Case citation - Knowledge (XXG)

6693:(2000). The plaintiff in this case unsuccessfully challenged the selective publication policy as unconstitutional. The court retorted: "Appellant either misunderstands or ignores the realities of the intermediate appellate process." The court went on to describe the variety of frivolous appeals regularly encountered by the Courts of Appeal, and concluded: "Our typical opinions in such cases add nothing to the body of stare decisis, and if published would merely clutter overcrowded library shelves and databases with information utterly useless to anyone other than the actual litigants therein and complicate the search for meaningful precedent." 5159: 5344: 5563:, while California uses brackets for parenthetical explanations of a case's holding or relevance. Both New York and California styles wrap an entire citation in parentheses when used as a stand-alone sentence to support the preceding sentence, although New York places the terminating period outside the parentheses, whereas California places it inside. New York wraps just the reporter and page references in parentheses when the citation is used as a clause. 2664:) is a project started by the Income-tax Department, Government of India. It has been envisaged as a tool to achieve efficiency in the tax litigation process of Income Tax Department (ITD). Within this project the Judicial Research & Reference System (JRRS) – JRRS is a repository of judicial orders as a single, indexed, searchable, cross-linked, database of Judgments / orders of ITAT, Authority of Advance Ruling (AAR), HC and SC. 6184:, Research Guide (London: SOAS Library, August 2012), pp. 5–6. 'The small letter "v" is an abbreviation of versus. However, the term "and" is used to pronounce it, rather than "v" or "versus", e.g. the case "Smith v Jones" would be pronounced "Smith and Jones." . . . A case can be pronounced in a number of ways, e.g. "R. v Smith" would be pronounced either "the Crown against Smith", or it can be referred to as simply "Smith." ' 28: 2550: 3844: 496:, there has been divergence among citation styles. There exist commercial citation guides published by Butterworths and other legal publishing companies, academic citation styles and court citation styles. Each court in Australia may cite the same case slightly differently. There is presently a movement in convergence to the comprehensive academic citation style of the 5072:. United States case reporters are sequentially numbered, but the volume number is never higher than 999. When the 1,000th volume is reached (the threshold in earlier years was lower), the volume number is reset to 1 and a "2d" is appended after the reporter's abbreviation. Some case reporters are in their third series, and a few are approaching their fourth. 4217:. These have been published since 1865. They have always been split into a number of different series, the current series being the Appeal Cases (AC), Chancery (Ch), Family (Fam), and Queen's Bench (QB) (or King's Bench—KB—depending on the monarch of the time). These four series are cited in preference to all others in court. 5730:(FRAP) should be amended so that unpublished cases in all circuits could be cited as precedent. In 2006, the Supreme Court, over the objection of several hundred judges and lawyers, adopted a new Rule 32.1 of FRAP requiring that federal courts allow citation of unpublished cases. The rule took effect on January 1, 2007. 5499:

out-of-state attorneys are more likely to have access to these. Many lawyers prefer to include both citations. Some state courts require that parallel citations (in this case, citing to both the official reporter and an unofficial regional reporter) be used when citing cases from any court in that state's system.

5630:

It is also argued that this is in part because in many states, especially California, the legislature has failed to expand the judiciary to keep up with population growth (for various political and fiscal reasons). To deal with their crushing caseloads, many judges prefer to write shorter-than-normal

90:

In some report series, for example in England, Australia and some in Canada, volumes are not numbered independently of the year: thus the year and volume number (usually no greater than 4) are required to identify which book of the series has the case reported within its covers. In such citations, it

5842:

Even then, such citations are still quite lengthy, and may look quite mysterious and intimidating to laypersons when they read court opinions. Since the 1980s, there has been an ongoing debate among American judges as to whether they should relegate such lengthy citations to footnotes to improve the

5149:

In the caption of a Supreme Court case, the first name listed is the name of the petitioning (appealing) party, followed by the party responding (respondent) to the appeal. In most cases, the appealing party was the losing party in the prior court. This is no longer the practice used in cases in the

4190:

The term "reporter", meaning a law report or a series of them, is not widely used in England and Wales. Before 1865, English courts used a large number of privately printed reports, and cases were cited based on which report they appeared in. (This system was also used in the United States and other

3323:

and other lower courts, citation of their decisions hews to the same format as cases not reported either in the Philippine Reports or the SCRA. Thus: (case name), (docket number), (date of promulgation of decision). For the Court of Appeals, docket numbers begin as CA-G.R. No., followed by either CR

2117:

In Germany there are two types of citation: the full citation of a case and its shortened form. In e.g. scientific articles, the full citation of a particular case is only used at its first occurrence; after that, its shortened form is used. In most law journals, the articles themselves only use the

1155:

The seventh edition of the McGill Guide, published 2010-08-20, removes most full stop/period (".") characters from the citations, e.g., a citation to the Supreme Court Reports that previously would have been 1 S.C.R. 791, is now 1 SCR 791. Most full stops are also removed from styles of cause. The

5782:

In practice, most lawyers go one step farther, once they have developed the correct citation for a case using the rules discussed above. Most court opinions contain holdings on multiple issues, so lawyers need to cite to the page that contains the specific holding they wish to invoke in their own

3959:

UKHL 20 identifies the 20th judgment in 2002 in the UK House of Lords. UKHL stands for UK House of Lords. EWHC and EWCA identify the England and Wales High Court and Court of Appeal respectively. These abbreviations are generally followed by an abbreviation indicating the court or division (e.g.

5498:

Abbreviations for lower courts vary by state, as each state has its own system of trial courts and intermediate appellate courts. When a case appears in both an official reporter and a regional reporter, either citation can be used. Generally, citing to the regional reporter is preferred, since

3117:

decisions are expressly recognized as part of the internal law, and are thus frequently cited in court decisions and legal pleadings. Though there is only one Supreme Court in the Philippines, the citation of its decisions varies, depending on which reporter of a case is relied on by the person

3951:

Since 2001, judgments in the House of Lords, Privy Council, Court of Appeal and Administrative Court have been issued with neutral citations. This system was extended to other parts of the High Court in 2002. Judgments with neutral citations are freely available on the British and Irish Legal

5680:. These services have their own citation formats based on the year of the case, an abbreviation indicating the computer service (or a specific database of that computer service), and an identification number; citations to online databases also usually include the case's 6153:

Today's auction system on oversold flights, ironically, is the stepchild of a 1976 Supreme Court case, Nader vs. Allegheny, in which the late and little lamented Allegheny Airlines (known to its long suffering passengers as Agony Airlines) picked the wrong passenger to

5055:) (abbreviated L. Ed.), which are printed by private companies and provide further annotations to the opinions of the Court. Although a citation to the latter two is not required, some attorneys and legal writers prefer to cite all three case reporters at once: 5518:, was started in the latter half of the 19th century and incorporated into the series a number of prior editions originally published privately, and began numbering from that point; "6 Met." refers to the 6th volume that had originally been published privately by 674:

Australian courts and tribunals have now adopted a neutral citation standard for case law. The format provides a naming system that does not depend on the publication of the case in a law report. Most cases are now published on AustLII using neutral citations.

5738:

With the rise of the web, many courts placed new cases on websites. Some were published while others never lost their "unpublished" status. The major legal citation systems required cites to the officially published page numbers, in which publishers such as

5726:, unpublished cases from that state's courts can only be cited if the case was decided after January 1, 2003, and "there is no published opinion that would adequately address the issue before the court". From 2004 to 2006, federal judges debated whether the 5249:

State court decisions are published in several places. Many states have their own official state reporters, which publish decisions of one or more of that state's courts. Reporters that publish decisions of a state's highest court are abbreviated using the

5824:

But in its opinions, the Court usually provides a direct pin cite only to the official reporter. The two unofficial reporters, when they reprint the Court's opinions, add on parallel cites to each other, but do not add pin cites. Therefore, a citation to

5708:; the citation includes the case's original docket number (No. 3:02CV458(MRK)), the date of decision, the database (U.S. Dist. LEXIS, indicating the LexisNexis database for U.S. District Court cases), and a unique serial number in that database (11266). 5105:, and at the same time simultaneously numbered the volumes previously published privately as part of a single series and began numbering sequentially from that point. In this way, "5 U.S. (1 Cranch)" means that it is the 5th overall volume of the 4916:, when defending in the high court of the jurisdiction. Litigants are generally referred to by their last name (when they are natural persons), and a case is generally referred to by the first named litigant on each side of the case. In this example, 4010:

If a case is not reported in the Law Reports, the next best report is the Weekly Law Reports (e.g. 2 WLR 1315), and then the All England Reports (e.g., 2 All ER 865). In some situations, it might be preferable to cite a specialist series, e.g.,

5038:

Many court decisions are published in more than one reporter. A citation to two or more reporters for a given court decision is called a "parallel citation". For U.S. Supreme Court decisions, there are several unofficial reporters, including the

3812:). In this example, 133 is the annual issue of the court reports, II the part indicating the division of the Court, and 292 the page on which the decision begins. Optionally, "E. 3.2" and "S. 296" are the section and page specifically cited. 939:

There are a number of citation standards in Canada. Many legal publishing companies and schools have their own standard for citation. Since the late 1990s, however, much of the legal community has converged to a single standard—formulated in

69:

is a "reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or treatise, that either substantiates or contradicts a given position." Where cases are published on paper, the citation usually contains the following information:

5696:; the citation includes the case's original docket number (No. 03-3587), and a citation to the electronic database that indicates the date of decision, the database (WL for Westlaw) and a unique serial number in that database (2495842). 5335:) means the citation must specify which division issued the opinion. This is especially salient as the Appellate Division hears appeals from the Law and Chancery Divisions, as occurred with the example case (a rehearing on remand of 5917:, particular legal journals, or specialization-specific reporters. States with their own unique style for court documents and case opinions also publish their own style guides, which include information on their citation rules. 2516:

India's vast federated judicial system admits to a large number of reporters, each with their own style of citation. There are over 200 law reports in India – subject-wise and state (province)-wise, authorized and unauthorized.

354:, probably due to its widespread invocation in American culture. This pronunciation—which is discouraged within the legal profession—is otherwise rare among the general public, even when referring to other well-known cases like 1796:

is currently working on a public database which will make all judgments available to the public (currently only the Supreme Court as well as the Maritime and Commercial Court do this). The database is expected to implement the

2525:

The official reporter for Supreme Court decisions is the Supreme Court Reports. These reports however lag behind other journals in the speed of reporting. While decisions themselves are uploaded by the Supreme Court itself on

4969:

The abbreviated name of the court is included inside the parenthesis before the year if the name of the court is not obvious from the reporter. This rule comes into play because certain reporters, such as members of the West

6212:

In speech, the 'v' between the parties' names is rendered 'and' in a civil action and 'against' in a criminal action both in Australia and the United Kingdom. It is not pronounced 'versus' as it is in the United States of

5746:

A vendor-neutral citation movement led to provisions being made for citations to web-based cases and other legal materials. A few courts modified their rules to specifically take into account cases "published" on the web.

98:

The Internet brought with it the opportunity for courts to publish their decisions on websites and most published court decisions now appear in that way. They can be found through many national and other websites, such as

19:

Various case citations redirect here. If you are looking for the text of an opinion, you may find it in the external links at the bottom of the article on that case. For Knowledge (XXG)'s template for citing cases, see

1839:

The most broad of the reporters. Publishes all decisions of the Supreme Court, principal decisions from the High Courts and, in special cases, decisions from municipal courts or other bodies, regardless of topic area.

4018:

For cases before 2001, cite the best report. If referring to a particular page of the judgment, give that page number after the page number on which the report begins. The following citation refers to page 573 of the

5623:) are published each year. This is mainly because judges certify only significant decisions for publication, due to the massive number of frivolous appeals flowing through the courts and the importance of avoiding 2626:

1992 Supp (2) SCC 239, which points to page 239 of the Second Supplementary Volume of the SCC reports in the year 1992. From 1996 the Supplementary Volumes were numbered in sequence after the regular volumes.

5656:; the docket number and specific date allow a researcher to track down the printed copy maintained by the court if needed (legal citation forms strongly prefer citations to traditional printed resources). 2894:

New Zealand courts and tribunals have begun to adopt a neutral citation standard for case law. The format provides a naming system that does not depend on the publication of the case in a law report.

5536:, who had been appointed to report New York cases; the case was before the New York Supreme Court of Judicature (now defunct). Most states gave up this practice in the mid-to-late 19th century, but 4974:, publish opinions originating from multiple courts. In this example, the name of the court (United States Supreme Court) is obvious (since only decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court are published in 3974:

If a neutral citation is available for a judgment, it should immediately follow the party names. If the judgment has also been reported in a law reports series, follow the neutral citation with the

2573:, "1984" is the year of judgement (AIR does not use a volume-based classification), "SC" refers to the Supreme Court of India, and "571" is the first page number of the report within the volume; 5132:

When a case has been decided, but not yet published in the case reporter, the citation may note the volume but leave blank the page of the case reporter until it is determined. For example,

5790:, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the word "person" as used in the Fourteenth Amendment does not include the unborn. That particular holding appears on page 158 of the volume in which the 5653: 114:

The resulting flood of non-paginated information has led to numbering of paragraphs and the adoption of a medium-neutral citation system. This usually contains the following information:

5122: 5086: 5047: 4982:

Case citations are used to find a particular case, both when looking up a case in a printed reporter and when accessing it via the Internet or services such as LexisNexis or Westlaw.

5225: 907: 5214: 2587:(the name of the reporter), and "289" is the first page number of the report within the volume. The "SC" in parentheses indicates that the case was heard by the Supreme Court. 5705: 4157: 3222:

has suffered from production problems, resulting in long delays in publication, as well as significant gaps within its published series. As a result, the privately published

95:"[year]" to the publication year (which may not be the year that the case was decided: for example, a case decided in December 2001 may have been reported in 2002). 6705: 5570:

style of simply dropping in the citation as a separate sentence without further adornment. Both systems use less punctuation and spacing in their reporter abbreviations.

6579: 6543: 5926: 5209: 3969: 2282:, 2009 is the year, 1234 the page of the beginning and 1235 the cited page(s) – "f." stands for "seq.". In general, citations of the official collections are preferred. 2194:

BVerfGE 65, 1 (43), Urteil des Ersten Senats vom 15. Dezember 1983 auf die mündliche Verhandlung vom 18. und 19. Oktober 1983, Az. 1 BvR 209, 269, 362, 420, 440, 484/83.

897: 5204:

When lower federal court opinions are cited, the citation includes the name of the court. This is placed in the parentheses immediately before the year. Some examples:

2534:(AIR) is an old and respected reporter that, in addition to the Supreme Court, also reports decisions of the various State High Courts. Other popular reporters include 2530:, the edited versions with headnotes in the official reporter take years to compile. However, some reporters have been authorised to publish the Court's decisions. The 3996:

This means that a report of the case and the judgment can be found in the 2002 volumes, vol 2, of the Law Reports series called Appeals Cases, beginning at page 692.

3096:

Finally, one can add the popular name of the decision. It is unusual to refer to name of the plaintiff(s) and defendant(s), but often there is an unofficial name.

2321: 2306: 1152:

This format was adopted as the standard in 2006, in the sixth edition of the McGill Guide. Prior to this format, the opposite order of parallel citation was used.

5254:

for the state's name (i.e., not the postal abbreviation), regardless of what the actual title of the reporter is. Thus, the official reporter of decisions of the

5251: 5631:

opinions that dispose of minor issues in the case in a sentence or two. They avoid publishing such abbreviated opinions, however, so as not to risk creating bad

5332: 5193:"official" reporters of the lower federal courts because of the absence of a true official reporter. (Of the federal appeals and district courts, only one, the 3946: 5722:—forbid attorneys to cite unpublished cases as precedent. Other systems allow citation of unpublished cases only under specific circumstances. For example, in 5763:; the citation to the numbering system adopted by the court ("1997 FED App. 0318P") eliminates the need to cite to a specific vendor's product, in this case 5693: 942: 6652:

D.C. Circuit Rule 32.1 provides: "Citations to decisions of this court must be to the Federal Reporter. Dual or parallel citation of cases is not required."

1128:

If the year of decision is the same as the year of the report and the date is a part of the reporter's citation, then the date need not be listed after the

5760: 5302: 1406:

adopted a neutral citation standard for case law. The format provides a naming system that does not depend on the publication of the case in a law report.

3955:

Neutral citations identify judgments independently of any series of reports, and cite only parties, year of judgment, court and case number. For example,

5877: 5619:

A growing number of court decisions are not published in case reporters. For example, only 7% of the opinions of the California intermediate courts (the

5097:, who was responsible for publishing Supreme Court reports from 1801 to 1815. Such reports, named for the individual who gathered them and hence called " 5429:) have stopped publishing their own official reporters, and instead have certified the appropriate West regional reporter as their "official" reporter. 1832:

Weekly Reporter of the Judiciary (translated varyingly as "the Danish Weekly Law Reports", "the Weekly Law Journal", and "the Weekly Law Review" by the

1096:(French). Prior to 1984 the appellant party would always be named first. However, since then case names do not switch order when the case is appealed. 6799: 6176: 5755: 3260:

is the case docket number originally assigned by the Supreme Court at the time the action was filed with the Court (G.R. stands for General Register)

2596: 5502:

Like the United States Supreme Court, some very old state case citations include an abbreviation of the name of either the private publisher or the

4176:"( )" are used when the year is not essential but is useful for information purposes, e.g., in reports that have a cumulative volume number such as 2693: 2676: 1781: 1156:

seventh edition also further highlights the significance of neutral citations (i.e., tribunal-assigned citations that are publisher-independent).

6455: 3100:

refers to a 1952 case where the Supreme Court ruled that telephone harassment ("telefonsjikane") was not illegal under the current criminal code.

2458: 2362:

in short (in this example, the page cited is not specifically page 347 but that and those which follow, as indicated by the abbreviation "ff.").

1768:

If a decision has not been published in a reporter, more identifying information is needed. Generally, citations to unreported cases involve the

5551:, have their own citation systems that differ significantly from the various federal and national standards. In California, the year is placed 5413:

also each have their own line of Thomson West reporters, because of the large volume of cases generated in those states (titled, respectively,

4153: 2471:

For other courts, generally the same rules apply, though most do not publish an official collection, so they must be cited from a law journal.

2443: 793: 783: 508: 425: 5317:

are dedicated solely to reporting decisions of the Illinois Appellate Court, there is no need to repeat the court designation before the year.

6465: 6416: 6363: 6300: 6124: 5895: 2622: 1144: 58:, or in a neutral style that identifies a decision regardless of where it is reported. Case citations are formatted differently in different 5727: 5267: 5125:

for other edition names. The name of the reporter of decisions has not been used in citations since the U.S. government began printing the

4330: 2316: 2301: 1514: 5684:

number and the specific date when it was decided (due to the preference for citation to traditional printed resources). Examples include:

5665:), Thomson West has recently started making available all decisions officially considered "unpublished" in a separate publication called 2434: 6406: 2386: 6749: 5646:

been published or put in an electronic database, a citation to the case's docket number before the court that decided it is required.

5004: 4986: 2781: 2617:

The "Supreme Court Cases (SCC)" published supplementary reports for a few years in the early 1990s. Those citations looked like this:

2258: 857: 797: 772: 497: 413: 365: 37: 2643: 386:

This is the process of analysis that is quite familiar to the Court, very lengthily laid out by Justice Harlan in his dissent in Poe

6731: 6630: 6515: 6205: 3978:, which is usually from the official Law Reports series (Appeals Cases – AC, Chancery – Ch, Family – Fam, Queen's Bench – QB etc.). 3927: 3823:

respectively. In this example, 5C is the division of the Court, 260 the case number and 2006 the year in which the case was opened.

1784:'s judgment of May 3 in case no. V-17-17). Certain authors format these citations to mimic the "short citation" of published cases. 847: 2635: 887: 2453: 6440: 3138: 3114: 3009: 1669:

Denmark has no official standard or style guide governing case citation. However, most case citations include the same elements.

819: 521: 6764: 4034: 6702: 5972: 5114: 4752: 4694: 2996: 2410: 2078: 829: 808: 502: 419: 6505:

There are two earlier series of Natal Law Reports. The earlier one covers 1867 to 1872, and the later one covers 1873 to 1879.

5522:. An example of a case cited to a reporter that has not been subsequently incorporated into an officially published series is 2429: 6010:

Industrial Law Journal including the Industrial Law Reports. Juta & Co. Cape Town, South Africa. This journal is not the

5166: 3865: 3861: 3150: 2609: 2381: 2278: 2049: 1833: 5486:

report the opinions of more courts than only the New York Court of Appeals. A citation to the officially published reports,

3908: 1756:

Certain reporters, such as Tidsskrift for Skatter og Afgifter, do not identify published decisions by page number, but by a

6144: 5081:, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803). The "(1 Cranch)" refers to the fact that, before there was a reporter series known as the 3999:

To cite a particular paragraph from the judgment, add the paragraph number in square brackets at the end of the citation:

3880: 3827: 3113:

tradition in the Philippines, reliance on judicial precedents has become indispensable since the period of American rule.

2984: 2126: 6290: 5692:, No. 03-3587, 2004 WL 2495842 (8th Cir. Nov. 8, 2004) – a case found on the Westlaw electronic database, decided by the 2561: 2405: 5283:

only report opinions of the New York Court of Appeals, there is no need to repeat the court designation before the year.

5176: 4985:

This format also allows different cases with the same parties to be easily differentiated. For example, looking for the

4924:," a pseudonym commonly used when it is appropriate to keep the identity of a litigant out of the public spotlight, and 2945: 2480: 2138: 2122: 2118:

shortened form; the full citations for all articles sometimes are summarized at the beginning of that journals edition.

1798: 6559:. p 15. Larby and Hannam. The Commonwealth. (International Organizations Series, vol 5). Transaction Publishers. 1993. 5700: 6817: 5932: 5642:

For cases that have not been published or put in an electronic database, or very recently decided cases that have not

5022: 4172:, above—do not have volume numbers or, if there are multiple volumes in a single year, they are numbered 1, 2, etc.). 3790: 3320: 3022: 2958: 1793: 370: 356: 108: 6790: 5811:

And a parallel cite to all three U.S. Supreme Court reporters, combined with pin cites for all three, would produce:

3887: 921: 6225: 1928:

Publishes decisions from courts and administrative bodies, both national and international, relevant to the area of

5620: 3295:

that contains the beginning of the decision. If this number is followed by a comma then another page number (i.e.,

3194:

that contains the beginning of the decision. If this number is followed by a comma then another page number (i.e.,

2264:

If decisions are not yet published by the court, or will not be published at all, law journals can be cited, e.g.,

1990:

Publishes decisions from the High Courts and the Special Court of Indictment and Revision relevant to the areas of

1946:

Publishes decisions from the courts as well as principal decisions from arbitration bodies relevant to the area of

1003: 744: 5688: 5158: 4220:

The table below is an incomplete list of law reports other than "The Law Reports", nominate reports and reprints.

3854: 2886:

Additionally, a number of other report series exist for specialist areas such as Family, Employment and Tax Law.

6168: 5467: 5440: 5324: 5272: 5162:

Map of the geographic boundaries of the various United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts

5089:, cases were gathered, bound together, and sold privately by the Court's Reporter of Decisions. In this example, 2971: 2576:(1984) 1 SCC 339 – "1984" is the year of publication, "1" is the volume number of the reporter, "SCC" stands for 1403: 867: 762: 5672:

Cases intentionally left officially unpublished are nonetheless often "published" on computer services, such as

5331:, the organization of the Superior Court into three divisions (the Law Division, the Chancery Division, and the 5294: 5255: 5040: 4971: 3894: 3110: 2787: 2291: 877: 467: 6759: 6377:"Versus, v., vs. – Writing Tips Plus – Writing Tools – Resources of the Language Portal of Canada – Canada.ca" 1998:. Also publishes summaries of criminal law and criminal procedure cases published in Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen. 4166:"" are used when the year is essential to locating the report (e.g., the official law reports either—as with 2491: 1710: 6827: 6822: 5719: 5661:

Even though only some decisions of the U.S. Courts of Appeal are considered "published" (those appearing in

5490:, 20 N.Y.2d 238 (1967), however, does not require the court name in the parenthetical, because the official 5478:, 229 N.E.2d 192 (N.Y. 1967). Note, in both forms, that "N.Y." is placed in the parenthetical, because both 5060: 4317: 4304: 4247: 4178: 4109: 3067: 1702: 1476: 1463: 734: 157: 128:

Rather than utilizing page numbers for pinpoint references, which would depend upon particular printers and

6376: 4995:

would yield four cases, some involving different people named Miller, and each involving different issues.

6011: 5391: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5306: 3876: 204: 3033:

Where both a neutral citation and a reporter citation exist, the neutral citation should come first e.g.

2179: 5942: 5503: 5454: 5150:

federal courts of appeal, in which the original alignment of parties from the lower court is preserved.

5009: 4952: 2505: 2112: 32: 2168:

Starting in 2004, the court also publishes the BVerfGK collection, containing decisions made only by a

4202:(All ER). In addition, a number of unofficial specialist law reports focus on particular areas, e.g., 2630:

The SCC also have a separate series of subject-based reporting of the decisions of the Supreme Court:

6252:

Warren E. Burger: Before we hear the arguments in Sony Corporation against Universal City Studios ...

5624: 5555:

the names of the parties and the reference to the case reporter; in New York, the year is wrapped in

4991: 4950:

U.S. is the abbreviation of the reporter, or printed book of court opinions. Here, "U.S." stands for

4933: 4681: 4168: 4083: 2419: 2395: 2371: 2335: 2061: 1877: 1268: 717:

There is a unique court identifier code for most courts. The court and tribunal identifiers include:

6173: 5343: 2184: 1780:

assigned by the court. For example: Sø- og Handelsrettens dom af 3. maj 2018 i sag nr. V-17-17 (The

5957: 5883: 2580:(the name of the reporter), and "339" is the first page number of the report within the volume; and 1501: 1132:. If the date of the decision is different from the year of the report, then both should be shown. 21: 5704:, No. 3:02CV458(MRK), 2004 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11266 (D. Conn. June 1, 2004) – a case decided by the 148:

of justice, the names of the opposing parties are separated in the case title by the abbreviation

5889: 5220: 5181: 5098: 5077: 5030: 4618: 4557: 1995: 1118: 952: 145: 6432: 1854:

Publishes decisions from the courts and the Insurance Complaints Board relevant to the areas of

6555:

Lord Mackay of Clashfern (ed). Halsbury's Laws of England. 4th Ed. 2001 Reissue. Butterworths.

5359:

publishes several series of "regional reporters" that cover several states each. These are the

6727: 6626: 6620: 6461: 6412: 6359: 6296: 6201: 6120: 5593: 5506:, a state-appointed officer who originally collected and published the cases. For example, in 5379: 5367: 5237: 4137: 4046: 2583:

1984 Cri LJ 289 (SC) – "1984" is the year of publication, "Cri LJ" is an abbreviation for the

2084: 2074: 1929: 961: 309: 6560: 6408:

Philippines Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws

6095:

Carries summary reports that can be used if, and only if, a verbatim report is not available.

6077:

Carries summary reports that can be used if, and only if, a verbatim report is not available.

6068:

Carries summary reports that can be used if, and only if, a verbatim report is not available.

6032:

Reports of Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of South Africa, Griqualand West Local Division

2688:

This Citation further allows to add the Authority where the judgment / order was pronounced.

5901: 5769: 5764: 5548: 5410: 5397: 5171: 4705: 2340: 2013: 1951: 1706: 334: 305: 5117:(for example, "4 U.S. (4 Dall.)"), and after Cranch's 9 volumes, 12 more were published by 3901: 1713:

volume 1968 as the second judgment on page 84. A citation of this case could take the form

6794: 6709: 6481: 5976: 5844: 5740: 5614: 5524: 5288: 5262:) is abbreviated "Cal." (or, for subsequent series, "Cal. 2d," "Cal. 3d", or "Cal. 4th"). 5138: 4848: 4667: 4412: 4364: 4149: 1973: 1907: 1889: 382:

even managed to use all three of the most common American pronunciations interchangeably:

5829:

in a later Supreme Court decision as viewed on Lexis or Westlaw would appear as follows:

3319:

As there are no official or unofficial reporters that regularly publish decisions of the

1135:

Where available, cases should be cited with their neutral citation immediately after the

6661: 5323:, 438 N.J. Super. 545 (Ch. Div. 2014). Note that although all published opinions of the 5279:. Note that the New York Court of Appeals is the highest court in New York. Because the 4213:

For the citation of "The Law Reports" of the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting, see

3299:), the latter number indicates the particular page where the annotated text can be found 3198:), the latter number indicates the particular page where the annotated text can be found 1906:

Publishes decisions from administrative and arbitration bodies relevant to the areas of

943:

The Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation / Manuel canadien de la référence juridique

5952: 5860: 5856: 5681: 5519: 5110: 5094: 4940: 3239: 1885: 51: 6457:

High-level Political Appointments in the Philippines: Patronage, Emotion and Democracy

6023:

Sometimes abbreviated "SALR", which is also used for the South Australian Law Reports.

4148:(queen), is used for cases in which the state is a party (typically criminal cases or 2925:

There is a unique court identifier for each court or tribunal. These identifiers are:

2350:

BGHSt 35, 347 ff., Urteil des 4. Strafsenats vom 15. September 1988, Az. 4 StR 352/88.

2141:

are published by the court in its official collection. This collection is abbreviated

1968:

Publishes decisions from the courts and administrative bodies relevant to the area of

27: 6811: 5872: 5848: 5533: 5232: 5118: 4897: 3226:(published by Central Professional Books, Inc.) has become more widely used than the 1855: 1757: 374:(1992), the participants demonstrated the lack of consensus on the pronunciation of " 322:

is used by some law professors, but other law professors regard it as an affectation.

277: 6356:

Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation / Manuel canadien de la référence juridique

5969: 5875:

citations. There are many citation guides; the most commonly acknowledged is called

5783:

case. Such citations are known as pinpoint citations, "pin cites", or "jump cites".

5189:; they are technically unofficial reporters, but have become widely accepted as the 284:

This has led to much confusion about the pronunciation and spelling of court cases:

6690: 5426: 5356: 5348: 5194: 5186: 2312: 1991: 947: 267:, both civil and criminal cases are pronounced using "against" in the place of "v". 222: 59: 6277:

John Paul Stevens: We'll hear argument in the case of Smith against Massachusetts.

5986: 3073:

Many judgments and decisions from lower courts are published in Rettens gang (RG).

2549: 6724:

The Winning Brief: 100 Tips for Persuasive Briefing in Trial and Appellate Courts

6556: 5981: 5101:", existed from 1790 to 1874. Beginning in 1874, the U.S. government created the 4846:

The Supreme Court has issued a practice note on the use of neutral citation. The

6672: 5834: 5816: 5803: 5577:

case above would be cited (using the official reporter) to a New York court as:

4865: 4214: 3843: 2327: 1947: 1881: 1760:. Citations to these reporters use the serial number in place of a page number. 1101: 1030: 350: 129: 5301:. Note that, in contrast to New York, the Illinois Appellate Court is only the 4160:

prosecute the case, the abbreviation "AG" or "DPP" will be used instead of "R"

6180: 6059:

Archbold abbreviates it to "Cox," which is also used for Cox's Chancery Cases.

5947: 5914: 5715: 5673: 5544: 5402: 4929: 4913: 4893: 3045:

The Norwegian standard case citation format for published court decisions is:

2647:

1991 SCC (L&S) 1213, which refers to the SCC Labour & Services Reports

1969: 1678: 1105:). Criminal cases are prosecuted by the Crown, which is always represented by 407:

Legal citation in Australia generally mirrors the methods of citation used in

291:

is most commonly used, leading some newspapers to use the common abbreviation

141: 55: 47: 6769: 6396:, edited by Frédéric Pelletier, Daniel Poulin and Martin Felsky (2009-04-02). 5573:

For example, assuming that it is being placed as a stand-alone sentence, the

1088:

is italicized as in all other countries and the party names are separated by

394:

Connecticut. ... Well, I think that that is the necessary consequence of Roe

5632: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4593: 2094: 433: 379: 264: 5909:

refer to the official reporters, rather than a publication service such as

3815:

Supreme Court decisions not selected for official publication are cited as

1749:

indicates that the judgment is the second one on that particular page, and

6784: 6264: 6243: 4892:, the party appealing in a case being appealed from a lower court, or the 4640:

The table below is a list of series that are reprints of earlier reports.

2792:. The AGLC style is also rather similar to citation style in New Zealand. 6774: 6316: 6200:(3rd ed.). Melbourne University Law Review Association. p. 43. 5723: 5567: 5537: 5406: 5231:

U.S. circuit and district court cases from 1789 to 1880 were reported in

5113:; four volumes of opinions prior to that were (for example) published by 4921: 4909: 4717: 1911: 1859: 956:, which first published it. The following format reflects this standard: 100: 6754: 5937: 5910: 5677: 5560: 5556: 4173: 4163: 3868: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3307:, the above citation without reference to the SCRA is preferred (i.e., 2031: 408: 92: 6195: 5820:, 410 U.S. 113, 158, 93 S. Ct. 705, 729, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147, 180 (1973). 5185:(F. Supp., F. Supp. 2d, or F. Supp. 3d). Both series are published by 5075:

Some very old Supreme Court cases have odd-looking citations, such as

4880:

is the abbreviated name of the case. Generally, the first name (here,

2121:

A third type (yet not too widely spread) is the citation by using the

1701:. As an example, the "Aalborg Kloster-judgment", a precedent-setting 493: 3324:

for criminal, CV for civil, and SP for the "Special Cases Section".

1801:, which will make uniform, neutral citations of decisions possible. 6389: 4888:, who is the party who filed the suit for an original case, or the 3947:

British and Irish Legal Information Institute § Case citations

3208:

As of present, Philippine cases are contained in quarterly issues.

2538:, which has become the most cited report in the Supreme Court, the 6726:(3d ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 176–182. 5638:

Attorneys have several options in citing "unpublished" decisions:

5342: 5179:

cases and cases from some specialized courts are published in the

5157: 5068:

The "2d" after the L. Ed. signifies the second series of the

2548: 390:

Ullman, and then adumbrated in his concurring opinion in Griswold

26: 6119:(9th Abridged ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: West. p. 221. 5474:

s 2nd series. The case also appears in West's regional reporter:

4140:

as with certain Commonwealth countries, the abbreviation "R" for

3705:

South African Law Reports, Orange Free State Provincial Division

2779:

Several leading law reviews in New Zealand have also adopted the

1099:

Undisclosed parties to a case are represented by initials (e.g.,

280:, there is no consensus on the pronunciation of the abbreviation 6394:

The Preparation, Citation and Distribution of Canadian Decisions

5652:, No. 77 Civ. 1782 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 30, 1977) – a decision of the 5510:, 47 Mass. (6 Met.) 431 (1843), the citation is to volume 47 of 4833: 2698: 2681: 2668: 2661: 2653: 2257:

For the meaning of the different case numbers of the BVerfG see

5756:

Equal. Found. of Greater Cincinnati, Inc. v. City of Cincinnati

4943:" that reported the Court's written opinion in the case titled 2597:

Additional Secretary, Government of India v. Alka Subhash Gadia

5759:, 1997 FED App. 0318P (6th Cir.) – a 1997 case decided by the 3985:

was reported in the Appeals Cases, so the citation should be:

3837: 340: 104: 6625:(3rd ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. p. 155. 5224:, 229 F. Supp. 2d 1290 (M.D. Ala. 2002) – a 2002 case in the 4194:

Two main unofficial law reports report all areas of law: the

4015:

was also cited in the Human Rights Law Reports, at HRLR 32.

16:

System for uniquely identifying individual rulings of a court

5838:, 410 U.S. 113, 158, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147 (1973). 3561:

South African Law Reports, Eastern Districts Local Division

3230:, even by the courts. The proper format for citation of the 2694:

Chandra Ranganathan & Ors. v. Commissioner of Income-tax

2677:

Chandra Ranganathan & Ors. v. Commissioner of Income-tax

2639:

1994 SCC (Cri) 740, which refers to the SCC Criminal Reports

2248:

auf die mündliche Verhandlung vom 18. und 19. Oktober 1983,

6246:

Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.

5528:, 3 Cai. 175 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1804), reported in volume 3 of 4860:

The standard case citation format in the United States is:

3266:

is the exact date the decision of this case was promulgated

3070:

are published in Retstidende (Court Times), abbreviated Rt.

6779: 6750:

American Association of Law Libraries Legal Citation Guide

5235:, abbreviated F. Cas. An example of the citation form is: 3609:

South African Law Reports, Griqualand West Local Division

1443:

There is a unique court identifier code for most courts.

411:. A widely used guide to Australian legal citation is the 5654:

U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York

3764:

South African Law Reports, Transvaal Provincial Division

3093:

is the first page number of the decision in the reporter.

3087:

is the Norwegian abbreviation for page. This is optional.

327: 46:

is a system used by legal professionals to identify past

6344: 6319:

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

5123:

Supreme Court of the United States Reporter of Decisions

4436:

Butterworths Intellectual Property and Technology Cases

3775:

South African Law Reports, Witwatersrand Local Division

1699:

name or abbreviation of the court which decided the case

1697:

if more than one judgment is on a page), as well as the

1214:

Alberta, Northwest Territories & Yukon Tax Reporter

754:

Federal Court of Australia – Full Court (appeals bench)

200:

Most Commonwealth countries follow English legal style:

5566:

Either way, both state styles differ from the national/

5109:

series, but the first that was originally published by

5064:, 381 U.S. 479, 85 S. Ct. 1678, 14 L. Ed. 2d 510 (1965) 2623:

Federation of Mining Associations v. State of Rajasthan

5494:

only report opinions of the New York Court of Appeals.

5432:

Here are some examples of how to cite West reporters:

5226:

U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama

4966:

1973 is the year when the court rendered its decision.

3789:

Citations vary by court and by language. Cases of the

312:

preferred to announce cases at the Supreme Court with

6460:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 91. 5439:, 583 S.E.2d 780 (Va. Ct. App. 2003) – a case in the 5048:

United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Edition

4035:

Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities

3657:

South African Law Reports, Natal Provincial Division

2710:

The standard case citation format in New Zealand is:

2030:

Reports decisions and new legislation in the area of

908:

Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory

378:", using different pronunciations. Solicitor General 6755:

Introduction to Basic Legal Citation by Peter Martin

6194:

Melbourne University Law Review Association (2010).

5855:

citations to footnotes, but jurists such as Justice

5843:

readability of their opinions, as strongly urged by

3491:

South African Law Reports, Cape Provincial Division

337: 5706:

U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut

5443:(an intermediate appellate court) published in the 5241:, 29 F. Cas. 862 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1832) (No. 17,486). 4158:

Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)

1693:where the decision begin (sometimes followed by an 417:, commonly known as AGLC, published jointly by the 6619:Putman, William H.; Albright, Jennifer R. (2014). 5871:There are two types of citations: proprietary and 5589:And, again, as a stand-alone sentence, the famous 3303:When citing cases not yet reported in the SCRA or 775:(formerly Federal Magistrates Court of Australia) 132:, pinpoint quotations refer to paragraph numbers. 62:, but generally contain the same key information. 6604:Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice 6592:Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice 6580:Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice 6544:Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice 5927:Oxford Standard for Citation Of Legal Authorities 5313:, abbreviated "Ill." (or "Ill. 2d"). Because the 5213:, 7 F.3d 324 (3d Cir. 1993) – a 1993 case in the 5210:Geary v. Visitation of Blessed Virgin Mary School 3970:Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities 898:Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory 4978:) and is thus omitted as a matter of convention. 3952:Information Institute website (www.bailii.org). 2300:, short BGH) publishes the official collections 2125:, a ″neutral″ citation system introduced by the 969:Broken into its component parts, the format is: 176:can be pronounced, depending on the context, as 91:is usual in these jurisdictions to apply square 6482:"Internal Rules of the Court of Appeals (IRCA)" 5466:, 282 N.Y.S.2d 497 (N.Y. 1967) – a case in the 2644:Delhi Transport Corporation v. Mazdoor Congress 1139:and preceding the print citation. For example, 384: 6516:"Schweizerisches Bundesgericht - Zitierregeln" 5596:case would be cited to a California court as: 4900:of a jurisdiction; and the second name (here, 4191:common law jurisdictions during that period.) 3355:South African Law Reports, Appellate Division 1848:Forsikrings- og Erstatningsretlig Domssamling 6765:Oxford Standard Citation Of Legal Authorities 6436: 4912:, the party responding to the appeal, or the 3826:The citation style for cases of the inferior 3243:, G.R. No. 180643, 25 March 2008, 549 SCRA 77 3137:is the official reporter of decisions of the 2636:Rathinam Nagbhushan Patnaik v. Union of India 1925:Decisions and Judgments in Environmental Law 1876:Publishes decisions relevant to the areas of 1753:identifies the court which decided the case. 8: 6138: 6136: 5958:Template for citing cases on Knowledge (XXG) 5694:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit 5293:, 286 Ill. App. 3d 1 (1996) – a case in the 2447: 2423: 2399: 2375: 2295: 2169: 2160: 2150: 2129:in 2011, which Germany is participating in. 2012:Publishes decisions relevant to the area of 1236:All Canada Weekly Summaries (second series) 934:The Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation 304:is a matter of personal style. For example, 50:decisions, either in series of books called 5863:refuse to use footnotes in their opinions. 5794:decision was published. A full pin cite to 5761:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit 5215:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit 5201:, and even that one is rarely used today.) 5121:(e.g., "15 U.S. (2 Wheat.)"). See the 4908:, the party responding to the suit, or the 2591:A citation of the "Supreme Court Almanac": 1192:Administrative Law Reports (second series) 124:Decision number (not the court file number) 5878:The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation 5453:, 137 So. 161 (Fla. 1931) – a case in the 5136:565 U.S. 302 (2012) was properly cited as 3141:. The standard format for citation of the 2667:The Citation nomenclature followed within 2251:Az. 1 BvR 209, 269, 362, 420, 440, 484/83 1490:Federal Court of Canada – Appeal Division 1203:Administrative Law Reports (third series) 172:. When case titles are read out loud, the 6614: 6612: 6145:"How the Airlines Became Abusive Cartels" 5750:An example of a vendor-neutral citation: 4959:113 is the page number (in volume 410 of 3928:Learn how and when to remove this message 2492:ECLI:DE:BVerfG:1983:rs19831215.1bvr020983 1943:Reporter of Housing and Construction Law 839:New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal 6169:School of Oriental & African Studies 5470:(New York's highest court) published in 5339:, 433 N.J. Super. 457 (App. Div. 2013)). 4722: 4642: 4222: 4051: 3796:Officially published cases are cited as 3718: 3670: 3622: 3574: 3526: 3467: 3377:Butterworths Constitutional Law Reports 3331: 2927: 2899: 2799: 2712: 2208: 1965:Reporter of Family- and Inheritance Law 1888:as well as registration of property and 1808: 1445: 1411: 1163: 1121:(advisory opinions) are always entitled 971: 719: 680: 526: 438: 6433:The Internal Rules of the Supreme Court 6107: 6003: 5355:In addition to the official reporters, 2610:Premium Granites v. State of Tamil Nadu 2050:"Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen gennem 150 år" 1590:British Columbia Securities Commission 1580:British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6539: 6537: 5798:for that holding would be as follows: 5650:Groucho Marx Prods. v. Playboy Enters. 5199:United States Court of Appeals Reports 4716:The standard case citation formats in 4480:Butterworths Local Government Reports 4154:Attorney General for England and Wales 2569:AIR 1984 SC 571 – "AIR" refers to the 1677:Citations of decisions published in a 794:Federal Magistrates Court of Australia 784:Federal Magistrates Court of Australia 509:Melbourne Journal of International Law 426:Melbourne Journal of International Law 107:, that are operated by members of the 6674:Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc. 5896:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 5602:Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc. 5271:, 248 N.Y. 339 (1928), a case in the 4535:Estates Gazette Planning Law Reports 4353:European Court of Human Rights Cases 4045:The standard case citation format in 3817:Urteil 5C.260/2006 vom 30. März 2007 3742:Transvaal Law Reports, Supreme Court 2897:The standard format looks like this: 1725:, or something similar. In this case 1723:Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen 1968, p. 84/2 1570:Provincial Court of British Columbia 1409:The standard format looks like this: 1301:Dominion Law Reports (fourth series) 1280:Dominion Law Reports (second series) 678:The standard format looks like this: 432:The standard case citation format in 252:In Australia and the United Kingdom, 7: 6775:Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations 6164: 6162: 5728:Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure 5268:Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. 5093:was first reported in an edition by 4331:Criminal Appeal Reports (Sentencing) 3866:adding citations to reliable sources 2660:National Judicial Reference System ( 2652:National Judicial Reference System ( 2506:ECLI:DE:BGH:1988:150988U4STR352.88.0 1683:name or abbreviation of the reporter 1388:Western Weekly Reports (New Series) 1290:Dominion Law Reports (third series) 1145:Chaoulli v Quebec (Attorney General) 710:case would then be cited like this: 6662:"New York Law Reports Style Manual" 6232:. The New York Times. June 4, 1989. 6226:"On Language: Child's Garden of Vs" 5851:and style. Most judges do relegate 4204:Entertainment and Media Law Reports 3443:South African Criminal Law Reports 3421:Prentice Hall Weekly Legal Service 3311:, G.R. No. 180643, 25 March 2008). 2855:New Zealand Administrative Reports 2845:New Zealand Bill of Rights Reports 2562:Sebastian Hongray v. Union of India 2224:More detailed information and date 2024:Tidsskrift for Skatter og Afgifter 1962:Tidsskrift for Familie- og Arveret 1851:Reporter of Insurance and Tort Law 1258:Canadian Cases on the Law of Torts 520:For a more comprehensive list, see 295:in place of the legal abbreviation 6801:Australian Guide to Legal Citation 6786:Australian Guide to Legal Citation 6358:, 9th ed. (Carswell, 2018-06-29), 6292:A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 6197:Australian Guide to Legal Citation 5005:Supreme Court of the United States 4999:Supreme Court of the United States 4524:Occupational Pensions Law Reports 4513:The Law Times Reports, Old Series 4282:Butterworths Medico-Legal Reports 3821:arrêt 5C.260/2006 du 30 mars 2007 3753:Transvaal Law Reports, High Court 2782:Australian Guide to Legal Citation 2738:Taylor v New Zealand Poultry Board 2604:A citation in "Judgements Today": 1940:Tidsskrift for Bolig- og Byggeret 1633:Ontario Superior Court of Justice 1559:Supreme Court of British Columbia 922:Australian Guide to Legal Citation 858:Supreme Court of Western Australia 773:Federal Circuit Court of Australia 498:Australian Guide to Legal Citation 414:Australian Guide to Legal Citation 83:Page, section, or paragraph number 38:Supreme Court of the United States 14: 6770:Screencast introduction to OSCOLA 6143:Kuttner, Robert (17 April 2017). 5351:National Reporter System regions. 5329:New Jersey Superior Court Reports 4939:410 is the volume number of the " 4777:McFarlane v Tayside Health Board, 4447:Justice of the Peace Law Reports 4425:Industrial Relations Law Reports 3598:High Court of Griqualand Reports 3454:South African Labour Law Reports 3204:is the year the case was decided. 2697:2009-LL-1021-SC, which refers to 2268:BVerfG, NJW 2009, 1234 (1235 f.). 2174:, a specific panel of the court. 1922:Miljøretlige Afgørelser og Domme 1548:British Columbia Court of Appeal 848:District Court of New South Wales 348:) is used almost exclusively for 6441:Supreme Court of the Philippines 6086:It is also abbreviated "Sol Jo." 6014:published in the United Kingdom. 5970:State Laws, Code, & Statutes 5847:, one of the leading authors on 5315:Illinois Appellate Court Reports 5299:Illinois Appellate Court Reports 5085:compiled by the Supreme Court's 4491:Law Reports of the Commonwealth 4271:Butterworths Human Rights Cases 3842: 3694:Orange River Colony Law Reports 3550:Eastern Districts Court Reports 3388:Butterworths Labour Law Reports 3282:is the standard abbreviation of 3181:is the standard abbreviation of 3139:Supreme Court of the Philippines 3010:Environment Court of New Zealand 2834:Criminal Reports of New Zealand 2137:The most important cases of the 2093:Madsen, Lars Henrik Gam (2018). 820:Supreme Court of New South Wales 522:List of Law Reports in Australia 333: 6760:FindLaw for Legal Professionals 6703:AALL Citation Formats Committee 5714:Some court systems—such as the 4695:All England Law Reports Reprint 4260:Butterworths Company Law Cases 3853:needs additional citations for 3646:Natal Law Reports (New Series) 3293:Supreme Court Reports Annotated 3284:Supreme Court Reports Annotated 3274:Supreme Court Reports Annotated 3232:Supreme Court Reports Annotated 3224:Supreme Court Reports Annotated 3213:Supreme Court Reports Annotated 2997:Employment Court of New Zealand 2866:New Zealand Family Law Reports 2442:The official collection of the 2418:The official collection of the 2394:The official collection of the 2370:The official collection of the 1741:identifies the year or volume, 1611:Alberta Court of Queen's Bench 1538:Competition Tribunal of Canada 1125:followed by the subject title. 830:New South Wales Court of Appeal 809:Administrative Appeals Tribunal 638:South Australian State Reports 561:Australian Law Journal Reports 550:Administrative Appeals Reports 503:Melbourne University Law Review 420:Melbourne University Law Review 233:would be pronounced "the Crown 164:in the U.S.) of the Latin word 36:, the official reporter of the 6115:Garner, Bryan A., ed. (2012). 5987:State Statutes by Jurisdiction 5743:claimed a copyright interest. 5305:in Illinois; decisions of the 5167:United States court of appeals 5045:(abbreviated S. Ct.) and 5007:are officially printed in the 4936:District Attorney at the time. 4458:International Tax Law Reports 4400:Goode Consumer Credit Reports 3366:All South African Law Reports 3163:Disini v. Secretary of Justice 3151:Disini v. Secretary of Justice 3063:identifies the report series. 2680:2009-LL-1021, which refers to 2279:Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 2095:"Retsdogmatisk forskning 2018" 1834:European Court of Human Rights 1788:Neutral citations and the ECLI 1745:identifies the starting page, 1527:Court Martial Court of Canada 888:Magistrates' Court of Victoria 249:are all rendered into English. 121:Abbreviated title of the court 74:Court that issued the decision 1: 6454:Hodder, Rupert (2013-10-08). 5701:Chavez v. Metro. Dist. Comm'n 5425:). Some smaller states (like 5303:intermediate court of appeals 3828:federal courts of Switzerland 3218:In the last few decades, the 2985:District Court of New Zealand 2155:, the German court name, and 2127:Council of the European Union 2048:Andersen, Mads Bryde (2017). 2009:Reporter of Agricultural Law 1903:Orders regarding Real Estate 1782:Maritime and Commercial Court 5689:Fuqua Homes, Inc. v. Beattie 5197:, has an official reporter, 5177:United States district court 3272:is the volume number of the 3171:is the volume number of the 2946:Supreme Court of New Zealand 2475:European Case Law Identifier 2444:Federal Administrative Court 2139:Federal Constitutional Court 2133:Federal Constitutional Court 2123:European Case Law Identifier 2006:Tidsskrift for Landbrugsret 1799:European Case Law Identifier 1225:All Canada Weekly Summaries 616:New South Wales Law Reports 136:Pronunciation of case titles 6520:Swiss Federal Supreme Court 6390:Canadian Citation Committee 6295:. Oxford University Press. 5933:Category:Case law reporters 5807:, 410 U.S. 113, 158 (1973). 5472:West's New York Supplement' 5169:cases are published in the 5023:Brown v. Board of Education 4963:) where the opinion begins. 3791:Swiss Federal Supreme Court 3276:where the case may be found 3175:where the case may be found 3023:Family Court of New Zealand 2959:New Zealand Court of Appeal 2276:stands for the law journal 2190:for example could be cited 2027:Reporter of Taxes and Fees 1984:Tidsskrift for Kriminalret 1794:Danish Court Administration 1181:Administrative Law Reports 1057:Re Canada Trust Co and OHRC 660:Western Australian Reports 371:Planned Parenthood v. Casey 357:Brown v. Board of Education 215:would be pronounced "Smith 109:Free Access to Law Movement 6844: 6439:10-4-20-SC, Part II.6.4). 5612: 5480:West's New York Supplement 5423:West's New York Supplement 5415:West's California Reporter 5051:(commonly known simply as 4820: 4797: 4774: 4749: 4704:For nominate reports, see 4688: 4675: 4661: 4626: 4612: 4601: 4587: 4581:Official Tax Case Reports 4576: 4565: 4552: 4541: 4530: 4519: 4508: 4497: 4486: 4475: 4464: 4453: 4442: 4431: 4420: 4406: 4395: 4384: 4373: 4359: 4348: 4338: 4325: 4312: 4299: 4288: 4277: 4266: 4255: 4241: 4106: 4080: 3967: 3944: 3810:arrêts du tribunal fédéral 3770: 3759: 3748: 3737: 3700: 3689: 3652: 3641: 3604: 3593: 3556: 3545: 3508: 3497: 3486: 3449: 3438: 3432:South African Law Reports 3427: 3416: 3405: 3394: 3383: 3372: 3361: 3350: 3291:is the page number in the 3190:is the page number in the 3109:Despite the long-standing 3017: 3004: 2991: 2979: 2966: 2953: 2940: 2912: 2872: 2861: 2850: 2840: 2829: 2818: 2755: 2735: 2230: 2110: 1900:Kendelser om Fast Ejendom 1650: 1639: 1628: 1617: 1606: 1595: 1585: 1575: 1565: 1554: 1543: 1533: 1522: 1515:Court Martial Appeal Court 1509: 1496: 1485: 1471: 1458: 1424: 1383: 1372: 1361: 1350: 1339: 1329: 1318: 1307: 1296: 1285: 1275: 1263: 1253: 1242: 1231: 1220: 1209: 1198: 1187: 1176: 1148:, 2005 SCC 35, 1 SCR 791. 1054: 1027: 1000: 852: 834: 824: 814: 803: 788: 778: 767: 757: 749: 745:Federal Court of Australia 739: 729: 693: 655: 644: 633: 622: 611: 600: 589: 578: 567: 556: 545: 519: 464: 196:Commonwealth pronunciation 18: 6722:Garner, Bryan A. (2014). 6289:Garner, Bryan A. (2001). 6174:Understanding UK Case Law 5669:(abbreviated "F. App'x"). 5468:New York Court of Appeals 5441:Virginia Court of Appeals 5325:New Jersey Superior Court 5273:New York Court of Appeals 4293:Construction Law Reports 2972:High Court of New Zealand 2054:Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen B 1987:Reporter of Criminal Law 1404:Canadian Judicial Council 946:, commonly known as the " 868:Supreme Court of Victoria 763:Family Court of Australia 583:Commonwealth Law Reports 500:published jointly by the 160:countries and usually as 6712:; accessed May 31, 2014. 6687:Schmier v. Supreme Court 6488:. Court of Appeals. 1999 6411:. IBP, Inc. 2013-04-04. 5734:Vendor-neutral citations 5295:Illinois Appellate Court 5256:California Supreme Court 5252:traditional abbreviation 4972:National Reporter System 4904:) is the surname of the 4884:) is the surname of the 4546:Reports of Patent Cases 4343:The Criminal Law Review 3802:Bundesgerichtsentscheide 2823:New Zealand Law Reports 2449:Bundesverwaltungsgericht 2292:Federal Court of Justice 2286:Federal Court of Justice 2244:Urteil des Ersten Senats 2152:Bundesverfassungsgericht 1829:Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen 1622:Ontario Court of Appeal 1600:Alberta Court of Appeal 878:County Court of Victoria 712:Mabo v Queensland (No 2) 468:Mabo v Queensland (No 2) 237:Smith". The Latin words 5982:State Statutes by Topic 5907:Public domain citations 5445:South Eastern Reporter' 5437:Jackson v. Commonwealth 5061:Griswold v. Connecticut 4896:when litigating in the 4558:The Solicitors' Journal 4318:Criminal Appeal Reports 4248:All England Law Reports 4208:Criminal Appeal Reports 4179:R v Dudley and Stephens 4110:R v Dudley and Stephens 3960:Admin, Ch, Crim, Pat). 3502:Cape Times Law Reports 3399:Industrial Law Journal 3254:is the name of the case 3165:is the name of the case 3081:is the year of reporter 3068:supreme court judgments 2877:District Court Reports 1737:identify the reporter, 1735:Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen 1711:Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen 1681:usually consist of the 1644:Quebec Court of Appeal 1477:Federal Court of Canada 1464:Supreme Court of Canada 1377:Western Weekly Reports 1004:R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd 735:High Court of Australia 706:So the above-mentioned 572:Australian Law Reports 325:Pronouncing the letter 260:are arguably incorrect. 6267:Smith v. Massachusetts 6117:Black's Law Dictionary 6012:Industrial Law Journal 5540:persisted until 1920. 5532:, page 175, named for 5484:North Eastern Reporter 5392:North Western Reporter 5386:South Western Reporter 5374:South Eastern Reporter 5362:North Eastern Reporter 5352: 5307:Illinois Supreme Court 5163: 5042:Supreme Court Reporter 5034:, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). 5026:, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). 4606:The Times Law Reports 4502:The Law Times Reports 3793:are cited as follows: 3513:Supreme Court Reports 3051:(Telefonsjikanedommen) 3037:NZCA 114, 2 NZLR 750 2557: 2521:Supreme Court of India 2448: 2424: 2400: 2380:, BSG) is abbreviated 2376: 2296: 2170: 2161: 2151: 2069:Christensen v. Denmark 1655:Quebec Superior Court 1366:Supreme Court Reports 1323:New Brunswick Reports 1312:Federal Court Reports 400: 272:American pronunciation 40: 5943:German legal citation 5773:(i.e., 128 F.3d 289). 5609:Unpublished decisions 5604:(1963) 59 Cal.2d 57.) 5543:Some states, notably 5516:United States Reports 5512:Massachusetts Reports 5504:reporter of decisions 5455:Florida Supreme Court 5346: 5327:are published in the 5175:(F., F.2d, or F.3d). 5161: 5127:United States Reports 5107:United States Reports 5103:United States Reports 5087:Reporter of Decisions 5083:United States Reports 5015:United States Reports 5010:United States Reports 4976:United States Reports 4961:United States Reports 4953:United States Reports 4869:, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) 4753:HM Advocate v Megrahi 4378:Family Court Reports 3315:Lower court decisions 3154:, 727 Phil. 28 (2014) 2552: 2540:Supreme Court Almanac 2246:vom 15. Dezember 1983 2113:German legal citation 2077:2015-16, appendix A ( 1764:Unpublished decisions 33:United States Reports 30: 6691:78 Cal. App. 4th 703 5993:Notes and references 5625:information overload 5154:Lower federal courts 5146:before publication. 5013:. A citation to the 4992:Miller v. California 4469:Lloyd's Law Reports 4305:Cox's Criminal Cases 4169:Donoghue v Stevenson 4084:Donoghue v Stevenson 4060:(year of decision), 4028:Donoghue v Stevenson 4021:Donoghue v Stevenson 4006:UKHL 20, 2 AC 692 . 3862:improve this article 3098:Telefonsjikanedommen 2585:Criminal Law Journal 2425:Bundesarbeitsgericht 2420:Federal Labour Court 2396:Federal Fiscal Court 2372:Federal Social Court 2366:Other federal courts 2346:e.g. would be cited 2212:Official collection 2089:, no. 15890/89, § 18 2065:, no. 38590/10, § 26 1774:date of the decision 1344:Nova Scotia Reports 1269:Dominion Law Reports 997:jurisdiction/court. 980:(year of decision), 605:Federal Law Reports 225:are pronounced with 207:are pronounced with 152:(usually written as 6486:The LawPhil Project 6050:Cited "TL" for 1910 6041:Cited "TP" for 1910 5884:Columbia Law Review 5144:565 U.S. ___ (2012) 4852:is cited as "SLT". 4800:Forbes v Underwood, 4389:Family Law Reports 4200:All England Reports 4077:jurisdiction/court 3992:UKHL 20, 2 AC 692. 2785:(AGLC) such as the 2721:(year of decision) 2600:(1990) 2 Scale 1352 2578:Supreme Court Cases 2536:Supreme Court Cases 2528:www.courtnic.nic.in 2485:Volkszählungsurteil 2377:Bundessozialgericht 2202:BVerfGE 65, 1 (43). 2180:Volkszählungsurteil 1705:judgment regarding 1673:Published decisions 1502:Tax Court of Canada 1119:Reference questions 627:Queensland Reports 447:(year of decision) 22:Template:Cite court 6818:Case law reporters 6793:2018-10-04 at the 6708:2015-02-09 at the 6379:. 6 December 2019. 6230:The New York Times 6149:The New York Times 5975:2016-12-27 at the 5890:Harvard Law Review 5881:, compiled by the 5867:Types of citations 5778:Pinpoint citations 5451:Foxworth v. Maddox 5419:Illinois Decisions 5353: 5333:Appellate Division 5260:California Reports 5221:Glassroth v. Moore 5182:Federal Supplement 5164: 5099:nominative reports 5078:Marbury v. Madison 5031:Miranda v. Arizona 4987:U.S. Supreme Court 4731:Year of decision, 4619:Weekly Law Reports 4570:Simon's Tax Cases 4196:Weekly Law Reports 3964:How to cite a case 3305:Philippine Reports 3228:Philippine Reports 3220:Philippine Reports 3192:Philippine Reports 3183:Philippine Reports 3173:Philippine Reports 3143:Philippine Reports 3135:Philippine Reports 3128:Philippine Reports 3118:citing that case. 2613:JT (1994) 1 SC 374 2571:All India Reporter 2558: 2555:All India Reporter 2532:All India Reporter 2487:would be cited as 2259:the German article 2218:Page of beginning 2086:Jersild v. Denmark 2071:, no. 247/07, § 59 1996:criminal procedure 1709:, is published in 1695:identifying number 1334:National Reporter 953:McGill Law Journal 649:Victorian Reports 146:adversarial system 144:countries with an 41: 6467:978-981-4560-05-4 6418:978-1-4387-7966-9 6364:978-0-7798-8582-4 6302:978-0-19-514236-5 6126:978-0-314-26578-4 5964:Law by state (US) 5594:product liability 5459:Southern Reporter 5457:published in the 5380:Southern Reporter 5368:Atlantic Reporter 5238:Wheaton v. Peters 5017:looks like this: 4844: 4843: 4702: 4701: 4638: 4637: 4138:England and Wales 4134: 4133: 4047:England and Wales 4041:England and Wales 3938: 3937: 3930: 3912: 3782: 3781: 3712: 3711: 3664: 3663: 3616: 3615: 3568: 3567: 3523:Eastern Districts 3520: 3519: 3461: 3460: 3410:Judgments Online 3031: 3030: 2931:Court Identifier 2923: 2922: 2906:Court identifier 2903:Year of decision 2884: 2883: 2777: 2776: 2479:According to the 2358:BGHSt 35, 347 ff. 2297:Bundesgerichtshof 2255: 2254: 2100:. pp. 11–12. 2079:L 22 as submitted 2038: 2037: 1930:environmental law 1818:Translated title 1770:name of the court 1662: 1661: 1479:– Trial Division 1449:Court Identifier 1439:Court identifiers 1436: 1435: 1418:Court identifier 1415:Year of decision 1395: 1394: 1380:1911–1950, 1971– 1082: 1081: 913: 912: 723:Court Identifier 704: 703: 687:Court identifier 684:Year of decision 667: 666: 594:Family Law Cases 490: 489: 310:John Paul Stevens 6835: 6788:official website 6738: 6737: 6719: 6713: 6700: 6694: 6684: 6678: 6676:(1963) 59 C2d 57 6670: 6664: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6616: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6564: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6438: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6403: 6397: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6373: 6367: 6353: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6191: 6185: 6171:(SOAS) Library, 6166: 6157: 6156: 6140: 6131: 6130: 6112: 6096: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6042: 6039: 6033: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6015: 6008: 5902:Yale Law Journal 5786:For example, in 5770:Federal Reporter 5667:Federal Appendix 5663:Federal Reporter 5621:Courts of Appeal 5585:, 20 NY2d 238 ). 5492:New York Reports 5398:Pacific Reporter 5311:Illinois Reports 5309:are reported in 5281:New York Reports 5277:New York Reports 5172:Federal Reporter 5145: 5134:Golan v. Holder, 5115:Alexander Dallas 5070:Lawyers' Edition 5053:Lawyers' Edition 4812:R (or 'Rettie') 4723: 4706:Nominate reports 4643: 4408:The Independent 4223: 4052: 3941:Neutral citation 3933: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3870: 3846: 3838: 3719: 3671: 3623: 3575: 3527: 3468: 3332: 3321:Court of Appeals 3196:727 Phil. 28, 30 3049:Rt. 1952 s. 989 2928: 2900: 2890:Neutral citation 2800: 2713: 2544:Judgements Today 2462: 2451: 2438: 2427: 2414: 2403: 2390: 2379: 2344: 2325: 2310: 2299: 2209: 2188: 2173: 2164: 2154: 2101: 2099: 2057: 2014:agricultural law 1812:Abbreviation(s) 1809: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1707:strict liability 1446: 1412: 1398:Neutral citation 1355:Ontario Reports 1247:Alberta Reports 1164: 972: 962:Hunter v Southam 720: 681: 670:Neutral citation 527: 439: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 306:Warren E. Burger 118:Year of decision 86:Publication year 6843: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6808: 6807: 6795:Wayback Machine 6746: 6741: 6734: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6710:Wayback Machine 6701: 6697: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6667: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6618: 6617: 6610: 6606:(1999), p. xix. 6602: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6578: 6567: 6554: 6550: 6542: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6388: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6208: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6167: 6160: 6142: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6018: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5977:Wayback Machine 5966: 5923: 5869: 5845:Bryan A. Garner 5780: 5741:West Publishing 5736: 5617: 5615:Non-publication 5611: 5583:People v. Brown 5530:Caines' Reports 5525:Pierson v. Post 5488:People v. Brown 5476:People v. Brown 5464:People v. Brown 5289:Chicago Tribune 5247: 5156: 5143: 5139:Golan v. Holder 5003:Cases from the 5001: 4858: 4849:Scots Law Times 4734:Year of report 4727:Name of parties 4714: 4682:Revised Reports 4668:English Reports 4413:The Independent 4365:Estates Gazette 4188: 4164:Square brackets 4152:cases). If the 4150:judicial review 4043: 3972: 3966: 3949: 3943: 3934: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3877:"Case citation" 3871: 3869: 3859: 3847: 3836: 3806:ATF 133 II 292 3798:BGE 133 II 292 3787: 3717: 3669: 3621: 3573: 3525: 3466: 3330: 3317: 3297:549 SCRA 77, 79 3258:G.R. No. 180643 3216: 3131: 3124: 3107: 3043: 2909:Ordinal number 2892: 2798: 2708: 2658: 2523: 2514: 2499:Katzenkönigfall 2477: 2469: 2456: 2432: 2408: 2401:Bundesfinanzhof 2384: 2368: 2338: 2336:Katzenkönigfall 2319: 2304: 2288: 2247: 2245: 2182: 2135: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2062:Biao v. Denmark 2047: 2043: 1974:inheritance law 1890:civil procedure 1807: 1790: 1766: 1722: 1719:UfR 1968 84/2 H 1718: 1714: 1675: 1667: 1441: 1421:Ordinal number 1400: 1162: 937: 930: 918: 690:Ordinal number 672: 525: 518: 405: 336: 332: 274: 229:. For example, 211:. For example, 198: 138: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6841: 6839: 6831: 6830: 6828:Legal research 6825: 6823:Legal citation 6820: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6797: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6745: 6744:External links 6742: 6740: 6739: 6732: 6714: 6695: 6679: 6665: 6654: 6645: 6631: 6622:Legal Research 6608: 6596: 6584: 6565: 6548: 6546:. 1999. p xvi. 6533: 6507: 6498: 6473: 6466: 6446: 6443:. May 4, 2010. 6424: 6417: 6398: 6382: 6368: 6348: 6345:Austlii.edu.au 6337: 6308: 6301: 6281: 6256: 6235: 6217: 6206: 6186: 6179:2017-10-10 at 6158: 6132: 6125: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6070: 6061: 6052: 6043: 6034: 6025: 6016: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5953:Legal research 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5922: 5919: 5868: 5865: 5861:Richard Posner 5857:Stephen Breyer 5840: 5839: 5822: 5821: 5809: 5808: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5735: 5732: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5697: 5670: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5613:Main article: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5587: 5586: 5520:Theron Metcalf 5514:, which, like 5496: 5495: 5461: 5448: 5341: 5340: 5318: 5297:, reported in 5284: 5275:, reported in 5246: 5243: 5229: 5228: 5217: 5155: 5152: 5111:William Cranch 5095:William Cranch 5066: 5065: 5036: 5035: 5027: 5000: 4997: 4980: 4979: 4967: 4964: 4957: 4948: 4937: 4871: 4870: 4857: 4854: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823:Smith v Brown, 4819: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4713: 4710: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4636: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4206:(EMLR) or the 4198:(WLR) and the 4187: 4184: 4174:Round brackets 4132: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056:Style of cause 4042: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4031: 4008: 4007: 3994: 3993: 3965: 3962: 3945:Main article: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3918:September 2021 3850: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3834:United Kingdom 3832: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3329: 3326: 3316: 3313: 3309:Neri v. Senate 3301: 3300: 3286: 3277: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3252:Neri v. Senate 3245: 3244: 3240:Neri v. Senate 3215: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3185: 3176: 3166: 3156: 3155: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3054: 3053: 3042: 3039: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3012: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2797: 2794: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717:Style of cause 2707: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2686: 2685: 2657: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2640: 2628: 2627: 2615: 2614: 2602: 2601: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2508: 2495: 2494: 2476: 2473: 2468: 2465: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2351: 2315:decisions and 2287: 2284: 2270: 2269: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2195: 2177:The so-called 2134: 2131: 2111:Main article: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2090: 2082: 2072: 2066: 2058: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1886:bankruptcy law 1874: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1806: 1803: 1789: 1786: 1765: 1762: 1687:year or volume 1674: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1200:Admin LR (3d) 1197: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189:Admin LR (2d) 1186: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1161: 1158: 1150: 1149: 1137:style of cause 1130:style of cause 1086:Style of Cause 1080: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1008: 999: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976:Style of cause 967: 966: 936: 931: 929: 926: 925: 924: 917: 914: 911: 910: 905: 901: 900: 895: 891: 890: 885: 881: 880: 875: 871: 870: 865: 861: 860: 855: 851: 850: 845: 841: 840: 837: 833: 832: 827: 823: 822: 817: 813: 812: 806: 802: 801: 791: 787: 786: 781: 777: 776: 770: 766: 765: 760: 756: 755: 752: 748: 747: 742: 738: 737: 732: 728: 727: 724: 702: 701: 698: 695: 692: 691: 688: 685: 671: 668: 665: 664: 661: 658: 654: 653: 650: 647: 643: 642: 639: 636: 632: 631: 628: 625: 621: 620: 617: 614: 610: 609: 606: 603: 599: 598: 595: 592: 588: 587: 584: 581: 577: 576: 573: 570: 566: 565: 562: 559: 555: 554: 551: 548: 544: 543: 538: 533: 517: 514: 488: 487: 484: 482: 479: 476: 474: 471: 463: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443:Style of cause 404: 401: 366:oral arguments 362: 361: 323: 317: 299: 273: 270: 269: 268: 261: 250: 236: 223:Criminal cases 220: 218: 197: 194: 168:, which means 137: 134: 126: 125: 122: 119: 88: 87: 84: 81: 78: 75: 67:legal citation 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6840: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6804: 6803:in PDF format 6802: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6733:9780199378357 6729: 6725: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6658: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6634: 6632:9781305147188 6628: 6624: 6623: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6597: 6594:(1999), p. xx 6593: 6588: 6585: 6582:, 1999, p.xix 6581: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6450: 6447: 6442: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6341: 6338: 6326: 6322: 6320: 6312: 6309: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6268: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6239: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6209: 6207:9780646527390 6203: 6199: 6198: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6108: 6102: 6092: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6004: 5997: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5873:public domain 5866: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5849:legal writing 5846: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5742: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5534:George Caines 5531: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5350: 5345: 5338: 5337:Harte v. Hand 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5321:Harte v. Hand 5319: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5290: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5233:Federal Cases 5227: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5160: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119:Henry Wheaton 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5006: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4934:Dallas County 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4856:United States 4855: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4633: 4631:Weekly Notes 4630: 4627: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327:Cr App R (S) 4326: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4013:Rottman v MPC 4005: 4004:Rottman v MPC 4002: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3990:Rottman v MPC 3988: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983:Rottman v MPC 3979: 3977: 3971: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3957:Rottman v MPC 3953: 3948: 3940: 3932: 3929: 3921: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: – 3878: 3874: 3873:Find sources: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3851:This section 3849: 3845: 3840: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3784: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3570: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3264:25 March 2008 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3122:Supreme Court 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115:Supreme Court 3112: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2452:, BVerwG) is 2450: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2365: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2326:for those in 2323: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2149:is short for 2148: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2106: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1870:Fuldmægtigen 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1758:serial number 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703:Supreme Court 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1670: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1397: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1169: 1167:Abbreviation 1166: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1092:(English) or 1091: 1087: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1001: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 970: 965:, 2 SCR 145. 964: 963: 959: 958: 957: 955: 954: 949: 945: 944: 935: 932: 927: 923: 920: 919: 915: 909: 906: 903: 902: 899: 896: 893: 892: 889: 886: 883: 882: 879: 876: 873: 872: 869: 866: 863: 862: 859: 856: 853: 849: 846: 843: 842: 838: 835: 831: 828: 825: 821: 818: 815: 810: 807: 804: 799: 795: 792: 789: 785: 782: 779: 774: 771: 768: 764: 761: 758: 753: 750: 746: 743: 740: 736: 733: 730: 725: 722: 721: 718: 715: 713: 709: 699: 696: 694: 689: 686: 683: 682: 679: 676: 669: 662: 659: 656: 651: 648: 645: 640: 637: 634: 629: 626: 623: 618: 615: 612: 607: 604: 601: 596: 593: 590: 585: 582: 579: 574: 571: 568: 563: 560: 557: 552: 549: 546: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 528: 523: 515: 513: 511: 510: 505: 504: 499: 495: 485: 483: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 469: 465: 460: 457: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 437: 435: 430: 428: 427: 422: 421: 416: 415: 410: 402: 399: 397: 393: 389: 383: 381: 377: 373: 372: 367: 359: 358: 353: 352: 345: 330: 329: 324: 321: 318: 315: 311: 307: 303: 300: 298: 294: 290: 287: 286: 285: 283: 279: 278:United States 271: 266: 262: 259: 255: 251: 248: 244: 240: 234: 232: 228: 224: 221: 216: 214: 213:Smith v Jones 210: 206: 203: 202: 201: 195: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 135: 133: 131: 123: 120: 117: 116: 115: 112: 110: 106: 102: 96: 94: 85: 82: 80:Volume number 79: 76: 73: 72: 71: 68: 63: 61: 60:jurisdictions 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:Case citation 39: 35: 34: 29: 23: 6800: 6785: 6723: 6717: 6698: 6686: 6682: 6673: 6668: 6657: 6648: 6636:. Retrieved 6621: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6551: 6524:. Retrieved 6519: 6510: 6501: 6490:. Retrieved 6485: 6476: 6456: 6449: 6427: 6407: 6401: 6393: 6385: 6371: 6355: 6351: 6340: 6328:. Retrieved 6324: 6318: 6311: 6291: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6259: 6251: 6245: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6196: 6189: 6172: 6152: 6148: 6116: 6110: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6046: 6037: 6028: 6019: 6006: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5852: 5841: 5833: 5826: 5823: 5815: 5810: 5802: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5768: 5765:Thomson West 5754: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5720:court system 5713: 5699: 5687: 5666: 5662: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5618: 5601: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5574: 5572: 5565: 5552: 5542: 5529: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5508:Hall v. Bell 5507: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5458: 5450: 5447:s 2nd series 5444: 5436: 5431: 5427:South Dakota 5422: 5418: 5414: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5357:Thomson West 5354: 5349:Thomson West 5336: 5328: 5320: 5314: 5310: 5298: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5259: 5248: 5245:State courts 5236: 5230: 5219: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5195:D.C. Circuit 5190: 5187:Thomson West 5180: 5170: 5165: 5148: 5137: 5133: 5131: 5126: 5106: 5102: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5059: 5052: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5021: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4975: 4960: 4951: 4944: 4925: 4917: 4901: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4864: 4859: 4847: 4845: 4822: 4799: 4776: 4751: 4726: 4715: 4703: 4656: 4651: 4647:Abbreviation 4646: 4639: 4634:1866 – 1952 4609:1885 – 1952 4592: 4516:1843 – 1859 4505:1859 – 1947 4466:Lloyd's Rep 4411: 4367:Law Reports 4236: 4231: 4227:Abbreviation 4226: 4219: 4212: 4210:(Cr App R). 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4177: 4167: 4162: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4108: 4082: 4055: 4044: 4030:AC 562, 573. 4027: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4009: 4003: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3981:The case of 3980: 3975: 3973: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3924: 3915: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3872: 3860:Please help 3855:verification 3852: 3830:is similar. 3825: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3795: 3788: 3778:1910 – 1946 3767:1910 – 1946 3756:1902 – 1910 3745:1902 – 1910 3732: 3727: 3723:Abbreviation 3722: 3708:1910 – 1946 3697:1903 – 1910 3684: 3679: 3675:Abbreviation 3674: 3660:1933 – 1946 3649:1879 – 1932 3636: 3631: 3627:Abbreviation 3626: 3612:1910 – 1946 3601:1882 – 1910 3588: 3583: 3579:Abbreviation 3578: 3564:1910 – 1946 3553:1880 – 1909 3540: 3535: 3531:Abbreviation 3530: 3516:1880 – 1910 3505:1891 – 1910 3494:1910 – 1946 3481: 3476: 3472:Abbreviation 3471: 3424:1923 – 1995 3358:1910 – 1946 3345: 3340: 3336:Abbreviation 3335: 3328:South Africa 3318: 3308: 3304: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3246: 3238: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3157: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3132: 3127: 3108: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3044: 3034: 3032: 2924: 2896: 2893: 2885: 2813: 2808: 2804:Abbreviation 2803: 2786: 2780: 2778: 2757: 2737: 2716: 2709: 2692: 2687: 2675: 2666: 2659: 2642: 2634: 2629: 2621: 2616: 2608: 2603: 2595: 2590: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2515: 2498: 2496: 2484: 2478: 2470: 2467:Other courts 2441: 2417: 2393: 2369: 2361: 2354:in full and 2353: 2334: 2332: 2313:criminal law 2289: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2263: 2256: 2227:Case number 2205: 2198:in full and 2197: 2178: 2176: 2167: 2165:(decision). 2162:Entscheidung 2156: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2120: 2116: 2085: 2068: 2060: 2053: 1992:criminal law 1952:construction 1791: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1767: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1715:U.1968.84/2H 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1668: 1442: 1408: 1402:In 1999 the 1401: 1154: 1151: 1143: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123:Reference re 1122: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1056: 1029: 1002: 975: 968: 960: 951: 950:" after the 948:McGill Guide 941: 938: 933: 716: 711: 707: 705: 677: 673: 540: 535: 531:Abbreviation 530: 507: 501: 491: 466: 442: 431: 424: 418: 412: 406: 395: 391: 387: 385: 375: 369: 363: 355: 349: 326: 319: 313: 301: 296: 292: 288: 281: 275: 257: 253: 246: 242: 238: 230: 226: 212: 208: 199: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 158:Commonwealth 153: 149: 139: 127: 113: 97: 89: 77:Report title 66: 64: 43: 42: 31: 6638:14 December 6522:(in German) 6330:27 December 5835:Roe v. Wade 5827:Roe v. Wade 5817:Roe v. Wade 5804:Roe v. Wade 5788:Roe v. Wade 5561:parentheses 5559:instead of 4945:Roe v. Wade 4920:refers to " 4878:Roe v. Wade 4866:Roe v. Wade 4690:All ER Rep 4433:IP & T 4215:Law Reports 4186:Law reports 3976:best report 3785:Switzerland 3105:Philippines 2706:New Zealand 2483:system the 2457: [ 2433: [ 2409: [ 2385: [ 2339: [ 2328:private law 2320: [ 2305: [ 2221:Page cited 2183: [ 2159:stands for 2081:), pp. 9–10 1908:real estate 1878:enforcement 1821:Topic area 1778:case number 1691:page number 1113:(queen) or 351:Roe v. Wade 205:Civil cases 56:law reports 6812:Categories 6492:2020-06-14 6181:Archive-It 6103:References 5948:Law report 5915:LexisNexis 5859:and Judge 5716:California 5674:LexisNexis 5633:precedents 5545:California 5403:California 4930:Henry Wade 4928:refers to 4914:respondent 4898:high court 4894:petitioner 4672:1220–1866 4652:Law Report 4589:The Times 4309:1843–1941 4232:Law Report 4144:(king) or 4023:judgment: 3968:See also: 3888:newspapers 3571:Griqualand 2790:Law Review 2788:Canterbury 2701:citations. 2684:citations. 2428:, BAG) is 2404:, BFH) is 2206:in short. 2145:, whereas 2041:References 1937:TBB, T:BB 1873:The Agent 1815:Full name 1535:Comp Trib 1455:from year 1391:1950–1971 1298:DLR (4th) 1255:CCLT (2d) 1239:1980–1986 1233:ACWS (2d) 1228:1970–1979 1195:1992–1998 1184:1983–1991 1078:(Ont CA). 916:References 811:(federal) 800:decisions 798:family law 142:common law 105:AfricanLII 48:court case 5287:Green v. 4906:defendant 4890:appellant 4886:plaintiff 4594:The Times 4314:Cr App R 4182:, above. 4071:(series) 3808:(French: 3800:(German: 3715:Transvaal 3111:civil law 2796:Reporters 2758:R v Howse 2729:reporter 1856:insurance 1805:Reporters 1587:BCSECCOM 1341:NSR (2d) 1320:NBR (2d) 1287:DLR (3d) 1277:DLR (2d) 1178:Admin LR 1031:R v Oakes 991:(series) 458:(series) 434:Australia 403:Australia 380:Ken Starr 231:R v Smith 52:reporters 6791:Archived 6780:WorldLII 6706:Archived 6526:28 April 6213:America. 6177:Archived 5973:Archived 5929:(OSCOLA) 5921:See also 5724:Kentucky 5591:Greenman 5568:Bluebook 5557:brackets 5549:New York 5538:Delaware 5482:and the 5411:New York 5407:Illinois 5258:(titled 5191:de facto 4989:case of 4941:reporter 4922:Jane Roe 4910:appellee 4718:Scotland 4712:Scotland 4510:LT (OS) 4340:Crim LR 3728:Reporter 3680:Reporter 3632:Reporter 3584:Reporter 3536:Reporter 3477:Reporter 3341:Reporter 2809:Reporter 2671: : 2497:and the 2311:for its 2232:BVerfGE 1912:land law 1860:tort law 1776:and the 1679:reporter 1385:WWR(NS) 1352:OR (3d) 1211:ANWTYTR 1117:(king). 1061:(1990), 790:FMCAfam 714:HCA 23. 506:and the 423:and the 265:Scotland 130:browsers 101:WorldLII 93:brackets 5938:Citator 5911:Westlaw 5678:Westlaw 5553:between 5291:Company 5091:Marbury 4873:where: 4804:(1886) 4740:Series 4737:Volume 4623:1953 – 4584:1883 – 4573:1973 – 4562:1856 - 4549:1939 – 4538:1988 – 4527:1992 – 4494:1985 – 4483:1997 – 4472:1919 – 4461:1998 – 4450:2003 – 4439:1999 – 4428:1972 – 4403:1882 – 4392:1864 – 4381:1987 – 4370:1975 – 4356:1960 – 4335:1979 – 4322:1908 – 4301:Cox CC 4296:1985 – 4290:Con LR 4285:???? – 4274:1996 – 4263:1983 – 4252:1936 – 4243:All ER 4156:or the 4115:(1884) 4068:report 4065:volume 3902:scholar 3457:1991 – 3446:1990 – 3435:1947 – 3413:1997 – 3402:1980 – 3391:1994 – 3380:1994 – 3369:1996 – 3363:All SA 3247:where: 3158:where: 3056:where: 3006:NZEnvC 2993:NZEmpC 2842:NZBORR 2837:1983 – 2826:1881 – 2762:(2005) 2726:volume 2454:BVerwGE 2215:Volume 2143:BVerfGE 2107:Germany 2032:tax law 1948:housing 1882:probate 1826:U, UfR 1665:Denmark 1170:Report 1160:Reports 1102:R v RDS 988:report 985:volume 836:NSWCCA 586:1903 – 575:1983 – 516:Reports 473:(1992) 455:report 452:volume 409:England 392:against 364:During 314:against 302:Against 276:In the 235:against 227:against 219:Jones". 182:against 170:against 6730: 6629: 6557:Vol 47 6464: 6415: 6362: 6299: 6204: 6123: 5899:, and 5718:state 5682:docket 5421:, and 5409:, and 5395:, and 4932:, the 4743:Court 4146:regina 4103:(HL). 3904: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3875: 3667:Orange 3451:SALLR 3202:(2014) 3041:Norway 3035:R v AM 3027:2012– 3014:2010– 3001:2010– 2976:2012– 2963:2007– 2950:2005– 2937:Years 2934:Court 2880:1981– 2869:1981– 2863:NZFLR 2858:1976– 2542:, and 2272:Where 2241:(43), 2171:Kammer 2147:BVerfG 1970:family 1884:, and 1772:, the 1689:, the 1685:, the 1577:BCHRT 1452:Court 1369:1970– 1358:1986– 1347:1969– 1326:1969– 1315:1971– 1304:1984– 1293:–1984 1250:1976– 1217:1973– 1206:1999– 1173:Years 1111:Regina 1072:(4th) 928:Canada 904:ACTMC 894:ACTSC 844:NSWDC 826:NSWCA 816:NSWSC 759:FamCA 751:FCAFC 726:Court 663:1899– 613:NSWLR 536:Report 494:Canada 492:As in 388:versus 289:Versus 254:versus 247:versus 245:, and 243:Regina 186:versus 166:versus 6154:bump. 5998:Notes 5575:Brown 4791:(HL) 4783:2000 4761:2000 4746:Page 4720:are: 4657:years 4521:OPLR 4455:ITLR 4422:IRLR 4397:GCCR 4361:EGLR 4350:ECHR 4279:BMLR 4268:BHRC 4257:BCLC 4237:years 4128:273. 4074:page 3909:JSTOR 3895:books 3804:) or 3733:Years 3685:Years 3637:Years 3619:Natal 3589:Years 3541:Years 3482:Years 3440:SACR 3385:BLLR 3374:BCLR 3346:Years 3179:Phil. 3019:NZFC 2981:NZDC 2968:NZHC 2955:NZCA 2942:NZSC 2916:NZSC 2852:NZAR 2831:CRNZ 2820:NZLR 2814:Years 2770:CRNZ 2749:NZLR 2732:page 2512:India 2461:] 2437:] 2413:] 2389:] 2343:] 2324:] 2309:] 2302:BGHSt 2187:] 2098:(PDF) 1658:2006 1652:QCCS 1647:2005 1641:QCCA 1636:2010 1630:ONSC 1625:2007 1619:ONCA 1614:2004 1608:ABQB 1603:2004 1597:ABCA 1567:BCPC 1562:2000 1556:BCSC 1551:1999 1545:BCCA 1530:2004 1519:2004 1511:CMAC 1506:2003 1493:2001 1482:2001 1468:2000 1426:2000 1222:ACWS 1049:103. 1022:295. 994:page 854:WASC 780:FMCA 769:FCCA 635:SASR 624:Qd R 558:ALJR 541:Years 461:page 398:Wade. 188:, or 6728:ISBN 6640:2020 6627:ISBN 6561:p 57 6528:2018 6462:ISBN 6437:A.M. 6413:ISBN 6360:ISBN 6332:2015 6325:Oyez 6297:ISBN 6273:Oyez 6202:ISBN 6121:ISBN 5853:some 5676:and 5547:and 5347:The 4926:Wade 4902:Wade 4834:CSIH 4817:465 4771:555 4693:The 4680:The 4666:The 4617:The 4614:WLR 4603:TLR 4567:STC 4543:RPC 4532:PLR 4488:LRC 4477:LGR 4386:FLR 4375:FCR 4246:The 4123:QBD 4100:562 4049:is: 4033:See 3881:news 3772:WLD 3761:TPD 3702:OPD 3691:ORC 3654:NPD 3643:NLR 3606:GWL 3595:HCG 3558:EDL 3547:EDC 3499:CTR 3488:CPD 3464:Cape 3407:JOL 3396:ILJ 3280:SCRA 3234:is: 3145:is: 3133:The 3079:1952 3066:All 2874:DCR 2773:823 2752:394 2699:NJRS 2682:NJRS 2669:NJRS 2662:NJRS 2654:NJRS 2553:The 2501:as 2481:ECLI 2430:BAGE 2406:BFHE 2382:BSGE 2333:The 2317:BGHZ 2290:The 2235:65, 2056:: 7. 2021:TfS 2003:TfL 1994:and 1981:TfK 1972:and 1959:TFA 1950:and 1919:MAD 1910:and 1897:KFE 1858:and 1845:FED 1792:The 1739:1968 1733:and 1498:TCC 1487:FCA 1473:FCT 1460:SCC 1429:SCC 1374:WWR 1363:SCR 1309:FCR 1265:DLR 1109:for 1084:The 1075:321 1069:DLR 1044:SCR 1017:SCR 884:VMC 874:VCC 864:VSC 805:AAT 741:FCA 731:HCA 708:Mabo 697:HCA 657:WAR 602:FLR 591:FLC 580:CLR 569:ALR 547:AAR 481:CLR 478:175 436:is: 308:and 256:and 103:and 5796:Roe 5792:Roe 5767:'s 5644:yet 5635:. 4918:Roe 4882:Roe 4809:13 4788:SC 4766:JC 4677:RR 4663:ER 4628:WN 4578:TC 4554:SJ 4499:LT 4444:JP 4142:rex 4136:In 4120:14 4095:AC 3864:by 3819:or 3750:TH 3739:TS 3510:SC 3429:SA 3418:PH 3352:AD 3270:549 3169:727 3091:989 3061:Rt. 2767:21 2274:NJW 1867:FM 1731:UfR 1524:CM 1331:NR 1244:AR 1115:Rex 1066:69 646:VR 486:1. 396:vee 368:in 328:vee 320:And 293:vs. 263:In 258:vee 239:Rex 217:and 209:and 190:vee 178:and 156:in 140:In 54:or 6814:: 6689:, 6611:^ 6568:^ 6536:^ 6518:. 6484:. 6392:, 6323:. 6275:. 6271:. 6250:. 6228:. 6210:. 6161:^ 6151:. 6147:. 6135:^ 5913:, 5905:. 5893:, 5887:, 5627:. 5417:, 5405:, 5401:. 5389:, 5383:, 5377:, 5371:, 5365:, 5142:, 5129:. 4840:1 4794:1 4756:, 4708:. 3289:77 3188:28 3085:s. 2919:1 2746:1 2565:: 2546:. 2463:. 2459:de 2439:. 2435:de 2415:. 2411:de 2391:. 2387:de 2341:de 2330:. 2322:de 2307:de 2261:. 2238:1 2185:de 2075:FT 2052:. 2034:. 2016:. 1976:. 1954:. 1932:. 1914:. 1892:. 1880:, 1862:. 1836:) 1747:/2 1743:84 1729:, 1721:, 1717:, 1432:1 1041:1 1034:, 1014:1 1007:, 796:, 700:1 652:– 641:– 630:– 619:– 608:– 597:– 564:– 553:– 512:. 429:. 376:v. 341:iː 297:v. 282:v. 241:, 192:. 184:, 180:, 162:v. 111:. 65:A 6736:. 6642:. 6563:. 6530:. 6495:. 6470:. 6435:( 6421:. 6366:. 6334:. 6321:" 6317:" 6305:. 6269:" 6265:" 6248:" 6244:" 6129:. 5600:( 5581:( 4956:. 4947:. 3931:) 3925:( 3920:) 3916:( 3906:· 3899:· 3892:· 3885:· 3858:. 2656:) 2446:( 2422:( 2398:( 2374:( 2294:( 2157:E 1751:H 1727:U 1107:R 1094:c 1090:v 524:. 360:. 344:/ 338:v 335:/ 331:( 316:. 174:v 154:v 150:v 24:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.