517:
skylarking are infrequent until later, in association with the presence of returning females. In flight songs (or skylarking), the territorial male flies up from an exposed perch, such as a bush, to as much as 5 – 10 m in the air, then sings as he glides or flutters down in an arc to a nearby bush or the ground. During the descent, wings are held flat, the head is arched backwards, and the tail is elevated. Song can be heard from mid-February to early
September, depending on location, with considerable night singing at the height of the season reported by some.
31:
75:
197:
50:
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variation in this song that it has been used as a means of identifying individual males in population studies. A secondary song, or "chitter" song, consists of a series of chips, trills, and buzzy notes preceding the primary song. Cassin's sparrows also give a variety of chitter calls and chip notes that have been assigned various roles by different authors, including
1447:
372:
The Cassin's sparrow is a fairly large, plain, grayish sparrow that lacks conspicuous markings. In flight, the long, roundish tail is obvious and the white tips of the tail feathers are sometimes apparent. This species is most easily identified by its distinctive song and dramatic skylarking behavior
309:
sparrows, but they have focused primarily on evaluating the evolutionary development of these species in order to determine whether this genus actually consists of an unnatural assemblage of species (actually representing several taxonomic groups or divergent forms). None of these publications called
678:
also noted that the mesquite thickets within Cassin's sparrow territories were distinctly preferred when fledglings were present. It appears that relative proportions of grass and shrubs in acceptable Cassin's sparrow habitat cover a wide range from grassland habitats with a very sparse distribution
435:
are pale brownish gray with a serrated dark central strip that spreads out into a suggestion of faint crossbars. The lateral two rectrices are edged and tipped in pale gray or white, with smaller pale areas at the tips of the next two pairs inward. This is sometimes noticeable on a bird flushing or
500:
is "the high, sweet trills of Cassin's sparrows". There is also a second flight song with chips which is only from adults when they are on edge. Chicks do a series of sips when they sing. The males sing from
February to September with the song of Cassin's sparrow being its most identifiable trait.
584:
reported that the stomachs of ten adults taken during the breeding season (late June and early July) contained animal and vegetable matter in about equal proportions (52% and 48%, respectively; range = 5–95%). He also found that five migrant Cassin's sparrow stomachs contained 99% animal material
643:
report that Cassin's sparrows seem to exist very well without drinking water, their conclusion appears to be based on the limited number of recorded observations of this species drinking water, the distance of most nesting areas from water, and the fact that birds rarely leave their territories.
666:
Cassin's sparrow can commonly be found in brushy grassland and is nomadic. Between 1955 and 1989, there was a below average amount of this species although the number rises and falls each year. The sparrow can be found in south-central states. It is known that the sparrow is rarely found in the
504:
The Cassin's sparrow's primary song consists of six note complexes, beginning with a soft double or single introductory note, followed by a long, high musical trill on one pitch, and (usually) two lower, well-spaced musical notes, all with a slight minor-key quality. There is enough individual
673:
Although Cassin's sparrows use slightly different habitats in different parts of their range, the common denominator across all habitats seems to be that they require both a grass component (usually short grass) and a shrub component. The latter component may be actual shrub species or other
516:
Territorial males sit in low bushes or grass, or on the ground to sing, but often give spectacular flight-songs. At the beginning of the breeding season, all song is from a stationary, exposed perch and often involves reciprocal proclamation of the primary song among males. Flight songs and
368:
because of its size and marks, but
Boterri's sparrow is a weaker shade of gray. The best way to tell the differences between the two is the song of Cassin's sparrow. Both the males and females are the same shade of gray and are 5 to 6 inches, although males are bigger.
674:
vegetative forms that approximate shrub structure . The need for the structure provided by shrubs or similar plants is related to the bird's need for perches from which to sing or launch itself for its flight song and its frequent use of low shrubs for nest placement.
447:
Some birds, mainly in the eastern part of their range, tend to be more rufous above, slightly buffier below, and have plainer tails with less obvious shaft streaks and barring on the central rectrices. Although rarer, even in the eastern part of the range, the rufous
430:
is pale yellow. Feathers in the upper tail coverts have a gray edge, a brown center, and a black subterminal crescent. The undertail coverts are buffy. Most of the upper side of the tail is dark, dusky brown, but the central two
647:
Cassin's sparrows forage mostly or entirely on the ground, hopping about in relatively open areas, taking items from the ground or from plant stems. When flushed, they fly to a bush or fence, or may drop back into the grass.
1451:
1513:
American
Ornithologists' Union Committee on Classification and Nomenclature—North and Middle America (2010), "Fifty-first supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds",
492:. Only the males sing and the males are known for flying in the air and gliding down while singing which is called "skylarking". Males of the species are one of only a few sparrows known to skylark. The book
410:
is dark brown. The chin, throat and breast are pale gray or brownish gray; the belly is whitish; and there are a few well-defined dark brown or black streaks on the lower flanks. On the back, the
2585:
1657:
1457:
444:
Juveniles are similar to adults with a brown back, feathers with buffy tips and darker brown central streaks, greater coverts edged with white, and light streaking on breast and throat.
298:
around the turn of the century. Much of the confusion seems to have stemmed from a serious lack of knowledge about the anatomy and life history of the species included in the genus.
658:
spp.) and other shrubs was only prominent after nestlings and fledglings were present. Fledglings apparently acquired most of their food in this manner rather than on the ground.
2605:
436:
flying away, but it is not always apparent, and by late summer, pale tips may be partly or completely worn away. Legs are described as dull pinkish or dark flesh.
2508:
2575:
471:
body feathers twice within the bird's first six months of age, and adults gradually molt their body feathers throughout the breeding season. Designated as a
2196:– Long-running science blog that explores the history of Cassin's Sparrow's discovery, what we've learned about the species since, and why it matters.
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2590:
2469:
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1463:
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are broadly tipped and narrowly edged with buff or grayish white, forming a wing bar variously described as fairly conspicuous to indistinct. The
475:, this molt has been fully documented in certain species only recently, having been found in 16 species of North American passerines to date.
576:
note that observations of a Cassin's sparrow nest for 18 hours in 1984 showed that of 208 insects delivered to nestlings, 197 (95%) were
851:
2221:
2179:
1129:
1073:
910:
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during the breeding season. Although often characterized in the literature as secretive and difficult to observe when not singing,
334:
2600:
1840:
1711:
1693:
1666:
1646:
1606:
1545:
Bock, C. E.; Bock, J. H.; Grant, M. C. (1992), "Effects of Bird
Predation on Grasshopper Densities in an Arizona Grassland",
1536:
2474:
2024:
Flanders AA, Kuvlesky WP, Jr., Ruthven DC, III, Zaiglin RE, Bingham RL, Fulbright TE, Hernandez F & Brennan LA. (2006).
1472:
364:
The sparrow has a long tail, gray-brown with white corners, and has dark marks on the back and sides. The species resembles
377:
observed that Cassin's sparrows readily accommodated the presence of an observer, especially early in the breeding season.
2078:
1368:
2360:
1119:
2384:
261:
186:
2513:
2037:
Influence of avian predation on a grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) assemblage that feeds on threadleaf snakeweed
1863:
1747:
Schnase, J. L.; Grant, W. E.; Maxwell, T. C.; Leggett, J. J. (1991), "Time and energy budgets of Cassin's
Sparrow (
2186:
741:
670:
The bird's nest is in grass and is a mixture of various weeds and grasses. The female lays from to 3 to 5 eggs.
74:
2521:
310:
into question the placement of Cassin's sparrow within this genus in what is called the "botterii complex" –
2288:
2129:
Nest
Characteristics and Nestling Development of Cassin's and Botteri's Sparrows in Southeastern Arizona USA
1971:
Numerical response of grassland birds to cattle ranching versus exurban development in southeastern
Arizona
1031:
2526:
2371:
2313:
396:
30:
2389:
852:
American
Ornithologists' Union Committee on Classification and Nomenclature—North and Middle America 2010
587:
2295:
2281:
2267:
2214:
1903:, Ornithological Monographs, vol. 23, Baltimore, MD: American Ornithologists' Union, pp. 1–220
497:
411:
169:
2351:
1855:
Life histories of North
American cardinals, grosbeaks, buntings, towhees, finches, sparrows, and allies
513:, territory defense, etc. Unusual conditions may induce this species to sing at unusual times of year.
2077:, Volume 9, No. 6 (Nov. – Dec., 1907), pages 191–194, University of California Press on behalf of the
719:
419:
406:
is brownish gray, with darker upper mandible and pale bluish gray tomial edge and lower mandible. The
2253:
2246:
2073:
652:
reported that foraging occurred in a slow, methodical manner. Foliage gleaning from within mesquite (
472:
365:
319:
311:
1721:
39:
2500:
1886:
1820:
1784:
1704:
A guide to the identification and natural history of the sparrows of the United States and Canada
1586:
1562:
607:
585:(range = 90–100%). There is a report of Cassin's sparrows eating flower buds of blackthorn bush (
204:
69:
1065:
639:
reports observing birds drinking water from a small pool immediately following a rain. Although
596:
422:
and edged with buff or gray, giving a scaly or variegated appearance. Wings are brown; greater
2534:
2487:
2407:
1836:
1707:
1689:
1662:
1642:
1602:
1532:
1125:
1069:
906:
902:
136:
2107:
Trends in abundance of grassland birds following a spring prescribed burn in southern Arizona
1399:
1102:
929:
2580:
2539:
2207:
1878:
1850:
1812:
1760:
1615:
Dunning, J. B. Jr.; Bowers, R. K. Jr.; Suter, S. J.; Bock, C. E. (2000), "Cassin's Sparrow (
1554:
894:
714:
453:
423:
231:
2448:
2376:
2070:"A New Breeding Bird for Colorado: The Cassin Sparrow (Peucæa cassini) Nesting near Denver"
301:
There have been several substantial treatments of the taxonomy of species within the genus
2274:
1599:
Sparrows and buntings: a guide to the sparrows and buntings of North America and the world
449:
1238:
696:
341:
on the basis of genetic, morphological, and vocal data, moving Cassin's sparrow back to
1058:
591:) in season. In fall and winter, Cassin's sparrows eat the seeds of weeds and grasses.
407:
353:
2552:
2004:
Interspecific differences in hematozoan infection in sonoran desert Aimophila sparrows
1928:
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE VOCALIZATIONS AND SINGING BEHAVIOR OF FOUR AIMOPHILA SPARROWS
2569:
2482:
1764:
895:
705:
59:
54:
1740:
The breeding biology of Cassin's Sparrow in Tom Green County, Texas. Master's thesis
397:
196:
2412:
1935:
Trends in grassland bird abundance following prescribed burning in southern Arizona
418:
are described as brown or gray with a rusty tinge, the feathers having dark brown
2399:
1726:, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Technical Publication BTP-R6002-2000
2495:
2456:
2345:
2199:
533:
529:
391:
278:
273:
265:
2336:
1930:. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States, Virginia.
528:
The summer diet of Cassin's sparrows consists primarily of insects, especially
2547:
1864:"An Unusual Sequence of Molts and Plumages in Cassin's and Bachman's Sparrows"
510:
468:
457:
349:
506:
415:
294:
238:
126:
86:
1921:
Community ecology and management of wintering grassland sparrows in Arizona
2026:
Effects of invasive exotic grasses on South Texas rangeland breeding birds
2330:
654:
601:
541:
245:
106:
2187:
Public Radio International's Living on Earth Environmental News Magazine
2438:
2232:
2069:
1960:
Response of Birds to Wildfire in Native Versus Exotic Arizona Grassland
1890:
1824:
1788:
1590:
1566:
629:
619:
577:
432:
288:
146:
1982:
A nesting population of Cassin's Sparrows in the sandhills of Nebraska
540:. Additional insects specifically mentioned in the literature include
2461:
1121:
National Geographic field guide to the birds of western North America
561:
557:
537:
249:
96:
2307:
1882:
1816:
1773:"Use of song patterns to identify individual male Cassin's Sparrows"
1558:
595:
particularly mentions the consumption of seeds of chickweed (family
276:, a Philadelphia ornithologist. The species was originally known as
2425:
1949:
NONGAME BIRD NESTING ON CRP LANDS IN THE TEXAS SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS
2420:
2151:
Miscellaneous Summer Records of Birds from Southwestern Kansas USA
1796:
1574:
867:
770:
624:
613:
565:
427:
284:
269:
2193:
1849:
Williams, F. C.; LeSassier, A. L. (1968), "Cassin's Sparrow", in
1772:
1529:
A guide to the nests, eggs, and nestlings of North American birds
2140:
Subtle recent distributional shifts in Great Plains bird species
1508:(7th ed.), Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union
1499:(5th ed.), Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists' Union
569:
553:
464:
403:
241:
116:
2311:
2203:
2085:
The Status of Cassins Sparrow in New-Mexico and Adjacent States
1898:
667:
northern part of its range which might be because of rainfall.
1993:
Birds as Grazing Indicator Species in Southeastern Arizona USA
1973:. Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts. vol
549:
545:
2105:
Kirkpatrick C, DeStefano S, Mannan RW & Lloyd J. (2002).
1751:) during the breeding season: evaluation through modelling",
2048:
Movement patterns of wintering grassland sparrows in Arizona
1575:"Songs of Aimophila sparrows occurring in the United States"
1658:
A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America
1199:
390:
The head is brown streaked with gray and dark brown; the
1833:
The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American Birds
1723:
Cassin's sparrow status assessment and conservation plan
1459:
Cassin's sparrow status assessment and conservation plan
1262:
871:
2153:. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. vol
1623:, Philadelphia, P.A: The Birds of North America, Inc.
1937:. The University of Arizona, United States, Arizona.
1923:. The University of Arizona, United States, Arizona.
1857:, New York, NY: Dover Publications, pp. 981–990
679:
of shrubs to shrubland habitats with a grass cover.
283:. It was subsequently and variously assigned to the
260:
The first Cassin's sparrow was described in 1852 by
2320:
1797:"A preliminary survey of the sparrows of the genus
796:
794:
2586:Native birds of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
1900:Species relationships in the avian genus Aimophila
1057:
1032:"Mystery bird: Cassin's sparrow, Peucaea cassinii"
781:
779:
1419:
1317:
1278:
982:
967:
941:
720:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22721272A94705871.en
640:
2118:1st Occurrence of the Cassins Sparrow in Canada
1411:
525:The bird's diet consists of insects and seeds.
2162:Fowl Pox in Cassins Sparrow Aimophila-Cassinii
2002:Deviche P, McGraw K & Greiner EC. (2005).
1951:. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. vol
1144:
463:Cassin's sparrows have an unusual sequence of
2215:
2178:Cassin's Sparrow Nature Notes broadcast from
1270:
573:
572:. The young are fed almost entirely insects.
8:
2127:Maurer BA, Webb EA & Bowers RK. (1989).
1686:Identification guide to North American birds
1661:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press,
1369:"Region 2 Sensitive Species Evaluation Form"
509:maintenance, communication with fledglings,
1527:Baicich, P. J.; Harrison, C. J. O. (1997),
1113:
1111:
993:J. Dunning personal communication cited by
2308:
2222:
2208:
2200:
1597:Byers, C.; Curson, J.; Olsson, U. (1995),
1301:
1274:
1226:
1218:
1124:. National Geographic Books. p. 358.
1064:. Texas A&M University Press. p.
1006:
959:
957:
945:
592:
496:says that a clue that spring is coming in
195:
48:
29:
20:
2606:Taxa named by Samuel Washington Woodhouse
2185:Cassin's Sparrow BirdNote broadcast from
718:
394:is buff, and there is a thin, dark brown
305:and a comparison of the song patterns of
272:, and given its species name in honor of
2068:Hersey, L. J. and Rockwell R. B. (1907)
1118:Dunn, Jon; Jonathan K. Alderfer (2008).
888:
886:
884:
467:and plumages. They replace all of their
1771:Schnase, J. L.; Maxwell, T. C. (1989),
1679:, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press
1504:American Ornithologists' Union (1998),
1495:American Ornithologists' Union (1957),
1481:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1464:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1344:
1340:
1313:
1289:
1266:
1222:
1203:
1187:
1172:
1168:
1156:
971:
949:
687:
675:
649:
636:
374:
2096:Cassins Sparrow Parasitized by Cowbird
2035:Gardner KT & Thompson DC. (1998).
1995:. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol
1947:Berthelsen PS & Smith LM. (1995).
1621:In The Birds of North America, No. 471
1415:
1395:
1355:
1214:
1098:
1056:H. Wauer, Roland; Ralph Scott (1999).
963:
925:
839:
827:
816:
758:
1742:, Angelo, TX: Angelo State University
1239:"Cassin's sparrow Aimophila cassinii"
452:has been observed as far away as the
7:
2094:Kingery HE & Julian PR. (1971).
2006:. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol
1984:. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol
1431:
1328:
1176:
1017:
994:
901:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p.
875:
863:
812:
800:
785:
581:
356:of Cassin's sparrow are recognized.
2576:IUCN Red List least concern species
2059:Cassins Sparrow Nesting in Nebraska
2015:Cassin's sparrow nesting in Wyoming
1655:Howell, S. N. G.; Webb, S. (1995),
1601:, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co,
868:American Ornithologists' Union 1957
771:American Ornithologists' Union 1998
706:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1862:Willoughby, E.J. (November 1986),
1506:Check-list of North American Birds
1497:Check-list of North American Birds
14:
1835:, New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf,
1688:, California: Slate Creek Press,
1619:)", in A. Poole; F. Gill (eds.),
1531:, San Diego, CA: Academic Press,
983:Byers, Curson & Olsson (1995)
2160:Savage H & Dick JA. (1969).
2039:. Environmental Entomology. vol
1980:Bock CE & Sharf WC. (1995).
1706:, New York, NY: Academic Press,
1641:, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin,
1450: This article incorporates
1445:
73:
2596:Birds of the Rio Grande valleys
2142:. Southwestern Naturalist. vol
2120:. Ontario Field Biologist. vol
2109:. Southwestern Naturalist. vol
2013:Dorn RD & Dorn JL. (1995).
1969:Bock CE & Bock JH. (2002).
1962:. Southwestern Naturalist. vol
1958:Bock CE & Bock JH. (1992).
968:Byers, Curson & Olsson 1995
695:BirdLife International (2016).
641:Williams & LeSassier (1968)
488:The sparrow's song sounds like
264:from a specimen collected near
2591:Fauna of the Chihuahuan Desert
1991:Bock CE & Webb B. (1984).
1632:, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
1030:GirlScientist (June 8, 2011).
335:American Ornithologists' Union
1:
2079:Cooper Ornithological Society
1933:Kirkpatrick CK. M.S. (1999).
1720:Ruth, Janet M. (March 2000),
1639:Lives of North American birds
1420:Williams & LeSassier 1968
1318:Williams & LeSassier 1968
1279:Williams & LeSassier 1968
942:Williams & LeSassier 1968
574:Bock, Bock & Grant (1992)
2061:. Nebraska Bird Review. vol
1926:Groschupf KD. Ph.D. (1983).
1777:Journal of Field Ornithology
1765:10.1016/0304-3800(91)90091-E
490:titi-trrrrrrrrrrr, tyew tyew
1999:, no 3. pp. 1045–1049.
1412:Baicich & Harrison 1997
1271:Bock, Bock & Grant 1992
2622:
1675:Oberholser, H. C. (1974),
1145:Schnase & Maxwell 1989
1060:Heralds of Spring in Texas
494:Heralds of Spring in Texas
2241:
2192:Cassin's Sparrow blog at
2157:, no 2. pp. 109–114.
2146:, no 2. pp. 289–292.
2135:, no 3. pp. 736–738.
2113:, no 2. pp. 282–292.
2091:, no 5. pp. 933–941.
2054:, no 3. pp. 748–759.
2043:, no 1. pp. 110–116.
2032:, no 1. pp. 171–182.
2021:, no 2. pp. 104–106.
2010:, no 3. pp. 532–541.
1988:, no 4. pp. 472–475.
1955:, no 6. pp. 672–675.
1919:Gordon CE. Ph.D. (1999).
326:), and Cassin's sparrow (
244:'s range is from western
210:
203:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
713:: e.T22721272A94705871.
2601:Birds described in 1852
2168:, no 1. pp. 71–72.
2098:. Wilson Bulletin. vol
2065:, no 3. pp. 56–57.
1966:, no 1. pp. 73–81.
1738:Schnase, J. L. (1984),
580:grasshoppers. However,
2087:. American Birds. vol
1831:Terres, J. K. (1980),
1795:Storer, R. W. (1955),
1702:Rising, J. D. (1996),
1677:The bird life of Texas
1573:Borror, D. J. (1971),
1452:public domain material
1219:Howell & Webb 1995
897:Birds of North America
893:Kaufman, Kenn (2000).
337:resurrected the genus
2138:Peterson AT. (2003).
2017:. Western Birds. vol
498:Midland County, Texas
398:submoustachial stripe
24:Cassin's sparrow
2083:Hubbard JP. (1977).
1897:Wolf, L. L. (1977),
1753:Ecological Modelling
1637:Kaufman, K. (1996),
1628:Kaufman, K. (1990),
1243:US Geological Survey
473:presupplemental molt
230:) is a medium-sized
2289:Peucaea sumichrasti
2046:Gordon CE. (2000).
1263:Dunning et al. 2000
1200:Schnase et al. 1991
872:Dunning et al. 2000
605:spp.), woodsorrel (
588:Condalia spathulata
262:Samuel W. Woodhouse
40:Conservation status
2275:Peucaea mystacalis
2247:Peucaea aestivalis
2194:CassinsSparrow.org
2180:Marfa Public Radio
2149:Ports MA. (1981).
2057:Grant DS. (1974).
1749:Aimophila cassinii
1617:Aimophola cassinii
1475:Aimophila cassinii
742:"Peucaea cassinii"
316:Aimophila botterii
292:and eventually to
213:Aimophila cassinii
2563:
2562:
2535:Open Tree of Life
2314:Taxon identifiers
2305:
2304:
2282:Peucaea ruficauda
2268:Peucaea humeralis
2116:Long RC. (1968).
1684:Pyle, P. (1997),
1376:US Forest Service
1087:cassin's sparrow.
1007:Willoughby (1986)
593:Oberholser (1974)
420:subterminal spots
366:Botteri's sparrow
320:Bachman's sparrow
312:Botteri's sparrow
248:to north-central
219:
218:
63:
2613:
2556:
2555:
2553:Peucaea cassinii
2543:
2542:
2530:
2529:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2352:Peucaea cassinii
2341:
2340:
2339:
2322:Peucaea cassinii
2309:
2296:Peucaea carpalis
2261:Peucaea cassinii
2254:Peucaea botterii
2230:Sparrows in the
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
1904:
1893:
1868:
1858:
1851:Oliver L. Austin
1845:
1827:
1791:
1767:
1759:(3–4): 285–319,
1743:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1716:
1698:
1680:
1671:
1651:
1633:
1630:Advanced birding
1624:
1611:
1593:
1569:
1553:(5): 1706–1717,
1541:
1523:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1467:
1449:
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1428:
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939:
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923:
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861:
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843:
837:
831:
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819:
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789:
783:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
749:
738:
732:
731:
729:
727:
722:
699:Peucaea cassinii
692:
617:spp.), panicum (
454:Farallon Islands
399:
343:Peucaea cassinii
227:Peucaea cassinii
222:Cassin's sparrow
199:
181:
179:Peucaea cassinii
161:P. cassinii
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
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2566:
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2512:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2473:
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2460:
2455:
2449:cassins-sparrow
2447:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2398:
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2301:
2237:
2228:
2175:
1911:
1909:Further reading
1896:
1883:10.2307/1368272
1866:
1861:
1848:
1843:
1830:
1817:10.2307/1365082
1794:
1770:
1746:
1737:
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1727:
1719:
1714:
1701:
1696:
1683:
1674:
1669:
1654:
1649:
1636:
1627:
1614:
1609:
1596:
1579:Wilson Bulletin
1572:
1559:10.2307/1940022
1544:
1539:
1526:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1471:
1456:Janet M. Ruth.
1455:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1410:
1406:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1312:
1308:
1302:Oberholser 1974
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1275:Oberholser 1974
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1227:Oberholser 1974
1213:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1097:
1093:
1080:
1078:
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1055:
1054:
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1038:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1001:
992:
988:
981:
977:
962:
955:
946:Oberholser 1974
940:
936:
924:
920:
913:
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739:
735:
725:
723:
694:
693:
689:
685:
664:
627:, and sorghum (
523:
486:
481:
479:Natural history
442:
401:
388:
383:
362:
258:
190:
183:
177:
164:
72:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2567:
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2557:
2544:
2531:
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2505:
2492:
2479:
2466:
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2430:
2417:
2404:
2394:
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2368:
2357:
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2326:
2324:
2318:
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2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2173:External links
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:. Condor. vol
2158:
2147:
2136:
2131:. Condor. vol
2125:
2114:
2103:
2092:
2081:
2066:
2055:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1967:
1956:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1877:(4): 461–472,
1859:
1846:
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1811:(4): 193–201,
1792:
1768:
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1585:(2): 132–151,
1570:
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1010:
999:
986:
975:
953:
934:
918:
911:
880:
856:
854:, p. 738.
844:
832:
820:
805:
790:
775:
763:
751:
733:
686:
684:
681:
676:Schnase (1984)
663:
660:
650:Schnase (1984)
637:Schnase (1984)
611:spp.), sedge (
522:
519:
485:
482:
480:
477:
441:
438:
395:
387:
384:
382:
379:
375:Schnase (1984)
361:
358:
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217:
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184:
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26:
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2195:
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2177:
2176:
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2167:
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2159:
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2137:
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2119:
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2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
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1482:
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1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1440:
1434:, p. 24)
1433:
1430:JMR cited by
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1377:
1370:
1364:
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1268:
1264:
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1256:
1244:
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1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
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1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1131:9781426203312
1127:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1075:9780890968796
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1049:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1000:
996:
990:
987:
984:
979:
976:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
951:
947:
943:
938:
935:
931:
927:
922:
919:
914:
912:0-395-96464-4
908:
904:
899:
898:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
857:
853:
848:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
824:
821:
818:
814:
809:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
767:
764:
760:
755:
752:
747:
743:
737:
734:
721:
716:
712:
708:
707:
702:
700:
691:
688:
682:
680:
677:
671:
668:
661:
659:
657:
656:
651:
645:
642:
638:
634:
632:
631:
626:
623:spp.), other
622:
621:
616:
615:
610:
609:
604:
603:
599:), plantain (
598:
594:
590:
589:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
520:
518:
514:
512:
508:
502:
499:
495:
491:
483:
478:
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
445:
439:
437:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
393:
385:
380:
378:
376:
370:
367:
359:
357:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
333:In 2010, the
331:
329:
325:
324:A. aestivalis
321:
317:
313:
308:
304:
299:
297:
296:
291:
290:
286:
282:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
240:
235:
233:
229:
228:
223:
215:
214:
209:
206:
202:
198:
193:
188:
182:
180:
174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:Passerellidae
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:Passeriformes
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2321:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2231:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2072:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1948:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1899:
1874:
1870:
1854:
1832:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1783:(1): 12–19,
1780:
1776:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1728:, retrieved
1722:
1703:
1685:
1676:
1656:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1550:
1546:
1528:
1522:(3): 725–744
1519:
1515:
1505:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1474:
1458:
1444:
1426:
1407:
1391:
1381:December 17,
1379:. Retrieved
1375:
1363:
1351:
1345:Schnase 1984
1341:Kaufman 1996
1336:
1331:, p. 6.
1324:
1314:Kaufman 1996
1309:
1297:
1290:Kaufman 1996
1285:
1267:Kaufman 1996
1258:
1248:December 18,
1246:. Retrieved
1242:
1233:
1223:Schnase 1984
1210:
1204:Schnase 1984
1195:
1188:Kaufman 1990
1183:
1173:Schnase 1984
1169:Kaufman 1990
1164:
1157:Schnase 1984
1152:
1140:
1120:
1094:
1086:
1081:December 17,
1079:. Retrieved
1059:
1051:
1041:December 17,
1039:. Retrieved
1036:The Guardian
1035:
1025:
1013:
1002:
997:, p. 5)
989:
978:
972:Kaufman 1990
950:Kaufman 1990
937:
921:
896:
859:
847:
835:
823:
808:
803:, p. 3.
766:
754:
745:
736:
724:. Retrieved
710:
704:
698:
690:
672:
669:
665:
653:
646:
635:
628:
618:
612:
606:
600:
586:
534:caterpillars
530:grasshoppers
527:
524:
515:
503:
493:
489:
487:
462:
446:
443:
389:
371:
363:
347:
342:
338:
332:
327:
323:
315:
306:
302:
300:
293:
287:
277:
259:
236:
226:
225:
221:
220:
212:
211:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
2522:Neotropical
2496:NatureServe
2457:iNaturalist
2346:Wikispecies
2050:. Auk. vol
2028:. Auk. vol
1486:24 February
1416:Rising 1996
1396:Rising 1996
1356:Rising 1996
1215:Rising 1996
1099:Rising 1996
964:Rising 1996
926:Rising 1996
878:, p. 3
840:Storer 1955
828:Borror 1971
817:Storer 1955
759:Terres 1980
726:12 November
608:Xanthoxalis
582:Wolf (1977)
511:alarm calls
392:supercilium
360:Description
328:A. cassinii
279:Zonotrichia
274:John Cassin
266:San Antonio
2570:Categories
2548:Xeno-canto
2074:The Condor
1842:0517032880
1713:0125889712
1695:0961894024
1668:0198540124
1648:0618159886
1608:0395738733
1538:0120728303
1441:References
1432:Ruth (2000
1398:, p.
1101:, p.
995:Ruth (2000
928:, p.
597:Alsinaceae
469:pennaceous
458:California
350:subspecies
1799:Aimophila
1329:Ruth 2000
1177:Wolf 1977
1018:Pyle 1997
876:Ruth 2000
864:Pyle 1997
813:Wolf 1977
801:Ruth 2000
786:Wolf 1977
542:true bugs
507:pair bond
433:rectrices
416:scapulars
307:Aimophila
303:Aimophila
295:Aimophila
239:passerine
187:Woodhouse
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2501:2.102862
2488:22721272
2377:22721272
2372:BirdLife
2337:Q2229803
2331:Wikidata
2124:, no 34.
1977:, no 79.
1942:Articles
655:Prosopis
602:Plantago
440:Juvenile
281:cassinii
256:Taxonomy
246:Nebraska
205:Synonyms
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2581:Peucaea
2514:2021860
2439:6091692
2233:Peucaea
2102:, no 4.
1891:1368272
1853:(ed.),
1825:1365082
1789:4513386
1591:4160068
1567:1940022
1547:Ecology
1516:The Auk
746:Avibase
662:Habitat
633:spp.).
630:Sorghum
625:grasses
620:Panicum
578:acridid
562:spiders
558:weevils
538:beetles
424:coverts
381:Plumage
339:Peucaea
289:Peucaea
232:sparrow
189:, 1852)
148:Peucaea
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2540:961462
2527:casspa
2475:997732
2446:GNAB:
2426:casspa
2400:casspa
2390:745717
2365:casspa
1914:Theses
1889:
1871:Condor
1839:
1823:
1805:Condor
1787:
1730:25 May
1710:
1692:
1665:
1645:
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1589:
1565:
1535:
1128:
1072:
909:
568:, and
566:snails
536:, and
412:mantle
402:. The
250:Mexico
2462:73175
2421:eBird
2413:4FF36
2397:BOW:
2236:genus
1887:JSTOR
1867:(PDF)
1821:JSTOR
1785:JSTOR
1587:JSTOR
1563:JSTOR
1454:from
1372:(PDF)
683:Notes
614:Carex
570:moths
554:wasps
465:molts
450:morph
428:alula
386:Adult
354:races
285:genus
270:Texas
237:This
2509:NCBI
2483:IUCN
2470:ITIS
2434:GBIF
2385:BOLD
1837:ISBN
1732:2024
1708:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1488:2009
1383:2011
1250:2011
1126:ISBN
1083:2011
1070:ISBN
1043:2011
907:ISBN
728:2021
711:2016
550:bees
546:ants
521:Diet
484:Song
456:off
414:and
408:iris
404:bill
242:bird
117:Aves
2408:CoL
2361:ABA
2052:117
2030:123
1879:doi
1813:doi
1761:doi
1555:doi
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1066:215
903:340
715:doi
352:or
348:No
330:).
318:),
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2133:91
2122:22
2111:47
2100:83
2089:31
2063:42
2041:27
2019:26
2008:41
1997:48
1986:65
1975:87
1964:37
1953:50
1885:,
1875:88
1873:,
1869:,
1819:,
1809:57
1807:,
1803:,
1781:60
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