979:
955:
943:
931:
845:. The columns, of exquisite workmanship, were carefully restored in the 1980s. The pulpit stands inside a semi-hexagonal niche, illuminated from above by a dome-shaped skylight, which was built around 1730. The wooden seats surrounding the pulpit were originally reserved for the most eminent members of the community. The eighteenth-century rearrangement of this section of the synagogue was most assuredly carried out by local Christian architect Bartolomeo Scalfurotto, who in the same period (around 1731) was working on the refurbishment of the façade of the
529:
967:
659:
190:
823:
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759:; such abundance of gilt also reflects what was the decorative style in fashion in late seventeenth-century Venice. The ark occupies a deep niche in the southern wall facing Jerusalem, as typically seen in ancient synagogues. The niche protrudes outwards and is thus visible from the outside; this feature, characteristic of Venetian domestic architecture and once commonly seen in buildings throughout the city, is called
1000:
44:
2399:
1014:
2417:
197:
702:; a stairway, lined with nineteenth-century plaques commemorating prominent members of the community, connects it to the third story synagogue. The current look of both the hall and the stairway is the result of a restoration carried out in the late 1850s. On the third floor, the synagogue is accessed through a narrow
715:. A new raised women's gallery was completed in 1736: from that moment on, and until 1847, the antechamber is thought to have been used by people unable to afford a seat in the main room. Due to the synagogue's modest dimensions, the number of places was in fact limited: owning a seat was considered a
630:
The Canton
Synagogue was remodelled multiple times throughout the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, with the most important interventions taking place in the late 1630s and 1650s, 1730s, and 1770s. Along with the other synagogues of Venice, it ceased to be regularly used in October
682:
building facing the Ghetto's main square, and is hardly noticeable from the outside. An anonymous exterior was an indispensable feature for synagogues built in Venice in the early decades of the sixteenth century, since Jewish places of worship—although tolerated—were still formally prohibited at
691:) in accordance with Talmudic precepts about synagogue architecture; on a more practical note, the parcel where the building sits was owned by a prominent Venetian patrician family, but the raised placement put the synagogue under the direct control of the Jewish community.
863:
of the synagogue's interior. All the walls are subdivided into five horizontal sections; the number five recurs repeatedly throughout the synagogue (five are the openings on the two longer walls, as well as the steps leading to the bimah) as an evidence of its
805:
The gift of Joshua Moshe in memory of his brother who was slaughtered like a goat. The day of his birth was a difficult day for him. On his 44th birthday his blood may be offered as a sacrifice to God. Mordechai, son of
Menachem Baldosa, 1672.
583:
following the annexation of
Provence to France (1484), with many of them opting to settle in Italy. Several elements seem to prove the Provençal origins of the Canton Synagogue: for instance, it was the only Venetian synagogue where the
650:, as well as the Venice Museum of Jewish Art (established in 1953, now the Jewish Museum of Venice). More recent conservation campaigns were carried out by the WMF in 2014 and in 2016-2017, with support from the David Berg Foundation.
504:. According to another hypothesis, the word derives from the Canton (or Cantoni) family which allegedly financed the synagogue's construction; this hypothesis is supported by the fact that three Jewish prayer rooms once located in the
837:. The raised polygonal pulpit, reached through five wooden steps and delicately decorated in the Rococo style, is surmounted by a semi-elliptical arch supported by four original columns of interlacing branches, reminiscent of the
796:
with ornated curved backs, crowned by smaller broken pediments and enclosed on each side by
Corinthian columns with oblique and vertical fluting. The marble steps leading to the closet feature an obscure inscriptions in
674:, measuring 12.9 m Ă— 7.1 m Ă— 12.7 m Ă— 6.5 m (42 ft Ă— 23 ft Ă— 42 ft Ă— 21 ft), in contrast to the marked irregularity of the ground plan in the nearby
735:
elements. The main focal points, the bimah and the ark, are placed at the opposite ends of the sanctuary: this was indeed the first
Venetian synagogue to be built with the "bifocal effect", as the pulpit of the
575:, also of Ashkenazi rite, and may have thus been the result of an emerging division within the local Ashkenazi community. Evidence suggests that the new synagogue might have been in fact erected by a group of
954:
646:, which included stabilization of the foundations and wall insulation. In 1989 the synagogue was finally reopened to the public, as part of a new museum area combining together all three synagogues of the
810:
The date mentioned in the inscription indicates "with great approximation" that of the construction of the ark; as previously noted, its decorative style is clearly reminiscent of that period. Above the
706:
lined with benches; four windows placed on the vestibule's west wall (bricked up in 1847, and reopened in 1980) overlook the main room. The original function of such space — reminiscent of the anteroom
727:
The synagogue benefits of plenty of natural light thanks to the eleven large windows opening to the outside. The interior, heavily altered by the eighteenth-century interventions, is decorated in the
930:
412:
Jews soon after their arrival in Venice, or as a private synagogue for a prominent local family. Repeatedly remodelled throughout its history, its interior is predominantly decorated in the
579:
Jews soon after their arrival in Venice, in a period marked by a sharp increase in the Jewish population of Venice due to immigration from nearby countries. Provençal Jews were forced to
600:
facing each other at the opposite ends of the sanctuary), an arrangement rarely seen in old
European synagogues, is a common feature of Provençal synagogue buildings, such as those of
2665:
479:. The building of the Canton Synagogue hosted indeed the headquarters of several charitable and aid organizations throughout the centuries, similarly to what happened in the adjacent
2169:
643:
871:
Two of the four walls are noteworthy for the presence of eight wooden panels with relief medallions depicting biblical episodes from the Book of Exodus, including the city of
631:
1917, when the local Jewish community was forced to disband; at the same time, administration of all the Jewish places of worship was taken over by a single institution, the
2211:
Per il IV centenario della Scuola Canton. Notizie storiche sui templi veneziani di rito tedesco e su alcuni templi privati con cenni della vita ebraica nei secoli XVI-XIX
2154:
1884:
1066:
The Ghetto's three prayer rooms were originally built as private synagogues by the Ghetto's most prominent Jewish families. Two of them still exist to this day: the
978:
408:(1528), and one of five synagogues that were established in the ghetto. Its origins are uncertain: it might have been constructed as a prayer room for a group of
2388:
1117:
The Canton
Synagogue and the Cavaillon synagogue, in particular, show several similarities in their arrangements. For example, both buildings feature a raised
775:
window with blue, yellow, red, and green accents provides additional light. The ark has a tripartite structure: the central section hosts the niche for the
2675:
63:
2670:
942:
2740:
711:
in
Yiddish) often found in Central European synagogue buildings — is not clear; however, its layout suggests that it may have initially served as a
2725:
2685:
2730:
2720:
2715:
223:
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The synagogue building originally hosted both religious and social functions: the ground floor was occupied by the coffin warehouse of the
1192:"And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, within and without shalt thou overlay it, and shalt make upon it a crown of gold round about" (
2705:
2695:
532:
The two wooden columns placed on the left-hand side of the bimah. On the lower left corner is the inscription recording the gift of 180
2283:
2027:
865:
740:, later relocated, was originally placed in the middle of the room in accordance with the traditional "central bimah" configuration.
2381:
2308:
2233:
189:
2700:
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are indeed an extremely uncommon feature in synagogues, and their presence in the Canton
Synagogue may reflect the influence of
615:, a Jewish institution which provided burial services for members of the community (replaced in the nineteenth century by the
2436:
2333:
2258:
2142:
2117:
2109:
2092:
2069:
2048:
1999:
1252:
1881:
2735:
2680:
1029:
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2374:
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1034:
580:
216:
2446:
2710:
2608:
2509:
2499:
2134:
2019:
1079:
481:
1138:—another Italian city home to an important Jewish community—as a precaution against an Austro-Hungarian invasion.
1193:
423:
Ceased operating as a synagogue in 1917, the former synagogue building was restored between 2016 and 2017 by the
1197:
2561:
2451:
2152:
Finlay, Robert (1982). "The
Foundation of the Ghetto: Venice, the Jews, and the War of the League of Cambrai".
703:
564:, donated by a man named Shlomo in 1532 for the synagogue's construction. The same date (5292 according to the
2461:
679:
476:
432:
2623:
784:
404:
263:
2403:
2551:
2474:
1991:
1248:
1240:
99:
1196:); "And he overlaid it with pure gold within and without, and made a crown of gold to it round about" (
2486:
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639:
424:
413:
278:
528:
2521:
2504:
2479:
1651:
1303:
1131:
884:
842:
756:
732:
658:
417:
283:
270:
2594:
2516:
2491:
2186:
912:
904:
2601:
2441:
2329:
2325:
2304:
2279:
2254:
2229:
2221:
Jewish Time-travel: A Travel Narrative and Guide to Jewish Historic Sites in Europe and Israel
2138:
2113:
2088:
2065:
2044:
2023:
2009:
1995:
856:
349:
960:
Detail of one of the relief medallions, depicting the city of Jericho and its crumbling walls
666:, the little cupola above the bimah is the only visible sign of the presence of the synagogue
500:'s corner), referring to the building's position in the southern corner of the square of the
2431:
2178:
1165:
1148:
1147:"The house that is devoted to God needs to be elevated above the other houses of the city" (
846:
787:
377:
369:
68:
30:
1388:
1108:, as several Jews who had settled in the Venice mainland chose to seek refuge in the city.
2568:
2466:
2456:
1981:
1888:
838:
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that time. The synagogue stands on an elevated position (a feature shared with the nearby
565:
544:(the oldest part of the Venetian Ghetto, established on 29 March 1516), together with the
388:
163:
89:
638:
Starting in 1968, the building underwent major restoration interventions operated by the
1104:
The number of Jews moving into the Ghetto saw a rapid increase with the outbreak of the
822:
1005:
936:
Picture of the vestibule, looking north. The windows on the left overlook the main room
908:
752:
694:
The first floor entrance to the synagogue building consists of a spacious and luminous
553:
452:
743:
2659:
2225:
772:
716:
699:
472:
428:
117:
1445:
596:—was sung. Moreover, the synagogue's "bifocal effect" (created by the bimah and the
571:
The establishment of the Canton Synagogue followed by four years that of the nearby
2084:
1118:
1019:
888:
695:
671:
620:
719:, and seats were often handed down through generations within prominent families.
84:
2344:
2321:
From Temple to Meeting House: The Phenomenology and Theology of Places of Worship
2319:
2294:
2269:
2244:
2219:
2199:
2128:
2103:
2059:
2038:
2013:
1985:
2366:
2250:
1072:
776:
585:
402:
Completed in 1532, it is the second oldest Venetian synagogue, after the nearby
475:
institutions devoted to assisting those in need, the most famous being the six
995:
601:
43:
670:
The synagogue's main room features a rectangular plan which is only slightly
238:
225:
2275:
1635:
712:
605:
597:
443:
Like the other four synagogues in Venice, the Canton Synagogue was termed a
384:
108:
2416:
2398:
916:
1121:
which is directly connected to the prayer hall through a series of steps.
903:, are of no particular artistic merit, but do stand out for their rarity:
2037:
Calimani, Riccardo; Sullam Reinisch, Giovannina; Vivante, Cesare (2000).
780:
576:
409:
2167:
Hachlili, Rachel (1976). "The Niche and the Ark in Ancient Synagogues".
1077:, later dismantled and partially riassembled on the ground floor of the
467:. In the Venetian context, however, the term has a further connotation:
2190:
1595:
1593:
1135:
900:
872:
860:
853:
816:
751:
The intricately decorated ark is entirely gilded, as prescribed in the
678:. It occupies an inconspicuous spot on the third floor of a four-story
593:
497:
464:
380:
2061:
La CittĂ degli Ebrei. Il Ghetto di Venezia: Architettura e Urbanistica
1731:
1729:
1342:
1340:
1214:
1170:
798:
792:
492:, the generally accepted one links it to the site's ancient toponym,
392:
205:
167:
2182:
427:. No longer used for regular worship, it is open to the public as a
540:
The Canton Synagogue is one of the three synagogues located in the
2409:
1210:
899:
making water flow from the rock. The eight medallions, painted in
896:
892:
880:
830:
At the opposite end of the room is the bimah, which dates back to
821:
742:
657:
561:
533:
527:
396:
177:
2361:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1532:
1530:
1369:
1367:
589:
557:
338:
48:
The former synagogue, now Jewish museum, from the square of the
2370:
1183:
were built on parcels owned by two wealthy patrician families.
1848:
1572:
16:
Former Orthodox synagogue, now Jewish museum, in Venice, Italy
2271:
Jews and the Renaissance of Synagogue Architecture, 1450–1730
552:. It was built between 1531 and 1532 by members of the local
790:
columns; the two lateral sections feature the seats for the
2213:(in Italian). Venice: Tipografia del Gazzettino Illustrato.
1808:
1806:
1804:
2015:
The Venetian Ghetto: The History of a Persecuted Community
1272:
1270:
915:
displayed on the frontispieces of Jewish books printed in
859:
whose decoration was completed in 1789, together with the
2058:
Concina, Ennio; Camerino, Ugo; Calabi, Donatella (1991).
2349:. Vol. 3. New York: Jewish Encyclopedic Handbooks.
911:
models. The medallions are in fact reminiscent of oval
1287:
1285:
2170:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
2040:
Venezia: guida alle sinagoghe, al museo e al cimitero
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1783:
1735:
1684:
1599:
1560:
1346:
1319:
1053:
Analogously, another corner of the square was called
556:
community. A stone plaque placed to the left of the
488:
Among the several proposed etymologies for the word
2582:
2539:
2530:
2424:
348:
337:
329:
321:
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308:
300:
292:
269:
259:
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215:
173:
159:
154:
129:
98:
77:
62:
57:
23:
2300:Guide to the World's Jewish Communities and Sights
2155:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
625:Fraterna sive Scuola Talmud Torah di Ghetto Nuovo
613:Fraterna della Misericordia degli Hebrei Tedeschi
2102:Davis, Robert C.; Ravid, Benjamin, eds. (2001).
2079:Curiel, Roberta; Cooperman, Bernard Dov (1990).
815:seats are two wooden panels with texts from two
1916:
1904:
1869:
1824:
1759:
1747:
1672:
1623:
1611:
1584:
1536:
1485:
1461:
1416:
1404:
1373:
1331:
852:Placed against the room's longer walls are two
803:
662:For the observer standing in the square of the
2666:1530s establishments in the Republic of Venice
592:commonly intoned by French Jews on the eve of
2382:
644:Ministry for Cultural Assets and Environments
520:) bore the names of their founding families.
8:
2303:. Northvale, N.J.–Jerusalem: Jason Aronson.
1849:Calimani, Sullam Reinisch & Vivante 2000
1573:Calimani, Sullam Reinisch & Vivante 2000
1548:
619:), while the second floor housed the local
2536:
2389:
2375:
2367:
2343:Wischnitzer, Rachel (1952). "Jewish art".
1812:
1771:
1473:
1276:
783:and flanked by two square pillars and two
42:
20:
1708:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1384:
1382:
1247:. Foundation for Jewish Heritage and the
1134:, many Venetian Jews were transferred to
1091:, and moved into the ground floor of the
2253:& Spertus College of Judaica Press.
2246:The Jews in the World of the Renaissance
2064:(in Italian). Venice: Albrizzi Editore.
1836:
1521:
1358:
536:in 1532 for the synagogue's construction
471:was in fact the name given to Christian
451:("synagogue"), in the same way in which
196:
2201:The Synagogue: its History and Function
1428:
1229:
1046:
926:
568:) is displayed over the entrance door.
100:Ecclesiastical or organisational status
1795:
1696:
1509:
1497:
325:12.7 to 12.9 m (42 to 42 ft)
1291:
1235:
1233:
7:
1720:
1652:Venice Synagogues Window Restoration
1304:Venice Synagogues Window Restoration
333:6.5 to 7.1 m (21 to 23 ft)
204:Location of the former synagogue in
2346:The Jewish People, Past and Present
1965:Concina, Camerino & Calabi 1991
1953:Concina, Camerino & Calabi 1991
1941:Concina, Camerino & Calabi 1991
1929:Concina, Camerino & Calabi 1991
1784:Concina, Camerino & Calabi 1991
1736:Concina, Camerino & Calabi 1991
1685:Concina, Camerino & Calabi 1991
1600:Concina, Camerino & Calabi 1991
1561:Concina, Camerino & Calabi 1991
1347:Concina, Camerino & Calabi 1991
1320:Concina, Camerino & Calabi 1991
1213:, and the sections of the book of
14:
2676:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Italy
1990:. Vol. 1. New York–Hoboken:
779:, surmounted by a baroque broken
2671:16th-century synagogues in Italy
2415:
2397:
2043:(in Italian). Venice: Marsilio.
1012:
998:
977:
965:
953:
941:
929:
195:
188:
2741:Synagogues preserved as museums
2362:Jewish Museum of Venice website
2105:The Jews of Early Modern Venice
919:in the late sixteenth century.
61:
2726:Synagogue buildings with domes
2204:. London: Vallentine Mitchell.
2130:Jewish Traditions: A JPS Guide
2110:Johns Hopkins University Press
1987:Contemporary Halakhic Problems
1253:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
879:, the Altar of Sacrifice, the
455:refer to the synagogue as the
1:
2686:Baroque architecture in Italy
2127:Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2004).
1895:. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
1563:, pp. 105, 107–108, 113.
1245:Historic Synagogues of Europe
1070:(originally located near the
1030:History of the Jews in Venice
972:Interior view of the skylight
895:, the gift of the Torah, and
831:
2731:Synagogues completed in 1532
2721:Rococo architecture in Italy
2716:Orthodox synagogues in Italy
2324:. The Hague–Paris–New York:
2293:Tigay, Alan M., ed. (1994).
1407:, pp. 89, 123, 128–131.
1106:War of the League of Cambrai
984:Detail of the domed skylight
948:Detail of the carved columns
767:) and probably derived from
2691:Baroque synagogues in Italy
2243:Shulvass, Moses A. (1973).
2209:Ottolenghi, Adolfo (1932).
1917:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1905:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1870:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1825:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1760:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1748:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1673:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1658:. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
1624:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1612:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1585:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1537:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1486:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1462:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1417:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1405:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1374:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1332:Curiel & Cooperman 1990
1310:. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
1035:List of synagogues in Italy
2757:
2706:Jews and Judaism in Venice
2696:Former synagogues in Italy
2318:Turner, Harold W. (1979).
2268:Stiefel, Barry L. (2016).
2135:Jewish Publication Society
2020:Open Road Integrated Media
1642:. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
1452:. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
1395:. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
1209:Five are the books of the
2638:
1241:"Scuola Canton in Venice"
771:. Above the ark, a small
460:
387:, that is located in the
358:
183:
41:
28:
633:Templi Israelitici Uniti
560:records the gift of 180
2701:Jewish museums in Italy
2583:Abandoned or repurposed
2540:Destroyed or demolished
2218:Sander, Mae E. (2000).
1450:Jewish Museum of Venice
1175:family; similarly, the
877:Crossing of the Red Sea
477:Scuole Grandi of Venice
447:("School") rather than
433:Jewish Museum of Venice
1882:Great German Synagogue
1277:Davis & Ravid 2001
1080:Scuola Grande Spagnola
827:
808:
748:
667:
537:
373:
264:Synagogue architecture
217:Geographic coordinates
34:
2296:The Jewish Traveler:
1992:KTAV Publishing House
1249:Center for Jewish Art
1177:Scuola Grande Tedesca
866:importance in Judaism
825:
746:
738:Scuola Grande Tedesca
698:divided by two white
685:Scuola Grande Tedesca
676:Scuola Grande Tedesca
661:
573:Scuola Grande Tedesca
546:Scuola Grande Tedesca
531:
405:Scuola Grande Tedesca
2736:Synagogues in Venice
2681:Ashkenazi synagogues
2574:(archeological site)
2556:(archeological site)
2543:(no longer standing)
2198:Levy, Isaac (1963).
2108:. Baltimore–London:
2081:The Ghetto of Venice
1786:, pp. 102, 107.
1194:Exodus 25:11
1087:(first built on the
887:on the banks of the
769:Islamic architecture
640:World Monuments Fund
581:leave Arles en masse
425:World Monuments Fund
2298:Hadassah Magazine's
2274:. London–New York:
2224:. Northvale, N.J.:
2083:. London–New York:
1943:, pp. 108–109.
1656:World Monument Fund
1640:World Monument Fund
1626:, pp. 68, 157.
1308:World Monument Fund
1198:Exodus 37:2
1132:Battle of Caporetto
1130:In the days of the
1089:Campo de Gheto Novo
1057:(bakery's corner).
905:landscape paintings
757:Ark of the Covenant
755:with regard to the
617:Fraterna dei Poveri
235: /
2644:List of synagogues
2010:Calimani, Riccardo
1887:2021-12-22 at the
1464:, pp. 61, 68.
828:
749:
668:
538:
518:Scuola Meshullamim
239:45.445°N 12.3267°E
2711:Museums in Venice
2653:
2652:
2634:
2633:
2602:Mole Antonelliana
2437:Casale Monferrato
2326:Walter de Gruyter
1907:, pp. 62–64.
1723:, pp. 29–34.
1488:, pp. 10–12.
1431:, pp. 47–48.
1334:, pp. 81–82.
1083:in 1893) and the
494:canton del medras
383:congregation and
362:
361:
112:(1532–1917)
2748:
2645:
2587:
2586:(still standing)
2575:
2557:
2544:
2537:
2447:Great (Florence)
2419:
2412:
2406:
2401:
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2384:
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2350:
2339:
2314:
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2239:
2214:
2205:
2194:
2163:
2148:
2133:. Philadelphia:
2123:
2098:
2075:
2054:
2033:
2005:
1982:Bleich, J. David
1974:Cited literature
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1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1549:Wischnitzer 1952
1546:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1443:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1389:Canton Synagogue
1386:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1237:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1190:
1184:
1174:
1164:belonged to the
1158:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1093:Scuola Levantina
1064:
1058:
1055:canton del forno
1051:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
909:Central European
843:Solomon's Temple
841:on the porch of
836:
833:
731:style with some
642:and the Italian
462:
366:Canton Synagogue
250:
249:
247:
246:
245:
240:
236:
233:
232:
231:
228:
199:
198:
192:
144:
142:
141:(as a synagogue)
122:
114:
113:
73:
69:Orthodox Judaism
46:
24:Canton Synagogue
21:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2630:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2555:
2542:
2541:
2526:
2420:
2410:
2404:
2395:
2358:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2317:
2311:
2292:
2286:
2267:
2261:
2242:
2236:
2217:
2208:
2197:
2183:10.2307/1356719
2166:
2151:
2145:
2126:
2120:
2101:
2095:
2078:
2072:
2057:
2051:
2036:
2030:
2008:
2002:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1889:Wayback Machine
1880:
1876:
1868:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1813:Ottolenghi 1932
1811:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1772:Ottolenghi 1932
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1474:Ottolenghi 1932
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1444:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1208:
1204:
1191:
1187:
1181:Scuola Italiana
1168:
1160:The lot of the
1159:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1119:women's gallery
1116:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1085:Scuola Luzzatto
1065:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
985:
982:
973:
970:
961:
958:
949:
946:
937:
934:
925:
834:
801:, which reads:
725:
689:Scuola Italiana
656:
566:Hebrew calendar
550:Scuola Italiana
526:
510:Scuola Luzzatto
482:Scuola Italiana
441:
288:
244:45.445; 12.3267
243:
241:
237:
234:
229:
226:
224:
222:
221:
211:
210:
209:
208:
202:
201:
200:
150:
140:
136:
125:
120:
111:
107:
94:
90:Nusach Ashkenaz
71:
53:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2558:
2547:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2356:External links
2354:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2334:
2315:
2309:
2290:
2285:978-1317320326
2284:
2265:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2215:
2206:
2195:
2177:(223): 43–53.
2164:
2149:
2143:
2124:
2118:
2099:
2093:
2076:
2070:
2055:
2049:
2034:
2029:978-1480417939
2028:
2006:
2000:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1957:
1955:, p. 161.
1945:
1933:
1931:, p. 108.
1921:
1909:
1897:
1874:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1800:
1798:, p. 293.
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1725:
1713:
1711:, p. 321.
1709:Eisenberg 2004
1701:
1689:
1677:
1660:
1644:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1602:, p. 162.
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1551:, p. 284.
1541:
1526:
1514:
1512:, p. 140.
1502:
1500:, p. 513.
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1446:The synagogues
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1378:
1363:
1351:
1349:, p. 105.
1336:
1324:
1322:, p. 240.
1312:
1296:
1294:, p. 542.
1281:
1266:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1202:
1185:
1153:
1140:
1123:
1110:
1097:
1059:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1009:
1006:Judaism portal
994:
993:
991:
988:
987:
986:
983:
976:
974:
971:
964:
962:
959:
952:
950:
947:
940:
938:
935:
928:
924:
921:
753:Book of Exodus
724:
721:
700:tuscan columns
655:
652:
525:
522:
453:Ashkenazi Jews
440:
437:
376:) is a former
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
335:
334:
331:
327:
326:
323:
319:
318:
317:Specifications
314:
313:
310:
306:
305:
302:
301:Groundbreaking
298:
297:
296:Cantoni family
294:
290:
289:
287:
286:
281:
275:
273:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
252:
251:
219:
213:
212:
203:
194:
193:
187:
186:
185:
184:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
161:
157:
156:
152:
151:
149:
148:
145:
133:
131:
127:
126:
124:
123:
115:
104:
102:
96:
95:
93:
92:
87:
81:
79:
75:
74:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
29:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2753:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:Reggio Emilia
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2562:Livorno (Old)
2559:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Livorno (New)
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2310:9781568210780
2306:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2235:9780765760999
2231:
2227:
2226:Jason Aronson
2223:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2162:(2): 140–154.
2161:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1967:, p. 98.
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:, p. 64.
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1872:, p. 66.
1871:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1851:, p. 24.
1850:
1845:
1842:
1839:, p. 43.
1838:
1837:Hachlili 1976
1833:
1830:
1827:, p. 65.
1826:
1821:
1818:
1815:, p. 10.
1814:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1774:, p. 12.
1773:
1768:
1765:
1762:, p. 61.
1761:
1756:
1753:
1750:, p. 59.
1749:
1744:
1741:
1738:, p. 95.
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1699:, p. 63.
1698:
1693:
1690:
1687:, p. 93.
1686:
1681:
1678:
1675:, p. 62.
1674:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:Schola Canton
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1614:, p. 68.
1613:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1587:, p. 55.
1586:
1581:
1578:
1575:, p. 45.
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1539:, p. 57.
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Shulvass 1973
1518:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1419:, p. 30.
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:, p. 58.
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:Calimani 2013
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:, p. 43.
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1162:Scuola Canton
1157:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1075:de Gheto Novo
1074:
1069:
1068:Scuola Coanim
1063:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1010:
1007:
996:
989:
980:
975:
968:
963:
956:
951:
944:
939:
932:
927:
922:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
862:
858:
855:
850:
848:
847:Doge's Palace
844:
840:
824:
820:
818:
814:
807:
802:
800:
795:
794:
789:
786:
782:
778:
777:Torah scrolls
774:
773:stained glass
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
745:
741:
739:
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
717:status symbol
714:
710:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
681:
677:
673:
665:
660:
653:
651:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
535:
530:
523:
521:
519:
515:
514:Scuola Coanim
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
483:
478:
474:
473:confraternity
470:
466:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
429:Jewish museum
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:
400:
398:
394:
390:
389:Jewish Ghetto
386:
382:
379:
375:
374:Scuola Canton
371:
367:
357:
353:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
274:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
253:
248:
220:
218:
214:
207:
191:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
165:
164:Jewish Ghetto
162:
158:
153:
146:
139:
135:
134:
132:
128:
119:
118:Jewish museum
116:
110:
106:
105:
103:
101:
97:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
80:
76:
70:
67:
65:
56:
51:
45:
40:
36:
35:Scuola Canton
32:
27:
22:
19:
2624:Great German
2622:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2567:
2560:
2550:
2531:
2462:Great (Rome)
2414:
2402:
2345:
2320:
2299:
2295:
2270:
2245:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2174:
2168:
2159:
2153:
2129:
2104:
2085:Tauris Parke
2080:
2060:
2039:
2014:
1986:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1892:
1877:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1524:, p. 7.
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1476:, p. 7.
1469:
1457:
1449:
1429:Stiefel 2016
1424:
1412:
1400:
1392:
1354:
1327:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1257:. Retrieved
1244:
1205:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1161:
1156:
1143:
1126:
1113:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1049:
1020:Italy portal
889:Jordan River
870:
851:
829:
812:
809:
804:
791:
764:
760:
750:
737:
726:
708:
693:
688:
684:
675:
672:asymmetrical
669:
664:Ghetto Nuovo
663:
654:Architecture
648:Ghetto Nuovo
647:
637:
632:
629:
624:
621:Talmud Torah
616:
612:
610:
572:
570:
549:
545:
542:Ghetto Nuovo
541:
539:
517:
513:
509:
506:Ghetto Nuovo
505:
502:Ghetto Nuovo
501:
493:
489:
487:
480:
468:
463:) in
456:
448:
444:
442:
431:through the
422:
403:
401:
365:
363:
255:Architecture
137:
121:(since 1989)
50:Ghetto Nuovo
49:
18:
2552:Bova Marina
2475:Scolagrande
2251:E. J. Brill
1893:jvenice.org
1796:Turner 1979
1697:Bleich 1977
1510:Finlay 1982
1498:Sander 2000
1393:jvenice.org
1169: [
1073:sotoportego
839:two pillars
835: 1780
586:Lekhah Dodi
242: /
64:Affiliation
2660:Categories
2405:Synagogues
2335:1850432368
2260:9004036466
2249:. Leiden:
2144:0827610394
2119:0801865123
2094:1850432368
2071:8831754890
2050:8831776304
2001:0870684507
1292:Tigay 1994
1259:August 19,
1225:References
1095:in 1836).
913:cartouches
788:Corinthian
680:vernacular
602:Carpentras
230:12°19′36″E
227:45°26′42″N
147:Repurposed
2522:Viareggio
2505:Levantine
2480:Scolanova
2276:Routledge
1721:Levy 1963
826:The bimah
819:prayers.
813:parnassim
793:parnassim
713:matroneum
704:vestibule
606:Cavaillon
577:Provençal
554:Ashkenazi
410:Provençal
385:synagogue
350:Materials
309:Completed
293:Funded by
109:Synagogue
85:Provençal
52:, in 2012
2627:(Venice)
2619:(Venice)
2595:Cherasco
2517:Vercelli
2012:(2013).
1984:(1977).
1885:Archived
1179:and the
990:See also
781:pediment
723:Interior
623:school (
449:sinagoga
420:styles.
378:Orthodox
160:Location
155:Location
138:Inactive
72:(former)
58:Religion
2572:(Rome)
2510:Spanish
2500:Italian
2496:Venice
2487:Trieste
2442:Ferrara
2191:1356719
1251:at the
1149:Shabbat
1136:Livorno
923:Gallery
901:tempera
873:Jericho
861:gilding
857:benches
817:Sabbath
747:The ark
729:Baroque
594:Sabbath
524:History
498:midrash
465:Yiddish
414:Baroque
370:Italian
279:Baroque
174:Country
31:Italian
2616:Canton
2532:Former
2471:Trani
2432:Biella
2425:Active
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883:, the
875:, the
854:walnut
799:Hebrew
785:fluted
733:Rococo
709:polish
562:ducats
534:ducats
490:Canton
469:Scuola
445:scuola
418:Rococo
393:Venice
381:Jewish
322:Length
284:Rococo
206:Venice
168:Venice
130:Status
2569:Ostia
2492:Turin
2467:Siena
2457:Padua
2411:Italy
2187:JSTOR
1255:. n.d
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1173:]
1151:11a).
1041:Notes
897:Moses
893:Korah
881:Manna
765:diagò
761:liagò
696:lobby
558:bimah
397:Italy
354:Stone
330:Width
271:Style
178:Italy
2330:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2255:ISBN
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2139:ISBN
2114:ISBN
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1996:ISBN
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763:(or
687:and
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590:hymn
548:and
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439:Name
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304:1531
260:Type
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