400:
flared up. This flare up lasted between 6.25 and 5.45 million years ago and is known as the
Deschutes Formation. During this 800,000 year span approximately 400 km to 675 km of pyroclastic material was expelled in 78 distinct eruptions. It has been hypothesized that a heightened flux of basalt, possibly induced by tectonic slab-rollback, was focused beneath the volcanic arc and into the shallow crust by minor amounts of crustal extension. This extension allowed for the high flux of basalt to be stored at shallow levels beneath a new arc locus within fertile crust, resulting in the silica-rich volcanism we see in the Deschutes Formation. After this pulse of activity the cascades retreated to the levels of activity we are more familiar with today.
1246:
880:
662:
540:
1904:, has offered a great deal of evidence about the structure of the Cascade Arc. One effect of the 1980 eruption was a greater knowledge of the influence of landslides and volcanic development in the evolution of volcanic terrain. A vast piece on the north side of Mount St. Helens dropped and formed a jumbled landslide environment several kilometers away from the volcano. Pyroclastic flows and lahars moved across the countryside. Parallel episodes have also happened at
1113:
1029:
3582:
2709:
654:
2723:
47:
1618:
294:
68:
1389:
587:
583:. The possibility of the Mount Meager massif covering stable sections of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at one in 2,400 years. There is no sign of volcanic activity with these events. However, scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas any time without warning.
262:. Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago; however, most of the present-day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old, and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old. Twelve volcanoes in the arc are over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in elevation, and the two highest,
1922:
Washington has a majority of the very highest volcanoes, with 4 of the top 6 overall, although Oregon does hold a majority of the next highest peaks. Even though Mount
Rainier is the tallest, Mount Shasta in California is the largest by volume, followed by Washington's Mount Adams. Below is a list of
1095:
were also concerned that the St. Helens eruption was a sign that long-dormant
Cascade volcanoes might become active once more, as in the period from 1800 to 1857 when a total of eight erupted. None have erupted since St. Helens, but precautions are being taken nevertheless, such as the Mount Rainier
3064:
King, Georgina E.; Pearce, Nicholas J. G.; Roberts, Helen M.; Smith, Victoria C.; Westgate, John A.; Gaylord, David R.; Sweeney, Mark R. (2016-09). "Identification of a
Kulshan caldera correlative tephra in the Palouse loess of Washington State, northwest USA". Quaternary Research. 86 (2): 232–241.
3040:
Yang, Qingyuan; Bursik, Marcus; Pitman, E. Bruce (2019-08-13). "A new method to identify the source vent location of tephra fall deposits: development, testing, and application to key
Quaternary eruptions of Western North America". Bulletin of Volcanology. 81 (9): 51. doi:10.1007/s00445-019-1310-0.
1181:
Because of the very large fault area, the
Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes, magnitude 9.0 or greater, if rupture occurred over its whole area. When the "locked" zone stores up energy for an earthquake, the "transition" zone, although somewhat plastic, can rupture. Thermal
938:
with its pre-1980 graceful appearance, was regaled as a beautiful maiden for whom Hood and Adams feuded. Among the many stories concerning Mount Baker, one tells that the volcano was formerly married to Mount
Rainier and lived in that vicinity. Then, because of a marital dispute, she picked herself
325:
Volcanic
Complex, which erupted more than 100 km (24 cu mi) of tephra and pyroclastic debris over the span of just three eruptions. Lavas representing the earliest stage in the development of the Cascade Volcanic Arc mostly crop out south of the North Cascades proper, where uplift of
403:
For the remaining 5 or so million years the ancestors of many of the modern day
Cascade volcanoes were built. Around half a million years ago a generation of older volcanoes died and many of the stratovolcanoes that we see today began their growth such as Glacier Peak and Mt. Shasta (600,000 years
382:
began erupting in eastern
Washington and Oregon. For a reason unknown to scientists the initiation of the flood basalts seemingly caused a significant dip in volcanic activity in the cascade chain lasting for over 8 million years. During this time the volcanoes were stripped down to their cores by
399:
As production of the Columbia River flood basalts slowed 9 million years ago the Cascade volcanoes became active again. The volcanic arc also drifted farther east to its present location. When the Columbia basalts stopped entirely 6 million years ago the Cascades of central Oregon spectacularly
566:
that had traveled 50 km (31 mi) from the volcano shortly before it last erupted 2,350 years ago. About 1,000,000,000 cubic metres (0.24 cu mi) of rock and sand extended over the width of the valley. Two previous debris flows, about 4,450 and 7,300 years ago, sent
3074:
Buckland, Hannah M.; Cashman, Katharine V.; Engwell, Samantha L.; Rust, Alison C. (2020-02-06). "Sources of uncertainty in the Mazama isopachs and the implications for interpreting distal tephra deposits from large magnitude eruptions". Bulletin of Volcanology. 82 (3): 23.
1681:, the most notable being the A. G. Aiken Lava Bed, the Muddy Fork Lava Flows, and the Takh Takh Lava Flow. One of the most recent flows issued from South Butte created the 4.5-mile (7.2 km) long by 0.5-mile (0.80 km) wide A.G. Aiken Lava Bed. Thermal anomalies (
190:
is rapidly increasing, the Cascade volcanoes are some of the most dangerous, due to their eruptive history and potential for future eruptions, and because they are underlain by weak, hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks that are susceptible to failure. Consequently,
454:, but based on the chemistry of these volcanoes, they are also subduction related and therefore part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc. The Cascade Volcanic Arc appears to be segmented; the central portion of the arc is the most active and the northern end least active.
1000:
Legends associated with the great volcanoes are many, as well as with other peaks and geographical features of the arc, including its many hot springs and waterfalls and rock towers and other formations. Stories of Tahoma – today Mount Rainier and the namesake of
1861:, and a minor eruption of Mount St. Helens from 2004 to 2008. In contrast, volcanoes in southern British Columbia, central and southern Oregon are currently dormant. The regions lacking new eruptions keep in touch to positions of fracture zones that offset the
1571:. The caldera is one of the largest of the few calderas in western Canada, measuring about 30 kilometres (19 mi) long (north-south) and 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide (east-west). The last eruption from Mount Silverthrone ran up against ice in
200:
320:
period, this era is characterized as being when the volcanoes in this region were exceptionally active. During this time the arc was situated a little farther west than it is today. One volcano that was active during this time was the
366:. Where the recrystallization was intense, the rocks took on a new appearance dark, dense and hard. Many rugged peaks in the North Cascades owe their prominence to this baking. The rocks holding up many such North Cascade giants, as
2835:
King, John (1994-05-24). "Magmatic Evolution and Eruptive History of the Granitic Bumping Lake Pluton, Washington: Source of the Bumping River and Cash Prairie Tuffs". Dissertations and Theses. doi:10.15760/etd.6649.
1790:
have erupted at least once in the past 4,000 years, and seven have done so in just the past 200 years. The Cascade volcanoes have had more than 100 eruptions over the past few thousand years, many of them
617:
and south Seattle. This massive avalanche of rock and ice took out the top 1,600 feet (490 m) of Rainier, bringing its height down to around 14,100 feet (4,300 m). About 530 to 550 years ago, the
1288:
and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states. The eruption killed 57 people and thousands of animals and caused more than a billion U.S. dollars in damage. Over 1.3 km of tephra was ejected during this eruption.
1221:) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench. However, in common with most other subduction zones, the outer margin is slowly being compressed, similar to a giant
993:, and were a "training" place for young First Nations men to acquire power and knowledge. In this area, also, was found the blackstone chief's head pipe that is famous of Lillooet artifacts; found buried in
2500:
2440:
420:
in British Columbia, which erupted about 2,350 years ago, is generally considered the northernmost member of the arc. A few isolated volcanic centers northwest of the Mount Meager massif such as the
1834:
more than 50 miles (80 km) downstream. Falling ash from explosive eruptions can disrupt human activities hundreds of miles downwind, and drifting clouds of fine ash can cause severe damage to
939:
up and marched north to her present position. Native tribes also developed their own names for the High Cascades and many of the smaller peaks, the most well known to non-natives being Tahoma, the
1465:. These eruptions were some of the largest to occur in Washington state in the last 15,000 years, with one of them being a staggering 5 times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
1182:
and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 km (37 mi) downdip from the deformation front. Farther downdip, there is a transition from fully locked to
358:
beyond. Individual plutons range in age from about 35 million years old to 2.5 million years old. The older rocks invaded by all this magma were affected by the heat. Around the plutons of the
211:. Many large, long-runout landslides originating on Cascade volcanoes have engulfed valleys tens of kilometers from their sources, and some of the areas affected now support large populations.
1662:
last erupted between 1824 and 1854, but many eyewitnesses reported eruptive activity in 1858, 1870, 1879, 1882, and in 1894 as well. Mount Rainier has created at least four eruptions and many
362:, the older rocks recrystallized. This contact metamorphism produced a fine mesh of interlocking crystals in the old rocks, generally strengthening them and making them more resistant to
1307:
as far away as 200 miles (320 km) to the east. A huge column of volcanic ash and gas rose more than 30,000 feet (9,100 m) into the air and was visible from as far away as
2664:
1315:
swept down the side of the volcano, devastating a 3-square-mile (7.8 km) area. This explosion was the most powerful in a 1914–1917 series of eruptions at Lassen Peak.
3096:"Eruption probabilities for the Lassen Volcanic Center and regional volcanism, northern California, and probabilities for large explosive eruptions in the Cascade Range"
1069:
1799:
for hundreds or thousands of years between eruptions, and therefore the great risk caused by volcanic activity in the regions is not always readily apparent.
3826:
2287:
2236:
2134:
2081:
2030:
3011:"Impact of varied slab age and thermal structure on enrichment processes and melting regimes in sub-arc mantle: Example from the Cascadia subduction system"
450:
can also be found at these volcanoes as they are elsewhere along the subduction zone. At issue are the current estimates of plate configuration and rate of
391:
because they were not active enough to rebuild. This low point lasted from 17 to 9 million years ago and came to end when the Columbia flood basalts waned.
3528:
3151:
2389:
2338:
2185:
1977:
1076:
and Puget Sound proceeded in the 1790s and beyond, the summits of Rainier and Baker became familiar to captains and crews (mostly British and American).
1380:, depositing ash several meters (a dozen or so feet) in thickness near the vent area. The volume of magma erupted in this event is equal to 2 km.
4159:
4109:
3887:
2613:
1225:. When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals, the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large
2560:
4235:
1640:, just south of the volcano's summit, became more intense in 1975 and is still energetic. However, an eruption is not expected in the near future.
1209:
have been uplifted to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains. A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers (
370:, Mount Redoubt, Mount Challenger, and Mount Hozomeen, are all partly recrystallized by plutons of the nearby and underlying Chilliwack batholith.
4038:
1677:
was last active about 1,000 years ago and has created few eruptions during the past several thousand years, resulting in several major
493:
to rhyolite. Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations, many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between
4230:
3867:
3176:
2736:
3010:
3473:
3445:
3422:
887:
339:
3998:
2911:
Hildreth, Wes, 2007, Quaternary magmatism in the Cascades; geologic perspectives: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1744, 125 p. .
338:
have not yet identified with any certainty any volcanic rocks as old as 35 million years, but remnants of the ancient arc's internal
2852:"Tephrochronology of North America's most recent arc-sourced ignimbrite flare-up: The Deschutes Formation of the Central Oregon Cascades"
919:
182:, and the population in the region exceeds 10 million. All could be potentially affected by volcanic activity and great subduction-zone
3218:
2977:
3410:
3327:
1901:
1858:
1269:
1263:
227:
3372:
3252:
1178:. The plates move at a relative rate of over 0.4 inches (10 mm) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone.
4245:
3796:
2753:
412:
The volcanoes of the Cascade Arc share some general characteristics, but each has its own unique geological traits and history.
242:
The Cascade Arc includes nearly 20 major volcanoes, among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous
3521:
2956:
1685:) and gas emissions (including hydrogen sulfide) have occurred especially on the summit plateau since the Great Slide of 1921.
562:
at least three times during the past 7,300 years. Recent drilling into the Pemberton Valley bed encountered remnants of a
609:. Around 5,000 years ago, a large chunk of the volcano slid away and that debris avalanche helped to produce the massive
4285:
4058:
1284:
at 8:32 a.m. on May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away. An ash column rose 15 miles into the
1057:
4265:
4114:
3816:
2741:
1245:
4240:
3872:
2951:
351:
404:
ago), Mt. Rainier and Mt. Hood (500,000 years ago), Mt. Adams (450,000 years ago), and Mt. Mazama (420,000 years ago).
4290:
4280:
4129:
3671:
2985:
2746:
1708:
close to its peak called Crater Rock. Between 1856 and 1865, a sequence of steam explosions took place at Mount Hood.
879:
4275:
4220:
3917:
3836:
3514:
3437:
3319:
1277:
4270:
4048:
3736:
3641:
1917:
1101:
416:
in California, which last erupted in 1917, is the southernmost historically active volcano in the arc, while the
159:, this term is a geologic grouping rather than a geographic one, and the Cascade Volcanoes extend north into the
3155:
3907:
3766:
3556:
3348:
2926:
2790:
2714:
2271:
2065:
1747:
has erupted about eight times in the past 4,000 years and was last active about 1,000 years ago when
1674:
1234:
1198:
1155:
1125:
1117:
1087:, the arc was quiet for more than a century. Then, on May 18, 1980, the dramatic eruption of little-known
927:
903:
305:
152:
3581:
661:
1272:
was one of the most closely studied volcanic eruptions in the arc and one of the best studied ever. It was a
290:. The history of the cascade volcanoes can be separated into three major chapters which are discussed below.
4260:
4255:
3882:
3776:
3651:
3465:
3353:
2931:
2795:
1564:
1560:
1006:
970:
960:
521:
458:
4250:
4225:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3821:
3611:
2484:
1952:
1362:
1005:– allude to great, hidden grottos with sleeping giants, apparitions and other marvels in the volcanoes of
1579:
by the ice and made a cliff with a waterfall up against it. The most recent activity was 1000 years ago.
1433:
that erupted from a single vent. The eruption was so great that most of Mount Mazama collapsed to form a
4119:
4063:
4008:
3973:
3968:
3103:
1756:
1744:
1651:
last erupted about 200–300 years ago and has erupted about six times in the past 4,000 years.
1477:
1072:. Vancouver's expedition did not, however, name the arc these peaks belonged to. As marine trade in the
275:
2851:
3877:
3711:
3551:
3384:
2863:
2763:
2758:
2595:
1544:
1151:
533:
421:
347:
215:
3497:
3180:
1572:
346:
that once fed the early Cascade volcanoes. The greatest mass of exposed Cascade Arc plumbing is the
4068:
3561:
1850:
1552:
1334:
1328:
1167:
1084:
1014:
989:. The spirit-beings/wizards known as "the Transformers" reached them during their journey into the
417:
231:
144:
3343:
3912:
3741:
3691:
3686:
3017:
2887:
1970:
1870:
1842:
1792:
1308:
1206:
1194:
1135:
1002:
614:
486:
208:
136:
87:
1112:
657:
Overview of Dusty Creek drainage, to the left pyroclastic deposits from Gamma Ridge can be seen.
539:
3489:
4078:
3852:
3781:
3469:
3441:
3418:
3414:
3403:
3323:
2879:
1682:
1442:
1303:
On May 22, 1915, an explosive eruption at Lassen Peak devastated nearby areas and rained
1163:
1073:
1028:
482:
439:
187:
3454:
1720:, which was last active about 1,300 years ago. It has one of the largest collections of
571:
at least 32 km (20 mi) from the volcano. Recently, the volcano has created smaller
222:. The Cascade Volcanoes have erupted several times in recorded history. Two most recent were
4179:
4033:
3978:
3963:
3806:
3761:
3701:
3621:
3226:
2989:
2871:
2728:
2648:
2606:
2544:
1803:
1717:
1697:
1312:
1280:
5 and was the most significant to occur in the lower 48 U.S. states in recorded history. An
1273:
1250:
1175:
1171:
1088:
1049:
1037:
990:
935:
669:
The table below lists some of the greatest eruptions to have occurred in the Cascade chain.
619:
559:
355:
317:
279:
196:
171:
132:
95:
2816:
4184:
4149:
4124:
4073:
3953:
3937:
3862:
3811:
3616:
3571:
3501:
3256:
3116:
1796:
1587:
1422:
1346:
1222:
1159:
956:
911:
630:
610:
543:
510:
428:
301:
160:
1609:
with prominent wrinkled ridges. The lava flow is unusually long for a silicic lava flow.
982:
536:
is the only volcano within the belt that appears related to seismic activity since 1975.
2867:
1437:
and subsequent smaller eruptions occurred as water began to fill in the caldera to form
4018:
3983:
3958:
3857:
3831:
3601:
3249:
1866:
1637:
1591:
1556:
1548:
1410:
1358:
1320:
1214:
1190:
1183:
1147:
1139:
986:
952:
605:
due to the large amount of glacial ice present. Its lahars have reached all the way to
555:
247:
1778:
for about 4,000 years. Previous claims of a 1786 eruption have been discredited.
1353:. This activity produced a diverse sequence of volcanic deposits, well exposed in the
550:
The Mount Meager massif is the most unstable volcanic massif in Canada. It has dumped
4214:
4134:
4053:
4028:
4003:
3902:
3771:
3681:
3631:
3626:
2891:
2875:
1959:
1874:
1787:
1659:
1218:
944:
638:
598:
525:
466:
462:
378:
The West Cascades period came to an end 17 million years ago when the Columbia River
367:
343:
331:
327:
263:
243:
219:
192:
156:
128:
91:
51:
31:
17:
3095:
653:
67:
4169:
4164:
4139:
4099:
4083:
4023:
4013:
3988:
3791:
3756:
3706:
3696:
3666:
3661:
3646:
3606:
3566:
2424:
2373:
2220:
2012:
1905:
1894:
1878:
1835:
1819:
1771:
1733:
1648:
1622:
1458:
1454:
1430:
1414:
1404:
1393:
1350:
1338:
1304:
1210:
1010:
994:
974:
948:
907:
634:
590:
580:
514:
432:
379:
283:
267:
164:
124:
46:
1013:
in California has long been well known for its associations with everything from
4189:
4174:
4043:
3992:
3801:
3751:
3721:
3656:
3596:
2322:
2169:
1890:
1882:
1862:
1854:
1721:
1629:
1617:
1595:
1438:
1397:
1370:
1366:
1298:
1143:
1080:
1045:
1041:
940:
899:
665:
Ignimbrite deposited by the Lake Tapps eruption that formed the Kulshan caldera.
606:
563:
474:
413:
297:
293:
255:
223:
183:
2921:
2785:
2722:
230:. It is also the site of Canada's most recent major eruption, in 410BCE at the
4194:
4154:
3948:
3943:
3892:
3786:
3731:
2704:
2116:
2023:
1886:
1775:
1693:
1678:
1285:
1281:
1226:
1131:
1065:
1053:
966:
923:
528:
north of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, which appears to have formed during the
506:
498:
451:
384:
282:, which are about 145 and 108 cubic miles (600 and 450 km) respectively.
201:
International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior
148:
79:
3133:
2883:
2679:
2666:
2628:
2615:
2575:
2562:
2516:
2502:
2456:
2442:
2404:
2391:
2353:
2340:
2302:
2289:
2251:
2238:
2200:
2187:
2149:
2136:
2096:
2083:
2045:
2032:
1992:
1979:
1365:. The eruption was episodic, occurring from a vent on the north-east side of
4199:
3897:
3746:
3726:
3716:
3311:
1811:
1725:
1705:
1599:
1377:
1092:
1018:
891:
890:
have inhabited the area for thousands of years and developed their own
642:
576:
572:
359:
335:
322:
251:
203:(IAVCEI) as being worthy of particular study, due to the danger it poses to
179:
1388:
898:
concerning the Cascade volcanoes. According to some of these tales, Mounts
147:, a distance of well over 700 miles (1,100 km). The arc formed due to
3293:
3250:
Volcanology of the 2350 B.P. Eruption of the Mount Meager Volcanic Complex
3203:
997:, one supposes from the 2350 BP eruption of the Mount Meager massif.
586:
4144:
4104:
3676:
3636:
3405:
Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes (3rd ed.)
1748:
1633:
447:
435:
274:. By volume, the two largest Cascade volcanoes are the broad shields of
3315:
2850:
Pitcher, Bradley W.; Kent, Adam J. R.; Grunder, Anita L. (2021-04-01).
1815:
1760:
1568:
1462:
1434:
1373:
1342:
1202:
1061:
1022:
626:
622:
occurred, although this was not as large-scale as the Osceola Mudflow.
529:
470:
425:
388:
363:
204:
175:
120:
3094:
Nathenson, Manuel; Clynne, Michael A.; Muffler, L. J. Patrick (2012).
2127:
1846:
1831:
1823:
1752:
1603:
1426:
1418:
1068:) and the tallest Cascade, Mount Rainier, is the namesake of Admiral
969:
in the Canadian side of the arc, were originally used and revered by
895:
568:
532:
before fracturing of the northern end of the Juan de Fuca Plate. The
490:
443:
424:, which is a circular 20 km (12 mi) wide, deeply dissected
316:
The time between 37 million and 17 million years ago is known as the
287:
258:, along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as
140:
99:
83:
3506:
3455:
Skiing the Cascade Volcanoes – Introduction to the Cascade Volcanoes
30:
This article is about the volcanic arc. For the mountain range, see
1814:
can devastate areas more than 10 miles (16 km) away; and huge
575:
about every ten years, including one in 1975 that killed four
461:
is the northern extension of the Cascade Arc. Volcanoes within the
2817:"The Restless Northwest | WSU Press | Washington State University"
1925:
1827:
1701:
1663:
1616:
1387:
1354:
1244:
1111:
1097:
1091:
shattered the quiet and brought the world's attention to the arc.
1027:
915:
878:
602:
585:
538:
494:
292:
1774:
last erupted around 1250 and has been the most active volcano in
645:
term) is considered to have its northern boundary at the Fraser.
505:
configurations. Four volcanoes within the belt appear related to
1807:
1729:
1606:
1441:. Volcanic ash from the eruption was carried across most of the
1044:
and started to give English names to the high mountains he saw.
601:
has had large debris avalanches, and has also produced enormous
551:
478:
259:
3510:
1457:
generated an unusually strong sequence of eruptions depositing
3260:
1576:
931:
502:
3494:
629:
term) includes volcanoes such as the Mount Meager massif and
431:, may also be the product of Cascadia subduction because the
170:
Some of the major cities along the length of the arc include
1594:
was last active about 10,700 to 9,300 years ago from a
218:, the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the
3199:
3197:
3152:"Pilot Project: Mount Rainier Volcano Lahar Warning System"
1632:
erupted for the first time in several thousand years.
1337:
produced the most recent major eruption in Canada, sending
883:
Major Cascade volcano eruptions in the last 4000 years
342:
persist in the form of plutons, which are the crystallized
1900:
Renewed volcanic activity in the Cascade Arc, such as the
167:
which is the northward limit of the Cascade Range proper.
1048:
was named for Vancouver's third lieutenant, the graceful
3204:
USGS: Eruptions of Lassen Peak, California, 1914 to 1917
286:
is the only Cascade volcano that is made exclusively of
3055:"VOGRIPA - Home". www2.bgs.ac.uk. Retrieved 2022-12-29.
1841:
All of the known historical eruptions have occurred in
1417:
was a large catastrophic eruption in the U.S. state of
481:
masses. The eruption styles within the belt range from
3385:
Mount St. Helens, Washington Eruption 2004 to Current
3373:
California's Mount Shasta Loses a Historical Eruption
1162:, running 50 miles (80 km) off the coast of the
3308:
Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada
1602:. It produced a 15 km (9.3 mi) long broad
1349:
approximately 20 km (12 mi) high into the
1189:
Unlike most subduction zones worldwide, there is no
613:, which went all the way to the site of present-day
330:
has been less, and a thicker blanket of Cascade Arc
4092:
3845:
3589:
3544:
1873:. The volcanoes with historical eruptions include:
1696:was last active about 200 years ago, creating
1621:Panorama from the northwest of Mount Baker and the
75:
59:
39:
3402:
1908:and other Cascade volcanoes in prehistoric times.
1716:A great deal of volcanic activity has occurred at
1079:With the exception of the 1915 eruption of remote
1017:to aliens to elves and, as everywhere in the arc,
1376:may represent the explosive collapse of an early
469:along with the rest of the arc, but also include
27:Chain of stratovolcanoes in western North America
3495:Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program
3065:doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2016.06.004. ISSN 0033-5894.
3432:Wood, Charles A.; Jürgen Kienle, eds. (1990).
3075:doi:10.1007/s00445-020-1362-1. ISSN 1432-0819.
2856:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1449:13100 BP (11,150 BC) eruptions of Glacier Peak
350:, which makes up much of the northern part of
3522:
3177:"Pacific Mountain System – Cascade volcanoes"
3016:. Nathan L., A. Krishna Sinha. Archived from
1120:, including Cascade volcanoes (red triangles)
959:who live nearby as "the Landing Place of the
186:along the arc. Because the population of the
8:
1795:. However, certain Cascade volcanoes can be
1323:(400 BC) eruption of the Mount Meager massif
509:since 1975, including: Mount Meager massif,
334:has been preserved. In the North Cascades,
3529:
3515:
3507:
2952:"Washington State Volcanoes and Volcanics"
1859:major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980
1384:7700 BP (5783 BC) eruption of Mount Mazama
1158:. This is a 680-mile (1,090 km) long
934:by throwing fire and stone at each other.
228:major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980
36:
3306:Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (1990).
3294:Living With Volcanic Risk in the Cascades
1311:, 150 miles (240 km) to the west. A
1249:3,000-foot (910 m) steam plume from
1130:The Cascade Volcanoes were formed by the
1786:Eleven of the thirteen volcanoes in the
1467:
1036:In the spring of 1792 British navigator
922:tale, had various High Cascades such as
671:
660:
652:
2777:
3289:
3112:
3101:
2737:List of volcanoes in the United States
214:The Cascade Volcanoes are part of the
3462:Fire & Ice: The Cascade Volcanoes
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3245:
3243:
3213:
3211:
3128:
3126:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3051:
3049:
3047:
7:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
1507:0.4 km (0.096 cu mi)
1469:Eruption Sequence ~13,000 Years Ago
1445:as well as parts of western Canada.
1369:. An unusual, thick apron of welded
155:. Although taking its name from the
1521:1.9 km (0.46 cu mi)
1510:1.1 km (0.26 cu mi)
1493:2.1 km (0.50 cu mi)
1628:During the mid-19th century,
1524:6.0 km (1.4 cu mi)
1496:6.5 km (1.6 cu mi)
1293:1914–1917 eruptions of Lassen Peak
930:, act as god-like chiefs who made
625:While the Cascade volcanic arc (a
25:
3490:USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory
3411:Mountain Press Publishing Company
1902:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
1802:When Cascade volcanoes do erupt,
1270:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
1264:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
1258:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
914:were used as refuge from a great
593:as seen from its southeast slopes
3797:Marble Mountain-Trout Creek Hill
3580:
2876:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107193
2754:Geology of the Pacific Northwest
2721:
2707:
2646:
2593:
2542:
2482:
2422:
2371:
2320:
2269:
2218:
2167:
2114:
2063:
2010:
1957:
66:
45:
4236:Volcanoes of Washington (state)
3223:Catalogue of Canadian Volcanoes
2982:Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes
2957:United States Geological Survey
1923:the highest Cascade volcanoes:
973:people. The springs located on
3868:Mount Scott (Clackamas County)
2303:44.674300600°N 121.799573611°W
2252:48.112513950°N 121.113804642°W
2150:45.373514489°N 121.695918558°W
2097:46.202411792°N 121.490894694°W
2046:41.409196033°N 122.194888358°W
1949: meters
1838:even thousands of miles away.
1782:Eruptions in the Cascade Range
1759:and associated vents near the
1666:in the past 4,000 years.
1058:Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood
767:Gamma Ridge Caldera Formation
131:, extending from southwestern
1:
4231:Volcanoes of British Columbia
3817:Battle Ground Lake State Park
2742:Volcanology of Western Canada
2485:Middle Sister (Three Sisters)
1853:. The three most recent were
1146:(remnants of the much larger
985:and were the farthest up the
918:. Other stories, such as the
558:several meters deep into the
3999:Mount Scott (Klamath County)
3873:Willamette National Cemetery
2988:. 2008-02-13. Archived from
2425:North Sister (Three Sisters)
2374:South Sister (Three Sisters)
2308:44.674300600; -121.799573611
2257:48.112513950; -121.113804642
2155:45.373514489; -121.695918558
2102:46.202411792; -121.490894694
2051:41.409196033; -122.194888358
352:North Cascades National Park
4130:Lava Beds National Monument
3460:Harris, Stephen L. (1980).
3401:Harris, Stephen L. (2005).
2986:Geological Survey of Canada
2747:List of volcanoes in Canada
2215:September to November 1880
1235:Cascadia earthquake of 1700
1032:Cascadia earthquake sources
720:Mount Baker Volcanic Field
4307:
3468:and Pacific Search Press.
3438:Cambridge University Press
3434:Volcanoes of North America
3344:"Shasta: Eruptive History"
3320:Cambridge University Press
3263:). Retrieved on 2007-07-16
2680:46.1912000°N 122.1944000°W
2647:
2594:
2543:
2517:44.1481718°N 121.7839312°W
2483:
2457:44.1662273°N 121.7725431°W
2423:
2405:44.1034490°N 121.7692058°W
2372:
2354:40.4881731°N 121.5050078°W
2321:
2270:
2219:
2201:48.7773426°N 121.8132008°W
2168:
2115:
2064:
2011:
2007:November to December 1894
1993:46.8528857°N 121.7603744°W
1958:
1915:
1402:
1361:, which is defined as the
1326:
1296:
1261:
1123:
374:Widespread dormancy period
272:14,000 feet (4,300 m)
29:
4049:Mountain Lakes Wilderness
3578:
2978:"Garibaldi volcanic belt"
1940:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1918:List of Cascade volcanoes
1102:Pierce County, Washington
633:, which lie north of the
489:, with compositions from
64:
44:
4110:Black Butte (California)
3557:Franklin Glacier Complex
3387:Retrieved on 2007-10-06.
3349:Global Volcanism Program
3296:Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
2927:Global Volcanism Program
2791:Global Volcanism Program
2715:Pacific Northwest portal
2685:46.1912000; -122.1944000
2643:About 100,000 years ago
2522:44.1481718; -121.7839312
2462:44.1662273; -121.7725431
2410:44.1034490; -121.7692058
2359:40.4881731; -121.5050078
2206:48.7773426; -121.8132008
1998:46.8528857; -121.7603744
1527:32 km (20 mi)
1499:31 km (19 mi)
1453:About 13,000 years ago,
1421:. It began with a large
1156:Cascadia subduction zone
1126:Cascadia subduction zone
1118:Cascadia subduction zone
1108:Cascadia subduction zone
153:Cascadia subduction zone
4246:Volcanoes of California
3883:Rooster Rock State Park
3652:White Chuck Cinder Cone
3375:Retrieved on 2021-07-17
3354:Smithsonian Institution
2932:Smithsonian Institution
2796:Smithsonian Institution
2590:About 30,000 years ago
1565:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
1345:. The eruption sent an
1052:for a famous diplomat,
981:in the language of the
698:Lassen Volcanic Center
522:Pemberton Volcanic Belt
459:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
3928:Tumalo Volcanic Center
3822:Beacon Rock State Park
3612:Schriebers Meadow Cone
3111:Cite journal requires
2629:51.43333°N 126.30000°W
2576:42.44444°N 122.31556°W
1625:
1400:
1363:Pebble Creek Formation
1276:style eruption with a
1254:
1121:
1056:was named in honor of
1033:
884:
690:Volume of Tephra (km)
666:
658:
594:
547:
546:as seen from the south
354:and adjacent parts of
308:
226:in 1914 to 1921 and a
4286:Pleistocene volcanism
4120:Medicine Lake Volcano
1857:from 1914 to 1921, a
1745:Medicine Lake Volcano
1740:Medicine Lake Volcano
1620:
1555:and was episodically
1391:
1248:
1115:
1031:
882:
687:Volume of Magma (km)
664:
656:
589:
542:
477:, and small isolated
296:
276:Medicine Lake Volcano
18:Cascades Volcanic Arc
4266:Pacific Coast Ranges
3712:Goat Island Mountain
3552:Silverthrone Caldera
2764:Milbanke Sound Group
2759:Canadian Cascade Arc
2634:51.43333; -126.30000
2596:Silverthrone Caldera
2581:42.44444; -122.31556
1636:activity remains in
1551:occurred during the
1547:'s eruptions in the
1545:Silverthrone Caldera
1539:Silverthrone Caldera
1482:Bulk Deposit Volume
1152:North American Plate
534:Silverthrone Caldera
422:Silverthrone Caldera
395:High Cascades period
348:Chilliwack batholith
312:West Cascades period
216:Pacific Ring of Fire
113:Cascade Volcanic Arc
4241:Volcanoes of Oregon
3562:Mount Meager massif
2868:2021JVGR..41207193P
2676: /
2625: /
2572: /
2512: /
2452: /
2401: /
2350: /
2299: /
2248: /
2197: /
2146: /
2093: /
2042: /
1989: /
1851:Northern California
1793:explosive eruptions
1704:, and a well-known
1553:Last Glacial Period
1470:
1335:Mount Meager massif
1329:Mount Meager massif
1168:northern California
1085:Northern California
789:Antelope Well Tuff
418:Mount Meager massif
232:Mount Meager massif
145:Northern California
111:(also known as the
4291:Holocene volcanism
4281:Pliocene volcanism
3742:Old Snowy Mountain
3692:Burroughs Mountain
3687:Little Tahoma Peak
3500:2012-10-24 at the
3255:2007-04-17 at the
1871:Juan de Fuca Ridge
1626:
1468:
1401:
1309:Eureka, California
1255:
1207:accretionary wedge
1195:continental margin
1193:present along the
1122:
1100:Warning System in
1034:
1003:Tacoma, Washington
920:Bridge of the Gods
885:
723:Lake Tapps Tephra
667:
659:
595:
548:
309:
199:identified by the
119:) are a number of
54:from the northeast
40:Cascades Volcanoes
4276:Miocene volcanism
4221:Cascade Volcanoes
4208:
4207:
4079:Gearhart Mountain
3918:Crescent Mountain
3853:Boring Lava Field
3782:Sawtooth Mountain
3538:Cascade Volcanoes
3475:978-0-89886-009-2
3447:978-0-521-43811-7
3424:978-0-87842-220-3
3098:. Reston, VA: 30.
2698:
2697:
2266:1700 ± 100 years
1912:List of volcanoes
1804:pyroclastic flows
1698:pyroclastic flows
1531:
1530:
1443:Pacific Northwest
1164:Pacific Northwest
1074:Strait of Georgia
955:are known to the
872:
871:
851:Mount St. Helens
649:Largest eruptions
440:basaltic andesite
188:Pacific Northwest
109:Cascade Volcanoes
105:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4298:
4271:Eocene volcanism
4180:Bumpass Mountain
4115:Rainbow Mountain
4034:Mount McLoughlin
3979:Howlock Mountain
3964:Newberry Volcano
3807:Trout Creek Hill
3762:Mount St. Helens
3702:Cowlitz Chimneys
3622:Hannegan caldera
3584:
3545:British Columbia
3531:
3524:
3517:
3508:
3479:
3466:The Mountaineers
3451:
3428:
3408:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3264:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3225:. Archived from
3215:
3206:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3179:. Archived from
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3154:. Archived from
3148:
3142:
3141:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3042:
3038:
3032:
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3029:
3028:
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3015:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2974:
2968:
2967:
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2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2896:
2895:
2847:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2800:
2799:
2782:
2731:
2729:Volcanoes portal
2726:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2649:Mount St. Helens
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2607:British Columbia
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2545:Mount McLoughlin
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2479:100,000 yrs ago
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
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2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1926:
1763:'s eastern rim.
1718:Newberry Volcano
1712:Newberry Volcano
1471:
1313:pyroclastic flow
1251:Mount St. Helens
1241:Famous eruptions
1233: 8.7–9.2
1184:aseismic sliding
1176:British Columbia
1172:Vancouver Island
1089:Mount St. Helens
1050:Mount St. Helens
1038:George Vancouver
991:Lillooet Country
888:Native Americans
832:Tepee Draw Tuff
701:Rockland Tephra
672:
620:Electron Mudflow
560:Pemberton Valley
507:seismic activity
356:British Columbia
280:Newberry Volcano
273:
248:shield volcanoes
197:Decade Volcanoes
133:British Columbia
96:British Columbia
70:
49:
37:
21:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4185:Dittmar Volcano
4150:Burney Mountain
4125:Schonchin Butte
4088:
4074:Yamsay Mountain
3954:Tumalo Mountain
3938:Mount Multnomah
3908:Mount Jefferson
3863:Elk Rock Island
3841:
3812:Tumtum Mountain
3617:Kulshan caldera
3585:
3576:
3572:Mount Garibaldi
3540:
3535:
3502:Wayback Machine
3486:
3476:
3464:. Seattle, WA:
3459:
3448:
3440:. p. 354.
3431:
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3257:Wayback Machine
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3045:
3041:ISSN 1432-0819.
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2578:
2574:
2571:
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2563:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2539:14,000 yrs ago
2527:
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2514:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2467:
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2307:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2272:Mount Jefferson
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2191:
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2048:
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2031:
2029:
2028:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1920:
1914:
1830:, can inundate
1784:
1769:
1742:
1714:
1691:
1672:
1657:
1646:
1615:
1588:Mount Garibaldi
1585:
1583:Mount Garibaldi
1575:. The lava was
1541:
1536:
1534:Other eruptions
1461:as far away as
1451:
1423:eruption column
1407:
1392:The caldera of
1386:
1341:as far away as
1331:
1325:
1301:
1295:
1266:
1260:
1253:on May 19, 1982
1243:
1232:
1128:
1110:
983:Lillooet people
957:Squamish people
877:
651:
631:Mount Garibaldi
611:Osceola Mudflow
544:Mount Garibaldi
511:Mount Garibaldi
501:, and changing
467:stratovolcanoes
410:
397:
376:
340:plumbing system
314:
302:Devastated Area
271:
244:stratovolcanoes
240:
161:Coast Mountains
71:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:Pacific Ranges
4258:
4256:Volcanic belts
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4213:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4039:Brown Mountain
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4019:Applegate Peak
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3986:
3984:Mount Thielsen
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3959:Mount Bachelor
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3888:Larch Mountain
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3858:Mount Sylvania
3855:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3832:Greenleaf Peak
3829:
3827:Table Mountain
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:Cathedral Rock
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:Sherman Crater
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3485:
3484:External links
3482:
3481:
3480:
3474:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3429:
3423:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3377:
3365:
3335:
3328:
3298:
3265:
3239:
3219:"Mount Meager"
3207:
3193:
3168:
3143:
3134:"Mount Meager"
3122:
3113:|journal=
3077:
3067:
3057:
3043:
3033:
3002:
2969:
2943:
2922:"Silverthrone"
2913:
2897:
2837:
2828:
2801:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2718:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2660:
2657:
2654:
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2644:
2641:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2496:
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2490:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2130:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2060:About 1250 AD
2058:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1941:Last eruption
1939:
1936:
1935:State/Province
1933:
1930:
1916:Main article:
1913:
1910:
1867:Explorer Ridge
1783:
1780:
1768:
1765:
1757:Glass Mountain
1741:
1738:
1736:in the world.
1713:
1710:
1690:
1687:
1671:
1668:
1656:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1638:Sherman Crater
1614:
1611:
1584:
1581:
1573:Chernaud Creek
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1450:
1447:
1403:Main article:
1385:
1382:
1359:Lillooet River
1327:Main article:
1324:
1317:
1297:Main article:
1294:
1291:
1262:Main article:
1259:
1256:
1242:
1239:
1230:
1215:Columbia River
1191:oceanic trench
1148:Farallon Plate
1124:Main article:
1109:
1106:
987:Lillooet River
953:The Black Tusk
876:
873:
870:
869:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
848:
847:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
826:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
805:
804:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
786:Medicine Lake
783:
782:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
761:
760:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
739:
738:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
717:
716:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
678:Eruption Name
676:
650:
647:
409:
406:
396:
393:
375:
372:
344:magma chambers
332:volcanic rocks
313:
310:
239:
236:
195:is one of the
103:
102:
77:
73:
72:
65:
62:
61:
57:
56:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4303:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:Volcanic arcs
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Cascade Range
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Snow Mountain
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Modoc Plateau
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Roxy Ann Peak
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Pelican Butte
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:Wizard Island
4002:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:(unvalidated)
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:Three Sisters
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:Iron Mountain
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Olallie Butte
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3837:Wind Mountain
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Indian Heaven
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:Mount Rainier
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3632:Ruth Mountain
3630:
3628:
3627:Hannegan Peak
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3329:0-521-43811-X
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3229:on 2011-06-04
3228:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3183:on 2007-05-31
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3158:on 2008-05-11
3157:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3105:
3097:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3034:
3023:on 2008-12-19
3019:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2992:on 2006-10-23
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2705:
2700:
2694:2004 to 2008
2693:
2689:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2528:Middle Sister
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2368:1914 to 1917
2367:
2363:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2317:About 950 AD
2316:
2312:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2164:1865 to 1866
2163:
2159:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2111:About 950 AD
2110:
2106:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Mount Rainier
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:Mount Rainier
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1788:Cascade Range
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1660:Mount Rainier
1655:Mount Rainier
1654:
1652:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:Pacific Range
1589:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:Pacific Range
1546:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:Plume Height
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1229:such as the M
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:Klamath River
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:Peter Rainier
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:First Nations
968:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:Mount Rainier
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
875:Human history
874:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
829:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
673:
670:
663:
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
639:Cascade Range
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:Mount Rainier
597:In the past,
592:
588:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
541:
537:
535:
531:
527:
526:volcanic belt
524:is an eroded
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:composition,
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:volcanic belt
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
433:igneous rocks
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
405:
401:
394:
392:
390:
386:
381:
380:flood basalts
373:
371:
369:
368:Mount Shuksan
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Cascade Range
324:
319:
318:West Cascades
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
265:
264:Mount Rainier
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:Pacific Ocean
217:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:Mount Rainier
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
157:Cascade Range
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:North America
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
101:
97:
93:
92:United States
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
69:
63:
58:
53:
52:Mount Rainier
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:Cascade Range
19:
4170:Mount Tehama
4165:Latour Butte
4140:Brushy Butte
4100:Mount Shasta
4084:Yainax Butte
4064:Grizzly Peak
4024:Rustler Peak
4014:Hillman Peak
4009:Phantom Ship
3989:Mount Mazama
3974:Mount Bailey
3969:Diamond Peak
3792:Big Lava Bed
3757:Spiral Butte
3737:Gilbert Peak
3707:Old Desolate
3697:Banshee Peak
3667:Mount Daniel
3662:Mount Hinman
3647:Glacier Peak
3642:Mount Terror
3607:Black Buttes
3567:Mount Cayley
3537:
3461:
3433:
3404:
3380:
3368:
3357:. Retrieved
3347:
3338:
3307:
3301:
3231:. Retrieved
3227:the original
3222:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:the original
3171:
3160:. Retrieved
3156:the original
3146:
3137:
3104:cite journal
3070:
3060:
3036:
3025:. Retrieved
3018:the original
3005:
2994:. Retrieved
2990:the original
2981:
2972:
2961:. Retrieved
2955:
2946:
2935:. Retrieved
2925:
2916:
2859:
2855:
2831:
2820:. Retrieved
2789:
2780:
2468:North Sister
2221:Glacier Peak
2013:Mount Shasta
1921:
1906:Mount Shasta
1899:
1895:Mount Shasta
1879:Glacier Peak
1840:
1836:jet aircraft
1820:volcanic ash
1801:
1785:
1772:Mount Shasta
1770:
1767:Mount Shasta
1743:
1722:cinder cones
1715:
1692:
1673:
1658:
1649:Glacier Peak
1647:
1644:Glacier Peak
1627:
1623:Black Buttes
1586:
1559:during both
1543:Most of the
1542:
1459:volcanic ash
1455:Glacier Peak
1452:
1415:Mount Mazama
1413:eruption of
1408:
1405:Mount Mazama
1396:, filled by
1394:Mount Mazama
1351:stratosphere
1332:
1305:volcanic ash
1302:
1267:
1211:Fraser River
1188:
1180:
1150:) under the
1136:Juan de Fuca
1129:
1116:Area of the
1078:
1035:
1011:Mount Shasta
999:
995:volcanic ash
978:
975:Meager Creek
965:
949:Mount Cayley
886:
764:Gamma Ridge
742:Crater Lake
668:
635:Fraser River
624:
596:
591:Mount Cayley
581:Meager Creek
549:
519:
515:Mount Cayley
475:cinder cones
456:
411:
402:
398:
377:
315:
284:Glacier Peak
268:Mount Shasta
256:cinder cones
241:
213:
169:
165:Fraser River
125:volcanic arc
116:
112:
108:
106:
4190:Mount Maidu
4175:Lassen Peak
4044:Aspen Butte
3993:Crater Lake
3878:Mount Tabor
3802:West Crater
3767:Mount Adams
3752:Tieton Peak
3722:Fifes Peaks
3657:Dishpan Gap
3597:Mount Baker
3138:Bivouac.com
2683: /
2671:122°11′40″W
2632: /
2620:126°18′00″W
2579: /
2567:122°18′56″W
2520: /
2507:121°47′02″W
2460: /
2447:121°46′21″W
2408: /
2396:121°46′09″W
2357: /
2345:121°30′18″W
2323:Lassen Peak
2306: /
2294:121°47′58″W
2255: /
2243:121°06′50″W
2204: /
2192:121°48′48″W
2170:Mount Baker
2153: /
2141:121°41′45″W
2100: /
2088:121°29′27″W
2066:Mount Adams
2049: /
2037:122°11′42″W
1996: /
1984:121°45′37″W
1953:Coordinates
1891:Lassen Peak
1883:Mount Baker
1863:Gorda Ridge
1855:Lassen Peak
1810:flows, and
1755:erupted at
1675:Mount Adams
1670:Mount Adams
1630:Mount Baker
1613:Mount Baker
1596:cinder cone
1439:Crater Lake
1398:Crater Lake
1371:vitrophyric
1367:Plinth Peak
1299:Lassen Peak
1227:earthquakes
1201:. Instead,
1144:Gorda Plate
1081:Lassen Peak
1046:Mount Baker
1042:Puget Sound
977:are called
967:Hot springs
961:Thunderbird
941:Lushootseed
745:Mazama Ash
607:Puget Sound
564:debris flow
465:are mostly
414:Lassen Peak
306:Cinder Cone
298:Lassen Peak
224:Lassen Peak
184:earthquakes
163:, past the
127:in western
117:Cascade Arc
4215:Categories
4195:Mount Yana
4155:Magee Peak
4093:California
4069:Pilot Rock
3949:Ball Butte
3944:Broken Top
3893:Mount Hood
3787:Lemei Rock
3777:Lone Butte
3732:Goat Rocks
3590:Washington
3413:. p.
3395:References
3359:2021-06-28
3233:2007-07-16
3187:2007-04-12
3162:2007-10-06
3027:2008-06-16
2996:2008-05-10
2963:2007-07-16
2937:2008-07-15
2862:: 107193.
2822:2022-12-30
2668:46°11′28″N
2659:Washington
2617:51°26′00″N
2564:42°26′40″N
2526: (
2504:44°08′53″N
2466: (
2444:44°09′58″N
2393:44°06′12″N
2342:40°29′17″N
2333:California
2291:44°40′27″N
2240:48°06′45″N
2231:Washington
2189:48°46′38″N
2180:Washington
2138:45°22′25″N
2117:Mount Hood
2085:46°12′09″N
2076:Washington
2034:41°24′33″N
2024:California
1981:46°51′10″N
1971:Washington
1887:Mount Hood
1843:Washington
1812:landslides
1776:California
1730:lava flows
1726:lava domes
1694:Mount Hood
1689:Mount Hood
1679:lava flows
1567:stages of
1478:DRE Volume
1474:Unit Name
1409:The 7,700
1357:along the
1347:ash column
1286:atmosphere
1282:earthquake
1154:along the
1132:subduction
1093:Geologists
1066:Royal Navy
1054:Mount Hood
1007:Washington
936:St. Helens
811:Olema Ash
770:1,242,000
726:1,149,000
693:Reference
643:geographic
627:geological
577:geologists
573:landslides
499:topography
452:subduction
408:Modern arc
385:weathering
336:geologists
252:lava domes
151:along the
149:subduction
137:Washington
88:Washington
80:California
4200:Goosenest
3913:Snow Peak
3898:Battle Ax
3747:Ives Peak
3727:Mount Aix
3717:Mount Wow
3312:Cambridge
2892:234042444
2884:0377-0273
1932:Elevation
1826:, called
1706:lava dome
1683:hot spots
1607:lava flow
1600:Opal Cone
1569:volcanism
1561:Pemberton
1378:lava dome
1019:Sasquatch
1015:Lemurians
943:name for
912:Garibaldi
904:Jefferson
854:Layer Yn
808:Newberry
487:explosive
360:batholith
323:Mount Aix
270:, exceed
180:Vancouver
121:volcanoes
60:Geography
4145:Big Cave
4105:Shastina
3677:Mount Si
3637:Icy Peak
3498:Archived
3253:Archived
2786:"Meager"
2701:See also
1938:Location
1869:and the
1816:mudflows
1749:rhyolite
1734:fissures
1634:Fumarole
1518:Layer G
1504:Layer M
1490:Layer B
1205:and the
1203:terranes
1199:Cascadia
1142:and the
1140:Explorer
1096:Volcano
1040:entered
857:1860 BC
835:230,000
792:171,000
748:5783 BC
704:610,000
675:Volcano
483:effusive
471:calderas
448:rhyolite
436:andesite
172:Portland
135:through
76:Location
3316:England
2864:Bibcode
2489:10,047
2429:10,085
2378:10,358
2327:10,457
2276:10,497
2225:10,541
2174:10,781
2121:11,239
2070:12,280
2017:14,162
1964:14,411
1849:and in
1832:valleys
1797:dormant
1761:caldera
1598:called
1590:in the
1463:Wyoming
1435:caldera
1374:breccia
1343:Alberta
1274:plinian
1134:of the
1064:of the
1062:admiral
1023:Bigfoot
896:legends
814:80,000
530:Miocene
429:complex
426:caldera
389:erosion
364:erosion
238:Geology
205:Seattle
176:Seattle
115:or the
3846:Oregon
3472:
3444:
3421:
3326:
2890:
2882:
2653:8,363
2603:2,864
2600:9,396
2555:Oregon
2552:2,894
2549:9,495
2495:Oregon
2492:3,062
2435:Oregon
2432:3,074
2419:50 BC
2384:Oregon
2381:3,157
2330:3,187
2282:Oregon
2279:3,199
2228:3,213
2128:Oregon
2124:3,426
1893:, and
1847:Oregon
1828:lahars
1824:debris
1753:dacite
1702:lahars
1664:lahars
1604:dacite
1577:dammed
1557:active
1427:pumice
1419:Oregon
1355:bluffs
1223:spring
1217:, and
1009:, and
908:Shasta
820:14-22
713:326.7
637:, the
615:Tacoma
603:lahars
569:debris
491:basalt
444:dacite
288:dacite
254:, and
209:Tacoma
178:, and
141:Oregon
100:Canada
94:, and
86:, and
84:Oregon
4059:Baldy
3021:(PDF)
3014:(PDF)
2888:S2CID
2772:Notes
2656:2,549
2177:3,286
2073:3,740
2020:4,317
1967:4,392
1425:with
1319:2350
1166:from
1160:fault
1098:Lahar
928:Adams
916:flood
900:Baker
892:myths
866:15.3
579:near
495:magma
304:from
260:tuyas
123:in a
3470:ISBN
3442:ISBN
3419:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3117:help
2880:ISSN
1946:feet
1929:Name
1822:and
1808:lava
1751:and
1732:and
1563:and
1513:N/A
1429:and
1333:The
1268:The
1060:(an
979:Teiq
951:and
926:and
924:Hood
910:and
894:and
823:N/A
801:N/A
779:N/A
773:6-7
757:176
735:N/A
732:124
710:130
684:VEI
681:Age
556:rock
554:and
552:clay
520:The
513:and
479:lava
457:The
446:and
387:and
326:the
300:and
278:and
266:and
207:and
139:and
107:The
3415:454
3261:PDF
2872:doi
2860:412
1818:of
1431:ash
1339:ash
1278:VEI
1197:in
1170:to
1083:in
1021:or
963:".
932:war
844:25
841:10
798:20
776:40
754:61
641:(a
503:ice
485:to
143:to
4217::
3436:.
3417:.
3409:.
3352:.
3346:.
3322:.
3318::
3314:,
3310:.
3268:^
3242:^
3221:.
3210:^
3196:^
3136:.
3125:^
3108::
3106:}}
3102:{{
3080:^
3046:^
2984:.
2980:.
2954:.
2930:.
2924:.
2900:^
2886:.
2878:.
2870:.
2858:.
2854:.
2840:^
2804:^
2794:.
2788:.
1897:.
1889:,
1885:,
1881:,
1877:,
1865:,
1845:,
1806:,
1728:,
1724:,
1700:,
1411:BP
1321:BP
1237:.
1213:,
1186:.
1174:,
1138:,
1104:.
1025:.
947:.
906:,
902:,
863:4
860:6
838:6
817:6
795:6
751:7
729:7
707:7
517:.
473:,
442:,
438:,
250:,
246:,
234:.
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3991:(
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3259:(
3236:.
3190:.
3165:.
3140:.
3119:)
3115:(
3030:.
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2940:.
2894:.
2874::
2866::
2825:.
2798:.
2530:)
2470:)
1231:w
34:.
20:)
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