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243:
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1016:
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1406:. As hatching nears, hens sit tighter on the nest and will only flush from the nest if disturbed in very close proximity. Nesting hens rarely spend more than an hour a day off of the nest feeding and as such become somewhat constipated. The presence of a nest nearby is often indicated by distinctively enlarged and malformed droppings known as "clocker droppings". All eggs hatch in close proximity after which the hen and clutch abandon the nest where they are at their most vulnerable. Abandoned nests often contain "caeacal" droppings; the discharge from the hens' appendixes built up over the incubation period.
229:
56:
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42:
105:
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and hunting for food. Since hunting has been restricted in many countries, trophy-hunting has become a tourist resource, particularly in central
European countries. In some areas, declines are due to excessive hunting, though this has not generally been a global problem. The bird has not been hunted
1385:
and in
Scotland, male western capercaillies are well-known for their combative behavior during mating season, sometimes even challenging and chasing off people who enter their territory. In a study it was found that the testosterone level in such "deviant" males was about five times higher than that
1185:
Spring territories are about 25 hectares (62 acres) per bird. Comparable abundances are found in taiga forests. Thus, the western capercaillie never had particularly high densities, despite the legends that hunters may speculate about. Adult cocks are strongly territorial and occupy a range of 50 to
1138:
Western capercaillie, especially the hens with young chicks, require resources that should occur as parts of a small-scaled patchy mosaic: These are food plants, small insects for the chicks, cover in dense young trees or high ground vegetation, old trees with horizontal branches for sleeping. These
1372:
for "play". The cocks continue courting on the ground: This is the main courting season. The cock flies from his courting tree to an open space nearby and continues his display. The hens, ready to get mounted, crouch and utter a begging sound. If there is more than one cock on the lek, it is mainly
1448:
They grow rapidly and most of the energy intake is transformed into the protein of the flight musculature (the white flesh around the breast in chickens). At an age of 3–4 weeks they are able to perform their first short flights. From this time on they start to sleep in trees on warm nights. At an
808:
The hen (female) is much smaller, weighing about half as much as the cock. The capercaillie hen's body from beak to tail is approximately 54–64 cm (21–25 in) long, the wingspan is 70 cm (28 in) and weighs 1.5–2.5 kg (3 lb 5 oz – 5 lb 8 oz), with an
1026:
This species has an estimated range of 1,000,000–10,000,000 km (390,000–3,860,000 sq mi) and a population of between 1.5 and 2 million individuals in Europe alone. There is some evidence of a population decline, but the overall species is not believed to approach the IUCN Red List
1360:
At the very beginning of dawn, the tree courting begins on a thick branch of a lookout tree. The cock postures himself with raised and fanned tail feathers, erect neck, beak pointed skywards, wings held out and drooped and starts his typical aria to impress the females. The typical song in this
2268:
1356:
of the western capercaillie starts according to spring weather progress, vegetation development and altitude between March and April and lasts until May or June. Three-quarters of this long courting season is mere territorial competition between neighbouring cocks or cocks on the same courting
1123:
Western capercaillies are not elegant fliers due to their body weight and short, rounded wings. While taking off they produce a sudden thundering noise that deters predators. Because of their body size and wingspan they avoid young and dense forests when flying. While flying they rest in short
796:
Cocks (males) typically range from 74 to 85 centimetres (29 to 33 inches) in length with wingspan of 90 to 125 cm (35 to 49 in) and an average weight of 4.1 kg (9 lb 1 oz). The largest wild cocks can attain a length of 100 cm (40 in) and weight of 6.7 kg
1186:
60 hectares (120 to 150 acres) optimal habitat. Hen territories are about 40 hectares (100 acres). The annual range can be several square kilometres (hundreds of hectares) when storms and heavy snowfall force the birds to winter at lower altitudes. Territories of cocks and hens may overlap.
1189:
Western capercaillie are diurnal game, i.e., their activity is limited to the daylight hours. They spend the night in old trees with horizontal branches. These sleeping trees are used for several nights; they can be mapped easily as the ground under them is covered by pellets.
825:
The small chicks resemble the hen in their cryptic colouration, which is a passive protection against predators. Additionally, they wear black crown feathers. At an age of about three months, in late summer, they moult gradually towards the adult plumage of cocks and hens. The
1401:
At the beginning of the brooding season, the hens are very sensitive to disturbances and leave the nest quickly. Towards the end they tolerate disturbances to a certain degree, crouching on their nest which is usually hidden under low branches of a young tree or a broken
1193:
The hens are ground breeders and spend the night on the nest. As long as the young chicks cannot fly, the hen spends the night with them in dense cover on the ground. During winter the hens rarely go down to the ground and most tracks in the snow are from cocks.
1449:
age of about 6 weeks they are fully able to maintain their body temperature. The down feathers have been moulted into the immature plumage and at an age of 3 months another moult brings in their subadult plumage; now the two sexes can be easily distinguished.
1418:
birds, the young are fully covered by down feathers at hatching but are not able to maintain their body temperature which is 41 °C (106 °F) in birds. In cold and rainy weather the chicks need to get warmed by the hen every few minutes and all night.
708:
Subspecies of the western capercaillie show increasing amounts of white on the underparts of males distributed west to east, almost wholly black with only a few white spots underneath in western and central Europe to nearly pure white in
Siberia, where the
1397:
About three days after copulation the hen starts laying eggs. In 10 days the clutch is full. The average clutch size is eight eggs but may amount up to 12, rarely only four or five eggs. Brooding lasts about 26–28 days according to weather and altitude.
2638:
2277:
797:(14 lb 12 oz). The largest specimen recorded in captivity had a weight of 7.2 kg (15 lb 14 oz). The weight of 75 wild cocks was found to range from 3.6 to 5.05 kg (7 lb 15 oz to 11 lb 2 oz). The body
2062:
Chua, Physilia Ying Shi; Lammers, Youri; Menoni, Emmanuel; Ekrem, Torbjørn; Bohmann, Kristine; Boessenkool, Sanne; Alsos, Inger Greve (13 July 2021). "Molecular dietary analyses of western capercaillies ( Tetrao urogallus ) reveal a diverse diet".
1129:
1154:
show this open structure due to the harsh climate, offering optimal habitats for capercaillie without human influence. Dense and young forests are avoided as there is neither cover nor food, and flight of these large birds is greatly impaired.
1139:
criteria are met best in old forest stands with spruce and pine, dense ground vegetation and local tree regrowth on dry slopes in southern to western expositions. These open stands allow flights downslope, and the tree regrowth offers cover.
1377:
with the hens. In this phase western capercaillies are most sensitive to disturbances. Even single human observers may cause the hens to fly off and prevent copulation in this very short time span where they are ready for conception.
1257:-rich food in their first weeks and thus mainly prey on insects. Available insect supply is strongly influenced by weather—dry and warm conditions allow a fast growth of the chicks, cold and rainy weather leads to high mortality.
1977:
716:
A native
Scottish population of western capercaillie which became extinct between 1770 and 1785 was probably a distinct subspecies, although it was never formally described as such. The western capercaillie found in
1158:
The abundance of western capercaillie depends—as with most species—on habitat quality. It is highest in sun-flooded open, old mixed forests with spruce, pine, fir and some beech with a rich ground cover of
1857:
2232:
Odden, J.; Linnell, J.D.; Andersen, R. (2006). "Diet of
Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx, in the boreal forest of southeastern Norway: the relative importance of livestock and hares at low roe deer density".
347:, with males nearly twice the size of females. The global population is listed as "least concern" under the IUCN, although the populations of central Europe are declining and fragmented, or possibly
1361:
display is a series of double-clicks like a dropping ping-pong ball, which gradually accelerate into a popping sound like a cork coming off a champagne bottle, which is followed by scraping sounds.
1082:
scientific advisory committee recommended 'renewed intensive measures' to maintain the population, especially steps to assist in the survival of eggs and chicks. Predators like crows, foxes and
812:
Both sexes have a white spot on the wing bow. They have feathered legs, especially in the cold season, for protection against cold. Their toe rows of small, elongated horn tacks provide a
1130:
1452:
From the beginning of
September the families start to dissolve. First the young cocks disperse, then the young hens. Both sexes may form loose foraging groups over the winter.
1260:
During winter, when a high snow cover prevents access to ground vegetation, the western capercaillie spends almost all day and night in trees, feeding on coniferous needles of
339:
family and the largest of all extant grouse species. The heaviest-known specimen, recorded in captivity, had a weight of 7.2 kilograms (16 pounds). Found across Europe and the
809:
average of 1.8 kg (3 lb 15 oz). Feathers on the upper parts are brown with black and silver barring; on the underside they are more light and buffish yellow.
1166:
1067:). The population plummeted from a high of 10,000 pairs in the 1960s to fewer than 1000 birds in 1999. It was even named as the bird most likely to become extinct in the
1755:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
3149:
7659:
1128:
2362:
Smedshaug, C.A.; Selås, V.; Lund, S.E.; Sonerud, G.A. (1999). "The effect of a natural reduction of red fox Vulpes vulpes on small game hunting bags in Norway".
7711:
1865:
7817:
781:
Male and female western capercaillie can easily be differentiated by their size and colouration. The cock is much bigger than the hen. It is one of the most
2577:
1090:, and increased human recreation in the territory which can injure adult birds.It was declared as 'extremely vulnerable' and requiring urgent action.
928:
mountains numbers of surviving western capercaillie decline even under massive efforts to breed them in captivity and release them into the wild. In
7620:
2023:
7672:
3144:
1861:
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The western capercaillie is adapted to its original habitats—old coniferous forests with a rich interior structure and dense ground vegetation of
242:
1726:
4311:
1900:
1734:
819:
These so-called "courting tacks" make a clear track in the snow. The sexes can be distinguished very easily by the size of their footprints.
1098:, MSP described capercaillie as 'magnificent birds' and ' iconic' for Scotland and called for 'partnership working' to reverse the decline.
7842:
1071:
by 2015, a survey then identified 1114 birds, occupying a reduced range of terrain. In mountainous skiing areas, poorly marked cables for
1015:
1120:, find cover in young tree growth, and use the open spaces when flying. As habitat specialists, they hardly use any other forest types.
7633:
2470:
2445:
1703:
1321:
1035:
1964:
1675:
1567:, the capercaillie has been widely hunted with guns and dogs throughout its territory in central and northern Europe. This includes
1916:
1291:, gizzard stones function like a mill and break needles and buds into small particles. Additionally, western capercaillie have two
1142:
In the lowlands such forest structures developed over centuries by heavy exploitation, especially by the use of litter and grazing
1822:
762:
228:
7822:
1389:
There is a smaller courting peak in autumn, which serves to delineate the territories for the winter months and the next season.
1210:, grasses and in the winter mostly conifer needles. One can see the food remains in their droppings, which are about 1 cm (
55:
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574:
456:
219:
1313:
A recent study using DNA from faeces in Norway and France found that their diet is much more varied than had been documented.
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838:
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1063:, the population has declined greatly since the 1960s because of deer fencing, predation and lack of suitable habitat (
912:
it is on the "Red List" as a species threatened by extinction and is no longer found in the lower mountainous areas of
822:
There is a bright red spot of naked skin above each eye. In German hunters' language, these are the so-called "roses".
7768:
7519:
5756:
3134:
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2276:(Thesis). School of Forest Science and Resource Management, Technical University of München, Germany. Archived from
7716:
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have contributed to mortality. Their effects can be mitigated by proper coloring, sighting and height alterations.
1027:
threshold of a population decline of more than 30% in ten years or three generations. It is therefore evaluated as
1146:. In the highlands and along the ridges of mountain areas in temperate Europe as well as in the taiga region from
7612:
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5806:
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361:
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3139:
2630:
388:
377:
104:
7274:
5549:
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343:, this primarily-ground-dwelling forest grouse is renowned for its courtship display. The bird shows extreme
7244:
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5916:
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1249:, which feeds almost exclusively on blueberry leaves and berries with some grass seeds and fresh shoots of
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effect that led to the German family name "Rauhfußhühner", literally translated as "rough feet chickens".
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are dark grey to dark brown, while the breast feathers are dark metallic green. The belly and undertail
199:
7461:
7284:
7264:
7194:
6969:
6605:
6425:
5581:
2108:
1943:
1234: in) in length. Most of the year the droppings are of solid consistency but, with the ripening of
1621:
1544:) will occasionally pick off a capercaillie of any age or size; they normally prefer mammalian foods.
1516:) take mostly eggs and chicks but can attack adults if they manage to ambush the often wary birds. In
1020:
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there. During the short winter days the western capercaillie feeds almost constantly and produces a
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866:
722:
405:
69:
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Diet composition of wolves (Canis lupus) on the
Scandinavian peninsula determined by scat analysis
2024:"Review of Capercaillie Conservation and Management - Report to the Scientific Advisory Committee"
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2005:
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BirdLife
International and NatureServe (2014) Bird Species Distribution Maps of the World. 2012.
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out of young plantations. Increased numbers of small predators that prey on capercaillies (e.g.,
969:
639:
608:
99:
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1997:
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1978:"Population Decline of the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus in the Central Pyrenees"
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1989:
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F. cera pedibusque flavis, dorso fusco, nucha alba abdomine pallido maculis oblongis fuseis.
1616:
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Towards the end of the courting season the hens arrive on the courting grounds, also called
1353:
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288:
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41:
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are about the same size and form as chicken eggs, but are more speckled with brown spots.
693:
677:
655:
409:
7475:
1920:
964:
populations are large, and it is a common bird to see in forested regions; especially in
2618:
2414:
1598:
7607:
7594:
7399:
7387:
7254:
7224:
6949:
6894:
6759:
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420:
393:
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3912:
3710:
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3447:
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3001:
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2094:
2009:
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570:
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215:
89:
84:
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and the coniferous forest belt in the mountain ranges of warm temperate Europe. The
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2723:
2644:
1521:
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1202:
The western capercaillie lives on a variety of food types, including buds, leaves,
1147:
1095:
1091:
1072:
921:
737:
424:
7781:
7534:
7586:
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than upland-type birds but have been recorded preying on capercaillie around the
944:
it was common until the 17th century, but was extirpated in the 18th century. In
7703:
7646:
7455:
6784:
6665:
6576:
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1993:
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fruit-bearing branches for sale as
Christmas ornaments—a practice imported from
929:
790:
579:
166:
156:
7394:
2047:
Young, Gregor (26 February 2022). "New extinction fears for the capercaillie".
1414:
After hatching the chicks are dependent on getting warmed by the hen. Like all
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2001:
1976:
Gil, Juan
Antonio; Gómez-Serrano, Miguel Ángel; López-López, Pascual (2020).
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1348:
Male capercaillie marking his territory to a hiker in a Finnish taiga forest
1303:
1296:
1246:
1235:
1143:
1108:
1000:
436:
432:
116:
17:
1808:
1044:—an Ice Age remnant—was threatened in the 1960s by commercial gathering of
999:) due to the loss of large predators who control smaller carnivores (e.g.,
2210:
1649:. In: IUCN 2014. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3.
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To digest this coarse winter food, the birds need grit: small stones or
1019:
Footprints of western capercaillie in the Czech national nature reserve
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2440:. London: Poyser Monographs, T. & A.D. Poyser / A. & C. Black.
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The western capercaillie is one of two living species under the genus
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2076:
1831:
1517:
1442:
1261:
1239:
1207:
980:
957:
949:
945:
905:
862:
785:
in size of living bird species, only exceeded by the larger types of
713:
is located. There is less variation in the females of this species.
661:
645:
628:
530:
478:
356:
336:
176:
126:
7651:
7573:
7417:
2589:
Aigas Field Centre Capercaillie Ecology and breeding programme pages
2185:
MILONOFF, M (December 1992). "The abnormal conduct of capercaillies
1287:
which they actively search for and devour. With their very muscular
2301:
Saniga, M. (2002). "Nest loss and chick mortality in capercaillie (
7568:
4389:
4041:
3828:
3391:
1343:
1332:
1320:
1277:
1273:
1203:
1165:
1126:
1045:
1014:
885:
871:
837:
769:
761:
753:
673:
526:
510:
486:
474:
416:
4344:
4017:
3384:
3347:
3317:
2731:
2697:
1757:(in Latin). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 159.
1430:
1265:
992:
925:
541:
401:
146:
7421:
5942:
5611:
4363:
4293:
3181:
2670:
2596:—pictures in nature photographer Janne Heimonen's photo gallery
736:
Western capercaillies are known to hybridise occasionally with
4289:
4139:
2996:
2758:
1695:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1434:
1422:
They seek food independently and prey mainly on insects, like
1269:
303:
1650:
940:; they are also present in the Austrian and Italian Alps. In
758:
Cock singing during courting season, in the Spanish Pyrenees
2556:
1038:
in his "Fauna" series, the northwestern Spanish subspecies
327:
312:
1124:
gliding phases. Their feathers produce a whistling sound.
854:
species, breeding across northern parts of Europe and the
2330:"Pattern and causes of natural mortality of capercaille,
1476:), although they prefer slightly larger prey. Meanwhile,
321:
297:
1670:(18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
805:
vary from black to white depending on race (see below).
400:(the Scots use of z represents an archaic spelling with
1460:
Mammalian predators known to take capercaillie include
1797:"Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), version 1.0"
880:. It is also the official regional bird of the region.
497:
The western capercaillie has 8 recognized subspecies:
7359:
2553:
746:) and the closely related black-billed capercaillie.
309:
294:
291:
4694:
2550:
2502:
Status of Raptor Populations in Eastern Fennoskandia
2397:
Tjernberg, Martin (1981). "Diet of the Golden Eagle
1520:, western capercaillies are the primary prey of the
315:
300:
7430:
7083:
7058:
7003:
6918:
6853:
6828:
6773:
6738:
6673:
6663:
6574:
6529:
6484:
6439:
6414:
6359:
6314:
6304:
6205:
6160:
6135:
6125:
6086:
6051:
6026:
6001:
5966:
5956:
5727:
5704:
5681:
5658:
5625:
5458:
5403:
5378:
5343:
5308:
5243:
5198:
5188:
5149:
5139:
5060:
5025:
5000:
4965:
4930:
4883:
4826:
4791:
4766:
4729:
4715:
4663:
4653:
4624:
4614:
4565:
4530:
4465:
4455:
4426:
4416:
4387:
4377:
4114:
4069:
4008:
3979:
3950:
3929:
3890:
3853:
3844:
3811:
3774:
3765:
3756:
3701:
3625:
3584:
3522:
3494:
3470:
3446:
3419:
3340:
3327:
3288:
3257:
3196:
3112:
3015:
2915:
2865:
2792:
2722:
306:
1134:Capercaillie with her chicks, recorded in Scotland
1112:species under a light canopy. They mainly feed on
1622:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679487A85942729.en
1253:in summertime. The young chicks are dependent on
1245:The western capercaillie is a highly specialized
1536:), including adults but usually young ones, and
1295:which grow very long in winter. With the aid of
740:(these hybrids being known by the German name
4305:
2682:
2486:Koryakin, A.S.; Boyko, N.S. (November 2005).
2109:"Sex-crazed grouse terrorizes Swedish family"
1939:
1937:
8:
2500:. Proceedings of the Workshop, Kostomuksha.
1722:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
979:, particularly conversion of diverse native
975:The most serious threats to the species are
968:, that it occurs in the coat of arms of the
408:). The current spelling was standardised by
1692:The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names
1086:are blamed for the decline, as well as the
7418:
6670:
6311:
6132:
5963:
5953:
5939:
5622:
5608:
5195:
5146:
4726:
4660:
4621:
4462:
4423:
4384:
4374:
4360:
4312:
4298:
4290:
3850:
3771:
3762:
3753:
3491:
3337:
3324:
3285:
3281:
3254:
3193:
3189:
3178:
3174:
2689:
2675:
2667:
2617:
1795:de Juana, Eduardo; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020).
1641:
1639:
876:A capercaillie in the coat of arms of the
241:
227:
78:
54:
40:
31:
2328:Wegge, P.; Kastdalen, L. (January 2007).
2084:
1779:
1620:
1220: in) in diameter and 5–6 cm (2–
2657:Audio recordings of Western capercaillie
1668:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
869:and a relatively open canopy structure.
7366:
2537:
2401:during the Breeding Season in Sweden".
2334:, chicks in a fragmented boreal forest"
1919:. BBC Nature – Wildlife. Archived from
1862:World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
1584:
360:, which also includes the lesser-known
2544:There exists a spelling pronunciation
1886:
1884:
1882:
1661:
1659:
1034:As reported by the Spanish researcher
884:At one time it was present in all the
7639:western-capercaillie-tetrao-urogallus
2497:in the Gulf of Kandalaksha, White Sea
2234:European Journal of Wildlife Research
1725:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
904:, but has been reintroduced from the
387:
7:
7795:F973F77F-FCB8-4D54-A087-C570625D206B
7613:196c0dc1-92ed-4e59-87d3-498a5e2cec86
4248:
850:The capercaillie is a non-migratory
7818:IUCN Red List least concern species
4272:
1608:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
721:is an introduced population of the
451:The species was first described by
415:The genus name is derived from the
2639:Western capercaillie photo gallery
2584:Capercaillie at RSPB Birds by Name
2504:. Karelia, Russia. pp. 49–55.
2423:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1981.tb00975.x
1946:– Keski-Suomen Liitto (in Finnish)
1891:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992).
1242:become formless and bluish black.
1238:, these dominate the diet and the
236:Range of the western capercaillie
25:
3150:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
1893:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
983:into often single-species timber
462:under its current binomial name.
7405:
7393:
7381:
7369:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4236:
4235:
4126:(New World vultures and condors)
2546:
2134:Suter, Paul (12 November 2019).
1007:) cause problems in some areas.
789:and a select few members of the
287:
103:
7352:185 living species in 32 genera
2600:BirdLife species factsheet for
2580:on the Internet Bird Collection
2463:Owls of the Northern Hemisphere
1597:BirdLife International (2016).
660:found in southeastern European
392:) "Horse of the woodland". The
6227:Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant
1576:or Germany for over 30 years.
1528:). Large numbers are taken by
1373:the alpha-cock who engages in
987:, and to birds colliding with
385:Scottish Gaelic pronunciation:
1:
5082:Columbian sharp-tailed grouse
1653:. Downloaded on 02 June 2015.
1078:A study published in 2022 by
972:and is also a regional bird.
6098:Chestnut-necklaced partridge
2641:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2626:"Western capercaillie media"
2203:10.1016/0018-506X(92)90022-N
1386:of normal displaying males.
1036:Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente
473:, which breeds in the larch
465:Its closest relative is the
7843:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
5757:Chestnut-breasted partridge
4552:Szechenyi's monal-partridge
4190:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2516:"Capercaillie Life Project"
2489:The White tailed Sea Eagle
1994:10.13157/arla.67.2.2020.ra4
335:, is a heavy member of the
7864:
6247:Germain's peacock-pheasant
5907:Chestnut-bellied partridge
5110:Attwater's prairie chicken
4542:Verreaux's monal-partridge
4052:(cormorants and relatives)
3145:Extinct species since 1500
1651:http://www.iucnredlist.org
1552:) are more likely to take
1338:Tetrao urogallus urogallus
1175:The Fighting Capercaillies
7350:
6326:Mountain bamboo partridge
6257:Mountain peacock-pheasant
5952:
5938:
5807:Chestnut-headed partridge
5777:Rufous-throated partridge
5767:White-necklaced partridge
5645:Udzungwa forest partridge
5621:
5607:
4917:Black-billed capercaillie
4373:
4359:
4327:
4231:
4182:(kingfishers and rollers)
4036:(albatrosses and petrels)
3920:(swifts and hummingbirds)
3902:(nightjars and relatives)
3752:
3726:(pheasants and relatives)
3284:
3253:
3192:
3188:
3177:
3173:
2709:
2645:Interactive range map of
2341:Annales Zoologici Fennici
2246:10.1007/s10344-006-0052-4
2136:"Capercaillie in Finland"
1719:Jobling, James A (2010).
1317:Courting and reproduction
1310:nearly every 10 minutes.
711:black-billed capercaillie
467:black-billed capercaillie
362:black-billed capercaillie
249:
240:
235:
226:
205:
198:
100:Scientific classification
98:
76:
67:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
6551:White-throated francolin
6336:Chinese bamboo partridge
6287:Bornean peacock-pheasant
6277:Malayan peacock-pheasant
6237:Palawan peacock-pheasant
6147:Crimson-headed partridge
5978:Vietnamese crested argus
4755:C. canadensis franklinii
4081:(seriemas and relatives)
4060:(pelicans and relatives)
2631:Internet Bird Collection
2578:Capercaillie mating game
2309:) in West Carpathians".
1772:IOC World Bird List 13.1
1615:: e.T22679487A85942729.
1302:, the plant material is
1272:as well as on buds from
932:, they are found in the
834:Distribution and habitat
389:[kʰaʰpəɫ̪ˈkʰɤʎə]
7823:Birds described in 1758
7245:Double-spurred spurfowl
7125:Chestnut-naped spurfowl
7105:Mount Cameroon spurfowl
6346:Taiwan bamboo partridge
6267:Hainan peacock-pheasant
5917:Grey-breasted partridge
5857:Orange-necked partridge
5837:White-cheeked partridge
5635:Rubeho forest partridge
5320:Lady Amherst's pheasant
5094:Greater prairie chicken
4905:Cantabrian capercaillie
4174:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4089:(falcons and relatives)
1690:Lockwood, W.B. (1993).
1094:Minister for Scotland,
1011:Status and conservation
376:is a corruption of the
250:Distribution in Europe
7315:Grey-breasted spurfowl
7305:Yellow-necked spurfowl
7235:Hildebrandt's spurfowl
7135:Black-fronted spurfowl
6940:Przevalski's partridge
6636:Orange River francolin
6108:Green-legged partridge
5867:Red-breasted partridge
5435:Tibetan eared pheasant
5122:Lesser prairie chicken
4870:White-tailed ptarmigan
4158:(trogons and quetzals)
3970:(cranes and relatives)
3240:(emus and cassowaries)
3130:Glossary of bird terms
2942:Confuciusornithiformes
1959:(2013), Karttakeskus,
1864:(WAZA). Archived from
1858:"Western capercaillie"
1809:10.2173/bow.wescap1.01
1349:
1341:
1330:
1182:
1135:
1023:
892:in the cold temperate
881:
878:Central Finland region
847:
842:Male capercaillie the
778:
767:
759:
481:and parts of northern
7751:Paleobiology Database
7275:Clapperton's spurfowl
7185:Grey-striped spurfowl
6626:Grey-winged francolin
6586:Ring-necked francolin
6381:Sri Lankan junglefowl
6217:Grey peacock-pheasant
5988:Malayan crested argus
5668:Ferruginous partridge
5550:Hoogerwerf's pheasant
5161:Long-billed partridge
3999:(kagu and sunbittern)
3962:(gulls and relatives)
2967:Songlingornithiformes
2932:Omnivoropterygiformes
2495:Somate ria mollissima
2493:and the Common Eider
2311:Folia Zoologica-Praha
2191:Hormones and Behavior
1666:Roach, Peter (2011),
1478:European pine martens
1456:Predation and hunting
1347:
1336:
1324:
1169:
1133:
1102:Behaviour and ecology
1018:
875:
844:Stelvio National Park
841:
773:
765:
757:
507:(Castroviejo, 1967) -
396:borrowing is spelled
268:Eurasian capercaillie
266:), also known as the
35:Western capercaillie
7608:Fauna Europaea (new)
7165:Swierstra's spurfowl
7076:) (possibly extinct)
6990:Red-legged partridge
6840:Madagascar partridge
6596:Red-winged francolin
6561:Schlegel's francolin
5847:Bar-backed partridge
5787:Red-billed partridge
5540:Salvadori's pheasant
5445:Brown eared pheasant
5425:White eared pheasant
5265:Mrs. Hume's pheasant
4895:Western capercaillie
3821:Phoenicopteriformes
2594:Western Capercaillie
2491:Haliaeetus albicilla
2461:Voous, K.H. (1988).
2436:Kenward, R. (2006).
2376:10.2981/wlb.1999.020
2305:) and hazel grouse (
1957:Suomen kuntavaakunat
1781:10.14344/ioc.ml.13.1
1550:Haliaeetus albicilla
1171:Ferdinand von Wright
1116:species, especially
554:(Dombrowski, 1912) -
539:(C.L. Brehm, 1831) -
427:. The species name,
258:western capercaillie
7325:Red-necked spurfowl
7295:Swainson's spurfowl
7205:Red-billed spurfowl
7095:Hartlaub's spurfowl
6795:Snow Mountain quail
6646:Shelley's francolin
5510:Vietnamese pheasant
5415:Blue eared pheasant
5072:Sharp-tailed grouse
5037:Greater sage-grouse
4517:Temminck's tragopan
3792:Mesitornithiformes
3786:(doves and pigeons)
3120:Families and orders
2982:Ichthyornithiformes
2957:Patagopterygiformes
2415:1981Ecogr...4...12T
2267:Müller, S. (2006).
1546:White-tailed eagles
1538:Eurasian eagle-owls
1410:Hatching and growth
977:habitat degradation
867:species composition
723:nominate subspecies
686:(Stejneger, 1885) -
536:T. u. crassirostris
477:forests of eastern
471:Tetrao parvirostris
406:Mackenzie (surname)
404:and is silent; see
70:Conservation status
7285:Harwood's spurfowl
7265:Heuglin's spurfowl
7195:Jackson's spurfowl
7045:Manipur bush quail
7035:Painted bush quail
6970:Philby's partridge
6705:Himalayan snowcock
6685:Caucasian snowcock
6616:Moorland francolin
6606:Finsch's francolin
6426:Latham's francolin
6291:P. schleiermacheri
6192:Sri Lanka spurfowl
5897:Sumatran partridge
5582:Swinhoe's pheasant
5504:L. erythrophthalma
5500:Crestless fireback
4698:Californian turkey
4134:(eagles and hawks)
4034:Procellariiformes
3939:Opisthocomiformes
3908:Steatornithiformes
3135:List by population
2972:Hongshanornithidae
2897:Evolution of birds
2652:IUCN Red List maps
2609:"Tetrao urogallus"
1801:Birds of the World
1534:Accipiter gentilis
1350:
1342:
1331:
1183:
1179:Taistelevat metsot
1136:
1024:
900:population became
882:
848:
783:sexually dimorphic
779:
768:
760:
683:T. u. taczanowskii
644:northern European
622:(Stegmann, 1926) -
592:(Lönnberg, 1924) -
7805:
7804:
7738:Open Tree of Life
7424:Taxon identifiers
7357:
7356:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7269:P. icterorhynchus
7189:P. griseostriatus
7155:Djibouti spurfowl
7145:Erckel's spurfowl
7129:P. castaneicollis
7115:Handsome spurfowl
7039:P. erythrorhyncha
7015:Jungle bush quail
6980:Barbary partridge
6930:Arabian partridge
6750:See-see partridge
6659:
6658:
6516:Chinese francolin
6506:Painted francolin
6451:Crested francolin
6300:
6299:
6121:
6120:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5877:Malayan partridge
5797:Siamese partridge
5747:Sichuan partridge
5691:Crested partridge
5603:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5554:L. i. hoogerwerfi
5530:Imperial pheasant
5490:Edward's pheasant
5470:Bulwer's pheasant
5255:Elliot's pheasant
5230:Tibetan partridge
5220:Daurian partridge
5184:
5183:
5135:
5134:
5126:T. pallidicinctus
5086:T. p. columbianus
4909:T. u. cantabricus
4751:Franklin's grouse
4711:
4710:
4649:
4648:
4610:
4609:
4501:T. melanocephalus
4451:
4450:
4412:
4411:
4287:
4286:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4020:(loons or divers)
3989:Phaethontiformes
3981:Phaethontimorphae
3931:Opisthocomiformes
3900:Caprimulgiformes
3840:
3839:
3829:Podicipediformes
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3466:
3465:
3249:
3248:
3206:Struthioniformes
3074:Waterfowl hunting
3007:Gastornithiformes
3002:Aepyornithiformes
2992:Lithornithiformes
2403:Holarctic Ecology
2399:Aquila chrysaetos
2065:Environmental DNA
1944:Maakuntatunnukset
1902:978-0-8493-4258-5
1736:978-1-4081-2501-4
1530:northern goshawks
1526:Aquila chrysaetos
1131:
1065:Caledonian Forest
1041:T. u. cantabricus
687:
671:
670:(Nazarov, 1886) -
659:
643:
623:
612:
593:
578:
555:
540:
521:
516:T. u. aquitanicus
508:
503:T. u. cantabricus
345:sexual dimorphism
280:cock-of-the-woods
254:
253:
191:T. urogallus
93:
16:(Redirected from
7855:
7798:
7797:
7785:
7784:
7782:Tetrao-urogallus
7772:
7771:
7759:
7758:
7746:
7745:
7733:
7732:
7720:
7719:
7707:
7706:
7704:NHMSYS0000530659
7694:
7693:
7681:
7680:
7668:
7667:
7655:
7654:
7642:
7641:
7629:
7628:
7616:
7615:
7603:
7602:
7590:
7589:
7577:
7576:
7564:
7563:
7551:
7550:
7538:
7537:
7528:
7527:
7515:
7514:
7502:
7501:
7492:
7491:
7489:C3221EE24B948F50
7479:
7478:
7476:Tetrao_urogallus
7466:
7465:
7464:
7462:Tetrao urogallus
7451:
7450:
7449:
7432:Tetrao urogallus
7419:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7398:
7397:
7386:
7385:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7365:
6960:Chukar partridge
6934:A. melanocephala
6869:C. coromandelica
6754:A. griseogularis
6715:Tibetan snowcock
6695:Caspian snowcock
6671:
6465:O. pondicerianus
6401:Green junglefowl
6312:
6182:Painted spurfowl
6133:
5964:
5954:
5940:
5887:Roll's partridge
5851:A. brunneopectus
5827:Taiwan partridge
5817:Hainan partridge
5791:A.a rubrirostris
5623:
5609:
5520:Crested fireback
5480:Siamese fireback
5394:Catreus wallichi
5295:Reeve's pheasant
5196:
5147:
4956:L. mlokosiewiczi
4952:Caucasian grouse
4838:Willow ptarmigan
4727:
4696:
4685:Ocellated turkey
4661:
4636:Koklass pheasant
4622:
4497:Western tragopan
4487:Cabot's tragopan
4477:Blyth's tragopan
4463:
4424:
4385:
4375:
4361:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4291:
4275:
4274:
4263:
4251:
4250:
4239:
4238:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4164:Leptosomiformes
4159:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4132:Accipitriformes
4127:
4106:
4105:(perching birds)
4098:
4090:
4082:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4026:Sphenisciformes
4021:
4000:
3992:
3971:
3963:
3960:Charadriiformes
3942:
3921:
3903:
3882:
3874:
3871:Musophagiformes
3866:
3851:
3832:
3824:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3727:
3714:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3394:
3387:
3351:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3321:
3286:
3282:
3255:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3194:
3190:
3179:
3175:
3042:Bird collections
2997:Dinornithiformes
2902:Darwin's finches
2892:Origin of flight
2832:Seabird breeding
2822:Sexual selection
2691:
2684:
2677:
2668:
2647:Tetrao urogallus
2635:
2621:
2616:
2602:Tetrao urogallus
2565:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2542:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2364:Wildlife Biology
2359:
2353:
2352:
2338:
2332:Tetrao urogallus
2325:
2319:
2318:
2303:Tetrao urogallus
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2275:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2187:Tetrao urogallus
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2077:10.1002/edn3.237
2071:(6): 1156–1171.
2059:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1973:
1967:
1955:Iltanen, Jussi:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1888:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1835:. Archived from
1825:Tetrao urogallus
1819:
1813:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1663:
1654:
1647:Tetrao urogallus
1643:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1601:Tetrao urogallus
1594:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1150:to Siberia, the
1132:
1021:Kladské rašeliny
991:erected to keep
776:Tetrao urogallus
685:
669:
653:
637:
621:
606:
591:
568:
559:to southwestern
553:
538:
519:
506:
457:10th edition of
391:
386:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
323:
318:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
263:Tetrao urogallus
245:
231:
211:
209:Tetrao urogallus
108:
107:
87:
82:
81:
58:
44:
32:
21:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7833:Birds of Russia
7828:Birds of Europe
7808:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7793:
7788:
7780:
7775:
7767:
7762:
7754:
7749:
7741:
7736:
7728:
7725:Observation.org
7723:
7715:
7710:
7702:
7697:
7689:
7684:
7676:
7671:
7663:
7658:
7650:
7645:
7637:
7632:
7624:
7619:
7611:
7606:
7598:
7593:
7585:
7580:
7572:
7567:
7559:
7554:
7546:
7541:
7533:
7531:
7523:
7518:
7510:
7505:
7497:
7495:
7487:
7482:
7474:
7469:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7445:
7444:
7439:
7426:
7416:
7406:
7404:
7392:
7380:
7370:
7368:
7360:
7358:
7353:
7334:
7249:P. bicalcaratus
7239:P. hildebrandti
7175:Ahanta spurfowl
7109:P. camerunensis
7079:
7074:O. superciliosa
7070:Himalayan quail
7054:
7049:P. manipurensis
7025:Rock bush quail
6999:
6914:
6875:Harlequin quail
6849:
6844:M. madagarensis
6824:
6789:S. ypsilophorus
6769:
6734:
6709:T. himalayensis
6655:
6600:S. levaillantii
6590:S. streptophora
6570:
6541:Coqui francolin
6525:
6496:Black francolin
6480:
6471:Swamp francolin
6435:
6410:
6391:Grey junglefowl
6355:
6296:
6221:P. bicalcaratum
6201:
6156:
6151:H. sanguiniceps
6128:Polyplectronini
6117:
6082:
6047:
6022:
5997:
5948:
5926:
5831:A. crudigularis
5723:
5714:Black partridge
5700:
5677:
5654:
5649:X. udzungwensis
5617:
5591:
5572:Silver pheasant
5566:L. leucomelanos
5454:
5429:C. crossoptilon
5399:
5374:
5355:Common pheasant
5339:
5330:Golden pheasant
5304:
5289:S. soemmerringi
5285:Copper pheasant
5275:Mikado pheasant
5239:
5180:
5171:Dulit partridge
5165:R. longirostris
5131:
5114:T. c. attwateri
5076:T. phasianellus
5056:
5047:Gunnison grouse
5041:C. urophasianus
5021:
4996:
4961:
4926:
4921:T. urogalloides
4879:
4822:
4787:
4778:Siberian grouse
4762:
4720:
4707:
4645:
4606:
4587:Sclater's monal
4577:Himalayan monal
4561:
4526:
4447:
4408:
4369:
4355:
4323:
4318:
4288:
4283:
4195:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4172:Bucerotiformes
4166:(cuckoo-roller)
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4124:Cathartiformes
4110:
4104:
4096:
4095:Psittaciformes
4088:
4080:
4065:
4059:
4058:Pelecaniformes
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4004:
3998:
3997:Eurypygiformes
3990:
3975:
3969:
3961:
3946:
3940:
3925:
3919:
3901:
3886:
3880:
3872:
3864:
3836:
3830:
3822:
3807:
3801:
3800:Pterocliformes
3793:
3785:
3736:
3725:
3712:
3697:
3621:
3580:
3518:
3483:
3482:
3475:
3474:
3462:
3442:
3415:
3392:
3385:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3245:
3239:
3238:Casuariiformes
3231:
3230:Apterygiformes
3223:
3215:
3207:
3184:
3169:
3140:Lists by region
3108:
3018:
3011:
2952:Chaoyangiformes
2937:Jeholornithidae
2911:
2875:Origin of birds
2861:
2842:Brood parasites
2788:
2718:
2705:
2695:
2624:
2607:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2140:Too Much To See
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1823:"Capercaillie (
1821:
1820:
1816:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1644:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1596:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1458:
1412:
1395:
1354:breeding season
1327:Bavarian Forest
1319:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1127:
1104:
1013:
966:Central Finland
918:Bavarian Forest
908:population; in
888:forests of the
836:
766:Male and female
752:
734:
694:Altai Mountains
678:western Siberia
667:T. u. uralensis
651:T. u. volgensis
635:T. u. obsoletus
604:T. u. lonnbergi
589:T. u. karelicus
566:T. u. urogallus
520:Ingram, 1915) -
495:
459:Systema Naturae
449:
423:, probably the
410:William Yarrell
384:
378:Scottish Gaelic
370:
326:
320:
290:
286:
222:
213:
207:
194:
102:
94:
83:
79:
72:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7861:
7859:
7851:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7810:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7799:
7786:
7773:
7760:
7747:
7734:
7721:
7708:
7695:
7682:
7669:
7656:
7643:
7630:
7617:
7604:
7595:Fauna Europaea
7591:
7578:
7565:
7552:
7539:
7529:
7516:
7503:
7493:
7480:
7467:
7452:
7436:
7434:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7414:
7402:
7390:
7378:
7355:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7322:
7312:
7309:P. leucoscepus
7302:
7292:
7282:
7279:P. clappertoni
7272:
7262:
7255:Scaly spurfowl
7252:
7242:
7232:
7225:Natal spurfowl
7222:
7212:
7202:
7192:
7182:
7172:
7162:
7159:P. ochropectus
7152:
7142:
7132:
7122:
7112:
7102:
7091:
7089:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7066:
7064:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7042:
7032:
7022:
7011:
7009:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6987:
6977:
6967:
6957:
6950:Rock partridge
6947:
6937:
6926:
6924:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6902:
6895:Japanese quail
6892:
6882:
6879:C. delegorguei
6872:
6861:
6859:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6836:
6834:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6812:
6802:
6799:S. monorthonyx
6792:
6781:
6779:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6760:Sand partridge
6757:
6746:
6744:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6725:Altai snowcock
6722:
6712:
6702:
6692:
6681:
6679:
6668:
6661:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6603:
6593:
6582:
6580:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6558:
6555:C. albogularis
6548:
6537:
6535:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6520:F. pintadeanus
6513:
6503:
6500:F. francolinus
6492:
6490:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6468:
6461:Grey francolin
6458:
6447:
6445:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6422:
6420:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6398:
6388:
6378:
6371:Red junglefowl
6367:
6365:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6343:
6333:
6322:
6320:
6309:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6284:
6274:
6264:
6254:
6244:
6234:
6224:
6213:
6211:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6196:G. bicalcarata
6189:
6179:
6168:
6166:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6143:
6141:
6130:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6105:
6094:
6092:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6070:
6063:Indian peafowl
6059:
6057:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6034:
6032:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6009:
6007:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5985:
5974:
5972:
5961:
5950:
5949:
5943:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5914:
5904:
5894:
5884:
5874:
5864:
5854:
5844:
5841:A. atrogularis
5834:
5824:
5814:
5804:
5794:
5784:
5781:A. rufogularis
5774:
5764:
5754:
5744:
5737:Hill partridge
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5710:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5687:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5664:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5642:
5631:
5629:
5619:
5618:
5612:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5579:
5569:
5562:Kalij pheasant
5559:
5558:
5557:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5514:L. hatinhensis
5507:
5497:
5487:
5477:
5466:
5464:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5449:C.mantchuricum
5442:
5432:
5422:
5411:
5409:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5390:Cheer pheasant
5386:
5384:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5365:Green pheasant
5362:
5351:
5349:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5316:
5314:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5292:
5282:
5272:
5262:
5251:
5249:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5227:
5217:
5210:Grey partridge
5206:
5204:
5193:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5168:
5157:
5155:
5144:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5068:
5066:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5044:
5033:
5031:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5008:
5006:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4987:Chinese grouse
4984:
4973:
4971:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4949:
4938:
4936:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4891:
4889:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4860:Rock ptarmigan
4857:
4856:
4855:
4834:
4832:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4817:D. fuliginosus
4810:
4799:
4797:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4782:F. falcipennis
4774:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4737:
4735:
4724:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4702:M. californica
4692:
4682:
4671:
4669:
4658:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4632:
4630:
4619:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4584:
4573:
4571:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4538:
4536:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4507:Satyr tragopan
4504:
4494:
4484:
4473:
4471:
4460:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4438:Blood pheasant
4434:
4432:
4421:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4399:Snow partridge
4395:
4393:
4382:
4371:
4370:
4364:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4269:
4257:
4245:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4185:
4180:Coraciiformes
4177:
4169:
4161:
4156:Trogoniformes
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:Passeriformes
4100:
4092:
4087:Falconiformes
4084:
4079:Cariamiformes
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4042:Ciconiiformes
4039:
4031:
4023:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3994:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3965:
3956:
3954:
3952:Cursorimorphae
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3859:
3857:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3826:
3817:
3815:
3813:Mirandornithes
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3784:Columbiformes
3780:
3778:
3776:Columbimorphae
3769:
3760:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3711:Meleagridinae
3707:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3629:
3627:Odontophoridae
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3406:Stictonettinae
3403:
3401:Dendrocygninae
3398:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3354:
3352:
3335:
3322:
3279:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3154:Notable birds
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3104:Egg collecting
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Hesperornithes
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:Ambiortiformes
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Enantiornithes
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2642:
2636:
2622:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2573:
2572:External links
2570:
2567:
2566:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2507:
2478:
2472:978-0262220354
2471:
2453:
2447:978-0713665659
2446:
2428:
2389:
2370:(3): 157–166.
2354:
2320:
2307:Bonasa bonasia
2293:
2259:
2240:(4): 237–244.
2224:
2197:(4): 556–567.
2177:
2161:"Capercaillie"
2152:
2126:
2100:
2054:
2039:
2015:
1988:(2): 285–306.
1968:
1948:
1933:
1917:"Capercaillie"
1908:
1901:
1878:
1849:
1814:
1787:
1763:
1751:Linnaeus, Carl
1742:
1735:
1711:
1705:978-0198661962
1704:
1682:
1676:
1655:
1635:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1569:trophy hunting
1563:A traditional
1457:
1454:
1411:
1408:
1394:
1391:
1318:
1315:
1199:
1196:
1152:boreal forests
1103:
1100:
1012:
1009:
835:
832:
751:
748:
733:
730:
706:
705:
680:
664:
648:
632:
616:
614:Kola Peninsula
601:
586:
563:
548:
533:
513:
494:
491:
448:
445:
369:
366:
252:
251:
247:
246:
238:
237:
233:
232:
224:
223:
214:
203:
202:
196:
195:
188:
186:
182:
181:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
96:
95:
77:
74:
73:
68:
65:
64:
60:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7860:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7796:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7530:
7526:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7494:
7490:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7472:
7468:
7463:
7457:
7453:
7448:
7442:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7420:
7413:
7403:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7377:
7367:
7363:
7349:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7319:P. rufopictus
7316:
7313:
7310:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7299:P. swainsonii
7296:
7293:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7229:P. natalensis
7226:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7215:Cape spurfowl
7213:
7210:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7179:P. ahantensis
7176:
7173:
7170:
7169:P. swierstrai
7166:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7026:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7002:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6910:
6909:C. pectoralis
6906:
6905:Stubble quail
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6831:Margaroperdix
6827:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6689:T. caucasicus
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6662:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6640:S. gutturalis
6637:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6620:S. psilolaema
6617:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6566:
6565:C. schlegelii
6562:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6406:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6395:G. sonneratii
6392:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6340:B. thoracicus
6337:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6303:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6271:P. katsumatae
6268:
6265:
6262:
6261:P. inopinatum
6258:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6124:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6102:T. charltonii
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6089:Tropicoperdix
6085:
6078:
6074:
6073:Green peafowl
6071:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6050:
6043:
6039:
6038:Congo peafowl
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6000:
5993:
5992:R. nigrescens
5989:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5922:
5921:A. orientalis
5918:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5871:A. hyperythra
5868:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5811:A. cambodiana
5808:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5751:A. rufipectus
5748:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5639:X. obscuratus
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5606:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5576:L. nycthemera
5573:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5534:L. imperialis
5531:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5370:
5369:P. versicolor
5366:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5324:C. amherstiae
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5235:
5234:P. hodgsoniae
5231:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5187:
5176:
5175:R. dulitensis
5172:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5138:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5017:
5013:
5012:Ruffed grouse
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4853:
4852:L. l. scotica
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:C. canadensis
4742:
4741:Spruce grouse
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4652:
4641:
4640:P. macrolopha
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4602:
4598:
4597:Chinese monal
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4556:T. szechenyii
4553:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4522:
4521:T. temminckii
4518:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4415:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4280:
4279:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4140:Strigiformes
4138:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3991:(tropicbirds)
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3913:Podargiformes
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3863:Cuculiformes
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3764:
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3733:
3730:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3709:
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3704:
3700:
3694:
3693:
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3686:
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3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
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3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3561:Macrocephalon
3558:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3448:Anseranatidae
3445:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:Tinamiformes
3220:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3198:Palaeognathae
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Pigeon racing
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:Archaeopteryx
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2541:
2538:
2531:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2465:. MIT Press.
2464:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2321:
2317:(3): 205–214.
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2283:on 2016-03-04
2279:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2051:. p. 21.
2050:
2043:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:951-593-915-1
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1923:on 2017-10-21
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1895:. CRC Press.
1894:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1868:on 2011-01-07
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1839:on 2012-08-23
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1677:9780521152532
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:Vulpes vulpes
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:beech martens
1483:
1482:Martes martes
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:Eurasian lynx
1455:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1029:least concern
1022:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
879:
874:
870:
868:
865:with diverse
864:
861:
857:
853:
845:
840:
833:
831:
829:
823:
820:
817:
815:
810:
806:
804:
800:
794:
792:
788:
784:
777:
772:
764:
756:
749:
747:
745:
744:
739:
731:
729:
727:
724:
720:
714:
712:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
681:
679:
675:
672:found in the
668:
665:
663:
657:
652:
649:
647:
641:
636:
633:
630:
626:
620:
619:T. u. pleskei
617:
615:
610:
605:
602:
600:
596:
590:
587:
585:
581:
576:
572:
567:
564:
562:
558:
552:
551:T. u. rudolfi
549:
547:
543:
537:
534:
532:
528:
524:
517:
514:
512:
509:northwestern
505:
504:
500:
499:
498:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
460:
454:
453:Carl Linnaeus
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
382:
381:capall coille
379:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
358:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
332:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:
259:
248:
244:
239:
234:
230:
225:
221:
217:
212:
210:
204:
201:
200:Binomial name
197:
193:
192:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
106:
101:
97:
91:
86:
85:Least Concern
75:
71:
66:
63:Female (hen)
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7431:
7328:
7318:
7308:
7298:
7288:
7278:
7268:
7259:P. squamatus
7258:
7248:
7238:
7228:
7218:
7209:P. adspersus
7208:
7198:
7188:
7178:
7168:
7158:
7148:
7139:P. atrifrons
7138:
7128:
7118:
7108:
7099:P. hartlaubi
7098:
7084:
7073:
7059:
7048:
7038:
7029:P. argoondah
7028:
7018:
7004:
6993:
6983:
6973:
6963:
6953:
6943:
6933:
6919:
6908:
6898:
6888:
6885:Common quail
6878:
6868:
6854:
6843:
6829:
6819:S. chinensis
6818:
6809:S. adansonii
6808:
6798:
6788:
6774:
6763:
6753:
6739:
6728:
6719:T. tibetanus
6718:
6708:
6698:
6688:
6676:Tetraogallus
6674:
6649:
6639:
6629:
6619:
6609:
6599:
6589:
6575:
6564:
6554:
6544:
6532:Campocolinus
6530:
6519:
6509:
6499:
6485:
6474:
6464:
6454:
6440:
6429:
6415:
6404:
6394:
6385:G. lafayetii
6384:
6374:
6360:
6350:B. sonorivox
6349:
6339:
6329:
6315:
6290:
6281:P. malacense
6280:
6270:
6260:
6250:
6240:
6231:P. chalcurum
6230:
6220:
6208:Polyplectron
6206:
6195:
6185:
6175:
6172:Red spurfowl
6161:
6150:
6136:
6112:T. chloropus
6111:
6101:
6087:
6076:
6067:P. cristatus
6066:
6052:
6042:A. congensis
6041:
6027:
6016:
6002:
5991:
5981:
5967:
5920:
5910:
5901:A. sumatrana
5900:
5890:
5881:A. campbelli
5880:
5870:
5860:
5850:
5840:
5830:
5820:
5810:
5800:
5790:
5780:
5770:
5761:A. mandellii
5760:
5750:
5741:A. torqueola
5740:
5717:
5706:Melanoperdix
5694:
5671:
5648:
5638:
5585:
5575:
5565:
5553:
5543:
5533:
5523:
5513:
5503:
5493:
5483:
5473:
5459:
5448:
5438:
5428:
5418:
5406:Crossoptilon
5404:
5393:
5379:
5368:
5359:P. colchicus
5358:
5344:
5333:
5323:
5311:Chrysolophus
5309:
5298:
5288:
5278:
5268:
5258:
5244:
5233:
5223:
5213:
5199:
5174:
5164:
5150:
5142:Rhizotherini
5125:
5113:
5097:
5085:
5075:
5061:
5050:
5040:
5028:Centrocercus
5026:
5015:
5001:
4991:T. sewerzowi
4990:
4980:
4977:Hazel grouse
4966:
4955:
4945:
4942:Black grouse
4931:
4920:
4908:
4899:T. urogallus
4898:
4894:
4884:
4873:
4863:
4851:
4841:
4827:
4816:
4813:Sooty grouse
4806:
4803:Dusky grouse
4792:
4781:
4767:
4754:
4744:
4730:
4701:
4688:
4679:M. gallopavo
4678:
4664:
4656:Meleagridini
4639:
4625:
4600:
4590:
4581:L. impejanus
4580:
4566:
4555:
4545:
4533:Tetraophasis
4531:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4490:
4480:
4466:
4458:Lophophorini
4441:
4427:
4402:
4388:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4150:(mousebirds)
4148:Coliiformes
4018:Gaviiformes
4010:Aequornithes
3918:Apodiformes
3879:Otidiformes
3855:Otidimorphae
3802:(sandgrouse)
3724:Phasianinae
3690:
3683:
3676:
3671:Odontophorus
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3509:Oreophasinae
3455:
3435:
3428:
3333:(waterfowls)
3329:Anseriformes
3079:Cockfighting
3064:Conservation
3059:Bird feeding
3047:Birdwatching
3037:Ornithomancy
2977:Gansuiformes
2924:
2917:Fossil birds
2807:Intelligence
2646:
2629:
2612:
2601:
2540:
2519:. Retrieved
2510:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2462:
2456:
2437:
2431:
2409:(1): 12–19.
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2340:
2331:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2285:. Retrieved
2278:the original
2269:
2262:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2115:. 3 May 2015
2112:
2103:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2049:The National
2048:
2042:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1956:
1951:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:the original
1911:
1892:
1870:. Retrieved
1866:the original
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1837:the original
1830:
1824:
1817:
1800:
1790:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1721:
1714:
1691:
1685:
1667:
1646:
1626:. Retrieved
1612:
1606:
1600:
1562:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1522:golden eagle
1513:
1505:
1498:Ursus arctos
1497:
1490:Martes foina
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1427:caterpillars
1421:
1413:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1337:
1312:
1282:
1259:
1244:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1160:
1157:
1148:Fennoscandia
1141:
1137:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1096:Lorna Slater
1092:Biodiversity
1084:pine martens
1077:
1058:
1039:
1033:
1025:
974:
922:Black Forest
883:
849:
824:
821:
818:
811:
807:
795:
780:
775:
774:Skeleton of
741:
738:black grouse
735:
725:
715:
707:
700:and eastern
682:
666:
650:
634:
618:
603:
588:
565:
550:
535:
515:
501:
496:
470:
464:
458:
455:in his 1758
450:
440:
428:
425:black grouse
414:
398:capercailzie
397:
380:
374:capercaillie
373:
371:
355:
353:
284:capercaillie
283:
282:, or simply
279:
276:heather cock
275:
271:
267:
262:
261:
257:
255:
208:
206:
190:
189:
177:
49:Male (cock)
29:
18:Capercailzie
7647:iNaturalist
7456:Wikispecies
7289:P. harwoodi
7219:P. capensis
7199:P. jacksoni
7149:P. erckelii
7019:P. asiatica
6899:C. japonica
6889:C. coturnix
6785:Brown quail
6729:T. altaicus
6666:Coturnicini
6650:S. shelleyi
6577:Scleroptila
6487:Francolinus
6455:O. sephaena
6317:Bambusicola
6251:P. germaini
6241:P. emphanum
6186:G. lunulata
6176:G. spadicea
6163:Galloperdix
6138:Haematortyx
6013:Great argus
5982:R. ocellata
5911:A. javanica
5729:Arborophila
5586:L. swinhoii
5544:L. inornata
5494:L. edwardsi
5224:P. dauurica
5063:Tympanuchus
5016:B. umbellus
4807:D. obscurus
4794:Dendragapus
4769:Falcipennis
4689:M. ocellata
4675:Wild turkey
4591:L. sclateri
4568:Lophophorus
4546:T. obscurus
4442:I. cruentus
4367:Phasianinae
4351:Galliformes
4321:Phasianidae
4278:WikiProject
4188:Piciformes
4071:Australaves
4050:Suliformes
3968:Gruiformes
3823:(flamingos)
3732:Tetraoninae
3703:Phasianidae
3692:Rhynchortyx
3657:Dactylortyx
3524:Megapodidae
3514:Penelopinae
3472:Galliformes
3214:Rheiformes
3208:(ostriches)
3158:individuals
3032:Ornithology
3019:interaction
2774:Preen gland
2438:The Goshawk
2343:: 141–151.
2165:Harjureitti
2086:10037/22006
1628:18 November
1554:water birds
1494:brown bears
1474:Canis lupus
1383:Scandinavia
1285:gastroliths
1236:blueberries
1088:deer fences
1056:countries.
1050:Anglo-Saxon
985:plantations
936:and in the
930:Switzerland
750:Description
696:(northwest
640:Snigerewski
609:Snigirevski
580:Scandinavia
272:wood grouse
167:Phasianidae
157:Galliformes
7812:Categories
7777:Xeno-canto
7119:P. nobilis
7086:Pternistis
6984:A. barbara
6974:A. philbyi
6865:Rain quail
6815:King quail
6805:Blue quail
6741:Ammoperdix
6699:T. caspius
6610:S. finschi
6475:O. gularis
6442:Ortygornis
6430:P. lathami
6417:Peliperdix
6330:B. fytchii
6077:P. muticus
6004:Argusianus
5969:Rheinardia
5944:Subfamily
5801:A. diversa
5771:A. gingica
5695:R. rouloul
5672:C. oculeus
5660:Caloperdix
5627:Xenoperdix
5615:Rollulinae
5613:Subfamily
5474:L. bulweri
5439:C. harmani
5419:C. auritum
5299:S. reevesi
5259:S. ellioti
5246:Syrmaticus
5191:Phasianini
5152:Rhizothera
5051:C. minimus
4981:T. bonasia
4874:L. leucura
4848:Red grouse
4842:L. lagopus
4732:Canachites
4718:Tetraonini
4617:Pucrasiini
4601:L. lhuysii
4481:T. blythii
4419:Ithaginini
4365:Subfamily
4028:(penguins)
3881:(bustards)
3719:Perdicinae
3664:Dendrortyx
3636:Callipepla
3568:Megapodius
3533:Aepypodius
3411:Tadorninae
3393:true geese
3224:(tinamous)
3183:Neornithes
3094:Pheasantry
3069:Aviculture
2837:Incubation
2827:Lek mating
2661:Xeno-canto
2521:2015-12-25
2287:2015-05-01
2033:2022-02-26
2028:NatureScot
1927:2012-06-21
1872:2012-06-21
1843:2012-12-26
1774:(Report).
1580:References
1506:Sus scrofa
1502:wild boars
1439:myriapodae
1404:tree crown
1393:Egg-laying
1375:copulation
1325:Female in
1293:appendixes
1080:NatureScot
1005:brown bear
934:Swiss Alps
890:Palearctic
858:in mature
856:Palearctic
743:Rackelhahn
702:Kazakhstan
493:Subspecies
439:of German
419:name of a
349:extirpated
341:Palearctic
7006:Perdicula
6964:A. chukar
6954:A. graeca
6921:Alectoris
6510:F. pictus
6405:G. varius
6375:G. gallus
5946:Pavoninae
5861:A. davidi
5821:A. ardens
5524:L. ignita
5484:L. diardi
5346:Phasianus
5334:C. pictus
5279:S. mikado
5269:S. humiae
5214:P. perdix
5106:(extinct)
5104:Heath hen
5098:T. cupido
4968:Tetrastes
4946:L. tetrix
4666:Meleagris
4511:T. satyra
4491:T. caboti
4429:Ithaginis
4331:Kingdom:
4097:(parrots)
3941:(hoatzin)
3892:Strisores
3873:(turacos)
3865:(cuckoos)
3794:(mesites)
3713:(turkeys)
3685:Philortyx
3602:Agelastes
3595:Acryllium
3586:Numididae
3575:Talegalla
3485:gamebirds
3478:landfowls
3457:Anseranas
3421:Anhimidae
3380:Anserinae
3163:fictional
2885:dinosaurs
2880:Theropoda
2867:Evolution
2812:Migration
2794:Behaviour
2349:0003-455X
2113:The Local
2095:238773874
2010:216382815
2002:0570-7358
1558:White Sea
1542:Bubo bubo
1510:red foxes
1470:gray wolf
1466:Lynx lynx
1441:, ground
1424:butterfly
1416:precocial
1329:, Germany
1297:symbiotic
1247:herbivore
1163:species.
1161:Vaccinium
1144:livestock
1114:Vaccinium
1109:Vaccinium
1073:ski-lifts
1001:gray wolf
916:; in the
894:latitudes
852:sedentary
726:urogallus
658:, 1907) -
642:, 1937) -
611:, 1957) -
437:homophone
433:Neo-Latin
429:urogallus
421:game bird
412:in 1843.
372:The word
368:Etymology
185:Species:
123:Kingdom:
117:Eukaryota
7691:22679487
7665:10214740
7512:22679487
7507:BirdLife
7496:BioLib:
7441:Wikidata
7412:Scotland
7061:Ophrysia
6944:A. magna
6856:Coturnix
6776:Synoicus
6545:C. coqui
6029:Afropavo
6017:A. argus
5959:Pavonini
5891:A. rolli
5718:M. niger
5683:Rollulus
4627:Pucrasia
4468:Tragopan
4403:L. lerwa
4339:Chordata
4337:Phylum:
4333:Animalia
4242:Category
4116:Afroaves
4044:(storks)
3846:Passerea
3831:(grebes)
3767:Columbea
3678:Oreortyx
3650:Cyrtonyx
3540:Alectura
3504:Cracinae
3496:Cracidae
3373:Oxyurini
3363:Aythyini
3358:Anatinae
3342:Anatidae
3089:Falconry
3052:big year
2907:Seabirds
2817:Foraging
2764:Feathers
2384:90693193
2254:23472006
2219:22285083
1753:(1758).
1574:Scotland
1565:gamebird
1357:ground.
1304:digested
1300:bacteria
1289:stomachs
1118:bilberry
1061:Scotland
1054:Germanic
924:and the
898:Scottish
846:, Italy.
814:snowshoe
799:feathers
793:family.
791:pheasant
787:bustards
719:Scotland
698:Mongolia
688:central
656:Buturlin
584:Scotland
571:Linnaeus
557:Bulgaria
523:Pyrenees
483:Mongolia
447:Taxonomy
441:Auerhuhn
435:partial
216:Linnaeus
163:Family:
137:Chordata
133:Phylum:
127:Animalia
113:Domain:
90:IUCN 3.1
7790:ZooBank
7626:2473577
7574:wescap1
7548:bob3350
7535:wescap1
7484:Avibase
7447:Q129059
7400:Biology
7388:Animals
7362:Portals
7329:P. afer
6994:A. rufa
6764:A. heyi
6630:S. afra
6307:Gallini
5461:Lophura
5381:Catreus
4933:Lyrurus
4864:L. muta
4829:Lagopus
4380:Lerwini
4349:Order:
4343:Class:
4254:Commons
3758:Neoaves
3643:Colinus
3609:Guttera
3547:Eulipoa
3368:Mergini
3232:(kiwis)
3216:(rheas)
3027:Ringing
2852:Hybrids
2847:Nesting
2802:Singing
2779:Plumage
2754:Dactyly
2724:Anatomy
2714:Outline
2704:: Aves)
2613:Avibase
2411:Bibcode
2211:1478639
1982:Ardeola
1443:beetles
1370:Swedish
1255:protein
1229:⁄
1215:⁄
1208:insects
1204:berries
1181:), 1886
997:red fox
962:Romania
954:Finland
942:Ireland
914:Bavaria
910:Germany
906:Swedish
902:extinct
863:forests
860:conifer
803:coverts
732:Hybrids
690:Siberia
625:Belarus
599:Karelia
595:Finland
561:Ukraine
546:Estonia
431:, is a
173:Genus:
153:Order:
143:Class:
88: (
7848:Tetrao
7838:Grouse
7756:369189
7743:484331
7717:100830
7678:553893
7582:EURING
6664:Tribe
6362:Gallus
6305:Tribe
6126:Tribe
5957:Tribe
5201:Perdix
5189:Tribe
5140:Tribe
5003:Bonasa
4886:Tetrao
4722:Grouse
4716:Tribe
4654:Tribe
4615:Tribe
4456:Tribe
4417:Tribe
4378:Tribe
4266:Portal
4142:(owls)
3616:Numida
3554:Leipoa
3437:Chauna
3430:Anhima
3125:Genera
3099:Imping
3017:Human
2857:Colony
2784:Vision
2769:Flight
2469:
2444:
2382:
2347:
2252:
2217:
2209:
2093:
2008:
2000:
1963:
1899:
1832:ARKive
1733:
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1518:Sweden
1508:) and
1468:) and
1308:pellet
1262:spruce
1251:sedges
1240:faeces
989:fences
981:forest
970:region
958:Russia
950:Sweden
946:Norway
920:, the
662:Russia
646:Russia
629:Russia
531:France
479:Russia
357:Tetrao
337:grouse
178:Tetrao
7769:17593
7730:70403
7660:IRMNG
7600:96460
7569:eBird
7561:55QS7
7532:BOW:
7525:52495
7376:Birds
4390:Lerwa
3386:swans
3348:ducks
3318:fowls
3113:Lists
2737:Brain
2702:class
2698:Birds
2532:Notes
2380:S2CID
2337:(PDF)
2281:(PDF)
2274:(PDF)
2250:S2CID
2215:S2CID
2170:8 May
2145:8 May
2119:8 May
2091:S2CID
2006:S2CID
1431:pupae
1366:"lek"
1340:—eggs
1278:rowan
1274:beech
1046:holly
886:taiga
674:Urals
575:1758)
527:Spain
511:Spain
487:China
475:taiga
417:Latin
394:Scots
7712:NCBI
7686:IUCN
7673:ITIS
7652:1026
7621:GBIF
7587:3350
7520:BOLD
7499:8559
6054:Pavo
4345:Aves
2759:Eggs
2747:milk
2742:Crop
2732:Beak
2467:ISBN
2442:ISBN
2345:ISSN
2207:PMID
2172:2020
2147:2020
2121:2020
1998:ISSN
1961:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1630:2021
1613:2016
1435:ants
1429:and
1352:The
1276:and
1268:and
1266:pine
1198:Diet
993:deer
960:and
938:Jura
926:Harz
828:eggs
676:and
597:and
582:and
542:Alps
529:and
485:and
402:yogh
256:The
220:1758
147:Aves
7764:TSA
7699:NBN
7634:IBC
7556:CoL
7543:BTO
7471:ADW
6553:, (
2659:on
2650:at
2419:doi
2372:doi
2242:doi
2199:doi
2189:".
2081:hdl
2073:doi
1990:doi
1805:doi
1776:doi
1727:397
1696:OUP
1617:doi
1572:in
1500:),
1492:),
1484:),
1381:In
1270:fir
1059:In
1052:or
692:to
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