109:). Those beetles are native to Australia and they are detrimental to sugarcane crops, which are a major source of income for Australia. Adult cane beetles eat the leaves of the crop, but the main problem is the larvae, which feed on the roots. Adult cane beetles have a heavy exoskeleton and their eggs and larvae are often buried underground, making them difficult to exterminate. Furthermore, conventional methods of pest control, such as pesticide use, would have undesirable effects like eradicating harmless species of insects as well. Cane toads were to replace the use of pesticides, such as arsenic, pitch, and copper. The success of using the moth
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native animals not to eat the toads. By blending bits of toad with a nausea-inducing chemical, the baits train the animals to stay away from the amphibians. Researcher David
Pearson says trials run in laboratories and in remote parts of the Kimberley region of WA are looking promising, although the baits will not solve the cane-toad problem altogether. By 2023, field research indicated that the taste aversion project had not been effective in reducing toad-induced northern quoll decline in the Kimberley.
378:, through learning or evolutionary selection, but the initial drop in population is often steep and can reduce biodiversity on a population level. One proposed solution is to use "teacher toads", or smaller toads that are less likely to kill predators. These toads would allow predators to learn not to eat the toads while mitigating mortality. Some have even proposed adding some chemical to make the toads distasteful to further discourage predation. These efforts have shown some promising results so far.
431:. One involves the release of sterile males into the population. These males would compete for resources with other males, while themselves not being able to reproduce. A second strategy would be to insert a gene in female toads, which would allow them to only create male offspring. In theory, this would limit the reproductive rates and control the population. Determining the efficacy and dangers of these approaches is difficult, as these methods have never been attempted, especially on a large scale.
310:), is able to eat the tadpoles and live young of the toad without being affected by the poison that often kills other predators. This may account for slower than expected infestations of toads in certain areas of the Northern Territory, although later research carried out jointly by several Australian Universities casts doubt on these reports. Some snake species have been reported to have adapted smaller jaws so that they are unable to swallow large cane toads, which have large quantities of poison.
474:
545:", where the community learn about and catch cane toads, with prizes for the largest toad caught, and the heaviest weight of toads caught. In 2015, 143.6 kg (317 lb) of toads were caught. In 2016, a drier year, 92 kg (203 lb) of toads were caught. Cane toad races are popular in some towns and pubs. Toads are given humorous names and punters can bid or buy a toad or bet on them as in horse racing. Entrants or the winners commonly have to kiss their toads.
342:
invasion of the cane toad, more so than any other group. Two species of crocodiles and around 70 species of freshwater turtles were found to be at risk of invasion, and all species studied were found capable of eating a toad large enough to kill them. All freshwater turtles and crocodiles are predicted to share part of their future distribution with the invasive species by 2030. Australia's varanids and agamids are also at a great risk.
60:, for which the continent has no efficient natural predators or parasites, and which displace native species; in some cases, these species are physically destructive to habitat, as well. Cane toads have been very successful as an invasive species, having become established in more than 15 countries within the past 150 years. In the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the
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52:, both of which dramatically increased traffic and import of novel species, allowed development of a complex, interdepending system of ecology, but one which provided no natural predators for many of the species subsequently introduced. The recent, sudden inundation of foreign species has led to severe breakdowns in Australian
164:
Since their release, toads have rapidly multiplied. By 2011 they were estimated to number over 200 million and have been known to spread diseases, thereby affecting local biodiversity. Not only has the introduction of the toads has caused significant environmental detriment, but there is no evidence
422:
Currently, most attempts to curtail the invasion of cane toads have been unsuccessful. Many of these strategies involve the physical trapping of toads, but these methods also capture unintended native species. Since the largest selective pressure on cane toads currently is intraspecies competition,
359:, is reported to be one of the few native animals that is a successful predator of cane toads. The larger the animal, or predator, is the better chance it has of survival, as its body weight effectively dilutes the concentration of the toxin in its body. There are reports of one native species, the
341:
Predators in
Australia are not adapted to the cane toad's toxin, which is its main defense mechanism. Because of this, toads do not tend to hide and are usually targeted by predators, which then expose themselves to the toxic effects. One study suggests Australian reptiles are greatly threatened by
254:
The long-term effects of toads on the
Australian environment are difficult to determine, but some effects include "the depletion of native species that die eating cane toads; the poisoning of pets and humans; depletion of native fauna preyed on by cane toads; and reduced prey populations for native
464:
Poisonous sausages containing toad meat are being trialed in the
Kimberley (Western Australia) to try to protect native animals from cane toads' deadly impact. The Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation has been working with the University of Sydney to develop baits to train
282:
stated that the predation of the cane toad by native wildlife is the greatest risk to biodiversity. Other factors, such as competition with native wildlife for resources, and the predation of the cane toad on native wildlife, were considered much lower risk factors, but requiring further study. In
434:
On 13 June 2012, news reports cited a new research breakthrough regarding cane toad control. Cane toad tadpoles are attracted to the toxin produced by adults and spawn as they are believed to cannibalize toad spawn as a food source. Researchers used cane toad toxin to successfully lure cane toad
488:
Their skin can be made into leather, and novelty cane-toad purses made of the fore body and abdomen have been made. In the Torres Strait
Islands, where the toads arrived around 2014, one entrepreneur is tanning the hides to create a durable leather, and creating luxury fashion handbags from the
320:
was found to be immune to the toad's poison and can successfully prey upon young cane toads. Whereas native frogs and toads have natural reflexes to avoid the meat ants, the cane toads do not tend to try to escape the ants, rather standing still when attacked waiting for the toxin to kill the
332:
and waiting for the beetles, eating up to 150 in one meal. In areas where cane toads have free access to water in dams, the dung beetles have been decimated. This indicates that the cane toad has the potential to economically affect the cattle industry through increased disease in cattle.
222:
The toads on the western frontier of their advance have evolved larger legs, which is thought to be related to their ability to travel farther. As a consequence of their longer legs, larger bodies, and faster movement, about 10% of the leading-edge cane toads have also developed
770:
426:
Many new ideas have been proposed to control the cane toad population. Some have suggested introducing a native viral or bacterial pest of the toads, but this has potential to once again invade native species. Two similar strategies have been proposed, both of which focus on
414:) were found to have learned to make an incision to eat the cane toads' hearts and livers, while avoiding their lethal skin and glands. The water rats were able to adapt the hunting strategies within two years of the cane toads' introduction into their territory.
247:
227:. Cane toads are estimated to migrate around 40 km (25 mi) per year as of 1994, but new research in 2014 indicated that the migration rate had increased to 60 km (37 mi) per year on the western front.
441:
The RSPCA has guidelines for the humane culling of cane toads. Inhumane ways are illegal in most states and territories. Due to concerns over potential harm to other
Australian wildlife species, the use of Dettol as
537:, called for legalisation of attacks on cane toads. This was criticised by many animal and conservation groups, who claim freezing is a more humane way to kill cane toads than hitting them with cricket bats.
363:, eating cane toads without ingesting the poison by flipping it onto its back and eating its non-toxic innards via its underside. In 2014, researchers found evidence that the Australian freshwater crocodile (
586:
showed people from New South Wales standing at the New South Wales-Queensland border with golf clubs and lights, attracting cane toads just so they could hit them back across the border with the golf clubs.
447:
461:, are being fed young, small, cane toads by researchers to create a "food poisoning"-like experience for the predators, in the hope that they will avoid eating adult toads, which might kill them.
2350:
939:
93:, cane toads were introduced to Australia from Hawaii in June 1935 by the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, now Sugar Research Australia, in an attempt to control the native grey-backed
1150:
Boland, C. R. J. (2004). "Introduced cane toads Bufo marinus are active nest predators and competitors of rainbow bee-eaters Merops ornatus: observational and experimental evidence".
485:
Attempts have been made to make use of dead cane toads, which can number in the thousands and cause hygiene problems. This includes processing the carcasses into liquid fertilisers.
529:
In
Australian states where the cane toad is common, some "sports" have developed, such as cane-toad golf and cane-toad cricket, where cane toads are used as balls. In April 2005,
302:), have learned to attack the toad's belly, avoiding the poison-producing glands on the back of the head. Anecdotal reports in the Northern Territory suggest that a native frog,
389:
over a period of five years. The resident predators, the monitor lizards, ate the cane toads and died, which resulted in a boom in the population of the lizards' typical prey,
423:
these physical removals often only improve the conditions for untrapped toads. Also, since migration is high, any area purged of toads would most likely be reinvaded quickly.
234:
in north
Queensland which, recorded unofficially at 25 cm and 2.7 kg and dubbed 'Toadzilla', may be the largest ever seen. This specimen has been preserved for display at the
313:
Another study, however, notes that the cane toad is adapting to a wider environmental range and may in the future be spreading into habitats currently not available.
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In semiarid areas where water is scarce, the construction of toad-proof fences around dams can severely affect toad survival rates by denying them access to water.
375:
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from Hawaii, with one dying in transit due to dehydration. By March 1937, some 62,000 toadlets were bred in captivity and then released in areas around
884:
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1923:
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45:
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The spread of cane toads was slow at first but, by 1959, they had colonised most of
Queensland's east coast. In 1964, they appeared in the
708:, Australia: State of the Environment, Second Technical Paper Series (Biodiversity), Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
371:
had evolved in toad-inhabited regions of
Australia to have increased resistance to toad toxin and decreased preference for toads as prey.
1432:
989:
534:
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2016:
1250:
858:
1526:
2252:
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2214:
1485:
973:
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1943:
550:
2319:
1595:
Doody, J. Sean; Soanes, Rebekah; Castellano, Christina M.; Rhind, David; Green, Brian; McHenry, Colin R.; Clulow, Simon (2015).
1358:"The cane toad's (Chaunus Bufo marinus) increasing ability to invade Australia is revealed by a dynamically updated range model"
733:
1113:
A Preliminary Assessment of the Impacts of Invasive Cane Toads (Bufo marinus) on Three Species of Varanid Lizards in Australia
1231:
Mitchell, D.; Jones, A.; Hero, J.M. (1995). "Predation on the Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) by the black kite (Milvus migrans)".
807:
704:
Clarke, G. M., Gross, S., Matthews, M., Catling, P. C., Baker, B., Hewitt, C. L., Crowther, D., & Saddler, S. R. 2000,
1969:
1043:
523:
517:
204:
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161:. Releases were temporarily limited because of environmental concerns, but resumed in other areas after September 1936.
1856:
791:
562:, a popular children's entertainer, sang the song "Warts 'n' All", which was used in the documentary. A longer sequel,
502:
656:
G. Smith, James; L. Phillips, Ben (2006). "Toxic tucker: the potential impact of Cane Toads on Australian reptiles".
367:) had learned to eat just the hind legs of cane toads. One research study concluded that in less than 75 years, the
278:
dropped by up to 90% when their habitat was invaded by cane toads. The preliminary risk assessment of cane toads in
287:
deaths resulting from poisoning after predation on cane toads has been linked to a rise in the number of undamaged
116:
1827:
1548:"An invasive species induces rapid adaptive change in a native predator: cane toads and black snakes in Australia"
621:
90:
844:
Press release, NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, 15 April 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
766:
564:
497:
The cane toad has been listed by the National Trust of Queensland as a state icon of Queensland, alongside the
916:
1710:"Rapidly evolved traits enable new conservation tools: perspectives from the cane toad invasion of Australia"
691:
368:
576:
454:
303:
275:
134:
898:
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displays an Australian attitude towards the cane toad. This film won the "Best Comedy" award at the 2003
673:
555:
347:
208:
158:
142:
111:
61:
49:
1406:
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and snake populations have been reported after the arrival of toads. For example, local populations of
102:
1081:
Mayes, P.J.; Thompson, G. G.; Withers, P. C. (2005). "Diet and foraging behaviour of the semi-aquatic
1067:
2073:
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Numerous native species have been reported as successfully preying on toads. Some birds, such as the
279:
231:
181:
1299:"Adapting to an invasive species: Toxic cane toads induce morphological change in Australian snakes"
548:
The introduction and subsequent migration of the cane toad in Australia was popularised by the film
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591:
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57:
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1626:
1597:"Invasive toads shift predator–prey densities in animal communities by removing top predators"
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969:
235:
185:
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1881:
1217:
2048:
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1729:
1721:
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Shine, Richard; Baeckens, Simon (27 July 2023). Tinghitella, Robin; Chapman, Tracey (eds.).
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that they have affected the number of cane beetles which they were introduced to prey upon.
41:
2335:
2026:
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609:
583:
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eggs. Cane toads were present within a few days of the crocodiles hatching in April 2007.
195:
They have also spread south into northern New South Wales, with one isolated community in
173:
150:
2308:
2088:
2291:
1778:
1612:
1314:
1163:
913:"Toxic Toads Evolve Longer Legs, Study Says. 15 February 2006. National Geographic News"
435:
tadpoles, implying that in controlled areas, tadpoles could be captured and eradicated.
270:) have been observed after toads have invaded an area. A number of cases of declines in
2189:
The Simpsons The Complete Tenth Season DVD commentary for the episode "Bart the Mother"
1572:
1547:
1382:
1357:
360:
263:
196:
1947:
1333:
1298:
1129:
859:"On a tiny island invaded by cane toads, this handbag has become an unlikely solution"
211:, probably carried there by boat. By 2022 cane toads had been sighted as far south as
180:
border. In March 2001, the invasion front entered the wetlands of the heritage-listed
2360:
1734:
1694:
1671:"Eat your heart out: choice and handling of novel toxic prey by predatory water rats"
396:
390:
86:
17:
1025:
1995:
1500:"Toads fall victim to crows in NT – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"
758:
600:
542:
530:
520:
443:
1786:
250:
The spread of the cane toads in Australia from 1940 to 1980 in five-year intervals
77:
1903:"Cane toad sausages on the menu for Kimberley wildlife in taste aversion project"
1171:
811:
677:
559:
458:
325:
94:
1973:
1924:"Doubts cane toad sausages can protect Kimberley quolls as pest pushes into WA"
1130:"SSR164 – A preliminary risk assessment of cane toads in Kakadu National Park"
1010:
Giant cane toad found in Conway National Park in north Queensland weighs 2.7kg
538:
513:
478:
295:
1743:
1725:
385:
journal states that the invasion of cane toads in a case study area caused a
1323:
1283:
627:
428:
224:
212:
37:
33:
2329:
2107:"Cane toad racing – Iron Bar, Port Douglas Traveller Reviews – TripAdvisor"
1794:
1751:
1669:
Parrott, Marissa L.; Doody, J. Sean; McHenry, Colin; Clulow, Simon (2019).
1630:
1581:
1563:
1391:
1373:
1342:
2268:
1670:
612:" in which an invasive lizard is dealt with by introducing other species.
246:
2174:
The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode "Bart vs. Australia"
2089:"Cane toad races in Australia – cane toad racing in Queensland Australia"
832:
Hitchhiker cane toad found in WA southwest/ AdelaideNow, 2 February 2011.
329:
317:
2297:
2280:
1844:. Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy. 2011.
1356:
Urban, Mark C.; Ben L. Phillips; David K. Skelly; Richard Shine (2007).
1026:"Australia's 'Toadzilla': Record-breaking cane toad found in Queensland"
718:
554:(1988), which tells the tale with a humorous edge and is often shown in
2338:" —the prize-winning Australian animated short, hosted on a German site
53:
1645:"Meet Richard Shine, who is saving our native animals from cane toads"
1621:
1596:
188:
border, and by 2011 had become established in irrigation areas around
1186:"Cane toad impact will boost croc hatchling numbers, researchers say"
669:
407:
284:
271:
200:
119:
led to the hope that the cane toad would perform a similar function.
1686:
1098:
64:
listed the impacts of the cane toad as a "key threatening process".
2247:. School of Australian Environmental Studies, Griffith University.
506:
472:
256:
245:
216:
76:
351:(saw-shelled turtle), which ranges along rivers and streams from
2314:
2245:
The Cane Toad, Bufo marinus: A Bibliography (AES working paper)
1810:"Fences could halt cane toad invasion of arid Australia, study"
1459:
808:"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Killing off the cane toad"
595:
was a satirical humour magazine based in Brisbane, Queensland.
207:, was later eradicated. By 2019, they had become a pest in the
2341:
1765:
Sarah Zielinski (15 June 2012). "The Reluctant Toad Killer".
1527:"Miniature crocodiles fighting back against cane toad menace"
1044:
Toadzilla to join other giant cane toads at Queensland Museum
940:"Arthritis Fails to Slow Invading Toads in Australian Fields"
734:"Everyone agreed: cane toads would be a winner for Australia"
694:. Department of the Environment and Energy. 26 November 2007.
184:
and, by 2009, the toads were close to the Northern Territory/
403:
techniques to teach the northern quoll to avoid cane toads.
2351:
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
2069:"Townsville's annual cane toad hunt sees lowest yield ever"
1882:"'Food poisoning' helps goannas survive invading cane-toad"
512:"Cane toad" is also a colloquial term for an inhabitant of
1433:"Cane toad threatens valuable dung beetle, scientists say"
1478:
Wildlife of Tropical North Queensland: Cooktown to Mackay
215:, southwest of Sydney. In 2023 cane toads were found in
145:
in northern Queensland. More toads were released around
1944:"Toads as Fertilizer – DirtDoctor.com – Howard Garrett"
1362:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
899:"Invasive Cane Toad Sighted Near Kenthurst and Dural"
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
2330:
The Cane Toad – Australia's Amphibian Plague at h2g2
598:
The invasive nature of cane toads was referenced in
324:New research has indicated that cane toads prey on
199:. An isolated colony found in 2010 in the south of
1828:"What is the most humane way to kill a cane toad?"
1407:"Killer ants are weapons of mass toad destruction"
1297:Phillips, Ben L.; Shine, Richard (December 2004).
230:In 2023, rangers discovered a female cane toad in
56:, after overwhelming proliferation of a number of
1042:Knight, Mia; Naunton, Jessica, and Stephen, Adam
990:"Cane toads evolving into straight, fast hoppers"
885:"Sydney council hunts for cane toad on the loose"
1842:"Methods for the field euthanasia of cane toads"
176:and, by 1984, they had reached the Queensland/
2224:Barker, J.; Grigg, G.C.; Tyler, M.J. (1995).
2049:"Townsville kids kick cane toads out of town"
8:
797:, 27 March 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
692:"Australian Government policy on cane toads"
374:Evidence exists for native predator species
568:, by the same filmmaker, was made in 2010.
262:Precipitous declines in populations of the
2315:Summary of cane toad research in Australia
2307:
2290:
1996:"Australian slang terms – Koalanet.com.au"
1970:"National Trust Queensland National Icons"
852:
850:
448:Department of Environment and Conservation
172:. By 1978, they had reached the border of
44:. Australia's relative isolation prior to
1733:
1620:
1571:
1381:
1332:
1322:
376:adapting to the presence of the cane toad
1476:Ryan, Michelle, General Editor. (2000).
608:". It was also parodied in the episode "
418:Methods to control invasion in Australia
2017:"Cane toad clubbing sparks controversy"
706:Environmental Pest Species in Australia
639:
446:was banned in Western Australia by the
40:is regarded as an exemplary case of an
1218:"Cane Toads Present for Croc Hatching"
345:One native freshwater turtle species,
1922:de Kruijff, Peter (31 October 2023).
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
865:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
7:
2372:Invasive animal species in Australia
1498:Katrina Bolton (15 September 2007).
773:from the original on 8 November 2020
1808:Phillips, Nicky (4 February 2015).
857:Thompson, Jesse (31 January 2020).
509:tree (also an introduced species).
2207:Australian Frogs A Natural History
1259:. 15 December 2004. Archived from
966:Australian Frogs A Natural History
938:Henry Fountain (16 October 2007).
792:Thousands killed in 'Toad Day Out'
25:
2336:Cane Toad – What Happened To Baz?
2226:A Field Guide to Australian Frogs
1405:Sweeney, Claire (31 March 2009).
732:Turvey, Nigel (7 November 2013).
573:Cane Toad – What happened to Baz?
2282:Cane Toads: An Unnatural History
2267:
1901:Parke, Erin (14 November 2016).
1233:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
1117:Advances in Monitor Research III
551:Cane Toads: An Unnatural History
582:A controversial commercial for
381:A study to be published in the
2367:Fauna naturalised in Australia
2147:"Cane Toad Golf Out of Bounds"
122:In June 1935, 102 cane toads (
1:
2145:Squires, Nick (8 June 2007).
1855:Narelle Towie (23 May 2009).
1787:10.1126/science.336.6087.1375
1546:Phillips BL, Shine R (2006).
453:Large predators, such as the
2347:The Cane Toad (Bufo Marinus)
2228:. Surrey Beatty & Sons.
1172:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.025
658:Pacific Conservation Biology
968:. Reed Books. p. 112.
763:Queensland Historical Atlas
759:"Introducing the cane toad"
516:, particularly the state's
503:Royal Flying Doctor Service
2393:
2243:Lawson, Walter J. (1987).
1251:"NT frog 'eats' Cane Toad"
1111:J. S. Doody et al (2007):
410:or Australian water rats (
117:prickly pears in Australia
2274:Bufo marinus in Australia
1857:"Cane toad poison banned"
1814:The Sydney Morning Herald
1735:10067/1971290151162165141
795:The Sydney Morning Herald
622:Conservation in Australia
2299:Cane Toads: The Conquest
2191:(DVD). 20th Century Fox.
2187:Cohen, David S. (2007).
2176:(DVD). 20th Century Fox.
1085:(Reptilia: Varanidae)".
1060:"Cane Toad Bufo marinus"
767:University of Queensland
565:Cane Toads: The Conquest
526:members and supporters.
401:behavioural conditioning
283:the Northern Territory,
27:Invasive species of toad
2093:amazingaustralia.com.au
1324:10.1073/pnas.0406440101
1152:Biological Conservation
533:, a Northern Territory
455:yellow-spotted monitors
369:red-bellied black snake
219:, northwest of Sydney.
73:Introduction and spread
2342:Kimberley Toad Busters
2172:Mirkin, David (2005).
1726:10.1093/evolut/qpad102
1564:10.1098/rspb.2006.3479
1374:10.1098/rspb.2007.0114
577:St Kilda Film Festival
501:, and past icons, the
482:
276:yellow-spotted monitor
255:insectivores, such as
251:
99:Dermolepida albohirtum
82:
2276:at Wikimedia Commons
2205:Tyler, M. J. (1994).
2125:"Vulgar, Violent Ads"
1480:. Queensland Museum.
1284:"Team Bufo: About Us"
964:Tyler, M. J. (1994).
556:environmental science
481:made from a cane toad
476:
412:Hydromys chrysogaster
348:Myuchelys latisternum
249:
209:Torres Strait Islands
112:Cactoblastis cactorum
80:
62:Australian government
50:Industrial Revolution
46:European colonisation
18:Cane toad (Australia)
1976:on 19 September 2006
1675:Australian Mammalogy
721:. Australian Museum.
584:Tooheys beer company
535:Member of Parliament
406:In 2019, the native
365:Crocodylus johnstoni
316:In 2009, the native
280:Kakadu National Park
232:Conway National Park
182:Kakadu National Park
2320:Cane toad factsheet
2151:The Daily Telegraph
1779:2012Sci...336.1375Z
1613:2015Ecol...96.2544D
1535:. 17 November 2014.
1315:2004PNAS..10117150P
1309:(49): 17150–17155.
1263:on 16 December 2004
1164:2004BCons.120...53B
1115:. Mertensiella 16 (
1070:on 1 February 2010.
1064:National Geographic
592:The Cane Toad Times
353:Cape York Peninsula
304:Dahl's aquatic frog
289:saltwater crocodile
268:Dasyurus hallucatus
170:Gulf of Carpentaria
133:) were imported to
2111:tripadvisor.com.au
1830:. RSPCA Australia.
1460:"Cane Toads in Oz"
1198:on 11 October 2007
1049:, 4 February 2023.
1032:. 20 January 2023.
1015:, 20 January 2023.
944:The New York Times
606:Bart vs. Australia
499:Great Barrier Reef
493:In popular culture
483:
252:
242:Ecological effects
192:, in WA's north.
186:Western Australian
178:Northern Territory
141:, Gordonvale, and
83:
58:introduced species
2324:Australian Museum
2272:Media related to
1890:. 6 January 2016.
1622:10.1890/14-1332.1
1558:(1593): 1545–50.
1464:canetoadsinoz.com
1087:Wildlife Research
998:. 9 October 2014.
842:Cane toads beware
814:on 2 October 2006
541:holds an annual "
505:and the backyard
236:Queensland Museum
107:Lepidiota frenchi
81:A young cane toad
16:(Redirected from
2384:
2311:
2294:
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2133:
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2114:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2077:. 22 March 2016.
2065:
2059:
2058:
2057:. 30 March 2015.
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2025:. Archived from
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1972:. Archived from
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
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1946:. Archived from
1940:
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1773:(6087): 1375–7.
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1720:(8): 1744–1755.
1705:
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1607:(9): 2544–2554.
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1441:. 14 April 2015.
1429:
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1368:(1616): 1413–9.
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1214:
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1194:. Archived from
1182:
1176:
1175:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1126:
1120:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1083:Varanus mertensi
1078:
1072:
1071:
1066:. Archived from
1056:
1050:
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1034:
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1022:
1016:
1006:
1000:
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980:
979:
961:
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919:on 16 March 2006
915:. Archived from
909:
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895:
889:
888:
887:. 22 April 2022.
881:
875:
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870:
854:
845:
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819:
810:. Archived from
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798:
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755:
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744:
738:The Conversation
729:
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670:10.1071/PC060040
653:
337:Predator effects
42:invasive species
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2199:Further reading
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2029:on 1 March 2006
2015:
2014:
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1950:on 19 June 2006
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1687:10.1071/AM19016
1668:
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1552:Proc. Biol. Sci
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618:
610:Bart the Mother
571:The short film
518:State of Origin
495:
471:
420:
391:crimson finches
387:trophic cascade
357:New South Wales
339:
328:by nestling in
244:
174:New South Wales
124:Rhinella marina
115:in controlling
103:French's beetle
75:
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2263:External links
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361:Torresian crow
338:
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308:Litoria dahlii
300:Milvus migrans
264:northern quoll
243:
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197:Port Macquarie
91:Middle America
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2155:. Retrieved
2150:
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2128:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
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2031:. Retrieved
2027:the original
2020:
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1999:. Retrieved
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:the original
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1938:
1927:
1917:
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1864:. Retrieved
1860:
1850:
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1770:
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1760:
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1652:. Retrieved
1648:
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1503:
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1261:the original
1254:
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1200:. Retrieved
1196:the original
1189:
1180:
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1155:
1151:
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1124:
1116:
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1107:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1068:the original
1063:
1054:
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1038:
1029:
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1008:Knight, Mia
1004:
993:
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959:
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943:
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917:the original
907:
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862:
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816:. Retrieved
812:the original
802:
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787:
775:. Retrieved
762:
753:
741:. Retrieved
737:
727:
713:
705:
700:
686:
661:
657:
626:
601:The Simpsons
599:
597:
590:
589:
581:
572:
570:
563:
549:
547:
543:Toad Day Out
531:Dave Tollner
528:
521:rugby league
511:
496:
487:
484:
463:
459:sand goannas
452:
444:pest control
440:
437:
433:
425:
421:
411:
405:
395:
382:
380:
373:
364:
355:to northern
346:
344:
340:
326:dung beetles
323:
315:
312:
307:
299:
293:
267:
261:
253:
229:
221:
194:
167:
163:
131:Bufo marinus
130:
123:
121:
110:
106:
98:
84:
31:
29:
1511:12 November
719:"Cane Toad"
560:Don Spencer
205:Taren Point
126:, formerly
95:cane beetle
2377:Q150 Icons
2361:Categories
1980:17 October
1866:2 February
1681:(2): 235.
1239:: 512–531.
1202:15 October
949:27 October
869:1 February
818:6 December
777:6 December
743:26 October
635:References
539:Townsville
514:Queensland
469:Novel uses
321:attacker.
296:black kite
135:Gordonvale
85:Native to
1861:Perth Now
1744:0014-3820
1714:Evolution
1695:203879527
1488:. p. 198.
1411:The Times
1093:: 67–74.
678:862947521
664:(1): 40.
628:Toad Rage
604:episode "
558:courses.
450:in 2011.
429:fecundity
399:is using
225:arthritis
213:Bankstown
190:Kununurra
159:Bundaberg
143:Innisfail
38:Australia
34:cane toad
2153:. London
2074:ABC News
2054:ABC News
2022:ABC News
1929:ABC News
1908:ABC News
1887:ABC News
1795:22700900
1752:37279524
1631:26594710
1582:16777750
1532:ABC News
1505:ABC News
1438:ABC News
1417:31 March
1413:. London
1392:17389221
1343:15569943
1256:ABC News
1191:ABC News
1047:ABC News
1030:BBC News
1013:ABC News
995:ABC News
863:ABC News
771:Archived
674:ProQuest
616:See also
330:cow pats
318:meat ant
48:and the
2157:20 July
2130:20 July
2033:20 June
2001:2 April
1775:Bibcode
1767:Science
1609:Bibcode
1601:Ecology
1573:1560325
1383:2176198
1311:Bibcode
1160:Bibcode
489:skins.
383:Ecology
68:History
54:ecology
2353:(2010)
2326:(2003)
2306:
2289:
2251:
2232:
2213:
1954:7 June
1793:
1750:
1742:
1693:
1654:19 May
1629:
1580:
1570:
1484:
1390:
1380:
1341:
1334:535375
1331:
1135:22 May
972:
923:19 May
676:
408:rakali
285:goanna
272:goanna
257:skinks
201:Sydney
157:, and
155:Mackay
147:Ingham
139:Cairns
101:) and
1691:S2CID
1267:9 May
507:mango
479:purse
217:Dural
203:, at
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