330:
175:
338:
44:
166:
the nineteenth century, who ascended into heaven in her glory in 1918 and 1922 and who is seated on the right hand of her mother Rome; who for this reason shall come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the genius of
Mussolini, in our Holy Father Fascism, in the communion of the martyrs, in the converison of Italians and in the resurrection of the Empire."
165:
The
Balilla creed: "I believe in Rome the eternal, the mother of my country, and in Italy, her eldest daughter, who was born in her virginal bosom by the grace of God; who suffered through the barbarian invasions, was crucified and buried, who descended to the grave, and was raised from the dead in
309:
The Opera
Nazionale Balilla was established by law as an institution under the control of the Ministry of National Education in 1926. Initially, membership was voluntary, but it was later made compulsory for boys between the ages of 6 and 18 and girls between the ages of 8 and 14. In 1936, a
317:, in 1929 it was placed under the power of the Ministry of National Education, with the Head of the Government's related power devolving to the Minister of National Education. In 1935 a veteran National Fascist Party politician
361:), as well as education in the career of choice, technology (including post-school courses for legal adults), or education related to home and family (solely for the girls). It carried out
690:
672:
Mariella Colin, I bambini di
Mussolini. Letteratura, libri, letture per l'infanzia sotto il fascismo, Editore La Scuola (collana Saggi), 2012 ISBN 978-88-350-3062-1
695:
496:
235:
fire; to wait open-eyed for a crossbeam to move sideways over their heads etc."). It was in those years that the first
Fascist youth wings were formed (
353:
The organization surpassed its purpose as a cultural institution that was intended to serve as the ideological counterpart of school, and served as a
705:
310:
pre-Balilla kindergarten was established for children under the age of 6. ONB members were required to study military science and
Italian history.
710:
700:
491:
384:
Moreover, the ONB took charge of all activities initiated by schools, and pressured teachers to enlist all students. Aside from the usual "
122:
150:. Perasso was chosen as the inspiration for his supposed age and revolutionary activity, while his presence in the fight against
596:
236:
147:
329:
546:
469:
468:
The local headquarters of the
Balilla groups were called Casa del Balilla. Many of them were purpose-built in the
369:". During the years following its creation, ONB was left without real competition, as the regime banned all other
214:
460:, then a British colony, by Maltese nationalists. These were disbanded with the advent of the Second World War.
685:
194:
486:
294:
126:
100:
654:
Carlo
Galeotti, Achille Starace e il vademecum dello stile fascista, Rubbettino, 2000 ISBN 88-7284-904-7
318:
76:
174:
439:
118:
62:
566:
269:
206:
198:
143:
287:
Between the ages of 18 and 21, young men and women would join additional groups of the ONB -
558:
435:
303:
155:
112:
88:
374:
115:
642:
419:
370:
362:
346:
202:
72:
209:
which served as a catalyst for
Fascism, argued for "a school for physical courage and
679:
431:
218:
438:
of Italy). During military exercises, they were armed with a scaled-down version of
217:
in 1919. Marinetti expressed his disdain for "the by now prehistoric and troglodyte
481:
358:
354:
524:
657:
Carlo
Galeotti - Benito Mussolini ama molto i bambini..., Galeotti editore, 2022
415:
389:
232:
186:
179:
159:
17:
337:
225:
courses", arguing for their replacement with exercise modelled on those of the
210:
190:
570:
525:
The "Balilla" organization for the physical and moral training of the young
142:
boy who, according to local legend, started the revolt of 1746 against the
43:
669:
P. Cavaleri, Eravamo tutti Balilla, Mursia, Milano ISBN 978-88-425-3594-2
442:
411:
151:
134:
666:
Carlo Galeotti, Credere obbedire combattere, Stampa alternativa, 1996.
427:
227:
562:
189:
in the years after the war thought of themselves as combating both
622:
457:
328:
222:
139:
121:
functioning between 1926 and 1937, when it was absorbed into the
395:
365:
with a message of Italian-ness and Fascism, training youths as "
239:
in 1919, and Gioventù Universitaria Fascista, GUF, in 1922).
231:
soldiers (" to advance on hands and knees in front of razing
514:
Quoted in R. Wolfson, Years of Change (London 1978), Ch. 11.
313:
While the National Balilla Institution was founded as an
597:"Araldo di Crollalanza nel ricordo della bella politica"
449:(the rifles were replaced with replica versions for the
158:
stance taken by early Fascism, and Italy's victories in
660:
Giorgio Vecchiato, Con romana volontà, Marsilio, 2005
268:("Children of the She-Wolf", alluding to the myth of
94:
82:
68:
58:
50:
584:Abstracts from the Royal-Decree-Law of November 14
663:Carlo Galeotti, Saluto al Duce!, Gremese, 2001.
357:group (training for future assignments in the
302:, respectively. Male students in all forms of
284:; the latter was not a separate organization.
138:, the nickname of Giovan Battista Perasso, a
8:
381:(which was forced to limit its activities).
32:
528:, article 5, law of 3 April 1926, No. 2247)
497:Fascist Male Academy of Physical Education
31:
388:", children would spend their summers in
336:
193:and domineering institutions created by
173:
691:Youth organizations established in 1926
507:
456:Balilla units were also established in
426:tradition, grey-green trousers, black
146:forces that occupied the city in the
7:
696:Organizations disestablished in 1937
540:
538:
536:
534:
492:National Youth Organisation (Greece)
392:(which included the national-level
373:- including scouting and the Roman
201:, including traditional schooling.
27:Italian Fascist youth organization
25:
551:American Political Science Review
418:: the eponymous black shirt, the
272:; ages 6 to 8) was added. (note:
321:was named the president of ONB.
289:Fasci Giovanili di Combattimento
42:
706:1937 disestablishments in Italy
280:were both substructures of the
711:Youth wings of fascist parties
410:Male children enrolled wore a
237:Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
148:War of the Austrian Succession
125:(GIL), a youth section of the
123:Gioventù Italiana del Littorio
1:
333:Boys in Balilla uniform, 1936
701:1926 establishments in Italy
643:Italian Fascist Youth Groups
547:"Youth in the Dictatorships"
379:Gioventù Italiana Cattolica
727:
306:were enrolled in the GUF.
545:Miller, James W. (1938).
414:adapted from that of the
264:In time, a section named
215:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
41:
367:the fascists of tomorrow
434:bandanas (i.e.: in the
282:Opera Nazionale Balilla
132:It takes its name from
109:Opera Nazionale Balilla
35:Opera Nazionale Balilla
350:
334:
295:Fasci di Combattimento
250:(girls) - ages 8 to 14
183:
127:National Fascist Party
101:National Fascist Party
340:
332:
319:Araldo di Crollalanza
177:
487:Levente Associations
623:"fucile 91 balilla"
470:Italian rationalist
213:", as expressed by
96:Parent organization
38:
440:Royal Italian Army
351:
335:
205:, a revolutionary
184:
119:youth organization
63:Youth organization
447:Moschetto Balilla
386:Fascist Saturdays
270:Romulus and Remus
207:cultural movement
199:Giovanni Giolitti
197:such as those of
106:
105:
16:(Redirected from
718:
637:External sources
631:
630:
619:
613:
612:
610:
608:
593:
587:
586:, 1929, No. 1992
581:
575:
574:
542:
529:
521:
515:
512:
464:Casa del Balilla
451:Figli della Lupa
304:higher education
300:Giovani Fasciste
266:Figli della Lupa
258:Giovani Italiane
248:Piccole Italiane
89:Kingdom of Italy
46:
39:
21:
18:Casa del Balilla
726:
725:
721:
720:
719:
717:
716:
715:
686:Italian fascism
676:
675:
651:
639:
634:
621:
620:
616:
606:
604:
601:Secolo d'Italia
595:
594:
590:
582:
578:
563:10.2307/1948232
544:
543:
532:
522:
518:
513:
509:
505:
478:
466:
436:national colour
375:Catholic Church
371:youth movements
327:
178:A 1932 Balilla
172:
97:
85:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
724:
722:
714:
713:
708:
703:
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664:
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638:
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632:
614:
588:
576:
557:(5): 965–970.
530:
516:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
494:
489:
484:
477:
474:
465:
462:
399:, reunions of
363:indoctrination
347:Piazza Venezia
326:
323:
262:
261:
251:
171:
168:
154:reflected the
104:
103:
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
84:Region served
83:
80:
79:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
723:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
681:
671:
668:
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648:
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641:
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628:
624:
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615:
603:. 11 May 2012
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493:
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485:
483:
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475:
473:
471:
463:
461:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
443:service rifle
441:
437:
433:
430:emblems, and
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
405:Avanguardisti
402:
398:
397:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
344:
339:
331:
324:
322:
320:
316:
311:
307:
305:
301:
297:
296:
290:
285:
283:
279:
278:Avanguardisti
275:
271:
267:
259:
255:
254:Avanguardisti
252:
249:
245:
242:
241:
240:
238:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:Ancient Greek
216:
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196:
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176:
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163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:
130:
128:
124:
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117:
114:
111:(ONB) was an
110:
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90:
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81:
78:
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71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
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30:
19:
649:Bibliography
626:
617:
605:. Retrieved
600:
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482:Hitler Youth
467:
455:
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359:Italian Army
355:paramilitary
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281:
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263:
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226:
187:Nationalists
185:
164:
133:
131:
108:
107:
69:Legal status
34:
33:
29:
416:Blackshirts
315:Ente Morale
246:(boys) and
233:machine gun
180:report card
160:World War I
156:irredentist
680:Categories
607:14 January
503:References
260:- 14 to 18
211:patriotism
571:0003-0554
325:Character
51:Formation
476:See also
341:A young
203:Futurism
195:cabinets
144:Habsburg
627:il91.it
472:style.
412:uniform
401:Balilla
343:balilla
274:Balilla
244:Balilla
191:liberal
170:Origins
152:Austria
140:Genoese
135:Balilla
116:Fascist
113:Italian
77:illegal
73:Defunct
569:
428:fasces
424:Arditi
394:Campi
377:group
298:) and
228:Arditi
458:Malta
432:azure
390:camps
223:Latin
609:2022
567:ISSN
403:and
293:see
276:and
256:and
221:and
59:Type
54:1926
559:doi
453:).
422:of
420:fez
407:).
396:Dux
345:in
682::
625:.
599:.
565:.
555:32
553:.
549:.
533:^
445:,
162:.
129:.
75:,
629:.
611:.
573:.
561::
349:.
291:(
182:.
20:)
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