566:
521:. Legal wrangling over who met the property requirements to vote was important in many campaigns, and canvassing was used to add supporters to the rolls, while investigating the claims of opponents. The growing list of supporters would also be essential to an election day operation. In early elections all voters had to travel to a central town, often some distance from their home, and polling could last several days. During this time voters would be away from their work and their fields. As an example of the challenges, one losing candidate had identified 639 supporters in Kent for the
537:
120:
485:, elections began to be openly contested. Canvassing was a controversial strategy. In both 1604 and 1626 canvassing for votes was banned. It was seen as a violation to free elections, as votes would be won by persuasion rather than a voter making up his own mind. Despite this, by the late 17th century, canvassing was standard practice in English elections. Rival campaigns would attempt a full canvass of all voters, which even in the largest districts would only be a few thousand people.
63:
673:
305:
788:. This study revived interest in the subject. Since then Gerber, Green, and other political scientists have conducted a program that verified those results, and tested what techniques are most effective. Foot canvassing is the most effective contact method, increasing turnout by about 7 percentage points, while phoning boosts it by 2.6 points. Other contact techniques such as
856:. I'm calling to find out your views on the Labour government's priorities. Which of the following do you think are the three most important priorities for the government? Let me tell you what Labour is doing in these areas and what the Tories would do if they were re-elected . Now can I ask you which party you think you will vote for at the next general election?
81:
514:
Part of the concern would be financial. Campaigning was expensive in an era when voters expected to be plied with food and drink. In this period the candidates had to cover the costs of the election itself. If candidates did not find enough votes during their canvass they would drop out before wasting more money on a losing campaign.
361:. Canvassing can be done for many reasons: political campaigning, grassroots fundraising, community awareness, membership drives, and more. Campaigners knock on doors to contact people personally. Canvassing is used by political parties and issue groups to identify supporters, persuade the undecided, and add voters to the
730:, pulled together canvassing data, consumer information, and demographic profiles to allow precise targeting of voters. No longer would campaigns knock on all the doors in a district, rather voters who would most be persuaded to support the candidate or come out to vote could be targeted. Large campaigns incorporated
639:
of voter behaviour became the accepted wisdom. It argued that voters had deep-set partisan loyalties, and that changes in such loyalties take years to develop. A simple knock on the door will do nothing to change a voter's opinion. Parties thus switched their canvassing resources away from persuading
473:
elections were rarely contested. Losing an election was considered a dishonor to oneself, and to friends and family. Campaigning thus involved quiet sounding out of the small pool of voters. Only once this process had convinced a candidate that he had enough votes to win would he declare his interest
423:
During the canvass, the results will be entered into the voter database. This will update the campaign's list of voters, removing those who have moved or are deceased and adding new residents who may have been found. The data on the questions will be used for further contact, a supporter may be added
904:
Freedom to distribute information to every citizen wherever he desires to receive it is so clearly vital to the preservation of a free society that ... it must be fully preserved. To require a censorship through license which makes impossible the free and unhampered distribution of pamphlets strikes
750:
In
Scandinavia door-to-door canvassing was an accepted part of election campaigning in the first half of the 20th century, but has since faded. It still exists, but an activist knocking on someone's door is considered somewhat unseemly. More widespread workplace canvasses have been organized, either
595:
attacked corruption and expanded the franchise. This, combined with the growing strength of the national parties, transformed canvassing. There were no lists of who was eligible to vote under the new law, and it was up to individual voters to register themselves. The parties launched mass canvasses
561:
In the first elections held in the United States, canvassing was rare. Most elections were uncontested, and even in races with multiple candidates it was considered improper for a candidate to campaign on his own behalf. As the party system developed in the early 19th century, elections became more
415:
The canvasser will try to contact each of the households on their list, and deliver a script containing questions and persuasive messaging provided by the campaign. Almost all election canvassing includes asking how a person plans to vote. Supporters may then be asked themselves to volunteer, or to
746:
Door-to-door canvassing has been little known in most other countries. It has been used in several Latin
American countries, including Brazil and Chile. By utilizing newer technological resources like WhatsApp, voter turnout has increased among younger voters in Brazil. After the highly publicized
703:
campaign of 2000 was credited with gaining several points on election day in the 2000 election, enough to win the popular vote despite being down several points in the polls the day before. Subsequently, the
Republicans launched their 72 Hour Program of get out the vote efforts over the last three
513:
There were many reasons why candidates invested much time and money in canvassing. As in the previous tradition of sounding out supporters before announcing, many candidates would use the canvass to determine their level of support, and would drop out before election day if it proved insufficient.
663:
argued that "constituency organizing counts for next to nothing in the television age." One political scientist wrote there was a belief that canvassing was an "elaborate ritual bringing some sense of gratification to the participants, but making no difference to election results." In more recent
557:
series of paintings. Most directly this would take the form of direct bribes to voters. This was the practice in only a minority of districts, but in some areas large bribes had become habitual. In areas without direct bribery, candidates were expected to provide food, drink and banquets. For the
742:
Originating in the United
Kingdom, canvassing is most widespread in those countries that have borrowed from the British political system. It is standard practice in elections in Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In India, despite the million or more voters in many
687:
In the United States, canvassing hit its all-time low during the 1996 election, with the lowest reported rates of political volunteering, and the lowest recorded voter turnout. Political scientists began to reassess the effects of canvassing. In
Britain new studies found that unlike in earlier
893:
Local governments in the United States have passed local laws to limit
Americans' ability to canvass. Many of these challenges escalated to the Supreme Court, which has ruled overwhelmingly on the side of the public's right to canvass as protected by the First Amendment. For example, in
919:
It is offensive, not only to the values protected by the First
Amendment, but to the very notion of a free society that in the context of everyday public discourse a citizen must first inform the government of her desire to speak to her neighbors and then obtain a permit to do
388:
Canvassing can also refer to a neighborhood canvass performed by law enforcement in the course of an investigation. This is a systematic approach to interviewing residents, merchants, and others who are in the immediate vicinity of a crime and may have useful information.
612:, which limited campaign spending. Thus the armies of paid canvassers were replaced with smaller volunteer efforts. Laws were also changed in the United Kingdom to make voter registration almost automatic, removing the need for the parties to expend efforts on it.
824:, they found some evidence that the effectiveness in European canvasing activities is far less compared to the United States, compiling several studies of canvassing in Denmark. However, the paper did not come to one conclusion on the cause of this discrepancy.
2028:
864:, asks whether the individual would consider displaying a poster in their window or deliver leaflets on their street and asks whether the individual would consider joining the party. The section for non-Labour voters asks the following questions:
384:
Organized political canvassing became a central tool of contested election campaigns in
Britain, and has remained a core practice performed by thousands of volunteers at each election there, and in many countries with similar political systems.
817:"did not affect turnout, but increased Hollande's vote share in the first round and accounted for one fourth of his victory margin in the second. Visits' impact persisted in later elections, suggesting a lasting persuasion effect."
664:
studies done in 2020, we see that phone calls and canvassing have really no effect on the overall voter turn out, even for those who are in areas of high numbers of undecided voters and voters who are considered to be persuadable.
2151:"WATCHTOWER BIBLE & TRACT SOCIETY OF NEW YORK, INC., et al. v. VILLAGE OF STRATTON et al. certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the sixth circuit. No. 00-1737. Argued February 26, 2002--Decided June 17, 2002"
562:
contested and voluntary associations developed to work on candidates' behalf. As in the United
Kingdom, canvassing became an important part of their operations, and they would attempt to visit each voter in a district.
704:
days of a campaign, and also found demonstrable proof that it gained them several points in key races. The Obama campaigns of 2008 and 2012 were especially noted for dedicating resources to a field program.
533:
A candidate would also make sure to knock on as many doors as possible to win over the voters. Speaking to as many voters as possible was seen as an essential tool to win the "wavering multitudes."
620:
As corruption faded, parties returned to using canvassing to win votes through persuasion and get-out-the-vote (GOTV) efforts. This was especially true of the new socialist parties such as the
1731:
754:
In
Pakistan, it has been found that canvassing is effective in increasing voter turnout and in facilitating political conversation when catered towards the men and women in the household.
547:
By the 18th century canvassing was standard practice, but this was also an era of gross electoral corruption, and canvassing was used to bribe and threaten voters, as famously depicted in
784:
In 1999, Gerber and Green published their first paper presenting a rigorously controlled experiment that produced a substantial turnout boost from canvassing in a municipal election in
1699:
1047:
491:
I got sixty eight promises in Oundle and its neighbourhood today, and only one refusal. Some doubtful, but most not at home, with who I left printed cards requesting their votes.
2158:
2128:
860:
The script then divides into two sections based on whether the voter intends to support Labour or another party. The section for Labour supporters encourages the use of
609:
558:
priciest campaigns, these various costs added up to sums equivalent to several million pounds in today's money, causing financial hardship even for wealthy candidates.
1027:
333:
800:
have small to undetectable effects. Other studies have found that canvassing can do more to boost turnout, and also win new votes at the door through persuasion.
392:
In the United States, the compilation of election returns and validation of the outcome that forms the basis of the official results is also called canvassing.
1092:
696:
launched a series of controlled experiments, and demonstrated that foot canvassing was one of the most effective tools available to boost voter turnout.
911:
1721:
640:
voters, focusing only on identifying their supporters and making sure they voted. The British Labour Party adopted the Reading System developed by
2121:"MARTIN v. STRUTHERS, 319 U.S. 141 (1943), 319 U.S. 141, MARTIN v. CITY OF STRUTHERS, OHIO. No. 238. Argued March 11, 1943. Decided May 3, 1943"
565:
648:
constituency in 1945. It was based on concentrating exclusively on pro-Labour areas and boosting their turnout, while ignoring non-supporters.
1689:
1957:
1620:
1588:
1543:
1516:
1488:
1463:
1435:
1347:
1294:
1264:
1116:
1044:
655:
in his Nuffield Model of UK elections found that during the 1950s and 1960s, local campaigns had no effect on the results. With the rise of
1794:
645:
625:
601:
505:
420:. Those who are wavering or undecided may be given a message of persuasion. If foot canvassing, the canvasser may also distribute flyers.
326:
1977:
400:
A modern election canvass may be conducted by a candidate, volunteers, and/or paid canvassers. The canvassers are given lists known as
2150:
2120:
814:
1848:
724:
445:
441:
The origin of the term is an older spelling of "canvas", to sift by shaking in a sheet of canvas, hence to discuss thoroughly.
584:, and direct bribery was also common; one study estimated that 20% of New York voters were compensated for their votes during
497:
319:
1626:
1549:
781:
created a consensus that canvassing had a small effect on turnout, and no observable persuasive effect on whom to vote for.
1754:
2185:
979:
1016:
805:
681:
71:
1174:
Smith, Robert Worthington (1969). "Political Organization and Canvassing: Yorkshire Elections Before the Reform Bill".
652:
635:
saw a general decline in canvassing. Political scientists began to question the utility of traditional campaigns. The
536:
38:
909:
In 2002, the Supreme Court reconfirmed its conviction that canvassing is protected by U.S. First Amendment rights in
757:
Canvassing for votes is forbidden in Japan due to fear of leftist control. This has been the case since the original
454:
659:, resources were shifted from the ground to mass market advertising, with canvassing seen as a relic of the past.
462:
who had been trained to memorize the names of all the voters, so that the candidate could greet them all by name.
151:
820:
There are some studies that suggest that canvassing is less in certain European nations. In a article from the
716:
291:
223:
1069:
The Political Campaign Desk Reference: A Guide for Campaign Managers and Candidates Running for Elected Office
743:
constituencies, parties have made the effort to have canvassers visit the door of each house in each village.
459:
49:
525:
election of 1640, but only 174 voted, most going home after finding out the polling would take three days.
31:
2029:"Is Door-to-Door Canvassing Effective in Europe? Evidence from a Meta-study across Six European Countries"
785:
762:
553:
138:
119:
773:
There has been a long history of studying the effectiveness of canvassing beginning with a 1927 study by
1399:
950:
581:
699:
The years since 2000 have seen a widespread revival of election canvassing. An intensive effort by the
580:
developed in the large cities of the eastern US. Winning candidates would reward their supporters with
2053:
1909:
955:
945:
810:
774:
758:
628:
in Canada who had little money but enthusiastic volunteer bases who could be deployed to door steps.
569:
236:
183:
163:
1996:"Will a Five-Minute Discussion Change Your Mind? A Countrywide Experiment on Voter Choice in France"
1384:"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Relational Organizing The Buttigieg 2020 Campaign in New Hampshire"
896:
218:
158:
1954:
1339:
1840:
1694:
1191:
778:
747:
canvassing tactics of the Obama campaign, similar tactics have been tried in France and Germany.
605:
592:
470:
366:
358:
176:
111:
89:
2095:
2027:
Bhatti, Yosef; Dahlgaard, Jens Olav; Hansen, Jonas Hedegaard; Hansen, Kasper M. (January 2019).
1580:
596:
with the goal of adding all of the party's supporters to the electoral roll. As an example, in
2081:
2058:
1937:
1776:
1755:"Canvassing the Gatekeepers: A Field Experiment to Increase Women Voters' Turnout in Pakistan"
1671:
1616:
1584:
1539:
1512:
1484:
1459:
1431:
1343:
1290:
1260:
1112:
833:
621:
263:
104:
62:
2048:
2040:
2007:
1974:
1927:
1917:
1832:
1766:
1661:
1387:
1335:
1327:
1183:
940:
935:
672:
632:
577:
522:
501:
425:
370:
286:
203:
198:
131:
1981:
1961:
1412:
1051:
930:
688:
decades, a strong field campaign was having an effect on the result. In the United States
548:
540:
482:
478:
309:
208:
193:
1913:
357:, is the systematic initiation of direct contact with individuals, commonly used during
1726:
1573:
1210:
The Representative of the People?: Voters and Voting in England Under the Early Stuarts
1149:
The Representative of the People?: Voters and Voting in England Under the Early Stuarts
1086:
636:
409:
258:
304:
37:
This article is about the systematic intiation of direct contact. For other uses, see
2179:
1932:
1897:
1820:
1081:
248:
448:. In those campaigns candidates would shake the hands of all eligible voters in the
1370:
Electing Our Masters : The Hustings in British Politics from Hogarth to Blair.
720:
708:
693:
56:
1650:"WhatsApp in Brazil: mobilising voters through door-to-door and personal messages"
1287:
Modern Constituency Electioneering: Local Campaigning in the 1992 General Election
715:
been the most common canvassing technique, canvassing can also be done via phone,
677:
412:. Some campaigns today have replaced paper sheets with tablet or smartphone apps.
1610:
1533:
517:
Building the list of voters was also important, as only some districts kept full
1753:
Cheema, Ali; Khan, Sarah; Liaqat, Asad; Mohmand, Shandana Khan (February 2023).
861:
789:
731:
689:
641:
449:
362:
975:
2044:
1771:
660:
656:
585:
85:
2062:
1922:
1882:
Jerome H. Black. "Revisiting the Effects of Canvassing on Voting Behaviour."
1780:
1675:
1532:
Alex Marland; Thierry Giasson; Jennifer Lees-Marshment (February 15, 2012).
572:'s positive portrayal of a candidate canvassing in the United States in 1852
518:
428:
or fundraising, while a hostile voter might be dropped from future contact.
417:
281:
253:
243:
213:
93:
1941:
465:
Modern canvassing can be traced back to the rise of contested elections in
707:
New technologies changed how canvassing was conducted. While door-to-door
17:
2012:
1995:
793:
712:
1666:
373:
operations. It is the core element of what political campaigns call the
1844:
1391:
1195:
727:
700:
597:
466:
80:
67:
734:
into their canvassing, to further hone and improve its effectiveness.
1649:
1109:
Roman Elections in the Age of Cicero: Society, Government, and Voting
45:
1836:
1383:
1187:
1332:
The British Labour Party and the German Social Democrats, 1900–1931
408:. These are a list of households to be contacted, generated from a
1955:
What Persuades Voters? A Field Experiment on Political Campaigning
797:
671:
564:
535:
61:
1871:
Getting-Out-The-Vote: An Experiment in the Stimulation of Voting.
543:'s 1754 depiction of the disreputable job of canvassing for votes
2096:"Essential Political Canvassing Laws For Your Election Campaign"
2084:, as published in How to Win an Election, Paul Richards, p.90-91
1975:
THE ELEMENTS OF POLITICAL PERSUASION: CONTENT, CHARISMA AND CUE
1045:
New mobile election apps mean pressure's on for local campaigns
836:
in the buildup to a general election for telephone canvassing:
604:
saw 3000 Liberal and 2000 Conservative paid workers engaged in
1481:
Ground Wars: Personalized Communication in Political Campaigns
1428:
Ground Wars: Personalized Communication in Political Campaigns
1085:
765:
on several occasions, but have been upheld as constitutional.
1722:"Washington Wisdom: SPD Adopts Obama's Door-to-Door Campaign"
55:"Door-knocking" redirects here. For the device activity, see
1898:"Does Canvassing Increase Voter Turnout? A Field Experiment"
1648:
Moura, Mauricio; Michelson, Melissa R. (December 31, 2017).
1612:
Electioneering: A Comparative Study of Continuity and Change
118:
1143:
1141:
1896:
Gerber, Alan S.; Green, Donald P. (September 14, 1999).
1509:
The Victory Lab: The Secret Science of Winning Campaigns
1238:
The growth of political stability in England: 1675-1725.
1001:
Swanson, Charles R; Chamelin, Neil C; Territo, Leonard.
452:. Whispering into the ear of some candidates would be a
27:
Systematic initiation of direct contact with individuals
1212:
Cambridge University Press, September 15, 2005. pg. 117
1151:
Cambridge University Press, September 15, 2005. pg. 115
1454:
Donald P. Green; Alan S. Gerber (September 30, 2015).
1135:
Cambridge University Press, September 26, 1986, pg. 35
832:
The following is an excerpt from a script used by the
608:. The massive paid canvassing came to an end with the
576:
This system soon became a venue for gross corruption.
1973:
Torun Dewan, Macartan Humphreys and Daniel Rubenson.
777:. Through the 1980s, a series of both controlled and
723:. Expansive databases of the electorate, such as the
809:
found that door-to-door canvassing on behalf of the
1604:
1602:
1600:
905:
at the very heart of the constitutional guarantees.
875:, which party will you vote for at these elections?
761:of 1925. The restrictions have been brought to the
1795:"Notions of Rights in the United States and Japan"
1572:
1449:
1447:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1257:The Good Citizen: A History of American CIVIC Life
610:Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883
444:An organized canvass can be seen as early as the
1502:
1500:
868:Which main political party do you identify with?
404:(or access to a canvassing app) or in the UK as
1902:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1456:Get Out the Vote: How to Increase Voter Turnout
1285:David Denver; Gordon Hands (October 23, 2013).
1250:
1248:
1246:
488:
481:, and expanding during the conflicts under the
1821:"Restrictions on Political Campaigns in Japan"
1690:"In France, Using Lessons From Obama Campaign"
1133:Cambridge University Press, September 26, 1986
878:How did you vote in the last general election?
44:"Canvass" redirects here. For the fabric, see
1308:
1306:
327:
8:
1334:, Oxford University Press, pp. 70–132,
1096:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2054:10398/e5e90992-1d21-4681-b3a5-388699f5ecff
1479:Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis (February 5, 2012).
1426:Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis (February 5, 2012).
651:Even these approaches were found wanting.
334:
320:
99:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2052:
2011:
1984:The Economic Journal, 124 (February 2–13)
1931:
1921:
1770:
1665:
1340:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205005.003.0003
912:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
74:door-to-door canvassing for Obama in 2008
1314:International Encyclopedia of Elections.
79:
1886:Vol. 17, No. 2 (June 1984), pp. 351-374
1107:Vishnia, Rachel Feig (March 12, 2012).
1017:"CANVASSING AND CERTIFYING AN ELECTION"
966:
110:
30:For the Knowledge (XXG) guideline, see
2131:from the original on February 25, 2013
1734:from the original on November 17, 2015
1579:. Auckland University Press. pp.
1552:from the original on February 14, 2017
1408:
1397:
1224:Constituency electioneering in Britain
1164:. David and Charles Ltd. 1973. pg. 143
92:) canvassing with local councilors in
2161:from the original on October 18, 2012
1884:Canadian Journal of Political Science
1873:Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1851:from the original on November 7, 2019
1702:from the original on December 1, 2016
1255:Schudson, Michael (January 1, 2011).
1162:British and Irish Elections 1784-1881
7:
2033:British Journal of Political Science
1609:David Butler; Austin Ranney (1992).
1326:Berger, Stefan (December 15, 1994),
822:British Journal of Political Science
500:describing his day of canvassing in
1372:OUP Oxford, March 26, 2009, pg. 146
1033:from the original on April 9, 2022.
915:. Justice John Paul Stevens stated:
2094:Patel, Tanvi (February 21, 2024).
1571:R. G. Mulgan; Peter Aimer (2004).
751:by labour unions or by employers.
25:
1759:American Political Science Review
1382:Leighninger, Harrison J. (2020).
982:from the original on July 3, 2017
815:2012 French presidential election
469:. For the first centuries of the
1629:from the original on May 8, 2017
881:Who would be your second choice?
616:Voter identification and decline
303:
1458:. Brookings Institution Press.
889:United States constitutionality
854:(MP/parliamentary spokesperson)
624:in the United Kingdom, and the
446:elections in the Roman Republic
1483:. Princeton University Press.
1430:. Princeton University Press.
1176:The American Historical Review
1071:Outskirts Press, 2008. pg. 123
884:Do you vote at every election?
1:
2080:Telephone canvassing script,
1825:Law and Contemporary Problems
1799:Association for Asian Studies
1535:Political Marketing in Canada
1312:David Denver. "Canvassing".
900:, Justice Hugo Black stated:
1994:Pons, Vincent (June 2018).
1003:Criminal Investigation, 8/e
871:There will be elections in
852:. I'm calling on behalf of
591:In the United Kingdom, the
39:Canvassing (disambiguation)
2202:
1980:December 22, 2015, at the
1960:December 22, 2015, at the
1316:CQ Press, February 2, 2000
1111:. Routledge. p. 112.
54:
43:
36:
32:Knowledge (XXG):Canvassing
29:
2045:10.1017/S0007123416000521
1772:10.1017/S0003055422000375
1538:. UBC Press. p. 77.
1507:Issenberg, Sasha (2012).
1222:Kavanagh, Dennis (1970).
529:Persuasion and corruption
88:(on the right with a red
2000:American Economic Review
1923:10.1073/pnas.96.19.10939
1869:Gosnell, Harold F.1927.
1819:Usaki, Masahiro (1990).
1240:London: Macmillan, 1967.
806:American Economic Review
1575:Politics in New Zealand
1093:Encyclopædia Britannica
974:James-Harvill, Jordan.
369:, and it is central to
50:Canvas (disambiguation)
1730:. September 13, 2013.
1654:Internet Policy Review
1407:Cite journal requires
922:
907:
840:Hello, can I speak to
828:British example script
786:New Haven, Connecticut
684:
682:2008 American election
582:patronage appointments
573:
554:Humours of an Election
544:
494:
139:Grassroots fundraising
123:
97:
75:
48:. For other uses, see
976:"What is Canvassing?"
951:Political campaigning
917:
902:
675:
568:
539:
122:
112:Political campaigning
96:, Lancashire, in 2008
83:
65:
2186:Election campaigning
2013:10.1257/aer.20160524
1328:"Party Organization"
1131:Mark A. Kishlansky.
956:Political consulting
946:Leaflet distribution
803:A 2018 study in the
775:Harold Foote Gosnell
759:General Election Law
631:The years after the
570:George Caleb Bingham
237:Negative campaigning
1914:1999PNAS...9610939G
1908:(19): 10939–10942.
1667:10.14763/2017.4.775
1615:. Clarendon Press.
897:Martin v. Struthers
779:natural experiments
359:political campaigns
310:Politics portal
219:Post-truth politics
159:Opposition research
84:British politician
1698:. April 21, 2012.
1695:The New York Times
1067:Michael McNamara.
1050:2015-12-22 at the
711:has been prior to
685:
606:voter registration
593:Reform Act of 1832
574:
545:
471:English Parliament
367:voter registration
124:
98:
76:
1622:978-0-19-827375-2
1590:978-1-86940-318-8
1545:978-0-7748-2231-2
1518:978-0-307-95479-4
1490:978-0-691-15305-6
1465:978-0-8157-2569-5
1437:978-0-691-15305-6
1349:978-0-19-820500-5
1296:978-1-135-22162-1
1266:978-1-4516-3162-3
1118:978-1-136-47871-0
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509:
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426:get out the vote
371:get out the vote
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336:
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541:William Hogarth
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1368:Jon Lawrence.
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1259:. Free Press.
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1099:
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1082:Chisholm, Hugh
1073:
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1005:. McGraw Hill.
993:
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844:please? Hello
842:(voter's name)
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690:Alan S. Gerber
669:
666:
637:Michigan model
617:
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424:to a list for
410:voter database
402:canvass sheets
397:
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313:
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299:
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292:Campaign staff
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2154:
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2124:
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2103:. Retrieved
2099:
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2082:Labour Party
2036:
2032:
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1989:
1969:
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1828:
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1798:
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1738:November 12,
1736:. Retrieved
1725:
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1706:February 26,
1704:. Retrieved
1693:
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1631:. Retrieved
1611:
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1554:. Retrieved
1534:
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1400:cite journal
1377:
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1364:
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1331:
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1237:
1236:J.H. Plumb.
1232:
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1160:Peter Jupp.
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969:
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862:postal votes
859:
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804:
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721:social media
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706:
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694:Donald Green
686:
653:David Butler
650:
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622:Labour Party
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498:Lord Althorp
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406:reading pads
405:
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164:Consultation
103:Part of the
77:
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1765:(1): 1–21.
1633:October 17,
1556:October 17,
1392:10066/22744
1355:January 31,
1226:. Longmans.
848:my name is
790:direct mail
732:A/B testing
644:to win the
642:Ian Mikardo
588:elections.
455:nomenclator
375:ground game
363:voters list
184:Advertising
72:Bill George
2165:January 3,
2135:January 3,
962:References
725:Democrats'
661:Ivor Crewe
657:television
586:Gilded Age
519:poll books
347:Canvassing
276:Key people
214:Lawn signs
189:Canvassing
152:Management
86:Jack Straw
70:President
18:Canvassers
2105:March 16,
2063:0007-1234
1804:March 13,
1781:0003-0554
1676:2197-6775
1511:. Crown.
794:robocalls
418:lawn sign
282:Candidate
254:Push poll
244:Attack ad
94:Blackburn
2180:Category
2159:Archived
2129:Archived
1978:Archived
1958:Archived
1942:10485930
1849:Archived
1732:Archived
1700:Archived
1627:Archived
1550:Archived
1048:Archived
1028:Archived
986:June 30,
980:Archived
925:See also
713:COVID-19
396:Practice
365:through
2155:FindLaw
2125:FindLaw
2100:CallHub
1910:Bibcode
1855:July 7,
1845:1191847
1196:1841324
1024:EAC.gov
728:NGP VAN
717:texting
701:Al Gore
678:AFL–CIO
668:Revival
646:Reading
598:Norwich
504:in the
483:Stuarts
467:England
437:Origins
432:History
416:take a
177:Message
132:Finance
90:rosette
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1031:(PDF)
1020:(PDF)
798:email
460:slave
450:Forum
379:field
2167:2015
2137:2015
2107:2024
2059:ISSN
1938:PMID
1857:2019
1806:2024
1777:ISSN
1740:2015
1708:2017
1672:ISSN
1635:2016
1617:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1558:2016
1540:ISBN
1513:ISBN
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1413:help
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