31:
353: in) fry hatch two to three weeks later. They are initially active during the day in open water, then around 35–50 mm (1.4–2.0 in) they adopt adult habits and become nocturnal and spending much of their time hidden. They grow quickly in their first year, typically reaching 75–80 mm (3.0–3.1 in) but growth slows after this. Sexual maturity is reached in their first year and females spawn once per year, producing 500–10,000 eggs.
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ventilation, suggesting that the oxygen is being absorbed directly into their oral tissues rather than being used to oxygenate water flowing over the gills. During this time the mudfish stay very quiet, either hanging at the surface or burrowing into the substrate. Some choose to leave the water when it becomes low in oxygen, and remove themselves again if put back into the water.
308:
like a coconut in which the fish hid, each with a small entrance. The holes were very smooth inside, and could hold water for a long time if the entrance was carefully closed from the inside". Under experimental conditions, Canterbury mudfish have survived for 85 days out of water, with a 40% death rate over this period.
311:
As their wetland habitat dries out, the water may become stagnant and low in oxygen. When the dissolved oxygen saturation of the water reaches 15–30% Canterbury mudfish begin 'air-breathing', in which they take a bubble of air into the mouth and absorb oxygen from it. While doing this they cease gill
307:
It has been known since it was first described that this fish could survive long after its habitat had dried up. The species initially drew the attention of Mr
Burrows when it reappeared every spring in a creek that was dry over summer. When digging in the banks he uncovered fish within "holes shaped
315:
When the water dries out completely, Canterbury mudfish continue extracting oxygen from mouthfuls of air as well as absorbing it through their skin. Although their metabolism slows down, they remain active, frequently changing position, rolling onto their backs and grouping together. Maintaining
256:, North Canterbury. They were sent to him "alive in a tin box together with a quantity of damp earth, sent by parcel-post on a journey lasting over thirty hours, and arrived alive and extremely active." Although Mr Burrows reported that he had found the fish
332:
Canterbury mudfish spawn in late winter and spring. The small eggs are scattered amongst dense aquatic vegetation near the surface of the water. They can delay spawning if suitable water quality of submerged vegetation is not present. The 5–7 mm
372:
The
Canterbury mudfish is range restricted and sparse, and its preservation is dependent on conservation efforts. Water abstraction, intensification of agriculture and changes in irrigation systems are main causes of their decline.
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Goodman, J.M.; Dunn, N.R.; Ravenscroft, P.J.; Allibone, R.M.; Boubee, J.A.T.; David, B.O.; Griffiths, M.; Ling, N.; Hitchmough, R.A; Rolfe, J.R. (2014). "Conservation status of New
Zealand freshwater fish, 2013".
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species, it is a small, tubular and flexible fish which lacks scales. They are able to survive out of water in damp refuges if its wetland habitat dries out periodically over summer.
299:. They currently occupy springs, water races, and drains, but previously would have inhabited the abundant wetlands of the Canterbury Plains, before these were drained for farming.
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The
Canterbury mudfish is tubular and flexible, with small but fleshy fins. The head is small and blunt, with small eyes and mouth and small tubular nostrils. Like the
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907:
465:
Dunn, Nicholas R.; Allibone, Richard M.; Closs, Gerard P.; Crow, Shannan K.; David, Bruno O.; Goodman, Jane M.; Griffiths, Marc; Jack, Daniel C.; Ling, Nicholas.
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They are light brown or milky brown, with darker speckles that extend onto the fleshy flanges on the rear fins. Sometimes they have small gold flecks.
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classified the
Canterbury mudfish as "At Risk: Nationally Critical" with the qualifier C - predicted decline >70% over ten years. Also in 2014 the
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881:
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276:. The pelvic fins only have 4 or 5 rays, rather than the 7 rays standard in other Galaxiidae. Adults often grow to 120 mm (4.7 in)
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The first
Canterbury mudfish was described by W J Phillipps in 1926, from a specimen sent to him by Mr A. Burrows, a farmer from
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West, D.; Franklin, P.; Crow, S.; David, B.; Allibone, R.; Closs, G.; Hitchmough, R.; Surrey, G. & Cooper, D. (2014).
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in holes in the bank, the mudfish is named after the farmer rather than burrowing behaviour.
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Brown, Giles (5 May 2010). "Project aims to re-establish endangered mudfish in wetland".
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animals, allows them to respond to their changing habitat and move to damper places.
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503:, NIWA Atlas of New Zealand Freshwater Fishes, NIWA website, retrieved 2 March 2008.
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A release of
Canterbury mudfish has been carried out in a protected wetland near
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Image of the holotype specimen held at Museum of New
Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
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480:. Jonathan M. Waters and Jeremy R. Rolfe. Department of Conservation: 8.
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Transactions and
Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand
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awareness of their surroundings, rather than going into a deep
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467:"Conservation status of New Zealand freshwater fishes, 2017"
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New
Zealand Freshwater Fishes: A natural history and guide
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rated the Canterbury mudfish as "Critically endangered".
280:, with a maximum of at least 150 mm (5.9 in).
590:
The Reed Field Guide To New Zealand Freshwater Fishes
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397:in the hope that they would become established.
291:Canterbury mudfish are found from just north of
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637:"'Ugly bog-dweller' honoured in national day"
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444:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T14505A545821.en
1011:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
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618:NIWA Atlas of New Zealand Freshwater Fishes
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723:New Zealand Threat Classification Series 7
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494:Canterbury mudfish (Neochanna burrowsius)
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474:New Zealand Threat Classification Series
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1021:Endemic freshwater fish of New Zealand
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1046:Taxa named by William John Phillipps
1031:Environment of the Canterbury Region
962:119eb21b-37a4-4e62-be27-6d537f944d4d
635:Booker, Jarrod (26 September 2007).
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487:
550:"New or Rare Fishes of New Zealand"
430:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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776:Canterbury mudfish discussed on
686:: Galaxiidae) literature review"
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1036:Endangered biota of New Zealand
759:Canterbury mudfish featured by
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680:O'Brien, L; Dunn, N (2007).
524:. Auckland: Heinemann Reed.
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363:Department of Conservation
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90:Scientific classification
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1026:Fish of the South Island
693:Science for Conservation
361:In 2014 the New Zealand
588:McDowall, R.M. (2000).
548:Phillips, W.J. (1926).
520:McDowall, R.M. (1990).
237:, is found only on the
1041:Fish described in 1926
642:The New Zealand Herald
620:. 2006. Archived from
499:28 August 2006 at the
387:Ashburton, New Zealand
233:), also known as the
55:Critically Endangered
835:neochanna-burrowsius
806:Neochanna burrowsius
614:"Canterbury mudfish"
423:Neochanna burrowsius
377:Conservation efforts
231:Neochanna burrowsius
199:Neochanna burrowsius
782:Critter of the Week
437:: e.T14505A545821.
357:Conservation status
76:Nationally Critical
40:Conservation status
24:Canterbury mudfish
768:Our Changing World
624:on 28 August 2006.
592:. Auckland: Reed.
227:Canterbury mudfish
181:N. burrowsius
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970:Open Tree of Life
798:Taxon identifiers
239:Canterbury Plains
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295:south to the
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245:. Like other
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646:. Retrieved
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622:the original
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395:Christchurch
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287:Distribution
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278:total length
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895:iNaturalist
450:11 November
385:, south of
322:hibernating
303:Aestivation
264:Description
258:aestivating
243:New Zealand
1005:Categories
682:"Mudfish (
401:References
328:Life cycle
320:like many
157:Galaxiidae
1016:Neochanna
738:The Press
702:24 August
684:Neochanna
564:24 August
274:Neochanna
247:Neochanna
207:Phillipps
175:Species:
168:Neochanna
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
913:10150566
869:FishBase
815:Wikidata
497:Archived
383:Willowby
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
988:1016280
975:1087518
887:2410609
560:: 531–2
348:⁄
338:⁄
209:, 1926)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
58: (
959:NZOR:
926:162131
900:106715
861:204324
830:ARKive
821:Q44582
596:
528:
318:torpor
254:Oxford
235:kowaro
80:NZ TCS
983:WoRMS
952:66451
939:14505
908:IRMNG
848:46CMX
689:(PDF)
470:(PDF)
947:NCBI
934:IUCN
921:ITIS
882:GBIF
874:5378
704:2015
650:2011
594:ISBN
566:2015
526:ISBN
452:2021
435:2014
367:IUCN
225:The
856:EoL
843:CoL
778:RNZ
765:RNZ
763:on
697:277
439:doi
241:in
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
