2707:
666:
of this site in mesoamerican archaeology is due to its antiquity and the ample diffusion of its style, contemporary to other native culture developments such as the
Capacha culture and earlier of the ChupĂcuaro. El Opeño tombs are the oldest in Mesoamerica. Have been dated to around 1600 BCE, hence they predate de Olmec culture development, with main centers in the Gulf of Mexico coast and flourished some centuries later.
94:
736:
42:
798:
changed and defensive constructions and representations of highland Gods, like Tláloc and
Huehueteotl appeared. During the Chanal phase (600-1500 CE) cities such as El Chanal and La Campana were built, with plazas, platforms, and pyramids built with stones, a characteristic aspect of the area architecture.
797:
The disappearance of this funerary tradition, established a change in deity worship, this probably led to the construction of ceremonial centers and plazas, as a result of the arrival of migrants from highlands groups. This is considered, because from the
Armeria Phase (500-1000 CE) ceramics features
665:
El Opeño is an archaeological site located in the municipality of Jacona, in the state of
Michoacán. It is home to a prehispanic site, mainly known from the ceramic material found in the funerary complexes of the site, which have been dated to the late preclassical mesoamerican period. The importance
781:
Construction was normally made by digging on tepetate, with a depth varying depending on the soil hardness; sometimes with steps or a vertical circular duct, with a diameter of 1.20 to 1.40 m, used to reach one, two or three small chambers, resembling a baker's oven, where the offerings were placed
707:
site developed the most representative style of the region, settled in the El Chanal community. In the mid-20th century a step pyramid was found; at the beginning of the 1990s, discovered esplanades, temples, squares and a ballgame court: architectural evidence of a culture that had reached a high
806:
There are similarities between western Mexico and South
America, including the building of shaft tombs in regions of both places. Recent studies have found common elements with countries as far away as Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, it is inferred that there was some type of contact perhaps by ocean
677:
is an archaeological site located a few kilometers from
Capacha, it is included in the Mexican archaeological heritage list since 1917. Located in the vicinity of the city of Colima. This site was the largest prehispanic population center in western Mexico. Site studies indicate that some of its
686:
Archaeologists assign a period between 300 BCE and 300 CE; located southwest of Colima, in the vicinity of the Los
Ortices village. This native settlement was more evolved than the Capacha site, they produced finer pottery, also made stone sculpture and buried their dead in "shaft tombs", very
307:
It is clear that Colima and other western regions' cultures had their own personality. The Colima artistic expressions in ceramic offerings in “shaft tombs" reflect a society more "comfortable", free, equal, with family and household traits, totally different from artistic expressions of other
274:, between 1300 and 900 BCE, which probably had a higher level of development at that time. Beatriz Braniff and other researchers pointed the presence of a "tertium quid" in central Mexico differentiated from Olmec traditions and the center of Mexico, whose origin was the western region.
695:
Chronologically placed between 600 and 1100 CE, in an area east of the city of Colima, in the El
Moralete neighborhood. This native group developed crafts with features somewhat more primitive than the others. Developed a smaller ceramics variety and built rougher shaft tombs.
793:
At the end of the funeral ceremony, the tombs were sealed with stone slabs or metates and the shaft filled with dirt. This type of burial chambers appeared during the Mid-Preclassical and the early classical; In addition to western Mexico, these are also found in
Colombia.
287:
groups dominated several regions, the
Tzacoalco salt mines owned by Tecos, because of this their leader Coliman or Tlatoani Colimotl defeated them, after the salt war, the Tecos took Sayula, Zapotlán and Amula and even reached Mazamitla, becoming the predominant group.
1047:
The Nahual was an animal that could be a parrot, a duck, a snake, but it was usually a dog: these animals popularly became bald dogs or izcuintli, known as the emblem and a very representative figures of Colima, there are similar figures in the mochica culture of
282:
During prehispanic times, the region covered by the modern-day state of Colima was seat of various ethnic groups which flourished in western Mexico. The region was inhabited by various Lordships that disputed the territories. At the beginning of the 16th century,
266:
This information is corroborated by Opeño style figurines and Capacha type ceramic found in the area of Tuxpan - Tamazula - Zapotlán; as well as in other places in Jalisco, where shaft tombs similar to El Opeño and ceramic vessels similar to Capacha were found.
785:
Offerings could include ceramics with different motifs; men or women in some activity, and testimony of their kind of life (e.g. hunters, musicians, farmers with their belongings and clothing). Could also include items or ornaments of everyday use, or their
251:
and the Colima Valley. Several sites in the region have relations with Capacha, such as the Embocadero II site (800 BCE) in the Mascota Valley, which has a background with the shaft tomb tradition. There is also evidence of green stone articles,
653:
The Capacha Culture includes nine sites identified in the eastern half of the state of Colima. Archaeological elements of this tradition have been discovered in the states of Nayarit, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Guerrero, Morelos, Michoacán and Mexico.
743:
Sample testing of ceramic specimens found in various sites in the state of Colima, San Blas, Ixtapa and Tomatlán (Jalisco) by Thermo-luminescence and carbon 14 have provided dates between 1320 and 220 BCE
2687:
556:
Gradual disappearance of the shaft tomb tradition and emergence of planned cities, with plazas and mounds. Fabrication of stone figures. Ceramics ceased to be refined and became more utilitarian
1275:
757:
Ceramics that consists of two superimposed globular vessels, interconnected by two or three tubes. This ceramic shape resembles the South American “stirrup” handle ceramic tradition.
708:
degree of evolution. By 1520, this complex had already disappeared and only remained in the area some native peoples, apparently subjected to another more powerful city, Tecomán.
2682:
1206:
E. Taladoire & B. Faugère-Kalfon, Archéologie et art précolombiens: La Mésoamérique, École du Louvre, Réunion des Musées Nationaux, La Documentation Française, Paris, 1995.
612:
Cities such as El Chanal appear, similar to the highlands, which integrate stone elements with gods representations. Ceramic figures become solid and metal artifacts are made
308:
societies. The detail and artistic quality of women, men, dogs, parrots, bats, snakes, etc., sculptures, evidence that artists carefully observed those everyday items.
640:
Three Lordships have military and commercial control: Aliman, Coliman and Cihuatlan-Tepetitango. Pottery is rough with more stylized traits and primitive appearance.
311:
Who were these special ancestors? Recent excavations in Colima and Michoacán enable us to recognize at least two roots, as old as the Olmec. These are Capacha and
2662:
1308:
790:. Their Nahual represented a trip mate to the underworld -- the death God that guides the soul through the nine torrents that separate the deceased from heaven.
327:, American archaeologist who made excavations in the Colima area in 1939. Similarities between pieces of this culture and contemporary ceramics in the region of
300:. But in the western region no evidence has been found to date nothing that can be identified as such. Indeed, there is no evidence even of Teotihuacan (central
2647:
1624:
1247:
935:
2755:
2652:
297:
1011:
S. T. Evans, 2004: p. 156 / D. Lévine, 1998: p. 57 et pp. 68-69 / J. B. Mountjoy, 1994: p. 40 / E. Taladoire et B. Faugère-Kalfon, 1995 : p. 87.
263:, by the existing ceramic relationship between types red zonal and dark red/beige, as well as similarities between figurine types of both complexes.
1656:
716:
This important site and its cultural development, enabled the generation of several important civilization aspects, among which are the following:
315:. Capacha, before 1500 BCE had burials that include beautiful ceramic "bules" and vases with "Stirrup” handle, certain type figurines and metates.
2750:
778:
One of the most representative characteristics of the culture are the shaft tombs, funeral chambers with access through a shaft, hence its name.
824:
According to Isabel Kelly, virtually all of Capacha's defining characteristics are also found in northern South American pottery assemblages.
1644:
2558:
1673:
2617:
1668:
1546:
1194:
J. B. Mountjoy, Capacha: Una cultura enigmática del Occidente de MĂ©xico, en: ArqueologĂa mexicana, volume 02, numĂ©ro: 09, MĂ©xico, 1994.
767:
2672:
1651:
1290:
1188:
D. Lévine, Archéologie du Mexique. Les cultures préhispaniques de l'Ouest mexicain: L'État de Colima, Éditions Artcom', Paris, 1998.
2611:
1680:
1157:
1219:
1060:
2502:
2432:
2121:
2132:
1814:
1629:
1240:
2740:
2594:
2437:
1285:
1100:
2573:
1849:
2605:
2599:
2583:
1824:
1328:
125:
2677:
2569:
1639:
386:
The cultural development of this area has been divided into seven phases, named for the sites where findings were made;
1729:
985:
953:
2745:
2271:
2143:
1471:
1280:
1185:
S. T. Evans, Ancient Mexico & Central America: Archaeology and culture history, Thames & Hudson, London, 2004.
2498:
1200:
P. S. Schoenberg, La Ă©poca prehispánica en Guerrero, in: ArqueologĂa mexicana, volumen 14, nĂşmero 94, MĂ©xico, 2006.
1179:
Ch. Duverger, La Méso-Amérique: L'art pré-hispanique du Mexique et de l'Amérique centrale, Flammarion, Paris, 1999.
2382:
2225:
1233:
1002:
Includes the ceramics production that chronologically and geographically defines, the cultural life of the Group.
1734:
331:
suggest that there were some very links between the early western Mesoamerican cultures and those of the Andes.
2735:
2205:
1809:
1611:
1586:
1300:
939:
1954:
542:
The Shaft Tomb tradition continued. Ceramics reached its maximum aesthetic development, with beautiful pieces
2506:
2281:
1451:
343:. Was the first with complex features and developed in the region, approximately between 2000 and 1200 BCE.
248:
1924:
270:
In addition, the culture and Capacha had some kind of contact with cultures of the Center of Mexico, e.g.
2427:
2276:
1909:
1663:
1634:
1433:
1408:
1373:
1561:
1029:
D. Lévine, 1998: p. 69 / J. B. Mountjoy, 1994: pp. 41-42 / E. Taladoire & B. Faugère-Kalfon, p.87.
371:
2711:
2578:
2442:
2407:
2016:
1904:
1619:
1601:
1501:
1020:
Ch. Duverger, 1999 : p. 177 et p. 183 / D. LĂ©vine, 1998 : p. 68 / J. B. Mountjoy, op. cit.
2544:
2306:
1536:
1338:
1318:
284:
2563:
2667:
2657:
2387:
2296:
2075:
1819:
1764:
1739:
1403:
1398:
1368:
1363:
818:
988:[Colima and its treasures, number 52] (in Spanish). ArqueologĂa Mexicana. Archived from
2692:
2622:
2588:
2311:
2301:
2011:
1979:
1889:
1859:
1789:
1754:
1724:
1720:
1521:
1496:
1428:
1418:
1256:
1153:
1096:
500:
Shaft tombs develop, burial chambers below ground, with anthropomorphic or zoomorphic vessels
472:
Pottery was associated to funeral rites. The pottery characteristic shapes were guaje or bule
1090:
2392:
2332:
2316:
2199:
2163:
2070:
1974:
1774:
1591:
1566:
1383:
1378:
754:
Large ceramic vessels, shaped as two globular stacked vases, one over the other. Named Bule.
296:
Archaeologists recognize the origin of Mesoamerica in a "mother culture" represented by the
1225:
1092:
The Sounds and Colors of Power: The Sacred Metallurgical Technology of Ancient West Mexico.
2515:
2194:
2153:
2138:
2101:
2065:
1959:
1854:
1769:
1744:
1705:
1690:
1511:
1348:
1064:
811:
1057:
358:
phase in the Valley Mexico. The geographical spread of ceramic Capacha parts covers the
2548:
2532:
2446:
2412:
2256:
2231:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2116:
1899:
1710:
1700:
1393:
1353:
1343:
1116:
226:
83:
938:[Colima in prehispanic times] (in Spanish). Mexico desconocido. Archived from
2729:
2493:
2489:
2402:
2246:
2215:
2183:
2127:
2095:
1934:
1894:
1884:
1879:
1869:
1864:
1799:
1794:
1749:
1481:
1476:
1313:
1270:
810:
The nahual included in tombs, various animal shapes are very similar to those of the
230:
807:
navigation. Evidence was found in Treasure Beach (200-700 CE), on the Colima coast.
346:
Capacha was contemporary of other important regional cultural developments, such as
2485:
2461:
2417:
2367:
2362:
2251:
2236:
2220:
2085:
2036:
2031:
2006:
1984:
1949:
1829:
1531:
1466:
1423:
324:
1969:
772:
Ceramic from Colima cultures, was primarily deposited as offering in shaft tombs.
351:
2481:
2471:
2342:
2286:
2090:
2021:
1874:
1844:
1551:
1443:
1323:
1131:
858:
347:
312:
301:
260:
238:
111:
2519:
2357:
2337:
1964:
1779:
1571:
1333:
1136:
916:
140:
127:
2540:
2536:
2511:
2261:
1596:
1486:
1126:
989:
735:
704:
2045:
1715:
256:
cylindrical beads and possibly Amazonite, as well as Turquoise fragments.
2527:
2377:
1939:
1919:
1914:
1804:
1784:
367:
355:
271:
2523:
2060:
1989:
1944:
1685:
1581:
1556:
1541:
1456:
1413:
1388:
1358:
375:
363:
359:
328:
253:
172:
225:
is an archaeological site located about 6 kilometers northeast of the
2466:
2456:
2352:
2327:
1839:
1834:
1759:
1695:
1576:
1526:
1516:
1491:
1121:
787:
340:
234:
99:
87:
1176:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press (Anthropological Papers, 37).
646:
Source: Cano, Olga, Colima and its treasures, Arqueologia Mexicana.
41:
2106:
2050:
2041:
1929:
1506:
734:
678:
features are related to the classical period Teotihuacan culture.
209:
1229:
370:
in south. Particularly important are the burials discovered by
247:
The Capacha Culture peoples were located between the Jalisco
2688:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
750:
Capacha ceramic originality is based on two specific types:
570:
From this period there is influence from Mesoamerica canons
259:
It is known there were close relations between Capacha and
1080:
Tucson, Ariz. : University of Arizona Press, 1980 p37
27:
339:
By this name is known the Capacha archaeological site in
584:
Ceramics is geometric with simple and linear decoration
416:
2683:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
1150:
IntroducciĂłn a la ArqueologĂa del Occidente de MĂ©xico
1078:
Ceramic sequence in Colima: Capacha, an early phase.
194:
Mesoamerican Preclassical, Classical, Postclassical
2554:
2477:
2452:
2423:
2398:
2373:
2348:
2323:
2292:
2267:
2242:
2211:
2174:
2149:
2112:
2081:
2056:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1610:
1442:
1299:
1263:
1174:
Ceramic Sequence in Colima: Capacha, an Early Phase
514:Ortices Phase continues and Comala Phase begins
2663:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2648:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
1241:
8:
880:Lameiras 1990: 27; Schöndube 1974: 84 y ss.
51:
31:
18:
2631:
1248:
1234:
1226:
2653:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
929:
927:
925:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
726:Relationship evidence with South America.
1257:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
237:. This site is the heart of the ancient
40:
39:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
857:LĂłpez Mestas Camberos, Lorenza (2004).
833:
852:
850:
848:
846:
15:
936:"Colima en los tiempos prehispánicos"
21:Capacha Culture – Archaeological Site
7:
1222:Fundacion Cultural Armella Spitalier
1152:. INAH-Universidad de Colima, 2004.
1067:Fundacion Cultural Armella Spitalier
657:Among this sites are the following:
420:Western Culture Chronology in Colima
304:influence from the Classic period.)
1681:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
768:Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition
2673:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1652:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
871:Oliveros 1974; Schöndube 1980: 151
14:
1664:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1635:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
986:"Colima y sus tesoros, Numero 52"
859:"Green Stones in Central Jalisco"
323:It was discovered and studied by
2756:Pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico
2705:
1657:Archaeological sites in Colombia
1630:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
92:
1640:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
775:Shaft Tombs and its offerings:
2751:Archaeological sites in Colima
687:characteristic of the region.
45:Capacha culture extension Map.
1:
2584:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
1645:Archaeological sites in Chile
362:coast, between the states of
2678:Mesoamerican writing systems
1674:Archaeological sites in Peru
691:ArmerĂa & Colima Complex
2574:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
817:Others made links with the
2774:
2600:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2503:Uaxaclajuun UbĘĽaah KĘĽawiil
1148:Braniff Cornejo, Beatriz.
889:Weigand y Beekman 2000: 41
765:
2701:
2643:
2634:
1998:
1825:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
720:Capacha Ceramic Tradition
644:
633:
630:
619:
616:
605:
602:
591:
588:
577:
574:
563:
560:
549:
546:
535:
532:
521:
518:
507:
504:
493:
490:
479:
476:
465:
462:
451:
448:
431:
73:Mesoamerican archaeology
35:
2712:Civilizations portal
1669:Cultural periods of Peru
2606:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
1452:Mesoamerican chronology
739:Capacha Culture Vessel.
298:Olmec style and culture
249:Sierra Madre Occidental
1309:Archaeological periods
919:, Retrieved Sep 2010
782:next to the deceased.
740:
325:Isabel Truesdell Kelly
141:19.28167°N 103.69111°W
46:
2741:Mesoamerican cultures
2612:List of Conquistadors
2499:KĘĽinich JanaabĘĽ Pakal
1910:Quebrada de Humahuaca
1329:Caddoan Mississippian
934:Braniff C., Beatriz.
738:
723:Shaft Tomb Tradition.
44:
2579:Francisco de Montejo
2507:Jasaw Chan KĘĽawiil I
1620:Andean civilizations
1547:Shaft tomb tradition
598:Early Postclassical
589:Early Postclassical
146:19.28167; -103.69111
2545:Manco Inca Yupanqui
1850:Manteño-Huancavilca
1319:Ancestral Puebloans
1117:Colima Municipality
1038:S. T. Evans, p. 121
682:Los Ortices Complex
626:Late Postclassical
617:Late Postclassical
458:Early Preclassical
449:Early Preclassical
423:
413:Cultures Chronology
227:Colima Municipality
137: /
2746:Mesoamerican sites
2668:Columbian exchange
2658:Portal:Mesoamerica
1810:La Tolita (Tumaco)
1625:Indigenous peoples
1364:Hopewell tradition
1291:Indigenous peoples
1172:Kelly, I. (1980).
1063:2015-04-02 at the
917:es:Colima#Historia
819:Machalilla culture
741:
631:Periquillos Phase
505:Late Preclassical
417:
408:Periquillos Phase.
366:in the north, and
47:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2693:Pre-Columbian art
2629:
2628:
2623:Francisco Pizarro
2589:Pedro de Alvarado
1905:Pucará de Tilcara
1220:Capacha tradition
1058:Capacha tradition
898:Braniff 1998: 28.
747:Ceramic features
712:Important Aspects
700:El Chanal Complex
651:
650:
486:Mid-Preclassical
477:Mid-Preclassical
220:
219:
184:2000 to 1000 BCE
2763:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2632:
2618:Spanish Conquest
2595:Spanish Conquest
2570:Spanish Conquest
2559:Spanish Conquest
2001:
2000:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1182:
1162:
1104:
1095:MIT Press, 1994
1089:Dorothy Hosler,
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
981:
958:
957:
950:
944:
943:
931:
920:
914:
899:
896:
890:
887:
881:
878:
872:
869:
863:
862:
854:
841:
838:
528:Early Classical
519:Early Classical
424:
422:
405:Chanal Phase and
372:Gordon F. Ekholm
354:, and the first
152:
151:
149:
148:
147:
142:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
98:
96:
95:
63:
62:Complejo Capacha
23:
16:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2736:Capacha culture
2726:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2697:
2639:
2630:
2620:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2572:
2561:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2516:Quemuenchatocha
2514:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2445:
2314:
2223:
2197:
2186:
2133:Human Sacrifice
2130:
2122:Human Sacrifice
2119:
2093:
2066:Mayan Languages
1994:
1606:
1438:
1295:
1276:Genetic history
1259:
1254:
1216:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1169:
1160:
1145:
1122:State of Colima
1113:
1108:
1107:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1065:Wayback Machine
1056:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
983:
982:
961:
952:
951:
947:
933:
932:
923:
915:
902:
897:
893:
888:
884:
879:
875:
870:
866:
856:
855:
844:
839:
835:
830:
812:Mochica culture
804:
770:
764:
733:
731:Capacha Ceramic
714:
702:
693:
684:
672:
663:
561:Late Classical
418:
415:
384:
382:Cultural Stages
337:
335:Capacha Culture
321:
294:
280:
242:Capacha Culture
145:
143:
139:
136:
131:
128:
126:
124:
123:
93:
91:
90:
61:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2592:
2567:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2530:
2509:
2496:
2479:
2478:Notable Rulers
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:Neo-Inca State
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2192:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2125:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:External links
1212:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1082:
1076:Isabel Kelly,
1069:
1050:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
992:on 2011-02-03.
959:
945:
942:on 2010-12-23.
921:
900:
891:
882:
873:
864:
842:
832:
831:
829:
826:
803:
800:
766:Main article:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
721:
713:
710:
701:
698:
692:
689:
683:
680:
671:
668:
662:
659:
649:
648:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
586:
585:
582:
579:
576:
575:ArmerĂa Phase
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
502:
501:
498:
495:
492:
491:Ortices Phase
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
474:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:Capacha Phase
460:
459:
456:
453:
450:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
383:
380:
336:
333:
320:
317:
293:
292:Culture origin
290:
279:
276:
218:
217:
214:
205:
204:
202:
196:
195:
192:
186:
185:
182:
176:
175:
170:
164:
163:
160:
154:
153:
121:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
81:
75:
74:
71:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
49:
48:
37:
36:
33:
32:
29:
28:
25:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2769:
2768:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2714:
2713:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:Hernán Cortés
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1612:South America
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1434:Weeden Island
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:Poverty Point
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:Mississippian
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1301:North America
1298:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:Paleo-Indians
1269:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1158:970-35-0297-0
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
991:
987:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
960:
955:
949:
946:
941:
937:
930:
928:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
901:
895:
892:
886:
883:
877:
874:
868:
865:
860:
853:
851:
849:
847:
843:
840:Mountjoy 2004
837:
834:
827:
825:
822:
820:
815:
813:
808:
802:South America
801:
799:
795:
791:
789:
783:
779:
776:
773:
769:
761:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
745:
737:
730:
725:
722:
719:
718:
717:
711:
709:
706:
699:
697:
690:
688:
681:
679:
676:
669:
667:
660:
658:
655:
647:
643:
639:
636:
629:
625:
622:
615:
611:
608:
603:Chanal Phase
601:
597:
594:
587:
583:
580:
573:
569:
566:
559:
555:
552:
547:Colima Phase
545:
541:
538:
533:Comala Phase
531:
527:
524:
517:
513:
510:
503:
499:
496:
489:
485:
482:
475:
471:
468:
461:
457:
454:
447:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
429:
426:
425:
421:
412:
407:
404:
402:ArmerĂa Phase
401:
398:
395:
393:Ortices Phase
392:
390:Capacha Phase
389:
388:
387:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
334:
332:
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
309:
305:
303:
299:
291:
289:
286:
277:
275:
273:
268:
264:
262:
257:
255:
250:
245:
243:
240:
236:
232:
231:Mexican state
228:
224:
216:Non existent
215:
213:
211:
207:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
193:
191:
188:
187:
183:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
161:
159:
156:
155:
150:
122:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
101:
89:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
72:
70:
67:
66:
60:
58:
55:
54:
50:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
17:
2703:
2636:
2486:Moctezuma II
2443:Inca history
2368:Andean Music
2312:Architecture
2307:Architecture
2302:Architecture
2297:Architecture
2293:Architecture
2287:Gender Roles
2032:Tenochtitlan
1955:Timoto–Cuica
1950:Tierradentro
1735:Casma–Sechin
1467:Chalcatzingo
1461:
1202:(in Spanish)
1196:(in Spanish)
1173:
1167:Bibliography
1161:(in Spanish)
1149:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1053:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
990:the original
984:Cano, Olga.
948:
940:the original
894:
885:
876:
867:
836:
823:
821:in Ecuador.
816:
809:
805:
796:
792:
784:
780:
777:
774:
771:
749:
746:
742:
715:
703:
694:
685:
674:
673:
664:
656:
652:
645:
442:
437:
432:
427:
419:
399:Colima Phase
396:Comala Phase
385:
345:
338:
322:
310:
306:
302:Mesoamerican
295:
281:
269:
265:
258:
246:
241:
239:Mesoamerican
222:
221:
208:
199:
189:
179:
167:
157:
118:
106:
78:
68:
56:
20:
2549:TĂşpac Amaru
2533:Manco Cápac
2482:Moctezuma I
2393:Agriculture
2388:Agriculture
2383:Agriculture
2374:Agriculture
2317:Road System
2206:Mathematics
2071:Muysc Cubun
1925:San AgustĂn
1875:Monte Verde
1552:Teotihuacan
1444:Mesoamerica
1339:Coles Creek
1324:Anishinaabe
1281:Archaeology
1208:(in French)
1190:(in French)
1181:(in French)
762:Shaft Tombs
443:Description
378:, Sinaloa.
144: /
132:103°41′28″W
119:Coordinates
112:Mesoamerica
2730:Categories
2520:Tisquesusa
2494:Cuauhtémoc
2490:Cuitláhuac
1820:Lauricocha
1790:Gran Chaco
1780:Cupisnique
1765:Chinchorro
1740:Chachapoya
1730:Caral–Supe
1572:Tlaxcaltec
1562:Teuchitlán
1477:ChupĂcuaro
1404:Plum Bayou
1399:Plaquemine
1369:Marksville
1334:Chichimeca
1143:References
1137:La Campana
1101:0262082306
954:"Mexicana"
675:La Campana
670:La Campana
278:Background
180:Chronology
129:19°16′54″N
2541:Atahualpa
2537:Pachacuti
2512:Nemequene
2378:Chinampas
2200:Astronomy
2189:Astronomy
2169:Mythology
2164:Mythology
2159:Mythology
2154:Mythology
2150:Mythology
1980:Wankarani
1970:Tuncahuán
1860:Marajoara
1815:Las Vegas
1701:Atacameño
1597:Xochipala
1537:Purépecha
1497:Epi-Olmec
1487:Cuicuilco
1429:Troyville
1419:St. Johns
1127:El Chanal
814:in Peru.
705:El Chanal
480:1200 BCE
469:1000 BCE
466:1500 BCE
455:1200 BCE
452:2500 BCE
433:From Year
352:Michoacán
319:Discovery
285:Purépecha
229:, in the
2637:See also
2555:Conquest
2528:Zoratama
2195:Calendar
2184:Calendar
2179:Calendar
2175:Calendar
2144:Religion
2139:Religion
2128:Religion
2117:Religion
2113:Religion
2102:Numerals
2096:Numerals
2057:Language
2037:Multiple
1975:Valdivia
1960:Tiwanaku
1920:Saladoid
1915:Quimbaya
1805:Kuhikugu
1785:Diaguita
1775:Chorrera
1592:Veraguas
1587:Veracruz
1567:Tlatilco
1379:Mogollon
1286:Cultures
1264:Americas
1132:El Opeño
1111:See also
1061:Archived
861:. FAMSI.
661:El Opeño
637:1500 CE
634:1000 CE
623:1521 CE
620:1200 CE
609:1500 CE
595:1200 CE
581:1000 CE
508:400 BCE
494:500 BCE
483:400 BCE
368:Guerrero
356:Tlatilco
348:El Opeño
313:El Opeño
272:Tlatilco
261:El Opeño
212:Web Page
168:Language
162:Capacha
79:Location
2524:Tundama
2453:Peoples
2438:History
2433:History
2428:History
2424:History
2418:Cuisine
2413:Cuisine
2408:Cuisine
2403:Cuisine
2399:Cuisine
2257:Warfare
2252:Warfare
2247:Warfare
2243:Warfare
2237:Society
2232:Economy
2221:Society
2216:Society
2212:Society
2082:Writing
2076:Quechua
2061:Nahuatl
2028:Capital
1965:Toyopán
1945:Tairona
1855:Mapuche
1770:Chiripa
1745:Chancay
1716:Cañaris
1691:Amotape
1686:El Abra
1602:Zapotec
1582:Totonac
1557:Tepanec
1542:Quelepa
1512:Mezcala
1502:Huastec
1472:Cholula
1462:Capacha
1457:Acolhua
1414:Sinagua
1389:Patayan
1359:Hohokam
1349:Fremont
606:600 CE
592:900 CE
578:500 CE
567:900 CE
564:600 CE
553:600 CE
550:400 CE
539:700 CE
536:100 CE
525:600 CE
522:200 CE
511:200 CE
497:500 CE
438:to year
376:Guasave
364:Sinaloa
360:Pacific
329:Ecuador
254:Jadeite
223:Capacha
173:Nahuatl
158:Culture
2467:Muisca
2462:Mayans
2457:Aztecs
2091:Script
2086:Script
2046:Bacatá
2017:Muisca
1900:Pucará
1895:Piaroa
1890:Paiján
1885:Omagua
1840:Lupaca
1835:Lokono
1800:Kalina
1795:Huetar
1755:ChavĂn
1750:Chango
1725:Nariño
1721:CapulĂ
1711:Calima
1706:Aymara
1696:Arawak
1577:Toltec
1527:Olmecs
1522:Nicoya
1517:Mixtec
1492:Diquis
1394:Picosa
1384:Oshara
1354:Glades
1344:Dorset
1156:
1099:
788:Nahual
428:Period
341:Colima
235:Colima
200:Apogee
190:Period
107:Region
100:Mexico
97:
88:Colima
84:Colima
2472:Incas
2363:Music
2358:Music
2353:Music
2349:Music
2282:Women
2277:Women
2272:Women
2268:Women
2226:Trade
2107:Quipu
2051:Cusco
2042:Hunza
2007:Aztec
1940:TaĂno
1935:Sican
1930:Shuar
1880:Nazca
1870:Mollo
1865:Moche
1845:Luzia
1760:ChimĂş
1532:Pipil
1507:Izapa
1482:Coclé
1424:Thule
1314:Adena
1048:Peru.
828:Notes
57:Name:
2262:Army
2044:and
2022:Inca
2012:Maya
1990:ZenĂş
1985:Wari
1830:Lima
1154:ISBN
1097:ISBN
210:INAH
69:Type
2343:Art
2338:Art
2333:Art
2328:Art
2324:Art
1103:p15
374:in
233:of
2732::
2581:)
962:^
924:^
903:^
845:^
350:,
244:.
86:,
2625:)
2621:(
2614:)
2610:(
2608:)
2604:(
2602:)
2598:(
2591:)
2587:(
2577:(
2566:)
2562:(
2319:)
2315:(
2228:)
2224:(
2202:)
2198:(
2191:)
2187:(
2135:)
2131:(
2124:)
2120:(
2098:)
2094:(
1723:/
1249:e
1242:t
1235:v
956:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
