Canterbury city walls - Knowledge (XXG)

734:. Moving clockwise around the circuit from Northgate, St Mary's Church incorporates parts of the walls into its structure, and the original medieval crenellations can be seen in the stonework. Four square towers survive around the walls here, mostly somewhat reduced in height from their original medieval form, and with their gunports converted to windows. The outline of Queningate is marked out on the local road, and parts of the Roman wall discovered in archaeological investigations are presented in a local display. A further two towers beyond Queningate survive, complete with their original gunports. The former site of Burgate is marked by another Cozen Stone, and on the next stretch of wall, one tower survives, used for a period as a water cistern and now incorporated into the 19th century Zoar Chapel. 626: 661:

citizen James Simmons built a new, brick archway on the old foundations, which was rapidly occupied by a new house, blocking most of the gateway. An iron bridge was later built over the site of Riding Gate. The Worth Gate was demolished in 1791 and reused in a local garden, a new entrance being built in its place. Newingate's drum towers were used as a water reservoir for the city, and the gatehouse was not demolished until 1801. Sections of the wall were cut away to allow new roads to be built; the walls near St Radiguns's Public Baths were demolished in 1794 and the city wall around London Gate was demolished around 1800.

48: 698:, part of the city walls near the Dane John Gardens were turned into an ammunition depot, dug into the bank of the wall. German bombing campaigns in 1942 caused extensive damage to Canterbury, including the city walls around Riding Gate. The bomb damage provided fresh opportunities for archaeological investigation, however, and work by the Canterbury Excavation Committee began in 1944. This research disproved older theories about the shape of the Roman city walls, demonstrating that the Roman and medieval defences formed an identical circuit. 484:, there was an increased level of concern about potential French raids or invasion along the south of England. Canterbury was particularly important for the defence of the south-east, as it formed a potential barrier to any invaders marching on London. An enquiry was carried out in 1363 into the state of Canterbury's defences, which concluded that the city was in a parlous position, as "the walls of Canterbury are for the most part fallen because of age, and the stones thereof carried away, and the ditches under the walls are obstructed". 271: 687: 320: 64: 466: 544: 738:

1950s on the original medieval foundations. Another four towers survive between the former sites of Riding Gate and Wincheap Gate, one of which remains near its original height and retains its defensive crenellations. Beyond the former site of Wincheap Gate the wall has mostly been destroyed, although one tower survives, converted into a private house; the former site of Worth Gate is marked by a memorial stone.

719: 540:

royal customs duties for the walls. Murage taxes in Canterbury gave way to the introduction of support through a system of rates, with each ward being tasked to raise money through local taxes on its citizens. The walls became an important symbol of the city, and 15th-century art from Canterbury presents the cathedral and the city wall as having equal status as key features of the city.

400: 71: 590:, built around the same time, and gave particular focus to the left flank along North Gate, the most likely route for any attackers. Gunports in south-west corner of the city walls are put at alternate heights, for overlapping fire. The first documentary record of Canterbury's guns appears in 1403, when it is clear that there were several kept in the West Gate. 307:

its name from the red bricks with which it was built, had two protective towers and a pair of entrance arches for pedestrians and carriages, as probably did Burgate. The Worth Gate, the London Gate and the Queningate had simpler entrance arches. A sequence of square towers protected the walls, and at least one additional wall tower was constructed following the

436:

It is unclear how the walls were maintained during this period, and by the 12th century they were in ruins and of little practical defensive value. In the late-12th century, the walls were assigned some limited royal funding through the local sheriff, probably for the maintenance of existing structures, and just over £5 was spent in 1166–67 on these repairs.

499:. The result was what historian Hilary Turner has described as a "well-planned operation", designed to build the walls rapidly, but which still took around 30 years to complete. The city and the cathedral authorities worked closely together on the project, an unusual situation, given the local political tensions that existed between them. 452:

and were linked to maintenance and manning of the city walls. The wards took the form of segments, spreading out from the centre of the city, incorporating the relevant gate and sometimes the suburbs beyond that had spread outside the walls. By the 1160s Canterbury's wards included Burgate, Northgate

306:

The walls had at least five gates, typically positioned near angles in the city wall, although, judging from the location of Roman roads, it is possible that another two Roman gates may also have existed. The gates linked to the network of major roads that ran across Kent. The Riding Gate, which took

298:

blocks. The height of these walls is uncertain, but sections have survived that are up to 20 feet (6.1 m) high. The walls stood on a bank of earth between 20 feet (6.1 m) and 30 feet (9.1 m) wide and at least 7 feet (2.1 m) high, protected by a ditch, typically 59 feet (18 m)

224:

led to an enquiry into Canterbury's defences in 1363. The decision was taken to restore the city walls and for around the next thirty years the old Roman defences were freshly rebuilt in stone, incorporating the older walls where they still remained. 24 towers were constructed around the circuit, and

741:

The West Gate has survived in excellent condition, and Creighton and Higham describe it as "one of the most monumental of all examples of town gate architecture". Constructed from ragstone and flint, it has two large circular towers at the front, but has a square-facing interior; although fireplaces

539:

A survey in 1402 suggested that most of the city was walled, except for part of the stretch between the West Gate and North Gate. In 1409, the city's bailiffs were allowed to acquire lands worth £20 a year to support the maintenance of the walls, and Canterbury was permitted to draw funding from the

456:

After the 12th century, work on the walls appears to have stopped until the second half of the 14th century. The city walls fell further into disrepair as a result. In some places, over 1 foot (0.30 m) of debris came to cover the remaining stonework of the old Roman walls, while in another case

286:

but had not required any other civic defences. The security situation in Britain deteriorated in the late 3rd century AD and a circuit of defensive walls were built around the city, probably between 270 and 290. They enclosed an area of 130 acres (53 ha), cutting off the old industrial parts of

660:

road system. This required extensive changes to the city streets and gateways, which were typically too narrow to be easily navigated by these vehicles. By 1779, Northgate and Burgate had been destroyed to allow wider entrances for the city. Riding Gate was demolished in 1782, but in 1791 the local

435:

recorded that 11 houses had been built in the ditches around the city walls, which by then appear to have been in a poor condition. The encroachment was possibly the result of population pressures on the inner, walled city, as Canterbury had spread out well beyond the walls by the mid-11th century.

419:

was built on the south side of the city and formed part of the circuit of defence, with property being destroyed to make room for it. Despite its location along the walls, archaeologists Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham have observed that the castle was not an "addition" to the defences, but more

390:

recounts how the attacking Danes were thrown off the tops of the walls to their deaths by the citizens. Roger's account may be an exaggeration, but the story shows that the city walls were in sufficiently good condition for such a story to be considered plausible at the time. After a fire broke out

256:

caused further damage. Despite this, the remaining walls and gatehouse survived post-war redevelopment intact and some portions were rebuilt entirely. Over half the original circuit survives, enclosing an area of 130 acres (53 ha), and archaeologists Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham consider

726:

Canterbury's city walls in the 21st century are a mixture of survivals from the multiple periods of building, from Roman to the 20th century, but the majority of the visible walls are medieval in origin. Over half the original circuit survives, and archaeologists Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham

594:

thanks to public contributions, but it was not completed until 1525, furnished with gunports and anachronistic battlements. Queningate was closed up at shortly after the 15th century, probably following the construction of a new postern gate nearby. West Gate was appointed the city gaol in 1453 by

514:

allowing them to use stonemasons from across the county. In 1379, a new 10-year murage grant was issued. In 1385, £100 from the issues of Kent was given to Canterbury, and the murage tax extended for a further five years. In the financial year of 1385–86, approximately £619 was spent on the walls.

701:

In the post-war years, the city walls shaped the route of Canterbury's modern ring road system, protecting the inner core of the ancient city, despite proposals under the Holden Plan of 1945 for a radical reshaping of the city's road network. During the 1950s, a stretch of Canterbury's walls were

672:

visited the gaol in the mid-1770s, he noted that it contained a large day room for male and female prisoners and two small night rooms, but no courtyard for exercise. Prison reform became an important issue during the early 19th century, and the West Gate gaol was considered unsatisfactory, being

593:

A second wave of work took place on the city walls in the late 15th century. Backed by substantial communal effort and financial contributions, Newingate was rebuilt between 1450 and 1470, and probably closely resembled the West Gate in style. Burgate was rebuilt in brick from 1475 onwards, again

574:

Defensive towers were built around the city walls, and archaeological and historical evidence suggests that there were 24 of these. The towers had a generally uniform appearance, with 16 half-circular, or "horse-shoe", hollow-backed towers and eight square towers. The horse-shoe towers followed a

358:

was created outside the city to the south-east, and Newingate, later renamed St George's Gate, was inserted into the walls to allow easy access to it. During this the period the main axis of the city shifted from the older line of streets running from London Gate and Riding Gate, to the new route

737:

The south-east stretch of the walls beyond the former site of Riding Gate, marked by a 19th-century plaque, are particularly well preserved, including the Dane John Gardens, used as a public park and decorated with sculptures. The two towers near this stretch of wall are reconstructions from the

526:

Despite this, progress was not fast enough to suit the royal authorities. Richard II ordered the city to force workmen to repair the defences, and intervened in Canterbury's local elections in 1387 to ensure that two trusted bailiffs – Henry Lincoln and John Proude – were returned to

554:

The resulting circuit of walls followed the line of the former Roman and Anglo-Saxon defences, incorporating them where they survived in good condition. Parts of the 14th century walls, for example along Burgate Lane, have been shown to 4 feet (1.2 m) thick at the base and built of Kentish

664:

In other parts of Canterbury, the city walls became used for promenades by the more fashionable citizens. The Dane John Gardens were built between 1790 and 1803 by Simmons in the south-east corner of the walls, remodelling the old castle motte, and incorporating the Roman bank and the medieval

702:

reconstructed, including two circular towers, as part of the redevelopment of the St George district. In the early 1980s, the volume of traffic around the West Gate was causing damage to the structure of the building. The remaining walls and West Gate are protected under UK law as

367:. Churches and chapels were built over the gates, including St Mary's above the North Gate; the Holy Cross over West Gate; St Michael's over Bargate; St Edmund's within Riding Gate; and, potentially, St George's Chapel over Newingate. Canterbury's walls were mentioned by the early 287:

the western side of the city, but incorporating a cemetery area to the south-east that had formerly been outside the city boundary. New coastal forts were also built across the region at around the same time, and a headquarters for them may have been established in Canterbury.

197:. The first city walls were built by the Romans, probably between 270 and 280 AD. These walls were constructed from stone on top of an earth bank, and protected by a ditch and wall towers. At least five gates were placed into the walls, linked to the network of 673:

condemned as dirty, cramped and insecure, resulting in the extension of the gaol into Pound Lane and the consequent dismantling of the adjacent city wall. There was a legal attempt to demolish the West Gate altogether in 1859, in order to allow the

677:

to march a parade of elephants into the city; the gatehouse was only saved by the casting vote of Canterbury's mayor. In 1865 the prison was closed and the West Gate became used first for the storage of archives and then as a museum.

746:

were designed to be hidden from sight so as not to spoil its military appearance. The West Gate hosts a local museum and cafe. A final three towers survive on the stretch of the walls between West Gate and the former North Gate.

575:

fashion that had been popular from around 1260 to 1390, making Canterbury's towers a late example of the trend. The square towers were a newer design, and were built around the turn of the 14th and 15th century by

439:

Wooden "bars" had been placed outside many of the city gates to regulate the flow of traffic by the 12th century, including Riding Gate, Worth Gate and North Gate. One area of the city beyond the wall, called the

586:. West Gate was an innovative piece of defensive design in this regard, forming a powerful battery, carefully designed to have a wide angle of covering fire. Positioning of the gunloops is similar to those at 571:, an unusually prominent architect for a city wall programme. As part of this work, Holy Cross Church was moved from over the gate to a nearby site. The old Roman Riding Gate was cut through by a new archway. 506:, which was authorised by the king and applied to trade entering a city. In total, Canterbury was assigned 31 years of murage grants for its walls, starting in 1378, when five years of murage was granted by 727:

consider it "one of the most magnificent in Britain". Of the original 24 medieval towers along the walls, 17 remain intact, and one entranceway into the city, the West Gate, also survives.

567:. Most of the circuit was protected by an external ditch. The city walls retained the older system of Roman and Anglo-Saxon gates. West Gate was rebuilt around 1380 by the prominent mason, 637:, Canterbury was initially held by Parliamentary forces. In 1647, however, riots broke out in protest over the actions of the city's Puritan mayor and Canterbury declared its loyalty for 220:

invaders of the 11th century took the city without resistance, and by the 12th century the walls were ill-maintained and of little military value. Fears of a French invasion during the

448:

by the 12th century, although these may potentially have been created as early as the Anglo-Saxon period. These administrative districts, named after the city gates, were termed

641:. Parliamentary forces intervened and reoccupied the city, burning the wooden city gates and deliberately damaging, or slighting, the walls near Canterbury Castle. With the 502:

Money was needed to pay for this work. During the previous century, a method of taxation had been introduced to support the creation or maintenance of city walls, called

343:

within the city, possibly because the walled site gave them additional protection or because it was symbolically important as a former Roman city. Canterbury, now called

625: 730:

North Gate was destroyed in the 19th century, but its former location is marked by a "Cozen Stone", a marker laid down by amateur archaeologist Walter Cozens in the

2665: 359:

between West Gate and Newingate. A lane was built running around the inside of the walls, in a similar way to the intramural streets built around the same time at

225:

over the coming years many of the gatehouses were rebuilt in stone and brick, defended by some of the first batteries of guns in England. Parts of the wall were

469:

Canterbury's city defences, c. 1500; A - North Gate; B - Queningate; C - Burgate; D - Newingate/St George's Gate; E - Riding Gate; F - Dane John Mound; G -

665:

wall-walk into the design. The ownership of the land was disputed, and the park was taken into the control of the city shortly after its construction.

523:

and his army were able to enter Canterbury unopposed. 1399 saw another five years of murage granted, followed in 1402 by a final grant of three years.

2670: 201:

across the region. With the collapse of Roman Britain, Canterbury went into decline but the walls remained, and may have influenced the decision of

756: 331:

During the 5th century, Canterbury went into decline and its Roman institutions and buildings crumbled, although the city walls survived. In 597,

428:, built in 1123. The Worth Gate became the south entrance to the castle site, and a new gate was put into the walls to the east for general use. 559:; other sections incorporated the original Roman wall, which was still up to 8 feet (2.4 m) high in places. The new walls had a continuous 252:, were destroyed and extensive parts of the walled circuit were knocked down to make way for new roads and buildings. German bombing during the 487:

Canterbury's bailiffs were ordered to repair the walls, with similar instructions being issued to the authorities in vulnerable cities such as

354:

In the late Anglo-Saxon period, the internal street layout of Canterbury was remodelled, but the line of the outer walls remained the same. A

2629: 2572: 2550: 826: 382:

army successfully attacked the city in 835, killing many of the inhabitants. Scandinavian raids recommenced from 991 onwards and in 1011 a

94: 248:

During the 18th and 19th centuries, Canterbury's city walls came under extensive pressure from urban development. All the gates but one,

668:

West Gate continued to be used as the city gaol, resulting in it surviving the destruction of the other city gates. When the reformer

63: 2591: 531:

sent messages to the city complaining that the defences were not being adequately maintained, and that the city was still insecure.

386:

army demanded fresh tribute from the city. The city walls were used to defend the city during an 11-day siege, and the chronicler

633:

By 1614, the ditch outside the walls appears to have been partially filled in and the reclaimed land rented out. During the

47: 669: 444:, may also have been protected by its own earthworks during the middle of the 12th century. Canterbury was divided into 299:

wide and 16.5 feet (5.0 m) deep, but in places up to 82 feet (25 m) wide. A 10 feet (3.0 m) wide cobbled

605:

and 4,000 rebels were barred entry from the city at West Gate. In 1533, Canterbury reacted with concern to the news of

351:

and farmland, and a palisade may have built around the cathedral and its precinct to form a secure inner stronghold.

2604:

The State of the Prisons in England and Wales, with Preliminary Observations and an Account of Some Foreign Prisons

445: 408: 209:

retained the defensive walls, building chapels over most of the gates and using them to defend Canterbury against

606: 453:

and Newingate, with the wards of Riding Gate, Worthgate and West Gate being formed by the end of the century.

166: 2582:

Frere, S. S.; Stow, Sally (1982). "The Defensive Circuit". In Frere, S. S.; Stow, Sally; Bennett, P. (eds.).

332: 202: 613:; repairs were made to the walls, guns and ammunition mobilised, and the Riding Gate was blocked up. Queen 761: 383: 646: 642: 507: 412: 242: 238: 221: 2323: 638: 610: 474: 340: 324: 249: 686: 319: 2586:. Maidstone, UK: Canterbury Archaeological Trust and Kent Archaeological Society. pp. 17–120. 595: 528: 162: 2445: 2193: 1716: 703: 347:, prospered and its population and trade increased. Much of the land within the walls had become 2366: 785:

The King's intervention in the elections in this way was unusual, only occurring in Canterbury,

270: 2405: 2298: 2043: 2019: 1905: 1162: 1002: 2644: 2625: 2608: 2587: 2568: 2546: 2529: 2510: 822: 634: 614: 576: 481: 470: 416: 234: 170: 2391: 2352: 2284: 2144: 2120: 695: 653: 421: 387: 327:

in the 6th century (centre) may have been influenced by the surviving Roman city walls (top)

253: 158: 731: 707: 674: 657: 516: 496: 465: 527:

office, in order for the King to have confidence in the walls being maintained. In 1403,

794: 587: 492: 336: 182: 2659: 2602: 2560: 2523: 432: 355: 278:

The first city walls in Canterbury were built by the Romans. Canterbury, then called

217: 543: 274:

The Riding Gate, first built in the 3rd century AD by the Romans, shown here in 1777

718: 568: 564: 348: 786: 206: 407:

The inhabitants of Canterbury put up no resistance to the Normans during their

790: 547: 488: 399: 368: 364: 283: 230: 198: 186: 30: 2648: 2533: 109: 96: 2612: 602: 560: 520: 295: 226: 129: 2514: 2507:

Canterbury in the Olden Time: From the Municipal Archives and Other Sources

649:

to the throne in 1660, new wooden doors were installed at the West Gate.

556: 457:

a building was constructed directly over the top of the former defences.

290:

The walls were typically 7.5 feet (2.3 m) inches thick and built of

144: 656:

became much more common in Canterbury, which lay at the centre of a new

2543:

Medieval Town Walls: an Archaeology and Social History of Urban Defence

583: 339:

to convert the local population to Christianity. Augustine established

194: 38: 237:

of the 17th century and the doors to the city's gates burnt; with the

503: 379: 360: 210: 629:

A wall tower (left) and the West Gate (right), between 1780 and 1785

717: 685: 624: 542: 398: 318: 308: 291: 269: 148: 391:

in the city, however, the Danes entered and pillaged Canterbury.

2509:. Canterbury, UK and London, UK: A. Ginder, and Bell and Daldy. 743: 511: 425: 372: 300: 190: 34: 2525:

Canterbury, a Historical and Topographical Account of the City

424:

castle was later abandoned and a second, with a square, stone

257:

the city wall to be "one of the most magnificent in Britain".

2584:

Excavations on the Roman and Medieval Defences of Canterbury

2212: 2210: 1419: 1417: 550:'s depiction of Canterbury and the city walls, around 1610 403:

Dane John Mound, site of first castle, seen from the walls

1451: 1449: 205:

to settle in the city at the end of the 6th century. The

420:

an "imposition" on the town within it. The first timber

2139: 2137: 742:

were built into each tower in the 14th century, their

601:

In contrast to Wat Tyler's entrance in 1381, in 1450,

415:

instructed that a castle was to be built in the city;

598:, with Canterbury Castle serving as the county gaol. 582:

The reconstructed walls also saw the introduction of

842: 840: 838: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 154: 140: 135: 125: 88: 23: 2565:Britain After Rome: The Fall and Rise, 400 to 1070 2448:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2424: 2422: 2408:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2394:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2369:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2355:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2326:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2301:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2287:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2196:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2147:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2123:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2046:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 2022:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 1908:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 1719:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 1678: 1676: 1165:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 1005:, Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1208: 1206: 857: 855: 690:Walls and a tower, converted into a private house 652:Towards the end of the 18th century, horse-drawn 2481: 2465: 2386: 2347: 2318: 2271: 2243: 2227: 2225: 2216: 2164: 2115: 2103: 2079: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1808: 1780: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1579: 1577: 1471: 1455: 1423: 1404: 1388: 1376: 1364: 1336: 1324: 1296: 1284: 1268: 1157: 1145: 1121: 1109: 1065: 846: 2038: 2036: 1193: 1191: 282:, was initially probably defended by a small 70: 8: 294:and mortar, with some limited use of larger 2541:Creighton, Oliver; Higham, Robert (2005). 617:later thanked the city for their efforts. 20: 2489: 2259: 2091: 2063: 2014: 1942: 1872: 1856: 1820: 1748: 1736: 1511: 1312: 1228: 1182: 1029: 993: 965: 937: 901: 861: 2624:(Revised ed.). Stroud, UK: Tempus. 464: 1097: 809: 778: 757:List of town walls in England and Wales 473:; H - Worthgate; I - Postern gate; J - 16:Sequence of defensive walls in Kent, UK 2666:Buildings and structures in Canterbury 2485: 2469: 2440: 2428: 2343: 2176: 2075: 2002: 1888: 1868: 1844: 1832: 1804: 1792: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1694: 1682: 1667: 1655: 1643: 1631: 1619: 1607: 1595: 1568: 1547: 1535: 1523: 1507: 1495: 1483: 1467: 1440: 1352: 1340: 1264: 1224: 1212: 2188: 245:in 1660, new doors were reinstalled. 7: 2247: 2231: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1892: 1876: 1583: 1408: 1392: 1300: 1272: 1252: 1240: 1197: 1133: 1093: 1081: 1069: 1053: 1041: 997: 981: 969: 953: 941: 925: 913: 897: 885: 873: 303:ran between the ditch and the wall. 1930: 1918: 2641:Town Defences in England and Wales 14: 2622:Canterbury: 2000 Years of History 2671:City walls in the United Kingdom 2607:. Warringon, UK: William Eyres. 69: 62: 46: 480:In the early 1360s, during the 722:The exterior face of West Gate 515:Despite the walls, during the 378:Despite Canterbury's walls, a 1: 2567:. London, UK: Penguin Books. 375:, in his history of England. 311:invasion of Britain in 367. 2482:Creighton & Higham 2005 2466:Creighton & Higham 2005 2387:Creighton & Higham 2005 2348:Creighton & Higham 2005 2319:Creighton & Higham 2005 2272:Creighton & Higham 2005 2244:Creighton & Higham 2005 2217:Creighton & Higham 2005 2165:Creighton & Higham 2005 2116:Creighton & Higham 2005 2104:Creighton & Higham 2005 2080:Creighton & Higham 2005 1809:Creighton & Higham 2005 1781:Creighton & Higham 2005 1472:Creighton & Higham 2005 1456:Creighton & Higham 2005 1424:Creighton & Higham 2005 1405:Creighton & Higham 2005 1389:Creighton & Higham 2005 1377:Creighton & Higham 2005 1365:Creighton & Higham 2005 1337:Creighton & Higham 2005 1325:Creighton & Higham 2005 1297:Creighton & Higham 2005 1285:Creighton & Higham 2005 1269:Creighton & Higham 2005 1158:Creighton & Higham 2005 1146:Creighton & Higham 2005 1122:Creighton & Higham 2005 1110:Creighton & Higham 2005 1066:Creighton & Higham 2005 847:Creighton & Higham 2005 2687: 2643:. London, UK: John Baker. 2639:Turner, Hilary L. (1971). 682:20th–21st centuries 621:17th–19th centuries 535:15th–16th centuries 395:11th–13th centuries 185:built around the city of 57: 45: 28: 2522:Cox, J. Charles (1905). 579:of Christchurch Priory. 315:5th–11th centuries 280:Duverovernum Cantiacorum 2620:Lyle, Marjorie (2002). 2528:. London, UK: Methuen. 2299:"Cozens' Paving Stones" 266:3rd–4th centuries 2545:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 1598:, pp. 49, 81, 149 1470:, pp. 41–42, 81; 968:, pp. 19–20, 51; 762:Southampton city walls 723: 691: 630: 551: 477: 404: 328: 275: 2601:Howard, John (1777). 2490:Frere & Stow 1982 2260:Frere & Stow 1982 2092:Frere & Stow 1982 2064:Frere & Stow 1982 2015:Frere & Stow 1982 1943:Frere & Stow 1982 1873:Frere & Stow 1982 1857:Frere & Stow 1982 1821:Frere & Stow 1982 1749:Frere & Stow 1982 1737:Frere & Stow 1982 1512:Frere & Stow 1982 1313:Frere & Stow 1982 1229:Frere & Stow 1982 1183:Frere & Stow 1982 1030:Frere & Stow 1982 994:Frere & Stow 1982 966:Frere & Stow 1982 938:Frere & Stow 1982 902:Frere & Stow 1982 862:Frere & Stow 1982 721: 689: 628: 546: 468: 413:William the Conqueror 402: 322: 273: 179:Canterbury city walls 167:Jack Cade's Rebellion 77:Canterbury city walls 52:Canterbury city walls 24:Canterbury city walls 2505:Brent, John (1860). 1227:, pp. 22, 148; 817:Julian D. Richards. 341:Canterbury Cathedral 335:was sent to Kent by 325:Canterbury Cathedral 227:deliberately damaged 110:51.28142°N 1.07567°E 2392:"Dane John Gardens" 2285:"Dane John Gardens" 2167:, pp. 171, 239 2145:"Dane John Gardens" 2121:"Dane John Gardens" 1550:, pp. 148, 150 704:scheduled monuments 409:conquest of England 106: / 2324:"St George's Gate" 2274:, pp. 40, 259 2250:, pp. 128–129 1811:, pp. 37, 114 1622:, pp. 43, 150 1355:, pp. 23, 151 1068:, pp. 55–56; 819:Viking Age England 724: 692: 631: 552: 478: 405: 329: 276: 222:Hundred Years' War 181:are a sequence of 2631:978-0-7524-1948-0 2574:978-0-14-014823-7 2552:978-0-7524-1445-4 2094:, pp. 28, 97 2066:, pp. 19, 56 1327:, pp. 65, 95 828:978-0-7524-2888-8 706:and as a Grade I 635:English Civil War 611:rebellion in Kent 577:Thomas Chillenden 482:Hundred Years War 471:Canterbury Castle 417:Canterbury Castle 235:English Civil War 176: 175: 171:English Civil War 115:51.28142; 1.07567 2678: 2652: 2635: 2616: 2597: 2578: 2556: 2537: 2518: 2493: 2479: 2473: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1902: 1896: 1886: 1880: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1802: 1796: 1795:, pp. 65–66 1790: 1784: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1713: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1671: 1670:, pp. 62–63 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1610:, pp. 81–82 1605: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1572: 1566: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1538:, pp. 28–31 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1444: 1438: 1427: 1421: 1412: 1402: 1396: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1243:, pp. 53–54 1238: 1232: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1201: 1195: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1072:, pp. 47–48 1063: 1057: 1056:, pp. 47–48 1051: 1045: 1044:, pp. 40–42 1039: 1033: 1027: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1010: 991: 985: 984:, pp. 21–23 979: 973: 963: 957: 951: 945: 935: 929: 923: 917: 911: 905: 895: 889: 888:, pp. 43–44 883: 877: 876:, pp. 29–31 871: 865: 859: 850: 844: 833: 832: 814: 798: 783: 696:Second World War 422:motte and bailey 388:Roger of Hoveden 323:The location of 254:Second World War 163:Peasants' Revolt 159:Viking expansion 121: 120: 118: 117: 116: 111: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 73: 72: 66: 50: 41: 21: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2656: 2655: 2638: 2632: 2619: 2600: 2594: 2581: 2575: 2559: 2553: 2540: 2521: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2488:, p. 152; 2484:, p. 114; 2480: 2476: 2468:, p. 193; 2464: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2444: 2443:, p. 154; 2439: 2435: 2427: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2395: 2390: 2389:, p. 259; 2385: 2381: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2350:, p. 259; 2346:, p. 154; 2342: 2338: 2329: 2327: 2322: 2321:, p. 259; 2317: 2313: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2290: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246:, p. 243; 2242: 2238: 2230: 2223: 2215: 2208: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2142: 2135: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2118:, p. 242; 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2078:, p. 154; 2074: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1958: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1891:, p. 153; 1887: 1883: 1871:, p. 154; 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1701: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1674: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1575: 1567: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1447: 1439: 1430: 1422: 1415: 1407:, p. 184; 1403: 1399: 1391:, p. 185; 1387: 1383: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1347: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1295: 1291: 1283: 1279: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1204: 1196: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1160:, p. 177; 1156: 1152: 1144: 1140: 1132: 1128: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1104: 1092: 1088: 1080: 1076: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1017: 1008: 1006: 1001: 992: 988: 980: 976: 964: 960: 952: 948: 936: 932: 924: 920: 912: 908: 896: 892: 884: 880: 872: 868: 860: 853: 845: 836: 829: 816: 815: 811: 807: 802: 801: 784: 780: 775: 770: 753: 716: 708:listed building 684: 675:Wombwell Circus 623: 537: 517:Peasants Revolt 510:, along with a 463: 397: 317: 268: 263: 183:defensive walls 169: 165: 161: 114: 112: 108: 105: 100: 97: 95: 93: 92: 84: 83: 82: 81: 80: 79: 78: 74: 53: 29: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2636: 2630: 2617: 2598: 2592: 2579: 2573: 2561:Fleming, Robin 2557: 2551: 2538: 2519: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2474: 2472:, p. 152. 2458: 2433: 2418: 2379: 2336: 2311: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2236: 2221: 2206: 2191:, p. 26; 2181: 2169: 2157: 2133: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2068: 2056: 2032: 2017:, p. 19; 2007: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1947: 1935: 1923: 1897: 1881: 1875:, p. 22; 1861: 1849: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1807:, p. 66; 1797: 1785: 1779:, p. 60; 1769: 1757: 1751:, p. 23; 1741: 1729: 1699: 1687: 1672: 1660: 1648: 1636: 1624: 1612: 1600: 1588: 1573: 1552: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1510:, p. 15; 1500: 1488: 1476: 1460: 1445: 1428: 1413: 1397: 1381: 1369: 1357: 1345: 1339:, p. 65; 1329: 1317: 1305: 1299:, p. 70; 1289: 1277: 1271:, p. 68; 1267:, p. 55; 1257: 1245: 1233: 1217: 1202: 1187: 1175: 1150: 1138: 1126: 1114: 1102: 1096:, p. 50; 1086: 1074: 1058: 1046: 1034: 1015: 1000:, p. 44; 996:, p. 19; 986: 974: 958: 946: 940:, p. 20; 930: 918: 906: 900:, p. 20; 890: 878: 866: 851: 834: 827: 821:. p. 96. 808: 806: 803: 800: 799: 777: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 765: 764: 759: 752: 749: 732:interwar years 715: 712: 683: 680: 622: 619: 588:Cooling Castle 536: 533: 462: 459: 396: 393: 337:Pope Gregory I 316: 313: 267: 264: 262: 259: 174: 173: 156: 152: 151: 142: 138: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 90: 86: 85: 76: 75: 68: 67: 61: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2683: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2593:0-906746-03-5 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2492:, p. 111 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2431:, p. 154 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2407: 2406:"Riding Gate" 2393: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2368: 2354: 2353:"Zoar Chapel" 2349: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2300: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2262:, p. 107 2261: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2234:, p. 129 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2219:, p. 243 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2179:, p. 226 2178: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2158: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2106:, p. 241 2105: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2085: 2082:, p. 240 2081: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2045: 2044:"Riding Gate" 2039: 2037: 2033: 2021: 2020:"Riding Gate" 2016: 2011: 2008: 2005:, p. 153 2004: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1986:, p. 111 1985: 1980: 1977: 1974:, p. 110 1973: 1968: 1965: 1962:, p. 109 1961: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1933:, p. 107 1932: 1927: 1924: 1921:, p. 107 1920: 1907: 1906:"Riding Gate" 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1826: 1823:, p. 117 1822: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1783:, p. 139 1782: 1778: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1718: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1685:, p. 152 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1658:, p. 151 1657: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1571:, p. 149 1570: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1526:, p. 150 1525: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1474:, p. 203 1473: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1443:, p. 148 1442: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1426:, p. 188 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1343:, p. 151 1342: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1164: 1163:"Riding Gate" 1159: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1100:, p. 186 1099: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1004: 1003:"Riding Gate" 999: 995: 990: 987: 983: 978: 975: 971: 967: 962: 959: 955: 950: 947: 943: 939: 934: 931: 927: 922: 919: 915: 910: 907: 903: 899: 894: 891: 887: 882: 879: 875: 870: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 849:, p. 259 848: 843: 841: 839: 835: 830: 824: 820: 813: 810: 804: 796: 792: 788: 782: 779: 772: 767: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 750: 748: 745: 739: 735: 733: 728: 720: 713: 711: 709: 705: 699: 697: 688: 681: 679: 676: 671: 666: 662: 659: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 627: 620: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 597: 591: 589: 585: 580: 578: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 549: 545: 541: 534: 532: 530: 524: 522: 518: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 476: 472: 467: 460: 458: 454: 451: 447: 443: 437: 434: 433:Domesday Book 431:In 1086, the 429: 427: 423: 418: 414: 410: 401: 394: 392: 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 356:cattle market 352: 350: 349:water meadows 346: 342: 338: 334: 326: 321: 314: 312: 310: 304: 302: 297: 293: 288: 285: 281: 272: 265: 260: 258: 255: 251: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 172: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 150: 146: 143: 139: 134: 131: 128: 124: 119: 91: 87: 65: 56: 49: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 2640: 2621: 2603: 2583: 2564: 2542: 2524: 2506: 2499:Bibliography 2477: 2461: 2450:, retrieved 2446:"Worth Gate" 2436: 2410:, retrieved 2396:, retrieved 2382: 2371:, retrieved 2357:, retrieved 2339: 2328:, retrieved 2314: 2303:, retrieved 2289:, retrieved 2279: 2267: 2255: 2239: 2198:, retrieved 2184: 2172: 2160: 2149:, retrieved 2125:, retrieved 2111: 2099: 2087: 2071: 2059: 2048:, retrieved 2024:, retrieved 2010: 1979: 1967: 1945:, p. 96 1938: 1926: 1910:, retrieved 1900: 1895:, p. 89 1884: 1879:, p. 89 1864: 1859:, p. 22 1852: 1847:, p. 84 1840: 1835:, p. 66 1828: 1816: 1800: 1788: 1772: 1767:, p. 58 1760: 1755:, p. 58 1744: 1739:, p. 23 1732: 1721:, retrieved 1697:, p. 47 1690: 1663: 1651: 1646:, p. 92 1639: 1634:, p. 40 1627: 1615: 1603: 1591: 1586:, p. 91 1543: 1531: 1519: 1514:, p. 21 1503: 1498:, p. 81 1491: 1486:, p. 82 1479: 1463: 1458:, p. 67 1411:, p. 56 1400: 1395:, p. 56 1384: 1379:, p. 95 1372: 1367:, p. 90 1360: 1348: 1332: 1320: 1315:, p. 56 1308: 1303:, p. 65 1292: 1287:, p. 69 1280: 1275:, p. 64 1260: 1255:, p. 56 1248: 1236: 1231:, p. 21 1220: 1215:, p. 21 1200:, p. 53 1185:, p. 21 1178: 1167:, retrieved 1153: 1148:, p. 52 1141: 1136:, p. 24 1129: 1124:, p. 45 1117: 1112:, p. 44 1105: 1098:Fleming 2011 1089: 1084:, p. 51 1077: 1061: 1049: 1037: 1032:, p. 19 1007:, retrieved 989: 977: 972:, p. 44 961: 956:, p. 20 949: 944:, p. 44 933: 928:, p. 44 921: 916:, p. 46 909: 904:, p. 17 893: 881: 869: 864:, p. 17 818: 812: 781: 740: 736: 729: 725: 714:Architecture 700: 693: 667: 663: 651: 632: 607:Thomas Wyatt 600: 592: 581: 573: 569:Henry Yevele 553: 538: 525: 501: 486: 479: 461:14th century 455: 449: 441: 438: 430: 406: 377: 353: 345:Cantwaraburh 344: 330: 305: 289: 279: 277: 247: 215: 213:incursions. 207:Anglo-Saxons 178: 177: 136:Site history 18: 2486:Turner 1971 2470:Turner 1971 2441:Turner 1971 2429:Turner 1971 2344:Turner 1971 2177:Howard 1777 2076:Turner 1971 2003:Turner 1971 1889:Turner 1971 1869:Turner 1971 1845:Turner 1971 1833:Turner 1971 1805:Turner 1971 1793:Turner 1971 1777:Turner 1971 1765:Turner 1971 1753:Turner 1971 1695:Turner 1971 1683:Turner 1971 1668:Turner 1971 1656:Turner 1971 1644:Turner 1971 1632:Turner 1971 1620:Turner 1971 1608:Turner 1971 1596:Turner 1971 1569:Turner 1971 1548:Turner 1971 1536:Turner 1971 1524:Turner 1971 1508:Turner 1971 1496:Turner 1971 1484:Turner 1971 1468:Turner 1971 1441:Turner 1971 1353:Turner 1971 1341:Turner 1971 1265:Turner 1971 1225:Turner 1971 1213:Turner 1971 787:Southampton 694:During the 670:John Howard 643:restoration 565:crenellated 239:restoration 233:during the 199:Roman roads 113: / 89:Coordinates 2660:Categories 2194:"Westgate" 2189:Brent 1860 1717:"Westgate" 805:References 791:Winchester 768:References 647:Charles II 548:John Speed 508:Richard II 489:Colchester 369:chronicler 365:Winchester 243:Charles II 231:Parliament 187:Canterbury 98:51°16′53″N 31:Canterbury 2649:463160092 2534:185430872 2367:"Burgate" 2248:Lyle 2002 2232:Lyle 2002 1984:Lyle 2002 1972:Lyle 2002 1960:Lyle 2002 1893:Lyle 2002 1877:Lyle 2002 1584:Lyle 2002 1409:Lyle 2002 1393:Lyle 2002 1301:Lyle 2002 1273:Lyle 2002 1253:Lyle 2002 1241:Lyle 2002 1198:Lyle 2002 1134:Lyle 2002 1094:Lyle 2002 1082:Lyle 2002 1070:Lyle 2002 1054:Lyle 2002 1042:Lyle 2002 998:Lyle 2002 982:Lyle 2002 970:Lyle 2002 954:Lyle 2002 942:Lyle 2002 926:Lyle 2002 914:Lyle 2002 898:Lyle 2002 886:Lyle 2002 874:Lyle 2002 639:Charles I 603:Jack Cade 563:and were 561:wall walk 521:Wat Tyler 519:of 1381, 497:Rochester 475:West Gate 442:baggeberi 411:in 1066. 333:Augustine 296:sandstone 250:West Gate 203:Augustine 141:Materials 130:City wall 101:1°04′32″E 2613:24425499 2563:(2011). 2452:29 March 2412:29 March 2398:29 March 2373:29 March 2359:29 March 2330:29 March 2305:29 March 2291:29 March 2200:29 March 2151:29 March 2127:29 March 2050:29 March 2026:29 March 1931:Cox 1905 1919:Cox 1905 1912:29 March 1723:29 March 1169:29 March 1009:29 March 795:Sandwich 751:See also 658:turnpike 596:Henry VI 584:gunports 557:ragstone 529:Henry IV 145:Ragstone 2515:6386983 654:coaches 450:berthae 261:History 195:England 39:England 2647: 2628: 2611: 2590: 2571: 2549: 2532: 2513: 825: 504:murage 384:Danish 380:Viking 361:Exeter 218:Norman 211:Viking 155:Events 773:Notes 744:flues 446:wards 309:Saxon 292:flint 149:flint 2645:OCLC 2626:ISBN 2609:OCLC 2588:ISBN 2569:ISBN 2547:ISBN 2530:OCLC 2511:OCLC 2454:2013 2414:2013 2400:2013 2375:2013 2361:2013 2332:2013 2307:2013 2293:2013 2202:2013 2153:2013 2129:2013 2052:2013 2028:2013 1914:2013 1725:2013 1171:2013 1011:2013 823:ISBN 793:and 615:Mary 512:writ 495:and 493:Bath 426:keep 373:Bede 363:and 301:berm 284:fort 216:The 191:Kent 126:Type 35:Kent 645:of 609:'s 241:of 229:by 189:in 2662:: 2421:^ 2224:^ 2209:^ 2136:^ 2035:^ 1991:^ 1950:^ 1702:^ 1675:^ 1576:^ 1555:^ 1448:^ 1431:^ 1416:^ 1205:^ 1190:^ 1018:^ 854:^ 837:^ 789:, 710:. 491:, 371:, 193:, 147:, 37:, 33:, 2651:. 2634:. 2615:. 2596:. 2577:. 2555:. 2536:. 2517:. 2402:; 2363:; 2295:; 1916:; 831:. 797:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index