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appearing on the face and pectoral fins during mating. These dark markings are also present on females hovering above their nests and may disappear within a few seconds once they ascend upwards in the water column, away from their nest (Clark et al., 2014). In this fish, the dorsal and anal fins are curved on the back. The dorsal fin of this species has from 23 to 27 rays. The first dorsal fin’s rays are spinous, with the first two rays more like sharp thorns. The smaller second thorn props up the longer first thorn giving it the appearance of a trigger, after which the fish is named (Tupongov, 2015). Its anal fin has 20 to 27 rays. Adults and juveniles also have different caudal fin shapes. Juveniles have rounded caudal fins and adults have concave ones.
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migrating together from the open ocean to shallower waters for nesting purposes, and returning together to the open ocean once nesting is complete. They are typically nonaggressive, shy, and easily scared away from their nests when confronted by bigger fish such as the titan triggerfish, and divers. It is likely, due to diver observations of courtship patterns, that only female oceanic triggerfish exhibit nest guarding behaviors and though easily scared away by larger fish, will defend their nest from smaller carnivorous fish such as goatfish and wrasse (Clark et al., 2014).
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that these triggerfish nest as a group. It is unclear how often a female nests per year and whether or not it returns to the same nest or builds new nests in its habitat range. Additionally, nests have been found at depths ranging from 4 meters to over 45 meters, with the deeper nests being considered a defensive strategy against titan triggerfish (Clark et al., 2014) which nest at shallower depths and are known to be territorial when nesting (Randall et al., 1990).
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366:. The spotted oceanic triggerfish inhabits warm waters high in biodiversity, characterized by strong surface currents and upwelling systems (Lezama-Ochoa et al., 2016). It can be found on deep slopes right offshore, open water (Matsuura, 2001) and under fish aggregating devices (FADs) where they have been seen in groups of hundreds or thousands (Taquet et al., 2007).
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not defended by a mother oceanic triggerfish are known to be preyed upon by smaller opportunistic fish such as the goatfish, Parupeneus multifasciatus, the checkerboard wrasse, Halichoeres hortulanus, as well as other triggerfish such as the orange-lined triggerfish, Balistapus undulates, and the titan triggerfish, Balistapus viridescens (Clark et al., 2014).
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larvae into the open ocean, thus explaining the uneven distribution of larvae and juveniles in the spotted oceanic triggerfish’s range (Clark et al., 2014). In the open ocean, larvae and juveniles aggregate around FADs such as
Sargassum, floating seaweed, and other debris until adulthood (Clark et al., 2014).
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are known to gather in large groups, hundreds and sometimes thousands (Taquet et al., 2007) and are frequently associated with FADs. These aggregations may also include other species such as the sleek unicorn surgeonfish, Naso hexacanthus. Oceanic triggerfish are currently thought to move as a group,
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has laid its nest of eggs, the eggs incubate for 33-36 hours. After incubation, the larvae hatch during the night and immediately swim towards the surface in a likely attempt to avoid discovery by potential predators. Once at the surface, wind and currents (Alevizon, 1976) are suspected to carry the
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The maximum length for this species is 50 centimetres (20 in) but usually grows up to 35 centimetres (14 in). Adults and juveniles have different coloration. Adults are blue grayish while juveniles are grayish black with white spots that fade over age. Adults may be seen with dark blotches
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The oceanic triggerfish falls prey to large pelagic fish such as the Indo-Pacific
Sailfish (Varghese et al., 2013), the dolphinfish (Mahi-mahi) (Oxenford et al., 1999), and sea birds such as Streaked Shearwaters which are found in Japan (Matsumoto et al., 2012). Additionally, eggs in nests that are
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nesting is unlikely to be impacted by lunar cycle and has been determined to occur year-round. Eggs are deposited in sand and/or coral rubble, shallowly buried beneath the sand, and are both aerated and guarded by the mother. Frequently, many nests are located near one another, supporting the idea
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This fish species shows some importance to commercial fishing. The spotted oceanic triggerfish, like other triggerfish, is sold at local markets in coastal Asian countries as a fish to be eaten. These triggerfish are not typically fished for specifically but rather are caught as by-catch in tuna
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Taquet, M., Sancho, G., Dagorn, L., Gaertner, J.-C., Itano, D., Aumeeruddy, R., Wendling, B. & Peignon, C. 2007. Characterizing fish communities associated with drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the
Western Indian Ocean using underwater visual surveys. Aquatic Living Resources 20:
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Spotted oceanic triggerfish display plasticity in their eating habits, being considered either a carnivorous or a planktivorous fish. Upon examination, they consume smaller fish, Halobates (sea skaters), members of the order “Siphonophores,” and smaller cartilaginous fish (Senta et al., 1993).
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are noted hosts of sea lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) in the
Neotropical region (Morales-Serna et al., 2016). Additionally, they have been recorded as visitors of cleaning stations hosted by the black-nosed butterflyfish, Johnrandallia nigrirostris, and the Mexican hogfish, Bodianus diplotaenia, at
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Varghese, Sijo P, et al. “Ontogenetic and
Seasonal Variations in the Feeding Ecology of Indo-Pacific Istiophorus Platypterus (Shaw, 1792), of the Eastern Arabian Sea.” Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences, vol. 42, no. 5, Sept. 2013, pp.
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Morales-Serna, Francisco
Neptali, et al. “Sea Lice (Copepoda: Caligidae) Parasitic on Fishes Reported from the Neotropical Region.” Neotropical Biodiversity, vol. 2, no. 1, 2016, pp. 141–150.
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Matsumoto, Kei, et al. “Foraging
Behavior and Diet of Streaked Shearwaters Calonectris Leucomelas Rearing Chicks on Mikura Island.” Ornithological Science, vol. 11, no. 1, 2012, pp. 9–19.
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Sethi, S. N., Rajapackiam, S., Jaiganesh, P. & Rudhra-Murthy, N. 2011. Occurrence of trigger fishes at
Chennai. Marine Fisheries Information Service T&E Series 208: 20-21.
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purse seine fishing and on longlines (Sethi et al., 2011; Lezama-Ochoa et al., 2016, Matsuura, 2001). Additionally, the spotted oceanic triggerfish is sold in the aquarium trade.
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Oxenford, Hazel A., and Wayne Hunte. “Feeding Habits of the
Dolphinfish (Coryphaena Hippurus) in the Eastern Caribbean.” Scientia Marina, vol. 63, no. 3-4, 1999, pp. 303–315.
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Quimbayo, Juan Pablo, et al. “Fish
Cleaning Interactions on a Remote Island in the Tropical Eastern Pacific.” Marine Biodiversity, vol. 47, no. 2, 2016, pp. 603–608.
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Senta, T., M. Kimura and T. Kanbara. 1993. Predation of fishes on open-ocean species of seaskaters (Halobates spp.). Jap. J. Ichthyol. 40(2):193-198.
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Randall, J. E. & Millington, J. T. 1990. Triggerfish bite – a little-known marine hazard. Journal of Wilderness Medicine 1: 79-85.
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641:(Balistidae) in the Solomon Islands and Thailand.” Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, vol. 21, 29 Dec. 2014, pp. 1–38.
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By-Catch Species in the Tropical Tuna Purse-Seine Fishery under Climate Change.” Frontiers in Marine Science, vol. 3, 2016.
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687:(Balistidae) in the Pacific Waters of Southern Kuril Islands.” Journal of Ichthyology, vol. 55, no. 6, 2015, pp. 914–917.
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Alevizon, W. S. 1976. Pelagic capture of young rough triggerfish in the Caribbean. Florida Scientist 31 (1): 3-5.
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native to the tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. Unlike most triggerfish, they are mostly pelagic.
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are considered stable and the IUCN considers this species of the conservation status: least concern.
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Matsuura, K. 2001. FAO Guide to Fishes Tetraodontif- ormes: Balistidae Rome, pp. 3911-3917.
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There have been reports of ciguatera poisoning in some humans that consumed the fish.
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Lezama-Ochoa, Nerea, et al. “Present and Future Potential Habitat Distribution of
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Clark, Eugenie, et al. “Nesting Sites and Behavior of the Deep Water Triggerfish
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Malpelo island in tropical eastern pacific (Quimbayo et al., 2016).
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Bloch, M. E. Naturgeschichte Der ausländischen Fische. 1786.
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24:Spotted oceanic triggerfish or Rough triggerfish
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202:and is abundant in the Visayas and Mindanao
194:In the Philippines, it is locally called as
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338:in the western side. Around the eastern
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561:"Canthidermis maculata (Bloch, 1786)"
362:. Some populations are also found in
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683:Tuponogov, V. N. “Rough Triggerfish
1096:Taxa named by Marcus Elieser Bloch
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432:Fishermen living in the town of
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563:Retrieved on December 14, 2014
1:
472:The worldwide populations of
614:. independent-travellers.com
185:spotted oceanic triggerfish
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457:Adults pair up and breed.
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137:
39:Scientific classification
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23:
1086:Marine fish of Nicaragua
646:Carcharhinus falciformis
538:. December 2014 version.
524:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
214:It range in the western
210:Distribution and habitat
1081:Fish of the Philippines
1101:Fish described in 1786
612:Independent Travellers
578:in Kinniya, Sri Lanka"
254:, They are found from
171:
752:Canthidermis_maculata
723:Canthidermis maculata
705:on Sealife Collection
703:Canthidermis maculata
685:Canthidermis Maculata
650:Canthidermis maculata
639:Canthidermis maculata
606:Canthidermis maculata
576:Canthidermis maculata
528:Canthidermis maculata
474:Canthidermis maculata
461:Canthidermis maculata
446:Canthidermis maculata
414:Canthidermis maculata
384:Canthidermis maculata
342:, it ranges from the
314:. Populations in the
274:, it ranges from the
242:, and all the way to
176:Canthidermis maculata
169:Canthidermis maculata
167:
148:Canthidermis maculata
453:Breeding and nesting
421:Importance to humans
604:"The photograph of
468:Conservation status
230:. The range in the
959:Balistes maculatus
260:Gulf of California
187:, is a species of
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929:Open Tree of Life
715:Taxon identifiers
268:Galapagos Islands
250:. In the eastern
181:rough triggerfish
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96:Tetraodontiformes
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584:. August 5, 2018
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218:ranges from the
200:Cebuano language
179:, also known as
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334:and down to
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278:and eastern
272:Indian Ocean
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117:Canthidermis
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838:iNaturalist
618:January 17,
588:January 17,
440:Development
370:Description
318:range from
304:Andaman Sea
236:Philippines
189:triggerfish
1091:Balistidae
1070:Categories
701:Photos of
483:References
284:Seychelles
224:Yellow Sea
106:Balistidae
974:Q67182812
400:Predation
312:Indonesia
308:Australia
300:Sri Lanka
244:Polynesia
240:Indonesia
124:Species:
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1027:10164585
968:Wikidata
856:11041103
812:FishBase
738:Q1000278
732:Wikidata
691:593–605.
680:331-341.
535:FishBase
409:Behavior
346:and the
320:New York
288:Maldives
266:and the
262:down to
102:Family:
76:Chordata
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
1040:1054653
1014:2407079
934:1090846
830:2407067
582:YouTube
434:Kinniya
379:Ecology
328:Bahamas
276:Red Sea
198:in the
112:Genus:
92:Order:
82:Class:
1053:307016
1001:121842
947:127398
921:127398
908:303691
882:190444
869:173169
843:179646
804:124424
791:207512
360:Africa
354:, the
352:Azores
336:Brazil
330:, the
326:, the
310:, and
302:, the
290:, the
286:, the
280:Africa
256:Mexico
248:Hawaii
157:, 1786
1048:WoRMS
1022:IRMNG
996:EUNIS
942:WoRMS
851:IRMNG
799:EUNIS
765:88562
444:Once
296:India
228:Japan
196:Tikos
155:Bloch
1035:ITIS
1009:GBIF
988:KH5N
916:OBIS
903:NCBI
877:IUCN
864:ITIS
825:GBIF
817:4278
778:QN8M
760:BOLD
648:and
620:2019
590:2019
391:Diet
264:Peru
246:and
226:and
983:CoL
890:NBN
786:EoL
773:CoL
747:AFD
350:to
282:to
183:or
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