:neoprene plant in
323:LaPlace, Louisiana
319:Reserve, Louisiana
303:
188:divers retrieving
134:spawned along the
124:
93:federal government
50:
2311:www.ncronline.org
2249:Local Environment
1809:Russell, Gordon.
1607:. Louisiana.Gov.
1432:978-1-4798-6178-1
1394:Kuehn, Robert R.
1243:. July 27, 2017.
1155:Tulane University
1057:Los Angeles Times
1012:Sage Publications
907:(12): 4365–4385.
785:Local Environment
608:Hurricane Katrina
536:Government action
522:COVID-19 pandemic
485:Mississippi River
375:Tulane University
217:Mississippi River
136:Mississippi River
57:Mississippi River
48:in December 1972.
46:Mississippi River
16:(Redirected from
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616:Hurricane Harvey
468:Iberville Parish
459:Great River Road
371:St. James Parish
288:St. James Parish
233:West Baton Rouge
229:East Baton Rouge
219:stretching from
152:African American
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526:medical privacy
502:right to health
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430:Clean Water Act
428:' fast-tracked
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192:samples from a
171:water pollution
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178:drinking water
156:vinyl chloride
130:, a number of
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89:sacrifice zone
69:River Parishes
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2383:. Retrieved
2374:
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2354:December 15,
2352:. Retrieved
2343:
2321:December 15,
2319:. Retrieved
2310:
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2285:. Retrieved
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2226:. Retrieved
2217:
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2148:
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2129:December 15,
2127:. Retrieved
2098:December 15,
2096:. Retrieved
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:
1981:
1941:December 15,
1939:. Retrieved
1930:
1906:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1875:
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1845:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1815:Mother Jones
1814:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1780:
1753:. Retrieved
1745:The Advocate
1744:
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1713:
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1692:. Retrieved
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1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1577:
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1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1521:The Advocate
1520:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1484:
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1422:
1416:
1404:. Retrieved
1402:. p. 16
1399:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1366:The Guardian
1365:
1355:
1344:, retrieved
1338:
1332:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:
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1280:. Retrieved
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1235:
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1127:. Retrieved
1124:onmyside.com
1123:
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1102:. Retrieved
1066:. Retrieved
1055:
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974:
962:. Retrieved
953:The Guardian
951:
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878:December 10,
876:. Retrieved
867:
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843:February 15,
841:. Retrieved
822:
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728:
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706:
705:
693:
688:Sociologist
687:
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128:World War II
125:
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53:Cancer Alley
52:
51:
29:
18:Cancer alley
2492:30.0; -90.6
2490: /
1615:November 1,
1588:November 1,
1557:November 1,
1531:November 1,
1500:November 1,
1220:www.epa.gov
1187:(1): 3–33.
1104:November 1,
1068:January 26,
612:New Orleans
464:St. Gabriel
379:Sierra Club
343:chloroprene
311:chloroprene
276:toxic waste
269:Plaquemines
265:St. Bernard
253:St. Charles
225:Baton Rouge
221:New Orleans
186:Coast guard
184:. In 1976,
175:New Orleans
163:fertilizers
148:New Orleans
144:Baton Rouge
65:New Orleans
61:Baton Rouge
36:A mound of
2505:Categories
2411:(4): 162.
1153:(Thesis).
833:ProPublica
770:References
713:Love Canal
182:Plaquemine
140:Gulf Coast
132:refineries
81:refineries
44:along the
2277:143642013
2190:1049-2631
2184:(1): 15.
2154:April 29,
2034:March 25,
2008:March 15,
1886:April 13,
1856:April 13,
1825:April 13,
1794:April 13,
1755:March 30,
1724:April 13,
1694:April 13,
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