175:
degree continued with their studies to be awarded a candidate's degree, or equivalent, instead. Because most students continue to achieve this level of study, the labor market in
Denmark does not respect bachelor's degrees as a first-cycle degree. Many institutions in Denmark which no longer offer the candidate degree as a result of the Bologna Process continue to offer joint bachelor-masters programs which last five years, just as the candidate degree had.
724:, the designation "cand. iur. is no longer common since the Bologna reform has changed the degree program to the Bachelor's and Master's system so that the academic degrees "BLaw" (Bachelor of Law) are awarded after three years and "MLaw" (Master of Law) after further two years of study. The academic degree "lic. iur." was abolished during the Bologna reform. In the undergraduate BLaw program, students generally use the designation "stud. our."
163:), including as priests, judges, other state officials, and doctors. In Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, the term "candidate" was eventually used for higher professional academic degrees, usually awarded after around 5â7 years of studies. In Norway, only a few Candidate's degrees (such as Candidate of Theology, Candidate of Medicine, and Candidate of Psychology) are still awarded, while in Denmark and Sweden, all Candidate's degrees are retained.
748:. It was abolished in 1985. There was originally no set duration for the completion of this degree, although 7â8 years was normal, and including a dissertation which usually took between 2 and 4 years to complete. As of 1985, the formal requirement amounted to 6 years of studies and dissertation work, although there was a strong tradition for extensive dissertations, leading many students to take longer. The degree is sometimes translated as
369:) is an academic degree in Arts and Letters awarded in Denmark. It is considered an entry-level scientific degree for careers in academia (qualifying for positions as assistant professor or lecturer), as doctorates traditionally are awarded later in the job to senior academics. The degree was once awarded in Norway but had also been phased out by 2007. At the time, it typically required six years of study at Norwegian universities.
237:
942:. Although completion of the degree qualifies the holder to apply for a license as a clinical psychologist, it does not in itself authorize the holder to practice clinical psychology. In Norway, after the final exam, those with a cand. Psychol. May apply for and will usually be granted the authorization to practice clinical psychology. In Denmark, two years of supervised practice is required before full approval.
969:, which normally requires two years of study and a completed bachelor's degree. In Norway, cand.scient. was a higher-level degree awarded in mathematics and natural sciences. It was introduced in 1985, replacing the more rigorous cand. real. degree. Completion required 1.5â2 years of study and a completed cand. mag. Degree of 3.5 years. In 2003, the cand.scient. degree was replaced in Norway by the
20:
667:
223:
The candidate exam takes place after the student completes a substantial and pre-determined part of his university education, in the case of a five-year or more prolonged course, typically after completion of the third year. Students in a four-year class received the degree at the end of their second
937:
in 1948 based on the Danish degree. In
Denmark, the degree requires five years of studies, while in Norway, it requires five years of academic studies and a one-year internship as part of the studies. As part of the Bologna Process, the degree in Denmark consists of a three-year bachelor's degree in
182:
of 2003 enacted the nation's compliance with the
Bologna process, and most candidates' degrees are no longer awarded for academic qualifications. A select number of professional programs, however, have been given an exception from the Bologna process, allowing candidates' degrees to continue to be
174:
commonly available as a two-step alternative to the
Candidate's degree. Despite these reforms, the candidate degree was regarded as the standard academic qualification well into the 21st century. In 2010, the majority of students completing the required amount of studies necessary for a bachelor's
778:
education. Medical students in
Germany, Austria, and Switzerland carry this title during their medical studies before being awarded the degree of Dr. med. (Germany) or Dr. med. univ. (Austria) after defending a doctoral or diploma thesis before a jury. Along with candidate degrees in veterinary
1475:
In recent years, the Anglo-Saxon style degree of PhD has been introduced, and is now replacing the degree of mag. Art. At present, both mag. art. and Ph.D. degrees are around. They are not identical, but their position in the educational system as the degree you take at the end of postgraduate
854:, including economics, psychology, sociology, and political science. It normally requires at least six years of study, although many students extend this period. At the time of its abolition, the cand.polit. degree was in practice a two-year or a two-and-a-half-year extension to the four-year
207:
In the
Netherlands and Belgium, the "Candidate's diploma" was an undergraduate first-cycle diploma that the university issued to students who passed their Candidate's examination. After obtaining the certificate, one was entitled to use the academic title "Candidatus" (prenominal abbreviation
224:
or during their third year, depending on the criteria set by the institution. The
Candidate's degrees were phased out in the Netherlands in 1982 but have been more-or-less replaced by the bachelor's degree with the introduction of the Bologna Process.
404:
degree. The cand.oecon. did not qualify its holder for higher civil servant positions. In 1934, it became an independent 5-year program in economics. The degree was replaced in Norway by the
Bachelor/Master's degree system in 2003.
333:
The degree was initially introduced in
Denmark in 1883. For most of its history, the degree usually required between 4 and 5 years of studies. In its later years, the formal minimum requirement was 3.5 years for the faculties of
1056:
in Swedenâthe only educational institutions in the
Scandinavian countries to offer the veterinary degree. In Norway, the title is one of the few candidate degrees that has continued to be awarded after the Quality Reform 2003.
709:
after 4â6 years of study. Subsequently, graduates can be addressed as "Ref. iur." (Rechtsreferendar) or "Jurist Univ." Some law faculties also award the academic degrees "Diplom-Jurist", "Diplom-Jurist (Univ.)" or "Mag. iur."
1788:
508:. The application process to study for the degree was highly competitive throughout the Nordic region, as the qualifying exam to practice law could only be taken at a university, where the government officially granted the
1351:
473:
350:. Today, the degree is awarded only in humanities and requires five years of studies. The degree was also awarded in Norway beginning in 1920, based on the Danish degree; since 2003, it is no longer awarded.
1417:
Dommasnes, Liv Helga; Else Johansen Kleppe; Gro Mandt; Jenny-Rita NĂŚss (1998). "Women archeologists in retrospect â the Norwegian case". In Margarita DĂaz-Andreu GarcĂa and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (ed.).
72:. In Scandinavia and the Nordic countries, a higher professional-level degree usually corresponds to 5â7 years of studies. In the Soviet states, a research degree was roughly equivalent to a
591:
diploma holders were eligible to continue using their title before and after the Bologna process; the academic degree is split into two different diplomas. Previously, the lower degree was
997:, while in Norway, it ranks higher. In Norway, it is one of the few candidate degree titles to have remained after the Quality Reform of 2003. It can only be issued by four institutions:
1601:
1798:
1819:
690:. The designation is usually obtained after successful completion of the intermediate examination (after 4 to 6 semesters) and roughly corresponds to the qualification level of a
631:. The use of the candidate system in Estonia is tied to the colonial influence of the nordic counties, especially Denmark.. In Estonia, the current post-graduate law degree is
1040:
countries following a 5.5 to 6-year veterinary medical school education. Equivalent degrees in other countries qualify a student to practice as a veterinarian, such as a
803:. The degree historically required six years of study, but currently requires five. The current five-year degree is equivalent to, and is translated into English as, a
655:
643:
616:
584:
564:
540:
965:
In Denmark, cand.scient. is a higher-level degree awarded by Danish universities to graduate students in the mathematics and natural sciences. The study requires 120
1162:
911:
1870:
1053:
437:
396:
The degree was introduced in Norway in 1905 as a supplementary academic degree in economics. The program usually lasted two years, was conferred by the
159:. A candidate's degree in the relevant field (e.g., Candidate of Law) was a requirement for appointment to higher offices in the state administration (
1750:
515:
All Nordic countriesâexcept Denmarkâhave changed their law degrees from the Candidate to a master's due to the Bologna Process. In Findland, the
1972:
1682:
1890:
1214:
1045:
416:
at the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration. It was replaced in 1996 by the current bachelor's and master's of science programs.
670:
Example of the use of the denomination in the context of a journal publication by an advanced German Law School student (ZJS 2/2010, p. 148)
2044:
1921:
1251:
123:
Today, the degrees continue to be referred to by their Latin title, with both male and female recipients of candidate degrees being called
993:
in Iceland, Denmark, and Norway. The title is protected by law in Denmark and Norway. In Denmark, the title is described as equivalent to
1829:
326:), a degree requiring 7â8 years of studies with a strong emphasis on the scientific thesis, and which is the approximate equivalent of a
2049:
212:). This was the lowest academic degree that could be achieved in these countries, and is roughly comparable with the bachelor's degree (
397:
1634:
1497:
1468:
1435:
1189:
835:, currently only awarded in Denmark. In Denmark, cand.polit. refers exclusively to the Candidate's economics degree awarded by the
1117:
1579:
1006:
678:. However, it is not an academic degree. Instead, the designation is used in an internal university context or the context of
1451:
Jørgensen, Lise Bender (1998). "The state of Denmark". In Margarita DĂaz-Andreu GarcĂa and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (ed.).
1378:
1286:
Dysthea, Olga; Webler, Wolff-Dietrich (2010). "Pedagogical Issues from Humboldt to Bologna: The Case of Norway and Germany".
1041:
899:
543:). Those previously granted a candidate of law diploma could continue using their previous title in Finland. In Iceland, the
1677:
674:
In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, the term "cand. iur." is a designation used in the academic environment by advanced
2039:
1996:
620:
1121:
441:
1729:
1156:
1010:
958:) is an academic degree currently awarded in Denmark and formerly awarded in Norway. It is roughly equivalent to a
1400:"BEK nr 1520: Bekendtgørelse om bachelor- og kandidatuddannelser ved universiteterne (uddannelsesbekendtgørelsen)"
147:
In Scandinavia, the term was introduced in the early 18th century and initially referred to the higher degrees in
2034:
1895:
1773:
1724:
1049:
938:
psychology followed by a two-year master's degree in clinical psychology that gives the right to use the title
930:
891:
836:
76:
degree. In the Netherlands and Belgium, it was an undergraduate first-cycle degree roughly comparable with the
1288:
919:
413:
1538:
1323:
281:, and in some East European countries, candidate degrees were/are research degrees roughly equivalent to a
998:
310:) is an academic degree currently awarded in Denmark. The degree is officially translated into English as
2001:
1824:
1543:
761:
409:
268:
779:
medicine, psychology, and theology, it is one of the few Latin degree titles still awarded in Norway.
717:, the degree program ends with a diploma examination, and the academic degree "Mag. iur." is awarded.
1950:
1875:
915:
859:
858:
degree or equivalent qualifications. Following the Quality Reform of 2003, it has been replaced by a
282:
167:
109:
77:
73:
922:. In scope and length, it is equivalent to a degree somewhere between a master's and a doctorate in
694:. Before passing the intermediate examination, law students shall use the designation "stud. iur." (
1793:
923:
800:
628:
390:
217:
1900:
1977:
1926:
1855:
1399:
1328:
1305:
1268:
1231:
1147:
1002:
994:
966:
934:
907:
903:
184:
24:
1982:
1931:
1850:
624:
171:
389:
currently awarded in Denmark and formerly in Iceland and Norway. It is roughly equivalent to a
1691:
1630:
1493:
1464:
1460:
1431:
1427:
1374:
1210:"Moving to opportunity: Student trajectories in the post-Bologna university system in Denmark"
1185:
959:
895:
804:
796:
509:
315:
583:
in 2010, which is completed after four-and-a-half years of studying at the average pace (270
445:
1768:
1452:
1419:
1297:
1260:
1223:
1066:
745:
691:
683:
608:
596:
532:
520:
339:
213:
57:
989:) is an academic degree awarded after completion of a six-year higher education program in
1574:
1097:
433:
347:
101:
50:
42:
1072:
871:
851:
775:
311:
299:
179:
1093:
236:
2028:
1655:
1309:
1272:
1235:
774:) is an academic degree awarded in Denmark, Iceland, and Norway following a six-year
563:
master's degree, which is obtained after five years of law studies equivalent to 300
465:
1569:
1420:
1453:
706:
274:
93:
61:
890:
currently awarded in Denmark and Norway. In Denmark, the degree is awarded by the
1264:
1037:
741:
721:
687:
679:
675:
335:
65:
46:
19:
1945:
1227:
887:
623:, a post-graduate law degree was awarded as a cand.jur. in Estonia. President
469:
343:
2006:
1695:
1249:
Sin, Cristina (2012). "The Bologna master degree in search of an identity".
1181:
855:
832:
401:
386:
1513:
850:
In Norway, the cand.polit. was formerly awarded an academic degree in all
1650:
990:
156:
148:
113:
1719:
1705:
1301:
807:
in political science. Until 2008, the equivalent degree was awarded in
714:
702:
497:
493:
489:
485:
69:
1142:
314:
and requires five years of studies. It is not to be confused with the
808:
571:
degrees were awarded in Norway in the spring of 2007. In Sweden, the
559:
title. In Norway, the cand.jur. was formally replaced in 2003 by the
505:
501:
278:
105:
49:. The degree title was phased out in much of Europe through the 1999
666:
539:, JM), which is obtained after five years of law studies (180 + 120
183:
awarded for specific 6-year professional programs. As of 2023, the
1922:"The Candidata/Candidatus rerum politicarum (cand. polit.) degree"
862:
degree, shortening the nominal study time from six to five years.
665:
18:
1769:"Japo: § 17 Prßfungsgesamtnote, Abschlusszeugnis und Bezeichnung"
1548:
1151:(in Swedish). Vol. 17: LuxâMekanik. Stockholm. p. 471.
839:. Economics degrees from other Danish universities are known as
97:
1946:"Studieplan for PRPSYK Profesjonsstudiet i psykologi, vĂĽr 2016"
1651:"Ăppeasutuste activate akadeemiliste roadside nimetuste levels"
464:) is both a graduate law degree awarded to law students in the
749:
740:) is a former academic degree used in Norway and conferred in
327:
231:
152:
127:. The degree titles are typically abbreviated; for example, a
187:, for example, awards such professional degrees in medicine (
1455:
Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology
1422:
Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology
732:
A Candidate of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences (Latin:
615:, RN) is awarded after completing three years of study (180
120:
thus came to mean someone who seeks an office of some sort.
468:
as well as an "academic status" designation for advanced
1209:
96:, men running for political office would typically wear
973:
degree as part of the adoption of the Bologna Process.
642:
is obtained after five years of law studies (180 + 120
448:(a collaboration between several Danish universities).
248:
166:
In Denmark, educational reforms began in 1993 to make
53:, which has re-formatted academic degrees in Europe.
1490:
Hvilket fag skal jeg velge, hvilken grad kan jeg ta?
1352:"Welke titel mag ik voeren als ik ben afgestudeerd?"
16:
Nomenclature of academic degree in various countries
400:and primarily intended for those already holding a
705:, law school is completed with the passing of the
654:) which usually take three years to complete (180
56:The degrees are now, or were once, awarded in the
728:Candidate of Mathematics and the Natural Sciences
627:, for example, held a cand. jur. degree from the
1625:Skyum-Nielsen, Niels; Lund, Niels, eds. (1981).
484:The Candidate of Law degree was once awarded in
440:. In Denmark, the title can be obtained at the
1602:"Eesti Vabariigi president (EE-RA - ERA.1278)"
912:Norwegian University of Science and Technology
426:Candidatus/candidata informationis technologiĂŚ
424:A Candidate of Information Technology (Latin:
8:
1789:"Diplom-Juristin/Diplom-Jurist (Dipl.-Jur.)"
1492:(in Norwegian). Bergen: Sigma. p. 105.
789:Candidatus/candidata scientiarum politicarum
2005:(in Norwegian). 21 May 2012. Archived from
1973:"Academic system at the University of Oslo"
1054:Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
1027:
1022:
1021:A Candidate of Veterinary Medicine (Latin:
438:Master of Science in Information Technology
408:The degree was first made available at the
100:chalked and bleached to be bright white at
1161:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
906:. In Norway the degree is awarded by the
787:A Candidate of Political Science (Latin:
358:A Candidate of Arts and Letters (Latin:
1373:. Transaction Publishers. p. 278.
1085:
1683:Official Journal of the European Union
1570:"Rettsvitenskap (jus) (master - 5 ĂĽr)"
1154:
1627:Danish Medieval History: New Currents
1488:Raaheim, Kjell; Utne, Edmund (1985).
1394:
1392:
1390:
1215:European Educational Research Journal
1046:Norwegian University of Life Sciences
640:Juridisk kandidateksamen (cand. jur.)
7:
1252:European Journal of Higher Education
1203:
1201:
662:In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland
45:, which are today mainly awarded in
1036:) is an academic degree awarded in
436:awarded in Denmark equivalent to a
420:Candidate of Information Technology
88:The term is derived from the Latin
398:Faculty of Law, University of Oslo
23:Candidatus juris diploma from the
14:
1899:. 5 February 2004. Archived from
876:candidatus/candidata psychologiae
823:A Candidate of Economics (Latin:
377:A Candidate of Economics (Latin:
342:, and 4â4.5 for the faculties of
1178:Dagligliv i det remorse imperium
1017:Candidate of Veterinary Medicine
981:A Candidate of Theology (Latin:
952:Candidatus/candidata Scientiarum
766:A Candidate of Medicine (Latin:
682:, for example, contributions to
551:degree has been replaced by the
235:
1871:"Rechtswissenschaften (Diplom)"
1732:from the original on 2012-12-09
1582:from the original on 2012-07-22
1044:. The degree is awarded by the
1007:MF Norwegian School of Theology
950:A Candidate of Science (Latin:
412:in 1964 as a 4-year program in
304:Candidatus/candidate magisterii
1930:. 10 July 2001. Archived from
1851:"Magister iuris/Diplom-Jurist"
1547:(in Icelandic). Archived from
1406:(in Danish). 16 December 2013.
983:Candidatus/candidata theologiĂŚ
900:University of Southern Denmark
825:Candidatus/candidata politices
783:Candidate of Political Science
768:Candidatus/candidata medicinae
527:, Jur. kand.) was replaced by
379:Candidatus/candidata economics
1:
1859:(in German). 9 November 2016.
1777:(in German). 13 October 2003.
1659:(in Estonian). 23 August 2004
1459:. London: Routledge. p.
1426:. London: Routledge. p.
354:Candidate of Arts and Letters
1997:"Candidatus: akademisk grad"
1265:10.1080/21568235.2012.702437
1208:Thomsen, Jens-Peter (2023).
1042:Master of Veterinary Science
831:.) is an academic degree in
734:Candidatus/candidate realism
603:), and current lower degree
2045:Academic degrees of Denmark
1828:(in German). Archived from
1797:(in German). Archived from
1755:Juristischer Gendankensalat
1629:. Museum Tusculanum Press.
1371:Encyclopedia of Soviet Life
1122:Online Etymology Dictionary
886:) is an academic degree in
870:A Candidate of Psychology (
795:) is an academic degree in
646:). Undergraduate degree is
456:A Candidate of Law (Latin:
442:IT University of Copenhagen
385:) is an academic degree in
131:is commonly referred to as
2066:
2050:Academic degrees of Norway
1141:Westrin, Th., ed. (1912).
1011:VID Specialized University
759:
579:) degree was replaced by
458:candidates/candidate juris
266:
1728:(in Danish). 2011-03-04.
1228:10.1177/14749041211046748
1180:(in Danish). Copenhagen:
929:It was introduced at the
517:Oikeustieteen kandidaatti
474:German-speaking countries
298:A Candidate of the Arts (
41:) is the name of various
1896:Oslo University Hospital
1774:Bayerische Staatskanzlei
1725:University of Copenhagen
1050:University of Copenhagen
931:University of Copenhagen
892:University of Copenhagen
837:University of Copenhagen
587:). Previously graduated
1891:"Gustav Gaudernack: CV"
1358:(in Dutch). 2011-04-19.
1289:Higher Education Policy
866:Candidate of Psychology
561:Master i Rettsvitenskap
545:EmbĂŚttisprĂłf Ă lĂśgfrĂŚĂ°i
480:In the Nordic countries
414:Business Administration
1606:Archives Portal Europe
1369:Zemtsov, Ilya (1991).
1176:Ărsted, Peter (1991).
1029:medicinae veterinariae
1028:
1023:
999:NLA University College
875:
671:
612:
600:
536:
529:Oikeustieteen maisteri
524:
373:Candidate of Economics
27:
2002:Store norske leksikon
1825:Regensburg University
1751:"Universitätssprache"
1544:University of Iceland
977:Candidate of Theology
819:Candidate of Politics
799:, awarded by several
762:Candidate of Medicine
756:Candidate of Medicine
707:First Law Examination
669:
633:Ăigusteaduse magister
573:Jurist kandidatexamen
410:University of Iceland
294:Candidate of the Arts
269:Candidate of Sciences
84:Etymology and origins
22:
1985:on 13 February 2002.
1951:University of Bergen
1934:on 12 November 2008.
1876:University of Vienna
1518:Kjarni LĂśgmannsstofa
1476:studies is the same.
1052:in Denmark, and the
1024:Candidatus/candidata
946:Candidate of Science
920:University of Tromsø
916:University of Bergen
860:Master of Philosophy
525:Juris kandidatexamen
360:Candidatus/candidata
324:magister Scientiarum
283:Doctor of Philosophy
92:, meaning white. In
74:Doctor of Philosophy
1794:Saarland University
933:in 1944 and at the
924:clinical psychology
801:Danish universities
629:University of Tartu
391:Master of Economics
112:, and other public
1978:University of Oslo
1927:University of Oslo
1856:University of Koln
1600:Päts, Konstantin.
1329:University of Oslo
1324:"Study programmes"
1302:10.1057/hep.2010.9
1148:Nordisk familjebok
1003:University of Oslo
995:Master of Theology
935:University of Oslo
908:University of Oslo
904:Aalborg University
672:
595:, abbreviated VN (
531:(abbreviated OTM;
519:(abbreviated OTK;
247:. You can help by
185:University of Oslo
28:
25:University of Oslo
1720:"Bachelor i jura"
1157:cite encyclopedia
1032:; abbreviated as
985:; abbreviated as
971:Master of Science
960:Master of Science
954:; abbreviated as
896:Aarhus University
878:; abbreviated as
827:; abbreviated as
805:Master of Science
797:political science
791:; abbreviated as
770:; abbreviated as
736:; abbreviated as
621:Soviet occupation
510:diploma privilege
460:; abbreviated as
428:; abbreviated as
381:; abbreviated as
365:; abbreviated as
316:magister's degree
306:; abbreviated as
265:
264:
203:The Low Countries
195:), and theology (
78:bachelor's degree
2057:
2040:Master's degrees
2035:Academic degrees
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1981:. Archived from
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1820:"Studienordnung"
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1690:. 5 March 2020.
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1578:(in Norwegian).
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1458:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1385:
1384:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1259:(2â3): 178â180.
1246:
1240:
1239:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1152:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1090:
1031:
1026:
793:cand.scient.pol.
746:natural sciences
692:Bachelor of Laws
638:In Denmark, the
607:, shortened ON (
452:Candidate of Law
340:natural sciences
260:
257:
239:
232:
172:master's degrees
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