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investigate the university following a statement made by Bienz that there were "probably not less than 150 on the faculty who are
Communists or sympathizers with the Communist party". Although Canwell disputed the comments, saying they could not yet provide a figure, the majority of the university's Board of Regents were prepared to fire any faculty member found to be engaged in subversive activities, which they communicated to Canwell at a meeting on April 22. In response, Canwell agreed to postpone the hearings until the end of the spring quarter and to provide Allen with details of the charges prior to the hearing so the university could investigate internally.
556:, R. G. Tyler, spoke with the subpoenaed faculty prior to the hearing to offer the university's support of past members of the party if they were honest on the stand. Some faculty members doubted this, believing that some of the accused would be fired regardless of the university's stated position, and a group of nine professors announced on June 30 that they would not respond to the subpoenas. This group included Gundlach, Butterworth and Herbert J. Phillips, although Gundlach later decided to testify. Apart from the faculty, subpoenas were also served on the Jameses, actor
333:
resolution, in a hearing before the Senate committee on higher education, two candidates to be appointed as regents of the
University of Washington denied that "subversive activities" were taught by university faculty. Their appointments were opposed by Bienz, who claimed that he had seen reports of as many as 30 professors teaching subversive activities. A few days later, a Senate committee chaired by Bienz recommended the concurrent resolution and it passed the Senate on March 8, 1947, receiving 33 yes votes, 12 no votes and 1 abstention.
604:
430:, the state treasurer, agreed with the position and declared that his office would not pay the warrants, as the court had held that a legislative committee could not function during adjournment. In response, Canwell filed an action with the state supreme court to order payment of the committee's expenses. The court sided with Canwell, ruling that a legislative interim committee created by concurrent resolution could operate between legislative sessions. The WPU applied to the
317:(HUAC) by requesting copies of files created by its investigations into Washington residents. The bill established a Joint Legislative Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities to investigate individuals and organizations aiming to undermine the stability of American institutions, specifically "whose membership includes persons who are Communists, or any other organization known or suspected to be dominated or controlled by a foreign power." Drafted as a
534:, as being closely affilitated with the party. The final witness was Agnes Bridges, the ex-wife of Harry Bridges, who testified that her ex-husband was a member of the Communist Party. Following her testimony, Canwell stated that anyone could choose to testify, although he had refused requests from the American Youth for Democracy as he felt their communist origin was sufficiently obvious, and the hearings on the WPU would be recessed.
79:
410:, Jess Fletcher, had accused officers of the union of radicalism in January and, by October, had been subpoened by the Canwell Committee to discuss communism within the union. Reports into further allegations of communism within the union's Local No. 6 continued throughout the month, including that multiple employees had been fired.
552:
committee of the faculty senate would determine if any members of staff should face charges before the faculty committee on tenure and academic freedom. In a press statement, Canwell further said that should any faculty refuse to testify, they could face contempt charges. The president of the university chapter of the
702:: he paid dues in the Communist Party, he was married to a communist, and sleeping with at least one other one. Of the two, Rushmore and Matthews, Canwell explained, "Rushmore was principally brought out to testify on Hiss and the atomic scientists," while Matthews helped on the subject of universities.
442:
While waiting for the court ruling, Canwell commenced the hearings as scheduled on
January 27. The aim of the hearings was to prove the WPU was subversive and its members were communists. The Canwell Committee called local and national witnesses, who were not permitted to be cross-examined by defense
551:
In early June, Canwell gave Allen a list of the seven faculty members who the committee believed were or had been members of the
Communist Party, along with the 33 faculty members who would be subpoenaed during the hearing as witnesses. Allen told the regents that following the hearings, a special
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in April 1947. The committee had a staff of seven, led by the investigators
William J. Houston and John W. Whipple, which carried out a five month investigation. The committee kept a low profile during this time, with the exception of a comment by Canwell on the infiltration of communists in the
421:
on
Stevens and Kimball, temporarily barring them from sitting on the committee. On January 31, the court ruled that a legislative committee could not function when the legislature was adjourned but, as no officers of the WPU had been subpoenaed, it could not issue an injunction. The WPU brought
547:
The
University of Washington's public relations committee met with the faculty senate in February 1948 to recommend that the university avoid publicity surrounding the Canwell Committee and to provide support where required. It became clear by late March, however, that the committee planned to
332:
The concurrent resolution passed the House of
Representatives on March 3, 1947, receiving 86 yes votes, 8 no votes and 5 abstentions. There was much reference in the debates to a peoples' march organized by the WPU that had occurred two days before. At the time the Senate was considering the
256:, was a communist. The 1946 state elections saw Republicans position themselves as running against the communist-aligned Democrats, particularly a group of legislators affiliated with the WCF. In an illustration of the Republican sweep, De Lacy was replaced by a former leader of the
70:. The committee ultimately published two printed volumes collecting the testimony of witnesses before it. The committee was terminated by the Washington legislature in 1949, following the electoral defeat of its chairman and several of its members in the 1948 elections.
689:
During taping for an oral history in 1997, Canwell said, "We wished to put the Hiss case in the record, and there's testimony by them about atomic scientists and others who were questionable characters." The only scientist whose name
Canwell could remember was
591:
Beginning on July 19, 1948, the
Canwell Committee held its second hearings on the subject of subversion within the University of Washington. Witnesses included George Hewitt, who claimed he had taught University of Washington professor
488:
Local witnesses who had been members of the Communist Party testified before their committee, often about their connections to the WPU or WCF, naming those who they claimed had been fellow members of the party. Former representative
402:
to write the committee offering the university's full cooperation. One senior member of staff later testified that he had warned Allen at the time of this letter that there were several members of the Communist Party on the faculty.
505:
joined the WPU. He also said the Building Service union had been involved in the communist infiltration of the WPU, specifically naming William Dobbins. Other members of the WPU and the WCF testified similarly, with representative
698:. "There were numerous others," Canwell said, but he would have to go back and read the record to call "all their names" accurately. Asked to "characterize" Oppenheimer, Canwell said he agreed with conservative journalist
299:
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457:, who testified that it had been reported within the Communist Party that they had successfully infiltrated the WPU and two WCF publications were communist-controlled. He named De Lacy, Pennock, Bridges,
236:
Concerns amongst Democrats about the communist influences on their party were growing. In winter 1939, the University of Washington received similar criticisms to Fisher, particularly for inviting
1922:
1913:
Communism in Washington State: History and Memory, University of Washington, 2009–2012. Including complete, digitized transcripts of the hearings, historical photographs, documents and essays.
252:. In 1940, following his resignation as president of the WPU, Sullivan joined with Drumheller in a Senate investigatory committee to determine whether the WPU's vice president, state senator
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on the creation of the committee until the state supreme court ruled that a concurrent resolution could not be the subject of a referendum. At the University of Washington, students in the
413:
On January 11, 1948, Canwell Committee announced that it would convene its first hearings on subversion within the WPU at the Seattle Armory. The WPU responded by bringing a claim in the
321:, it granted the committee the power to hold public hearings between the adjournment of the 1947 legislative session, reporting to the 1949 legislature. The measure was introduced in the
264:, as voters elected a Republican senator and Republican-controlled state legislature. Following the election, state Democrats, led by Troy, Drumheller, Beck and state senator
198:. Although communists were officially banned from membership in the WCF, De Lacy's endorsement by the organization later fuelled concerns about communists at the university.
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national defence and public schools. It had been indicated in March 1947 that the University of Washington would be a focus of the committee, prompting university president
406:
Beginning in October 1947, there were an increase in stories about communist activities appearing in the local Seattle newspapers. An international vice president of the
364:
Although most politicians refused to comment on the formation of the committee, Troy publicly voiced support for its mission. The WPU and a nascent local chapter of the
563:
The investigations encountered opposition from the newly formed Washington Committee for Academic Freedom, a group of roughly one hundred professors, members of the
553:
639:
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Following the adjournment of the legislature, the Canwell Committee decided to delegate the investigation to a staff supervised by Canwell. He traveled to
497:, and De Lacy had been members of the party. Sullivan, as founder of the WPU, testified that the union was taken under communist control in 1939 when the
356:, who had been appointed by Hamblen to moderate the committee. However, Yantis died in December 1947, before the committee began its public hearings.
63:
1105:"Seeing Red: Fifty Years Ago, a Hearing on "Un-American" Activities Tore the UW Campus Apart, Setting a Precedent for Faculty Firings across Academe"
217:, a member of the WCF, as a campaigning group when the issue of raising pensions was ignored by the Democratic governor and legislature. Governor
1864:"The Cold War And Albert Canwell: The 1948 Anti-Communist Hearings Earned The Freshman Legislator An Instant Reputation — And Shattered Lives,"
314:
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had met to discuss an investigation into communism in the Democratic Party. House Concurrent Resolution No. 10 was quickly introduced in the
447:, was thrown out of the hearings on the first morning when he attempted to read a statement. The first witness was the former editor of the
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would control the state government for the next four decades, a frontier radicalism was prevalent in the region. During the pre-World War I
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248:, asked the secretary of state to refuse the nominations of Communist Party candidates, a decision which was only overturned by the
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There began to be tensions among left-leaning organizations and individuals during the late 1930s. A rivalry between top leaders
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481:, corroborated Budenz's testimony that the Communist Party's national committee had successfully infiltrated the WPU and named
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139:'s 1924 campaign. The state's national reputation for a left-of-center political climate was demonstrated by a quip by then-
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The committee was made of up five Republicans and two Democrats, with a mix of representatives and senators. House Speaker
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received significant support from Washington voters in the 1920 election, as did progressive presidential candidate
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The Canwell Committee is remembered as one of a number of state-level investigative committees patterned after the
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Canwell had run for office on an anti-communist platform and upon entering office, he began coordinating with the
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became marred in anti-communist rhetoric in 1937, with Beck labelling Bridges "Red Harry". The same year, the
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960:"State Representative criticizes UW for hiring Marxist Harold Laski as visiting lecturer on January 23, 1939"
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In November 1948, Canwell lost his re-election; the committee issued its final report in January 1949.
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638:. Alger Hiss had not yet been prosecuted. Rushmore testified for three days including testimony about
575:, Kenneth MacDonald and Benjamin H. Kizer. The Canwell Committee was also opposed by the Students for
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testified that the WCF had been infiltrated by communists after 1936. Eldredge named Burton James and
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which reinforced the national view of the state, particularly its labor movement, as radical. The
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more than a dozen members of the Communist Party arrested following the federal investigations
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1490:"University of Washington sees Red and fires three faculty members on January 22, 1949"
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was disbanded in 1909 following a decision of the national executive committee of the
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127:, many socialists continued to live and work in the state. Seattle was the site of a
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Bridges later issued a statement claiming that his ex-wife had invented testimony.
642:). Rushmore also claimed that "moles" existed in the federal government. He named
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Vern Countryman, "Washington: The Canwell Commission," in Walter Gellhorn (ed.),
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as a party member. There was also testimony from George Levich and Sonia Simone.
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that included allowing members of "subversive organizations" to speak on campus.
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first appeared on a statewide ballot in 1928 and five years later, Seattle mayor
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1933–1999. 54.44 cubic feet (85 boxes, 3 oversize folders and 2 vertical files).
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threatened to investigate the university. The Democratic attorney general,
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and independent candidates in statewide and municipal elections, including
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created a committee on academic freedom to protest the Canwell Committee.
302:– was said to have been drafted by Canwell, although prosecuting attorney
1746:"The Emergence of the Farmer-Labor Party in Washington Politics, 1919-20"
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reporter Fred Niendorff had told him that he was the author of the bill.
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appointed Canwell as chair. The other Republican members were Stevens,
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were under communist influence and University of Washington professor
352:. The two Democrats were Bienz, a supporter of the investigation, and
268:, vowed to investigate their party to expel any suspected communists.
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1947–1949 investigative committee of the Washington State Legislature
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The Canwell Files: Murder, Arson and Intrigue in the Evergreen State
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testified that Gundlach and fellow professors Joseph Butterworth,
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25:
Joint Legislative Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities
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University of Oregon Special Collections and University Archives
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Second Report, Un-American Activities in Washington State, 1948.
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as a Soviet mole in mid-July 1948, less than three weeks before
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First Report, Un-American Activities in Washington State, 1948.
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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1952; pp. 283–357.
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at a "highly secret Communist school at Briehl's Farm, near
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from issuing payroll warrants for the committee's expenses.
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was a relative latecomer to the United States. Although the
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Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research
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also angered the WCF for his role in the 1939 dismissal of
47:, the committee concentrated on communist influence in the
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reported in December 1946 that Republicans and a group of
31:(1947–1949), was a special investigative committee of the
579:, the Washington Young Progressives and Local 401 of the
473:"follow the Party Line". Two other former party members,
1951:. 1920–1994. 1.42 cubic ft. (2 boxes and 3 photographs).
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University of Washington Libraries Special Collections
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personally called both newspapers to quash the story.
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Joint Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities
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to speak with HUAC and then opened an office in the
836:"Seattle General Strike begins on February 6, 1919"
422:separate legal proceedings, seeking to prevent the
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1859:Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1969.
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510:naming fellow politicians Fogg, Rabbitt, Pennock,
111:, leading to a successful 1917 lumber strike, the
2021:Anti-communist organizations in the United States
1973:Washington Committee for Academic Freedom Records
1720:Un-American Activities in the State of Washington
1981:.1933-1989. 6 Cubic ft. (6 boxes and 1 package).
1880:No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities
682:both covered the story; U.S. Secretary of State
229:, for charges advanced by conservative reporter
35:which in 1948 investigated the influence of the
1919:Register of Richard Gladstein Papers, 1930–1969
1202:Canwell, Albert F.; Frederick, Timothy (1997).
408:Building Service Employees International Union
368:publicly opposed the committee and proposed a
554:American Association of University Professors
417:to prevent the hearings and filed a separate
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276:Prior to the 1947 legislative session, the
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1627:"Politics: Senator McCarthy gets a break"
315:House Committee on Un-American Activities
64:House Committee on Un-American Activities
1963:. 1913–1980. 13.00 cubic ft. (13 boxes).
438:Hearings (January 27 – February 5, 1948)
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227:Western Washington College of Education
213:(WPU) was established by state senator
1969:. 1918–1974. 1.47 cubic ft. (4 boxes).
1928:Albrt M. Ottenheimer Papers, 1935–1980
634:to testify before the committee about
158:denounced local political candidates,
1975:. 1947–1948. .84 cubic ft. (2 boxes).
1957:.1936-1957. 3.78 cubic ft. (9 boxes).
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626:Canwell also invited anti-communists
7:
1204:"Albert F. Canwell: An Oral History"
834:McRoberts, Patrick (March 5, 2003).
1987:. 1943–1961. .42 Cubic ft. (1 box).
1911:"Special Section: Canwell Hearings"
1842:Albert F. Canwell: An Oral History,
443:lawyers. The president of the WPU,
288:Washington House of Representatives
1652:Kienholz, M. (21 September 2012).
587:Hearings (July 19 – July 24, 1948)
184:Washington Commonwealth Federation
107:, local lumber workers joined the
49:Washington Commonwealth Federation
14:
1937:University of Washington - Photos
734:Olympia, WA: The committee, 1948.
725:Olympia, WA: The committee, 1948.
567:and prominent liberals including
1909:James Gregory (general editor),
1688:"Canwell, Albert F. (1907-2002)"
958:Wilma, David (January 1, 2000).
1752:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly
1686:Kershner, Jim (July 28, 2011).
581:American Federation of Teachers
366:Progressive Citizens of America
109:Industrial Workers of the World
95:Becoming a state only in 1889,
1815:University of Washington Press
1600:Rader, Melvin (July 5, 1954).
565:American Civil Liberties Union
501:was dissolved and Pennock and
182:– banded together to form the
1:
1658:. iUniverse. pp. 85–86.
1633:. 28 August 1950. p. 103
1488:Lange, Greg (July 10, 1999).
1103:Wick, Nancy (December 1997).
1039:Lange, Greg (July 10, 1999).
290:by two freshmen legislators,
121:Socialist Party of Washington
27:, most commonly known as the
1993:. 1881–1963. 24.84 cubic ft.
1788:University of Oklahoma Press
1780:Johnson, Jeffrey A. (2014).
374:American Youth for Democracy
51:and its relationship to the
43:. Named after its chairman,
33:Washington State Legislature
1999:. 1918-1974 78.23 cubic ft.
1602:"The Profession of Perjury"
728:Albert F. Canwell, et al.,
719:Albert F. Canwell, et al.,
664:Nathan Gregory Silvermaster
532:Seattle Repertory Playhouse
463:International Workers Order
432:United States Supreme Court
168:Workers Alliance of America
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1850:The States and Subversion.
1743:Cravens, Hamilton (1966).
1111:. University of Washington
1069:, pp. 13–14, 292–293.
673:Seattle Post Intelligencer
467:Robert Marshall Foundation
415:King County Superior Court
279:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
125:Socialist Party of America
676:and Ashley Holden of the
1955:John S. Daschbach Papers
1726:Cornell University Press
670:. Fred Neindorff of the
424:Washington State Auditor
250:Washington Supreme Court
211:Washington Pension Union
196:University of Washington
57:University of Washington
1991:Charles M. Gates Papers
1985:Thomas C. Rabbit Papers
1967:Ralph H Gundlach Papers
1961:Garland O. Ethel Papers
1886:Oxford University Press
323:Washington State Senate
117:1919 Centralia massacre
1979:Howard Costigan Papers
1805:Sanders, Jane (1979).
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610:(here, in 1957) named
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68:United States Congress
53:state Democratic Party
2003:John Caughlan Papers.
692:J. Robert Oppenheimer
618:would testify before
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319:concurrent resolution
194:, a professor at the
137:Robert M. La Follette
113:1916 Everett massacre
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1997:Melvin Jacobs Papers
1941:Finding aids at the
89:Seattle Union Record
864:, pp. 156–157.
530:, directors of the
528:Florence Bean James
419:order to show cause
306:later claimed that
284:coalition Democrats
225:, president of the
129:1919 general strike
84:1919 general strike
37:Communist Party USA
1949:Ted Astley Papers
684:George C. Marshall
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616:Whittaker Chambers
598:Kingston, New York
558:Albert Ottenheimer
483:Jerry J. O'Connell
338:Herbert M. Hamblen
308:Post-Intelligencer
304:Charles O. Carroll
219:Clarence D. Martin
141:Postmaster General
133:Farmer–Labor Party
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1797:978-0-8061-8580-4
1690:. HistoryLink.org
1590:, pp. 74–75.
1530:, pp. 34–35.
1518:, pp. 25–26.
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696:Manhattan Project
350:Harold G. Kimball
296:Sydney A. Stevens
292:Albert F. Canwell
242:Joseph Drumheller
223:Charles H. Fisher
215:James T. Sullivan
164:John C. Stevenson
45:Albert F. Canwell
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700:Westbrook Pegler
679:Spokesman-Review
622:on 3 August 1948
499:Workers Alliance
479:Joseph Kornfeder
400:Raymond B. Allen
391:Washington, D.C.
370:state referendum
354:George F. Yantis
346:R. L. Rutter Jr.
231:Frank Ira Sefrit
160:Marion Zioncheck
101:Republican Party
82:Coverage of the
39:in the state of
2036:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2011:
2010:
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1862:Susan Gilmore,
1836:
1834:Further reading
1831:
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1813:. Seattle, WA:
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988:, pp. 8–9.
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924:, pp. 5–8.
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910:Countryman 1951
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900:, pp. 3–4.
898:Countryman 1951
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888:, pp. 2–3.
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628:Howard Rushmore
608:Howard Rushmore
589:
569:Stimson Bullitt
545:
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538:Second hearings
524:Howard Costigan
516:Ellsworth Wills
508:H. C. Armstrong
475:Manning Johnson
445:William Pennock
440:
387:
382:
362:
360:Public reaction
342:Grant C. Sisson
327:Thomas H. Bienz
274:
258:American Legion
152:Communist Party
119:. Although the
105:progressive era
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12:
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1904:External links
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1867:Seattle Times,
1860:
1857:False Witness.
1855:Melvin Rader,
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1786:. Norman, OK:
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1724:. Ithaca, NY:
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543:Investigations
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536:
520:N. P. Atkinson
471:Ralph Gundlach
459:Thomas Rabbitt
439:
436:
428:Russell Fluent
395:Seattle Armory
386:
385:Investigations
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380:First hearings
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180:Townsend clubs
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66:(HUAC) of the
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1884:. New York:
1879:
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1719:
1692:. Retrieved
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1654:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1630:
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1564:Sanders 1979
1559:
1547:
1540:Sanders 1979
1535:
1528:Sanders 1979
1523:
1516:Sanders 1979
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1493:
1483:
1476:Sanders 1979
1471:
1459:
1447:
1435:
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1411:
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1387:
1375:
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1274:
1267:Sanders 1979
1262:
1250:
1238:
1231:Sanders 1979
1211:. Retrieved
1178:
1166:
1159:Sanders 1979
1154:
1147:Sanders 1979
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1108:
1098:
1086:
1079:Sanders 1979
1074:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1044:
1017:
1005:
998:Sanders 1979
993:
981:
969:. Retrieved
963:
953:
946:Sanders 1979
941:
936:, p. 8.
929:
917:
905:
893:
881:
876:, p. 7.
874:Sanders 1979
869:
862:Cravens 1966
857:
845:. Retrieved
839:
829:
822:Cravens 1966
817:
812:, p. 2.
805:
798:Cravens 1966
793:
788:, p. 4.
786:Johnson 2014
773:, p. 1.
766:
747:
730:
721:
714:Publications
709:
688:
677:
671:
648:Lee Pressman
625:
594:Melvin Rader
590:
562:
550:
546:
512:Ernest Olson
491:Kathryn Fogg
487:
455:Louis Budenz
450:Daily Worker
448:
441:
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388:
363:
335:
331:
325:by Democrat
312:
307:
277:
275:
238:Harold Laski
235:
200:
192:Hugh De Lacy
172:trade unions
156:John F. Dore
149:
145:James Farley
94:
87:
61:
59:in Seattle.
28:
24:
20:
18:
1495:HistoryLink
1046:HistoryLink
965:HistoryLink
841:HistoryLink
706:Dissolution
652:Donald Hiss
644:Harold Ware
573:Max Savelle
262:Homer Jones
176:technocrats
1895:0195035577
1501:August 16,
1052:August 15,
971:August 16,
847:August 16,
759:References
636:Alger Hiss
612:Alger Hiss
495:Harold Eby
272:Foundation
246:Smith Troy
188:Democratic
178:and local
97:Washington
74:Background
41:Washington
1765:0030-8803
1611:March 20,
203:Dave Beck
2015:Category
1876:(1986).
1773:40488173
1716:(1951).
1694:20 March
1671:20 March
1637:20 March
1213:20 March
1115:20 March
656:John Abt
465:and the
266:Earl Coe
115:and the
1930:at the
1921:at the
1706:Sources
1109:Columns
694:of the
577:Wallace
86:in the
1892:
1821:
1794:
1771:
1763:
1732:
1662:
666:, and
348:, and
1769:JSTOR
1207:(PDF)
739:Notes
1890:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1761:ISSN
1730:ISBN
1696:2020
1673:2020
1660:ISBN
1639:2020
1631:Life
1613:2020
1503:2023
1215:2020
1117:2020
1054:2023
973:2023
849:2023
630:and
620:HUAC
518:and
477:and
294:and
205:and
162:and
150:The
19:The
23:or
2017::
1945::
1888:.
1817:.
1790:.
1767:.
1757:57
1755:.
1749:.
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1629:.
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778:^
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851:.
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