408:
Rus', their chief riding on a donkey, made an unsuccessful sally after which they lost 700 warriors but evaded encirclement and retreated to the Bardha'a fortress, where they were besieged by the
Muslims. Exhausted by the disease and the siege, the Rus' "left by night the fortress in which they had established their quarters, carrying on their backs all they could of their treasure, gems, and fine raiment, boys and girls as they wanted, and made for the Kura River, where the ships in which they had issued from their home were in readiness with their crews, and 300 Russes whom they had been supporting with portions of their booty." The Muslims then exhumed from the Rus' graves the weapons that had been buried beside the warriors.
1760:
577:
600:, asked the Rus' to help him against local chiefs. The Rus', many of whom appear to have been professional soldiers, arrived on 18 ships. Uncertain of their reception, they sent only one ship to reconnoitre the situation. When its crew were massacred by the local population, the Rus' went on to loot the city of Maskat. In 989, this same Maymun is reported to have refused the demand of a local preacher to turn over his Rus' mercenaries to him for either conversion to
400:, the local people broke the peace by stone-throwing and other abuse directed against the Rus', who then demanded that the inhabitants evacuate the city. This ultimatum was rejected, and the Rus' began killing people and holding many for ransom. The slaughter was briefly interrupted for negotiations, which soon broke down. The Rus' stayed in Bardha'a for several months, using it as a base for plundering the adjacent areas, and amassing substantial spoils.
3042:
31:
294:
148:, commanded the next attack, which destroyed the Khazar state in 965. Sviatoslav's campaign established the Rus's hold on the north-south trade routes, helping to alter the demographics of the region. Raids continued through the time period with the last Scandinavian attempt to reestablish the route to the Caspian Sea taking place in
459:
1184:
for the second time in one month. The
Drevlians revolted and killed Igor in 944 or 945. Gumilev suggests that, while engaged in his successful Caspian expedition, Sveneld did not take part in Igor's unfortunate raid on Constantinople, which ended ignominiously. This scenario also explains the glaring
302:
The Rus' launched the first large-scale raid in 913. A fleet of 500 ships reached the southern shores of the
Caspian Sea through the country of the Khazars. In order to secure a peaceful passage through the land of the Khazars, the Rus' promised the Khazars half of their spoils. They sailed down the
693:
in Sweden, referring to
Swedish warriors who went out with Ingvar on his expedition to the Saracen lands, an expedition whose purpose was probably to reopen old trade routes, now that the Bulgars and the Khazars no longer proved obstacles. A stone to Ingvar's brother indicates that he went east for
407:
among the Rus'. Ibn
Miskawaih writes that the Rus' "indulged excessively in the fruit of which there are numerous sorts there. This produced an epidemic among them . . . and their numbers began thereby to be reduced." Encouraged by the epidemic among the Rus', the Muslims approached the city. The
474:
and Rus', so several possibilities have been suggested. The Rus' had an interest in removing the Khazar hold on the Volga trade route because the
Khazars collected duties from the goods transported by the Volga. Byzantine incitement also apparently played a role. Khazars were the allies of the
611:
then paid them much money to help suppress a revolt in
Beylagan. Afterwards, the Rus' returned home. According to one source, in November 1031 the Rus' returned, but were defeated near Baku and expelled. The year of 1032 saw another Rus' raid into Shirvan; they were joined by the
285:. This raid was probably on a very small scale. The second raid took place in 909 or 910 and was likewise aimed at Abaskun; just like the previous attack, this expedition was a minor one with only sixteen ships participating in it. The third minor raid took place in 911 or 912.
297:
Map showing the locations of major Rus' raids around the
Caspian Sea, mid-9th to mid-11th century. Blue dates indicate major Rus' raids; purple outline indicates area affected by the 913 Caspian invasion. Names of polities shown depict the situation c.
334:, pillaging the countryside as they went. An attempt to repel them as they lay in anchor near islands in the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea proved unsuccessful, and they were then able to roam and raid at will. Across the sea they raided at
396:, the capital of Arran. The Rus' allowed the local people to retain their religion in exchange for recognition of their overlordship; it is possible that the Rus' intended to settle permanently there. According to
735:
thought the invasion was initiated by the ruler of
Darbent, Bek-Bars b. Muzaffar. According to Minorsky, "the initiative of Bek-Bars was independent of Kiev, and he must have used bands of free-lances (
884:
offer an increased tribute to fend off the invasion. Igor accepted, and had the
Pechenegs plunder Bulgaria instead, while returning home to Kiev with lots of gold and other precious goods.
849:), the Rus sailed into the Caspian Sea and unsuccessfully attacked the eastern shore at Abaskun. This was probably a raid on very small scale (...) Great raids, however, took place in
136:, in the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan. The Rus' stayed there for several months, killing many inhabitants of the city and amassing substantial plunder. It was only an outbreak of
498:." Earlier conflict between Muslim elements of the Khazar army and Rus' marauders in c. 912 may have contributed to this arrangement and the hostility of the Rus' against Khazaria.
876:
6452 (943 or 944); instead, Igor is said to have led his druzhina and Pecheneg mercenaries "in ships and on horses against the Greeks". Igor held a war council next to the
494:
region against Rus' incursions: "I have to wage war with them , for if I would give them any chance at all they would lay waste the whole land of the Muslims as far as
101:
raids took place in the late 9th and early 10th century. The Rus' undertook the first large-scale expedition in 913; having arrived on 500 ships, they pillaged in the
564:, routes that formerly had been a major source of revenue for the Khazars. Moreover, Sviatoslav's campaigns led to increased Slavic settlement in the region of the
350:. Everywhere they looted as much as they could, taking women and children as slaves. The news of their outrages preceded them as they headed homeward and, in the
790:
663:
in which a Varangian force participated around the same time; in the saga much legend is conflated with the historical facts. This expedition was launched from
193:
803:
212:
and selling them on the markets of Caspian towns; these merchants brought furs, honey, and slaves. Small groups of the Rus' even went on camels as far as
1952:
1252:
Ibn Hawkal also wrote that the Rus', "are the ones who of old went to Andalus and then to Barda." The earlier attack on Muslim Spain by "a nation of the
1243:
Christian (1999), pp. 297–298; Dunlop (1954). Artamonov proposed that the sack of Sarkel came after the destruction of Atil. Artamonov (1962), p. 428.
556:
Sviatoslav's campaign brought the prosperity and independence of Khazaria to an abrupt end. The destruction of Khazar imperial power paved the way for
719:
tells about the invasion of Shirvan in 1173 or 1174. In his odes, Khaqani names the Rus' and Khazars, Rus' and Alans, Rus' and Sarir as the invaders.
2999:
3121:
3101:
3096:
3066:
3017:
1772:
808:
643:
in 1042 Ingvar the Far-Travelled led an unsuccessful large Viking attack against Persia with a fleet of 200 ships (around 15–20 thousand men).
1014:, an event dated to a certain year of the Islamic calendar may have occurred in either of the two consecutive years of the Gregorian calendar.
1601:
1593:
1579:
1571:
1301:
1280:
537:. A visitor to Atil wrote soon after Sviatoslav's campaign: "The Rus' attacked, and no grape or raisin remained, not a leaf on a branch."
164:
The Rus' first penetrated to the Muslim areas adjacent to the Caspian Sea as traders rather than warriors. By the early 9th century, the
3116:
1660:
486:
The conflict may also have been spurred by the Khazars' decision to close passage down the Volga in response to the raid of 943. In the
354:, the Rus' were attacked by Khazars, as well as by some Christians, apparently with the acquiescence of the Khazar ruler. According to
604:
or death. In the ensuing struggle, Maymun was driven from the city and forced to surrender the Rus' soldiers, but he returned in 992.
2098:
1554:
1504:
1480:
1424:
1381:
784:
783:
2060:
985:, was documented in Arab sources as "the most famous port of the Khazarian Sea". It was situated within three days' journey from
781:
779:
1417:
A History of Russia, Mongolia and Central Asia: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire (History of the World, Vol 1)
3022:
2230:
1361:
463:
1759:
787:
3012:
2280:
2085:
1945:
1050:
694:
gold but that he died in the Saracen land. Afterwards, no attempts were made by the Norsemen to reopen the route between the
1186:
651:
3076:
3071:
818:
3106:
2161:
747:
3027:
2040:
1626:(1995). "On the Date of the Khazar's Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus Oleg and Igor."
1062:
431:
3126:
2188:
1323:
701:
Perhaps some of the Rus settled in the region based on the History of Irkhan in which the inhabitants of Hadar and
568:
culture, greatly changing the demographics and culture of the transitional area between the forest and the steppe.
462:
The site of the Khazar fortress at Sarkel, sacked by Sviatoslav c. 965. Aerial photo from excavations conducted by
786:
785:
782:
780:
632:. Pritsak also speculated that the Rus', operating from the Caspian basin, shortly thereafter lent support to the
3111:
3045:
2225:
2132:
2125:
2103:
1938:
2265:
2250:
2065:
2050:
1844:
1068:
813:
668:
585:
153:
490:, written around 950–960, the Khazar ruler Joseph reported his role as defender of the Muslim polities of the
250:, and anti-Normanist scholars have interpreted this passage as indicative of the Rus' being Slavs rather than
1040:
655:
describes the last expedition of the Vikings into the Caspian, dated to 1041 and possibly connected with the
442:, drawing on the name of the Rus' leader (as recorded in Arabian sources), hypothesizes that this leader was
2380:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2075:
2055:
2012:
1653:
281:
between 864 and 884. The Rus' sailed into the Caspian Sea and unsuccessfully attacked its eastern shore at
2782:
2215:
2210:
2193:
2137:
2032:
1623:
1460:
1434:
1391:
989:. The southern part of the Caspian Sea was known as the "Sea of Abaskun". See: B.N. Zakhoder (1898–1960).
2080:
1970:
1455:
1429:
755:
751:
720:
620:. Local Muslims defeated the Rus' in 1033. It is unclear to which Rus' grouping these raiders belonged.
487:
389:
1464:(Brill Online). Eds.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill.
1438:(Brill Online). Eds.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill.
1398:
1395:(Brill Online). Eds.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill.
222:
suggested that the Rus' reached Baghdad as early as 800; this argument is supported by the finding of
2171:
2142:
2045:
1734:
1532:
502:
141:
3081:
3007:
2220:
1850:
881:
581:
476:
113:, taking slaves and goods. On their return, the northern raiders were attacked and defeated by the
110:
576:
2390:
2242:
2181:
2070:
2002:
1978:
1646:
1011:
660:
385:
339:
312:
133:
766:. Georgian sources speak of the Khazars, but do not mention Rus' in connection with this event.
17:
2166:
2017:
1992:
1696:
1614:
1597:
1589:
1575:
1567:
1550:
1542:
1522:
1500:
1476:
1446:
1420:
1406:
1377:
1369:
1297:
1276:
1046:
868:
732:
682:
656:
608:
530:
447:
418:
was the donkey-riding chief of the Rus' who attacked Bardha'a. Vernadsky identified Oleg with
380:
201:
129:
94:
2589:
1961:
1606:
1559:
1386:
1268:
1007:
788:
759:
728:
706:
702:
423:
415:
411:
267:
239:
219:
189:
169:
66:
50:
2198:
2176:
2120:
2090:
1974:
1748:
1728:
1490:
1468:
1114:
621:
542:
235:
62:
1669:
2872:
2656:
2320:
2007:
1909:
1894:
1834:
1828:
1722:
1711:
710:
647:
565:
557:
435:
274:
263:
259:
205:
173:
106:
35:
338:, penetrating inland a distance of three days' journey, and plundering the regions of
3060:
2733:
2631:
2594:
2554:
2420:
2149:
2108:
1768:
1692:
397:
363:
304:
181:
3091:
3086:
2325:
2315:
2298:
2115:
1177:
1010:. Because the years of the Islamic calendar do not map exactly to the years of the
375:
1006:
Information about the Rus' raids comes largely from Muslim sources, which use the
258:
was also frequently applied to all fair-haired, ruddy-complexioned populations of
208:
described the Rus' buying goods from the Khazars in the market areas on the lower
1494:
994:
2807:
2765:
2688:
2601:
2469:
2459:
2370:
2154:
1793:
744:
633:
625:
510:
491:
439:
393:
351:
308:
209:
185:
118:
74:
30:
2984:
2772:
2755:
2703:
2693:
2678:
2646:
2636:
2514:
2464:
2340:
2335:
2303:
2022:
1899:
1879:
1821:
1815:
1170:
The Kievan chronicle mentions that the fabulous richness of Sveneld's troops (
754:
for aid and a combined army, which also included the future Byzantine emperor
724:
695:
686:
629:
550:
538:
331:
278:
86:
38:
1535:(1987–1991). "When Did Rus/Rus' Merchants First Visit Khazaria and Baghdad?"
2979:
2974:
2964:
2897:
2802:
2698:
2661:
2651:
2611:
2564:
2559:
2509:
2449:
2375:
2365:
2345:
2308:
2293:
1683:
1527:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1181:
561:
404:
355:
137:
46:
533:. He subsequently (probably in 968 or 969) destroyed the Khazar capital of
2952:
2937:
2917:
2902:
2882:
2857:
2842:
2837:
2817:
2787:
2777:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2544:
2529:
2504:
2484:
2454:
2444:
2439:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2330:
2288:
1997:
1919:
1884:
1861:
1856:
1786:
1741:
1172:
1045:
Uppsala Universitet, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2007
763:
740:
736:
677:
672:
637:
514:
506:
471:
343:
251:
243:
223:
165:
90:
82:
42:
525:
around 965, and possibly sacked (but did not occupy) the Khazar city of
293:
242:. In ibn Khordadbeh's account, the Rus' are described as "a kind of the
2969:
2957:
2947:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2887:
2877:
2852:
2792:
2750:
2723:
2641:
2574:
2569:
2549:
2539:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2474:
2415:
2400:
2350:
1914:
1904:
1780:
1716:
1705:
978:
716:
690:
597:
560:
to dominate north-south trade routes through the steppe and across the
518:
517:
mercenaries in this campaign, perhaps to counter the Khazars' superior
495:
443:
347:
320:
282:
213:
114:
105:
region, in the territory of present-day Iran, and more to the west, in
121:, and those who escaped were killed by the local tribes in the middle
2989:
2942:
2927:
2892:
2867:
2832:
2827:
2760:
2745:
2683:
2621:
2606:
2584:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2432:
2427:
2385:
2355:
1866:
986:
877:
664:
522:
427:
359:
327:
316:
273:
The first Caspian raid of the Rus' occurred sometime in the reign of
231:
197:
102:
98:
1618:
1450:
1410:
1373:
546:
1930:
842:'Sometime during the reign of Hasan Ibn Zaid, ruler of Tabaristan (
2862:
2847:
2822:
2812:
2797:
2740:
2708:
2673:
2668:
2626:
2616:
2499:
2360:
2203:
1839:
1253:
617:
613:
601:
575:
526:
470:
The sources are not clear about the roots of the conflict between
458:
457:
292:
247:
122:
29:
216:
to sell their goods; their European slaves interpreted for them.
2932:
2579:
1889:
1799:
593:
534:
335:
227:
145:
78:
1934:
1642:
778:
739:) who were roaming in the south, as a prototype of the future
480:
607:
In 1030, the Rus' raided the region of Shirvan; the ruler of
140:
among the Rus' that forced them to depart with their spoils.
1638:
254:. In the interpretation of the Normanist scholars, the word
1042:
Ship and society: maritime ideology in Late Iron Age Sweden
1180:'s warriors that they attempted to levy tribute from the
1064:
Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, Volume 35, Number 4
872:
itself does not mention a Caspian expedition of any kind
584:
commemorates Scandinavians who died in the expedition of
97:, selling furs, honey, and slaves. The first small-scale
323:
reached the Volga, which led them into the Caspian Sea.
991:
The Caspian Compilation of Records about Eastern Europe
128:
During their next expedition in 943, the Rus' captured
446:, a Varangian chieftain whose wealth was noted in the
374:
The second large-scale campaign is dated to 943, when
93:
in the 9th century travelling as merchants along the
2998:
2279:
2241:
2031:
1985:
1808:
1767:
1691:
624:suggests that they operated out of a base near the
384:. During the 943 expedition, the Rus' rowed up the
270:, so ibn Khordadbeh's language is ambiguous here.
838:
836:
834:
388:, deep into the Caucasus, defeated the forces of
1219:Christian (1999), p. 298; Pletneva (1990), p. 18
378:was the prince of Kievan Rus', according to the
723:argued that the Rus' mentioned by Khaqani were
671:, who went down the Volga into the land of the
1128:
1126:
1946:
1654:
1189:(944), as preserved in the Primary Chronicle.
681:in Norse). There are no less than twenty-six
358:, those who escaped were finished off by the
172:, where they established a settlement called
8:
1227:
1225:
1117:, they stayed for a whole year. "Bardha'a".
762:the invaders and recaptured the fortress of
426:. According to that document, Helgu went to
1977:origin primarily identified as speakers of
1525:(1945), "Khāqānī and Andronicus Comnenus".
1345:
1343:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
914:
912:
541:is the only author who reports the sack of
180:) about 6 miles (9.7 km) south of the
1953:
1939:
1931:
1661:
1647:
1639:
1405:. (transl. by Kalle Skov). Penguin Books,
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
926:
924:
521:. Sviatoslav destroyed the Khazar city of
403:The city was saved only by an outbreak of
188:. From there, they began trading with the
685:, twenty-three of them being in the Lake
27:Military raids from 9th to 11th centuries
628:estuary and had their principal home in
3018:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1161:, Zuckerman 257–268; Christian 341–345.
896:
830:
200:lands around the Caspian Sea along the
1473:The Vikings in History. Second edition
1185:absence of Sveneld's name from Igor's
1496:The Vikings in History. Third edition
1256:" is mentioned by al-Masudi. "Rus",
1067:. Mouton, 1994. (originally from the
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
903:
545:, after which the Rus' departed for "
234:coins dated no later than 804–805 at
7:
1499:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 224.
809:Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus'
246:", a term usually used to refer to
1092:Logan (1992), pp. 201–202; "Rus".
330:region around Abaskun, as well as
307:into the Black Sea, then into the
89:. Initially, the Rus' appeared in
25:
1376:. See also second edition (2002)
804:Byzantine expeditions of the Rus'
69:between the late 9th century and
3041:
3040:
1758:
3023:Christianization of Scandinavia
1588:. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS.
1566:. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS.
1441:Dunlop, Douglas Morton (1954).
1296:. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS.
1275:. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS.
844:
59:Caspian expeditions of the Rus'
18:Caspian expeditions of the Rusʹ
3122:History of Mazandaran province
3067:Medieval history of Azerbaijan
3013:Christianization of the Franks
2086:Continental Germanic mythology
1586:Särkland och dess källmaterial
1564:Ingvarståget och dess monument
1443:History of the Jewish Khazars.
1294:Särkland och dess källmaterial
1273:Ingvarståget och dess monument
1071:, digitalised on 9 March 2010)
475:Byzantines until the reign of
1:
854:
850:
819:List of wars involving Russia
750:turned to the Georgian king,
149:
77:shores, of what are nowadays
70:
1537:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
1445:Princeton University Press,
1349:Minorsky (1945), pp. 557–558
505:finally went to war against
422:, a figure mentioned in the
3102:11th century in Kievan Rus'
3097:10th century in Kievan Rus'
3028:Christianization of Iceland
1628:Revue des Études Byzantines
1613:. Oxford, Clarendon Press,
977:Abaskun, first recorded by
918:Brøndsted (1965), pp. 64–65
853:913, in 943, in 965 and in
438:in 941. On the other hand,
204:. In the late 9th century,
3143:
3117:History of the Caspian Sea
1584:Thunberg, Carl L. (2011).
1313:Thunberg (2010), pp. 25-26
1292:Thunberg, Carl L. (2011).
1157:Vernadsky (1959), p. 270;
160:Background and early raids
3036:
1968:
1875:
1756:
1676:
1529:, Vol. 11, No. 3: 550–578
1415:Christian, David (1999).
1104:Logan (1992), pp. 201–202
882:Byzantine emperor Romanus
326:The Rus' attacked in the
34:Modern interpretation of
2266:North Germanic languages
2251:Germanic parent language
1231:Christian (1999), p. 298
1210:Christian (1999), p. 296
1132:Vernadsky (1959), p. 269
1069:University of California
814:Ingvar the Far-Travelled
669:Ingvar the Far-Travelled
586:Ingvar the Far-Travelled
315:past the Khazar city of
154:Ingvar the Far-Travelled
2271:West Germanic languages
2261:East Germanic languages
2256:Proto-Germanic language
2076:Proto-Germanic folklore
2013:Romano-Germanic culture
1475:. Abingdon: Routledge.
1176:) incited such envy of
636:in a power struggle in
454:Destruction of Khazaria
430:by boat and died there
1686:names are not recorded
1682:are settlements whose
1624:Zuckerman, Constantine
1461:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1435:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1430:Dunlop, Douglas Morton
1392:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1258:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1200:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1119:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1094:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1082:Encyclopaedia of Islam
967:Encyclopaedia of Islam
727:who came in 73 ships.
709:) are called purebred
589:
467:
299:
54:
2081:Anglo-Saxon mythology
1971:Ethnolinguistic group
1611:The Origins of Russia
1533:Noonan, Thomas Schaub
1187:treaty with Byzantium
880:, where he heard the
652:Yngvars saga víðförla
579:
488:Khazar Correspondence
479:, who persecuted the
461:
432:after a failed attack
390:Marzuban bin Muhammad
296:
230:, and Arabo-Sassanid
33:
3077:11th century in Iran
3072:10th century in Iran
1539:7, pp. 213–219.
1148:Logan (1992), p. 202
1030:Logan (1992), p. 201
930:Logan (1992), p. 200
503:Sviatoslav I of Kiev
3107:History of Dagestan
3008:Gothic Christianity
1851:Rurikovo Gorodische
1773:Dnieper trade route
1432:(2006) "Bardha'a."
1399:Brøndsted, Johannes
756:Andronikos Komnenos
582:Gripsholm Runestone
477:Romanus I Lecapenus
268:Northeastern Europe
194:Dnieper trade route
170:northwestern Russia
2391:Germani cisrhenani
2099:Funerary practices
2003:Pre-Roman Iron Age
1979:Germanic languages
1543:Pletneva, Svetlana
1523:Minorsky, Vladimir
1389:(1996). "Khazar".
1362:Artamonov, Mikhail
1012:Gregorian calendar
939:Noonan (1987–1991)
698:and Caspian seas.
661:Battle of Sasireti
590:
468:
300:
55:
3127:History of Talysh
3054:
3053:
2226:Gothic and Vandal
2018:Germanic Iron Age
1993:Nordic Bronze Age
1975:Northern European
1928:
1927:
1697:Volga trade route
1607:Vernadsky, George
1602:978-91-637-5727-3
1594:978-91-981859-3-5
1580:978-91-637-5724-2
1572:978-91-981859-2-8
1560:Thunberg, Carl L.
1302:978-91-981859-3-5
1281:978-91-981859-2-8
1269:Thunberg, Carl L.
1039:Gunilla Larsson.
869:Primary Chronicle
795:
794:
733:Vladimir Minorsky
683:Ingvar Runestones
572:Later expeditions
464:Mikhail Artamonov
448:Primary Chronicle
381:Primary Chronicle
202:Volga trade route
132:, the capital of
95:Volga trade route
16:(Redirected from
3134:
3112:History of Gilan
3044:
3043:
3000:Christianization
2590:Ripuarian Franks
1962:Germanic peoples
1955:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1762:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1640:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1491:Logan, F. Donald
1486:
1469:Logan, F. Donald
1350:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1328:www.vostlit.info
1324:"ИСТОРИЯ ИРХАНА"
1320:
1314:
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1284:
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1244:
1238:
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1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
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1008:Islamic calendar
1004:
998:
975:
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963:
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937:
931:
928:
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916:
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901:
885:
864:
858:
856:
852:
848:
846:
840:
774:
773:
729:Yevgeni Pakhomov
592:In 987, Maymun,
424:Schechter Letter
416:Oleg of Novgorod
412:George Vernadsky
319:, and then by a
240:Saint-Petersburg
220:Thomas S. Noonan
190:Byzantine Empire
151:
72:
51:Nicholas Roerich
21:
3142:
3141:
3137:
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3057:
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2275:
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2199:Gothic alphabet
2091:Norse mythology
2027:
1981:
1964:
1959:
1929:
1924:
1871:
1809:Other locations
1804:
1763:
1754:
1687:
1672:
1667:
1549:Moscow: Nauka,
1511:
1509:
1507:
1489:
1483:
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1366:Istoriya Khazar
1358:
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832:
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791:
789:
772:
622:Omeljan Pritsak
574:
483:of his empire.
456:
392:, and captured
372:
291:
162:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3140:
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2657:Thracian Goths
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2015:
2010:
2008:Roman Iron Age
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
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1481:
1465:
1458:(2006) "Rus."
1453:
1439:
1427:
1413:
1396:
1384:
1357:
1354:
1352:
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1241:See, generally
1233:
1221:
1212:
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1163:
1159:see also, e.g.
1150:
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1097:
1085:
1073:
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1032:
1016:
999:
995:online version
970:
941:
932:
920:
908:
906:, p. 182.
895:
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847: 864–884
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792:
777:
771:
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648:legendary saga
573:
570:
566:Saltovo-Mayaki
509:. He employed
455:
452:
436:Constantinople
414:proposed that
371:
368:
342:, Tabaristan,
311:, then up the
290:
287:
275:Hasan ibn Zaid
206:ibn Khordadbeh
161:
158:
65:undertaken by
63:military raids
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3139:
3128:
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3009:
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2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Crimean Goths
2630:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:Salian Franks
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
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2033:Early culture
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
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1569:
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1561:
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1555:5-02-009542-7
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1508:
1506:9781136527166
1502:
1498:
1497:
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1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:0-415-08396-6
1478:
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1444:
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1437:
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1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:0-631-20814-3
1422:
1419:. Blackwell.
1418:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:5-8465-0032-3
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:. Leningrad,
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
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1303:
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1234:
1228:
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1213:
1207:
1204:
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1188:
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1154:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:According to
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
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1021:
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1000:
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984:
980:
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948:
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936:
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839:
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815:
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805:
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797:
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775:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:Volga pirates
722:
718:
714:
712:
708:
704:
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466:in the 1930s.
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398:ibn Miskawaih
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364:Volga Bulgars
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305:Dnieper River
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252:Scandinavians
249:
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196:and with the
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182:Volkhov River
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32:
19:
2326:Anglo-Saxons
2316:Adrabaecampi
2299:Bucinobantes
2041:Architecture
1849:
1829:White Shores
1827:
1820:
1792:
1785:
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1704:
1679:
1636:
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1627:
1610:
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1536:
1526:
1510:. Retrieved
1495:
1472:
1459:
1456:Golden, P.B.
1442:
1433:
1416:
1402:
1390:
1387:Barthold, W.
1365:
1356:Bibliography
1331:. Retrieved
1327:
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1080:"Bardha'a".
1076:
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1041:
1035:
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982:
973:
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721:Peter Golden
715:
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144:, prince of
127:
73:1041 on the
58:
56:
2766:Nahanarvali
2689:Hilleviones
2602:Frisiavones
2470:Cananefates
2460:Burgundians
2371:Banochaemae
2221:Anglo-Saxon
2172:Anglo-Saxon
2138:Anglo-Saxon
2121:Anglo-Saxon
2104:Anglo-Saxon
1512:23 February
1403:The Vikings
745:shirvanshah
659:-Byzantine
558:Kievan Rus'
450:under 945.
440:Lev Gumilev
370:Raid of 943
352:Volga Delta
309:Sea of Azov
289:Raid of 913
277:, ruler of
186:Lake Ladoga
184:entry into
168:settled in
119:Volga Delta
75:Caspian Sea
3082:Varangians
3061:Categories
2985:Vinoviloth
2773:Marcomanni
2756:Helveconae
2734:Heaðobards
2704:Istvaeones
2694:Ingaevones
2679:Hermunduri
2647:Ostrogoths
2637:Greuthungi
2515:Chattuarii
2341:Angrivarii
2336:Ampsivarii
2304:Lentienses
2133:Literature
2023:Viking Age
1880:Varangians
1835:Miklagarðr
1816:Bjarmaland
1781:Pallteskja
1633:: 237–270.
1333:2024-05-12
1198:"Khazar".
1051:9150619152
904:Logan 2005
892:References
752:George III
689:region of
630:Tmutarakan
551:al-Andaluz
539:Ibn Hawqal
386:Kura River
332:Tabaristan
279:Tabaristan
192:along the
142:Sviatoslav
111:Mazandaran
87:Azerbaijan
41:and their
39:Varangians
2980:Vidivarii
2975:Victohali
2965:Vangiones
2898:Thuringii
2803:Nuithones
2699:Irminones
2662:Visigoths
2652:Thervingi
2612:Gambrivii
2565:Dulgubnii
2560:Dauciones
2510:Chasuarii
2450:Brondings
2376:Bastarnae
2366:Baiuvarii
2346:Armalausi
2309:Raetovari
2243:Languages
2211:Symbology
2071:Folklore
2066:Festivals
1862:Smaleskja
1822:Khortitsa
1800:Kænugarðr
1794:Chernigov
1729:Hólmgarðr
1678:Names in
1670:Garðaríki
1182:Drevlians
748:Ahsitan I
562:Black Sea
405:dysentery
356:al-Masudi
313:Don River
176:(Slavic:
138:dysentery
47:Gardariki
43:longships
3046:Category
2953:Hasdingi
2938:Usipetes
2918:Tubantes
2903:Toxandri
2883:Tencteri
2858:Suarines
2843:Sicambri
2838:Semnones
2818:Reudigni
2788:Mattiaci
2778:Marsacii
2729:Lombards
2719:Lacringi
2714:Juthungi
2545:Corconti
2530:Cherusci
2505:Charudes
2485:Chaedini
2455:Bructeri
2440:Bateinoi
2411:Eburones
2406:Condrusi
2401:Caeroesi
2396:Atuatuci
2331:Ambrones
2294:Brisgavi
2289:Alemanni
2167:Paganism
2056:Clothing
2051:Calendar
1998:Germania
1920:Blakumen
1885:Kylfings
1867:Súrdalar
1857:Særkland
1787:Gnezdovo
1742:Timerevo
1723:Duboviki
1712:Aldeigja
1609:(1959).
1562:(2010).
1547:Polovtsy
1545:(1990).
1493:(2005).
1471:(1992).
1451:52-13163
1401:(1965).
1374:63-66080
1364:(1962).
1271:(2010).
1173:druzhina
874:sub anno
798:See also
770:Timeline
764:Shabaran
760:defeated
741:Cossacks
737:бродники
678:Serkland
673:Saracens
657:Georgian
638:Khwarezm
543:Semender
515:Pecheneg
507:Khazaria
501:In 965,
472:Khazaria
394:Bardha'a
344:Beylagan
256:Saqaliba
244:Saqaliba
236:Peterhof
224:Sassanid
174:Aldeigja
166:Norsemen
152:1041 by
130:Bardha'a
91:Serkland
83:Dagestan
67:the Rus'
2970:Varisci
2958:Silingi
2948:Vandals
2923:Tulingi
2913:Triboci
2908:Treveri
2888:Teutons
2878:Taifals
2853:Sitones
2793:Nemetes
2751:Helisii
2724:Lemovii
2642:Gutones
2575:Firaesi
2570:Favonae
2550:Cugerni
2540:Cobandi
2495:Chamavi
2490:Chaemae
2480:Casuari
2475:Caritni
2445:Betasii
2416:Paemani
2351:Auiones
2216:Warfare
2194:Scripts
2162:Numbers
1986:History
1915:Khazars
1910:Bulgars
1845:Rostofa
1840:Móramar
1749:Balymer
1735:Sarskoe
1717:Álaborg
1706:Lyubsha
1693:Volkhov
1680:italics
1619:59-1228
1411:65-2868
983:Socanaa
979:Ptolemy
965:"Rus".
743:". The
717:Khaqani
691:Uppland
687:Mälaren
598:Derbent
529:on the
519:cavalry
496:Baghdad
492:Caspian
444:Sveneld
348:Shirvan
321:portage
283:Abaskun
264:Eastern
260:Central
238:, near
214:Baghdad
117:in the
115:Khazars
2990:Warini
2943:Vagoth
2928:Tungri
2893:Thelir
2873:Swedes
2868:Sunici
2833:Saxons
2828:Rugini
2761:Manimi
2746:Diduni
2684:Heruli
2622:Gepids
2607:Frisii
2585:Franks
2535:Cimbri
2525:Chauci
2520:Chatti
2433:Nervii
2428:Morini
2386:Belgae
2381:Batavi
2356:Avarpi
2321:Angles
2281:Groups
2231:Viking
2177:Gothic
2155:Gothic
2061:Family
1890:Chudes
1617:
1600:
1592:
1578:
1570:
1553:
1503:
1479:
1449:
1423:
1409:
1380:
1372:
1300:
1279:
1049:
987:Gorgan
878:Danube
857:1041.'
696:Baltic
665:Sweden
531:Crimea
523:Sarkel
428:Persia
360:Burtas
346:, and
328:Gorgan
317:Sarkel
266:, and
232:dirham
198:Muslim
178:Ladoga
103:Gorgan
99:Viking
85:, and
2863:Suebi
2848:Sciri
2823:Rugii
2813:Quadi
2798:Njars
2783:Marsi
2741:Lugii
2709:Jutes
2674:Harii
2669:Gutes
2627:Goths
2617:Geats
2555:Danes
2500:Chali
2421:Segni
2361:Baemi
2204:Runes
2189:Rings
2182:Norse
2150:Names
2143:Norse
2126:Norse
2109:Norse
1905:Merya
1900:Slavs
1769:Dvina
1684:Norse
1254:Majus
1115:Yaqut
1053:p 208
825:Notes
707:Avars
634:Oghuz
626:Terek
618:Sarir
614:Alans
609:Ganja
602:Islam
527:Kerch
511:Oghuz
420:Helgu
340:Arran
248:Slavs
210:Volga
134:Arran
123:Volga
107:Gilan
61:were
49:, by
2933:Ubii
2580:Fosi
2465:Buri
1895:Rus'
1615:LCCN
1598:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1514:2023
1501:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1447:LCCN
1421:ISBN
1407:LCCN
1378:ISBN
1370:LCCN
1298:ISBN
1277:ISBN
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1047:ISBN
866:The
731:and
703:Avar
646:The
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513:and
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298:950.
228:Arab
146:Kiev
109:and
79:Iran
57:The
36:Rus'
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3087:913
2808:Osi
2116:Law
2046:Art
1973:of
981:as
711:Rus
667:by
596:of
547:Rûm
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