254:
922:, which if not guarded against, may fluctuate between roughly 10 pF and 10 nF. The stray capacitance can be held relatively constant by shielding the (high impedance) capacitance signal and then connecting the shield to (a low impedance) ground reference. Also, to minimize the unwanted effects of stray capacitance, it is good practice to locate the sensing electronics as near the sensor electrodes as possible.
976:
870:
that uses capacitors instead of resistors). This consists of two capacitors in series, one of a known value and the other of an unknown value. An output signal is then taken from across one of the capacitors. The value of the unknown capacitor can be found from the ratio of capacitances, which equals
811:
Either this charging time or voltage can be a predetermined constant. For instance, if measuring after a constant amount of time, then the capacitance can be determined using only the final voltage. Alternatively if using a fixed threshold voltage, then instead only need to measure the charging time
321:
sensors can have the same X-Y grid as mutual capacitance sensors, but the columns and rows operate independently. With self-capacitance, current senses the capacitive load of a finger on each column or row. This produces a stronger signal than mutual capacitance sensing, but it is unable to resolve
310:
is applied to the rows or columns. Bringing a finger or conductive stylus near the surface of the sensor changes the local electric field which reduces the mutual capacitance. The capacitance change at every individual point on the grid can be measured to accurately determine the touch location by
287:
The greater resolution of PCT allows operation with no direct contact, such that the conducting layers can be coated with further protective insulating layers, and operate even under screen protectors, or behind weather and vandal-proof glass. Because the top layer of a PCT is glass, PCT is a more
292:
devices that require signature capture. Gloved fingers may not be sensed, depending on the implementation and gain settings. Conductive smudges and similar interference on the panel surface can interfere with the performance. Such conductive smudges come mostly from sticky or sweaty finger tips,
161:
PCBs as well as on flexible material. ITO allows the capacitive sensor to be up to 90% transparent (for one layer solutions, such as touch phone screens). Size and spacing of the capacitive sensor are both very important to the sensor's performance. In addition to the size of the sensor, and its
953:
Mutual capacitive sensors can provide a two-dimensional image of the changes in the electric field. Using this image, a range of applications have been proposed. Authenticating users, estimating the orientation of fingers touching the screen and differentiating between fingers and palms become
941:
cannot be used for capacitive sensing, but special capacitive styluses, which are conductive, exist for the purpose. One can even make a capacitive stylus by wrapping conductive material, such as anti-static conductive film, around a standard stylus or by rolling the film into a tube. Until
987:
designs for resistive touchscreens will not register on capacitive sensors because they are not conductive. Styluses that work on capacitive touchscreens primarily designed for fingers are required to simulate the difference in dielectric offered by a human finger.
1387:
854:. The capacitance can be calculated by measuring the charging time required to reach the threshold voltage (of the relaxation oscillator), or equivalently, by measuring the oscillator's frequency. Both of these are proportional to the RC (or LC)
232:
as measured from the four corners of the panel: the larger the change in capacitance, the closer the touch is to that corner. With no moving parts, it is moderately durable, but has low resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic
673:
199:
In both cases, the difference of a preceding absolute position from the present absolute position yields the relative motion of the object or finger during that time. The technologies are elaborated in the following section.
1379:
490:
1522:
830:'s FDC1004 applies a 25-kHz step waveform to charge up an electrode, and after a defined amount of time, converts the analog voltage representing that charge into a digital value of capacitance using a built-in
410:
177:
Designing a capacitance sensing system requires first picking the type of sensing material (FR4, Flex, ITO, etc.). One also needs to understand the environment the device will operate in, such as the full
934:(which react to any object since no capacitance is needed), but less accurate. However, projective capacitance improves a touchscreen's accuracy as it forms a triangulated grid around the point of touch.
1355:
288:
robust solution versus resistive touch technology. Depending on the implementation, an active or passive stylus can be used instead of or in addition to a finger. This is common with
552:
767:
807:
721:
547:
520:
899:
network to accumulate charge onto an integrating capacitor over a series of discrete steps, to produce an accurate sum of all the individual charge contributors.
419:
189:
mutual capacitance, where the object (finger, conductive stylus) alters the mutual coupling between row and column electrodes, which are scanned sequentially; and
1409:
954:
possible. While capacitive sensors are used for the touchscreens of most smartphones, the capacitive image is typically not exposed to the application layer.
1155:
343:
174:'s (E-field) path to ground, it is important to choose a ground plane that limits the concentration of E-field lines with no conductive object present.
1205:
1180:
126:
293:
especially in high humidity environments. Collected dust, which adheres to the screen because of moisture from fingertips can also be a problem.
334:(or attenuation) of an AC signal. Basically the technique works by charging the unknown capacitance with a known current, since rearranging the
1670:
1033:
276:, or by etching two separate, parallel layers of conductive material with perpendicular lines or tracks to form the grid; comparable to the
997:
1764:
114:
1454:
1115:
1088:
1769:
414:
allows determining the capacitance from the instantaneous current divided by the rate of change of voltage across the capacitor:
1023:
1299:
330:
Capacitance is typically measured indirectly, by using it to control the frequency of an oscillator, or to vary the level of
59:
306:
at each intersection of each row and each column. A 12-by-16 array, for example, would have 192 independent capacitors. A
831:
269:
1715:
950:). Some cannot be used with gloves and can fail to sense correctly with even a small amount of water on the screen.
723:
is 0 V, then the capacitance is simply the value of that constant current multiplied by the charging time duration
265:
1159:
1759:
1523:"Bodyprint: Biometric User Identification on Mobile Devices Using the Capacitive Touchscreen to Scan Body Parts"
130:
1268:
1739:
866:
Another measurement technique is to apply a fixed-frequency AC-voltage signal across a capacitive divider (a
1633:
241:
during manufacture. Therefore, it is most often used in simple applications such as industrial controls and
63:
1209:
1184:
907:
331:
281:
79:
31:
1596:
687:
For a simple example of the above equation, if the charging current is constant and the starting voltage
1350:
943:
931:
919:
843:
264:
touch (PCT) technology is a capacitive technology which allows more accurate and flexible operation, by
261:
195:, where the object (such as a finger) loads the sensor or increases the parasitic capacitance to ground.
179:
167:
887:. The capacitance bridge helps to compensate for any variability that may exist in the applied signal.
1745:
Annotated
Bibliography in Touch/Pen Computing and Handwriting Recognition, Rueters-Ward Services, 2016
253:
1478:
213:
208:
In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with conductive material. A small
91:
1689:
1441:. IEEE Sensors, 4th annual conference. 30 October 2005 – 03 November 2005. Irvine, CA. p. 951.
958:
726:
234:
47:
43:
1634:"Estimating the Finger Orientation on Capacitive Touchscreens Using Convolutional Neural Networks"
1460:
1245:
984:
896:
772:
122:
224:
of the surface, each corner is measured to have a different effective capacitance. The sensor's
1560:"CapAuth: Identifying and Differentiating User Handprints on Commodity Capacitive Touchscreens"
1450:
1294:
1084:
1029:
884:
827:
690:
242:
87:
1500:
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322:
accurately more than one finger, which results in "ghosting", or misplaced location sensing.
315:
operation where multiple fingers, palms or styli can be accurately tracked at the same time.
182:
range, what radio frequencies are present and how the user will interact with the interface.
1681:
1644:
1607:
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1533:
1442:
1323:
1235:
1110:
221:
192:
154:
55:
525:
498:
1105:
871:
the ratio of the output/input signal amplitudes, as could be measured by an AC voltmeter.
867:
668:{\displaystyle C={\frac {\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}I(t)\,\mathrm {d} t}{V(t_{1})-V(t_{0})}}\,.}
225:
99:
1559:
1479:"Technical Overview About Capacitive Sensing Vs. Other Touchscreen-Related Technologies"
880:
171:
1740:
Part 1: Fundamentals of
Projected-Capacitive Touch Technology, Geoff Walker, June 2014
1753:
970:
855:
816:
289:
75:
1671:"PalmTouch: Using the Palm as an Additional Input Modality on Commodity Smartphones"
1249:
1641:
Proceedings of the
International Conference on Interactive Tabletops & Surfaces
1604:
Proceedings of the
International Conference on Interactive Tabletops & Surfaces
1567:
Proceedings of the
International Conference on Interactive Tabletops & Surfaces
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163:
95:
71:
17:
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1272:
975:
947:
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157:(ITO) and printed ink. Copper capacitive sensors can be implemented on standard
134:
103:
1669:
Le, Huy Viet; Kosch, Thomas; Bader, Patrick; Mayer, Sven; Niels, Henze (2017).
1434:
851:
847:
153:
Capacitive sensors are constructed from many different media, such as copper,
138:
67:
212:
is applied to this layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic field. When a
1685:
1648:
1611:
1574:
1537:
1232:"WireTouch: An Open Multi-Touch Tracker based on Mutual Capacitance Sensing"
485:{\displaystyle C={\frac {I(t)}{\frac {\mathrm {d} V(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}}\,.}
335:
303:
273:
217:
942:
recently, capacitive touchscreens were more expensive to manufacture than
228:
can determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in the
106:
as input devices. Capacitive sensors can also replace mechanical buttons.
1744:
1240:
1002:
83:
307:
209:
51:
296:
There are two types of PCT: self capacitance, and mutual capacitance.
938:
142:
110:
1181:"Please Touch! Explore The Evolving World Of Touchscreen Technology"
1678:
Proceedings of the
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
1530:
Proceedings of the
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
1345:
846:. The capacitance to be sensed forms a portion of the oscillator's
311:
measuring the voltage in the other axis. Mutual capacitance allows
46:, that can detect and measure anything that is conductive or has a
1380:"Technology — CapTIvate Technology Guide 1.83.00.08 documentation"
1231:
974:
405:{\displaystyle I(t)=C{\frac {\mathrm {d} V(t)}{\mathrm {d} t}}\,,}
277:
252:
109:
A capacitive touchscreen typically consists of a capacitive touch
895:
While not specific to capacitive sensing, charge transfer uses a
272:
is formed either by etching one layer to form a grid pattern of
158:
118:
54:
use capacitive sensing, including sensors to detect and measure
1346:"Semiconductor & System Solutions - Infineon Technologies"
1206:"Capacitive Touch (Touch Sensing Technologies — Part 2)"
842:
The design of a simple capacitance meter is often based on a
166:, the type of ground plane used is very important. Since the
1521:
Holz, Christian; Buthpitiya, Senaka; Knaust, Marius (2015).
1435:"Capacitive Sensor Interfacing Using Sigma-Delta Techniques"
918:
The primary source of error in capacitance measurements is
216:, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a
1410:"Measure Capacitive Sensors With A Sigma-Delta Modulator"
819:
measurement can be continually repeated (e.g. by using a
1287:"FDC1004: Basics of Capacitive Sensing and Applications"
495:
That can be integrated over a charging time period from
1073:"Touchscreen technology basics & a new development"
1597:"Estimating 3D Finger Angle on Commodity Touchscreens"
1595:
Xiao, Robert; Schwarz, Julia; Harrison, Chris (2015).
133:(DSP). Capacitive sensing is commonly used for mobile
775:
729:
693:
555:
528:
501:
422:
346:
1558:Guo, Anhong; Xiao, Robert; Harrison, Chris (2015).
1106:"Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point"
185:There are two types of capacitive sensing systems:
801:
761:
715:
667:
541:
514:
484:
404:
930:Capacitive touchscreens are more responsive than
910:can also measure capacitance instead of voltage.
1632:Mayer, Sven; Le, Huy Viet; Henze, Niels (2017).
879:More accurate instruments may use a capacitance
957:Power supplies with a high level of electronic
1156:"Capacitive Sensor Operation and Optimization"
926:Comparison with other touchscreen technologies
1083:. CMOS Emerging Technologies Research: 1–13.
8:
1716:"Q&A: Can a Stylus Work on an iPhone?"
812:duration to reach that voltage threshold.
257:Schema of projected-capacitive touchscreen
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345:
1324:"Basic impedance measurement techniques"
336:current–voltage relation for a capacitor
1014:
127:application-specific integrated circuit
1501:"How To Make A Free Capacitive Stylus"
1269:Self-Capacitive Touchscreens Explained
1183:. electronicdesign.com. Archived from
220:is dynamically formed. Because of the
113:along with at least two complementary
102:will sometimes use capacitive sensing
1230:Wagner, Armin; Kaindl, Georg (2016).
1077:CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference
1051:"HowStuffWorks "Multi-touch Systems""
82:based on capacitive sensing, such as
7:
1028:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 138.
998:List of touch-solution manufacturers
826:For an example capacitive sense IC,
549:to be expressed in integral form as:
27:Technology in electrical engineering
1158:. Lionprecision.com. Archived from
60:pressure, position and displacement
1208:. TouchAdvance.com. Archived from
608:
467:
448:
388:
369:
50:different from air. Many types of
25:
769:and divided by the final voltage
1104:Ganapati, Priya (5 March 2010).
170:of the sensor is related to the
1714:J.D. Biersdorfer (2009-08-19).
1390:from the original on 2023-10-05
1361:from the original on 2023-10-05
1305:from the original on 2022-01-27
1118:from the original on 2014-05-11
1718:. Gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com
1408:Brychta, Michal (2005-04-28).
1049:Wilson, Tracy (20 June 2007).
792:
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1:
1136:US Pat No 5,305,017 5,861,875
762:{\displaystyle (t_{1}-t_{0})}
1145:e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,736,191
42:) is a technology, based on
1447:10.1109/ICSENS.2005.1597858
858:of the oscillator circuit.
832:analog-to-digital converter
802:{\displaystyle V(t_{1})\,.}
1786:
968:
1765:User interface techniques
268:the conductive layer. An
137:displays, popularized by
115:metal–oxide–semiconductor
1022:Larry K. Baxter (1996).
948:touchscreen#Construction
716:{\displaystyle V(t_{0})}
162:spacing relative to the
131:digital signal processor
129:(ASIC) controller and a
1770:Computing input devices
1686:10.1145/3173574.3173934
1649:10.1145/3132272.3134130
1612:10.1145/2817721.2817737
1575:10.1145/2817721.2817722
1538:10.1145/2702123.2702518
1503:. Pocketnow. 2010-02-24
1071:Kent, Joel (May 2010).
282:liquid crystal displays
80:Human interface devices
1344:Seguine, Ryan (2007).
980:
944:resistive touchscreens
932:resistive touchscreens
908:Delta-sigma modulation
803:
763:
717:
669:
543:
516:
486:
406:
258:
32:electrical engineering
1351:Infineon Technologies
1285:Wang, David (2021) .
978:
961:can reduce accuracy.
844:relaxation oscillator
838:Relaxation oscillator
804:
764:
718:
670:
544:
542:{\displaystyle t_{1}}
517:
515:{\displaystyle t_{0}}
487:
407:
262:Projected capacitance
256:
249:Projected capacitance
180:operating temperature
168:parasitic capacitance
92:Digital audio players
1241:10.5281/zenodo.61461
946:. Not any more (see
881:bridge configuration
875:Bridge configuration
773:
727:
691:
553:
526:
499:
420:
344:
1433:O'Dowd, J. (2005).
593:
280:grid found in many
235:capacitive coupling
204:Surface capacitance
48:dielectric constant
44:capacitive coupling
40:capacitance sensing
18:Capacitive touchpad
1439:IEEE Sensors, 2005
1384:software-dl.ti.com
1025:Capacitive Sensors
981:
897:switched capacitor
799:
759:
713:
665:
565:
539:
512:
482:
402:
259:
243:interactive kiosks
123:integrated circuit
86:, can replace the
36:capacitive sensing
1695:on 31 August 2018
1414:Electronic Design
1326:. Newton.ex.ac.uk
1295:Texas Instruments
1035:978-0-7803-5351-0
979:Capacitive stylus
920:stray capacitance
885:Wheatstone bridge
828:Texas Instruments
659:
476:
475:
396:
300:Mutual capacitive
16:(Redirected from
1777:
1760:Pointing devices
1727:
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1688:. Archived from
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1212:on 11 March 2012
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319:Self-capacitance
222:sheet resistance
193:self-capacitance
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1481:. Glider Gloves
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891:Charge transfer
883:, similar to a
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104:touchscreens
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1273:Xperia Sola
937:A standard
903:Delta-sigma
821:square wave
313:multi-touch
239:calibration
230:capacitance
135:multi-touch
72:fluid level
38:(sometimes
1754:Categories
1722:2012-06-15
1507:2012-06-15
1419:2023-10-06
1394:2023-10-05
1365:2023-10-05
1330:2012-06-15
1309:2023-05-09
1255:2020-05-23
1234:. Zenodo.
1216:2011-11-20
1191:2020-01-01
1166:2012-06-15
1122:9 November
1009:References
852:LC circuit
848:RC circuit
274:electrodes
226:controller
1056:August 9,
744:−
637:−
567:∫
304:capacitor
218:capacitor
214:conductor
145:in 2007.
84:touchpads
56:proximity
1699:26 March
1654:26 March
1617:26 March
1580:26 March
1543:26 March
1388:Archived
1386:. 2020.
1356:Archived
1300:Archived
1250:63513043
1116:Archived
1003:Theremin
992:See also
332:coupling
270:X-Y grid
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266:etching
210:voltage
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939:stylus
914:Errors
149:Design
143:iPhone
111:sensor
98:, and
74:, and
1693:(PDF)
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1111:Wired
983:Many
959:noise
815:This
678:Types
278:pixel
139:Apple
64:force
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1656:2018
1619:2018
1582:2018
1545:2018
1487:2015
1451:ISBN
1124:2019
1085:ISBN
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