1638: 1980) ("Nevada's Constitution stated that its boundary would proceed "in a North Westerly direction along Eastern boundary line of the State of California to the forty third degree of Longitude West from Washington North along said forty third degree of West Longitude, and said Eastern boundary line of the State of California to the forty second degree of North Latitude. ..." Nev.Const., Art. XIV, § 1 (1864). Although it turns out that the 43d degree of longitude west from Washington does not exactly coincide with the 120th meridian west of Greenwich—which was the north-south reference in the California Constitution").
501:
349:
190:
382:
298:
757:
198:
393:: "he meridian of the observatory at Washington shall be adopted and used as the American meridian for all astronomical purposes and ... the meridian of Greenwich shall be adopted for all nautical purposes." The observatory decided that this meridian passed through the center of the original (small) dome atop the main building of the
941:"Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July, MDCCXC, "establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac": (Washington, D.C.)"
1460:
496:
The following meridians west of
Washington are listed east to west, along with the appropriate boundary of the present state. The date of the meridian's definition is in parentheses (all in the 1860s). All states were territories of the same name when their meridians were specified except as noted.
452:
Many western states have borders that are meridians of "longitude west of
Washington", that is, west of the legal 1850 meridian through the Old Naval Observatory. However, their present boundaries follow the subsequently surveyed boundary, even when inaccurately marked a few miles (kilometers) east
156:
drew a true meridian line by celestial observation, which passes through the area intended for the
Congress-House; this line he crossed by another line due east and west and which passes through the same area. These lines were accurately measured, and made the basis on which the whole plan was
289:. Set in 1923 on the north side of the Ellipse, it was intended to be on the same meridian and to be the zero mileage point for all United States roads (but never was). It is a granite pillar about 18 inches (46 cm) square and about 3.5 feet (1.1 m) tall. NGS gives its longitude as
213:, its eastern vertex at the "Congress house" and its northern vertex at the President's House, now named the "White House". (This would place L'Enfant's statue 0.36 meters (1 ft 2 in) north of the latitude of the Capitol.)
443:
which seems to be within a few meters of the actual longitude, at worst. This meridian was repealed by
Congress on August 22, 1912, to allow the Greenwich meridian to become the legal prime meridian of the United States.
216:
The west side of L'Enfant's triangle forms a natural prime meridian passing through the center of the
President's house. The following ten features on and near this "Washington Meridian" are listed from south to north:
340:. In 1804, a small freestone obelisk was placed at the crest of a hill, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of the President's House. The marker, which no longer exists, was at the northern end of 16th Street, just north of
301:
Tablet facing 16th Street, NW, on west wall of
Meridian Hill Park in 2006. The tablet states that a Washington Meridian marker stone was formerly located 52 feet 9 inches (16.1 m) west of the
873:. The clock room is a small building at the exact center of the 1,000 ft (300 m) radius observatory grounds, whose northern entrance is at 34th Street and Massachusetts Avenue. It was used in the
141:). (Shortly after L'Enfant prepared this plan, its subject received the name "City of Washington".) His plan stated near its right side that the longitude of the Congress house, now called the Capitol, was
1881:
241:
surveyed and marked with a wooden post the southwest vertex of L'Enfant's triangle, establishing the second
Washington meridian, the one through the President's house. The wooden post was replaced by the
1338:
252:. After removal and replacement several times, it was permanently replaced in 1889 by a 2-foot-square (0.6 m), 2-foot-tall, granite pier, now 390 feet (119 m) WNW of the center of the
1013:: "(a) In General.—The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant."
877:
for the years 1898–1950 as the independent variable of time for a few tables (even though
Washington's civil time since 1883 had been that of the standard time zone GMT−5 hours (75°W)).
344:, before 16th Street was extended northward about 1890, covering it up. The park along the east side of 16th Street where the obelisk once stood still bears the name Meridian Hill Park.
1934:
1146:
357:
1050:
1386:
1290:
1553:
1508:
1242:
1194:
1098:
334:, which extends due north from the White House. The meridian is sometimes identified as the "16th Street Meridian" because of the location of this street.
118:
NAD83 longitude of the
Capitol is about 1.1 arc seconds less than its NAD27 longitude; astronomic longitude there is about 4 arc seconds less than NAD83.
1588:
278:, it was intended to be on the same meridian. It is an 18-inch-square (46 cm) granite post set flush with the ground. NGS gives its longitude as
1023:
977:(2) L'Enfant identified himself as "Peter Charles L'Enfant" during most of his life, while residing in the United States. He wrote this name on his
331:
1488:
District of
Columbia Boundary Marker Stone in traffic circle at intersection of 16th Street Northwest, Eastern Avenue Northwest and Colesville Road
411:
1949:
778:
861:
The fourth meridian was through the clock room of the new Naval Observatory, 2.3 mi (3.7 km) northwest of the White House, at
1635:
1006:
716:
697:
669:
637:
591:
560:
104:
1457:
in traffic circle at intersection of 16th Street Northwest, Eastern Avenue Northwest, N. Portal Drive Northwest and Colesville Road:
891:
848:
365:
264:
32:
829:
1849:
801:
235:
1505:
Coordinates of "The American Meridian" line in sidewalk of H Street NW at 24th Street NW, in southeast corner of intersection:
260:
as of 2002 (likely error less than a centimeter). Azimuth to the Capitol is 89.98 degrees, a discrepancy of just under a meter.
81:
971:
in Northwest Washington contains an inlay of L'Enfant's Plan with a legend identifying the longitude of the Congress house as
1929:
782:
543:
249:
808:
500:
110:
relative to NAD 83, an Earth-centered ellipsoid of revolution with dimensions chosen to best fit the undulating (±100 m)
731:
1440:
940:
815:
55:
1810:
981:(Washington, D.C.) and on other legal documents. However, during the early 1900s, a French ambassador to the U.S.,
419:. In 1897, well after the observatory closed in 1892, the Coast and Geodetic Survey reported that its meridian was
126:
797:
497:
States without dates have boundaries dependent on the neighboring state with a date listed immediately above it.
369:
1944:
1939:
767:
174:
348:
985:, poipularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name, "Pierre Charles L'Enfant". (See: Bowling, Kenneth R (2002).
1454:
786:
771:
361:
189:
998:
381:
1837:
530:
390:
322:
310:
1027:
1832:
990:
504:
75:
63:
1874:
listing coordinates of Jefferson Pier, Meridian Stone, and Zero Milestone (click on names for photos)
1759:
1709:
982:
886:
130:
96:
43:
1827:
271:
948:
945:
Photocopy of annotated facsimile created by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C. (1887)
453:
or west of the meridian in the statute. Other western states have meridians relative to Greenwich (
318:
275:
253:
100:
822:
1775:
1735:
1002:
490:
337:
222:
170:
158:
28:
994:
979:"Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t(he) United States ...."
1727:
423:
west of Greenwich, which was quoted for the next 50 years in the list of observatories in the
210:
135:
Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States . . .
1767:
1717:
402:
238:
138:
1665:
987:
Peter Charles L'Enfant: vision, honor, and male friendship in the early American Republic.
352:
Entrance marker stone near Silver Spring in traffic circle (Blair Circle) in December 2011
297:
153:
1763:
1713:
1631:
341:
314:
286:
244:
230:
206:
47:
1923:
1739:
1652:
968:
911:
51:
1865:
1822:
629:
620:
398:
1010:
385:
Meridian four blocks north of Old Naval Observatory, looking south in August 2005.
193:
West side of Jefferson Pier in April 2011 with Washington Monument in background.
1871:
1437:
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), Engineering Record, Landscapes Survey
756:
169:
The longitude of the center of the Capitol's dome (completed in 1863 during the
69:
17:
1859:
1722:
1693:
431:. When referred to later datums, this meridian has been variously specified as
458:
1897:
1883:
1731:
1603:
1590:
1524:
1510:
1476:
1462:
1402:
1388:
1354:
1340:
1306:
1292:
1258:
1244:
1210:
1196:
1162:
1148:
1114:
1100:
1066:
1052:
1432:
978:
552:
478:
474:
1700:
The Jefferson stone: Demarcation of the First Meridian of the United States
1668:
The Jefferson stone: Demarcation of the First Meridian of the United States
1657:
The Jefferson Stone: Demarcation of the First Meridian of the United States
364:
in traffic circle (Blair Circle) at intersection of 16th Street Northwest,
197:
1854:
165:
by actual measurement, and left nothing to the uncertainty of the compass.
584:
575:
526:
482:
470:
462:
914:
Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government ....
656:
606:
597:
1779:
1335:
Coordinates of equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Park:
737:
703:
566:
486:
454:
1771:
267:
on the Washington Monument grounds, dedicated on November 15, 1988.
685:
539:
466:
347:
296:
196:
188:
162:
111:
1708:. 32, Part 2 (106). Cambridge, England: Sage journals]: 157–159.
397:, now abandoned southwest of the corner of E and 23rd Streets in
648:
1453:
Coordinates of District of Columbia entrance marker stone near
360:(approximately 66 feet (20 m) east of this meridian) near
750:
92:
relative to the local vertical used by astronomic observations
507:
32° west of Washington Meridian, after 2010 reconstruction.
201:
Zero Milestone, 1923, looking north toward the White House.
1868:
describing the condition of Old Naval Observatory in 1972.
148:
L'Enfant's plan contained the following explanatory note:
389:
The third meridian was defined on September 28, 1850, by
1433:"Sixteenth Street, Washington, District of Columbia, DC"
439:(both presumably NAD 27). If NAD27, the latter would be
103:
that is at mean sea level beneath triangulation station
1750:
Pratt, Joseph Hyde (1942). "American Prime Meridians".
679:
W Wyoming (July 25, 1868), SW not dependent on Montana
1808:
Map all coordinates in "Washington meridian" using
1788:
Boundaries of the United States and the several states
1659:. Frederick, MD: Professional Surveyors Publishing Co.
921:
405:
and west of the White House). The observatory adopted
1862:
including Jefferson Pier and Zero Milestone (1.29 MB)
1366:
Equestrian Statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Park
1872:
Washington Monument GPS Height Modernization Project
1616:, 1,807 feet (551 m) east of 32°W at 31.9938°W.
989:
George Washington University, Washington, D.C.) The
293:
as of 2002 (likely error less than two centimeters).
1796:(Washington, DC: annual), preface and observatories
209:, having its 90° vertex at an equestrian statue of
1143:Coordinates of German-American Friendship Garden:
1790:, Geological Survey Professional Paper 909 (1976)
282:as of 2002 (likely error less than a centimeter).
922:official website of the U.S. Library of Congress
578:(February 28, 1861), NE not dependent on Kansas
88:Their longitudes may be reported in three ways:
1935:Meridians and base lines of the United States
1047:Coordinates of center of Jefferson Memorial:
8:
1383:Coordinates of south end of 16th Street NW:
934:
932:
930:
785:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
706:(May 5, 1866) as a state (39° → 38° → 37°)
1744:Note: Contains much information from book.
1698:Essay Review of Bedini, Silvio A. (1999),
1287:Coordinates of center of the White House:
358:District of Columbia entrance marker stone
1721:
1024:"Map 1: The L'Enfant Plan for Washington"
849:Learn how and when to remove this message
1666:"Book Review: Bedini, Silvio A. (1999),
510:
499:
380:
321:, erected on the meridian in 1853 (see:
1794:American ephemeris and nautical almanac
1696:A Prime Meridian for the United States?
1026:. National Park Service. Archived from
903:
412:American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac
58:The four that have been specified are:
1585:Coordinates of Four Corners Monument:
1443:from the original on January 27, 2016.
31:in the U.S. state of Mississippi, see
999:Major Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant
205:L'Enfant planned Washington around a
7:
1706:Journal for the History of Astronomy
783:adding citations to reliable sources
225:, completed on the meridian in 1943.
157:executed. He ran all the lines by a
152:In order to execute the above plan,
1850:The 1791 L'Enfant plan and the Mall
609:(March 3, 1863) as Idaho Territory
600:(March 3, 1863) as Idaho Territory
274:. Set In 1890 at the center of the
1636:Supreme Court of the United States
469:) or relative to a river or lake (
25:
1664:Toscano, Patrick (January 2000).
1174:German-American Friendship Garden
892:International Meridian Conference
313:' equestrian statue of President
265:German-American Friendship Garden
33:Washington meridian (Mississippi)
939:L'Enfant, Peter Charles (1791).
912:Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 "
755:
368:, N. Portal Drive Northwest and
1860:Washington Monument GPS Project
1239:Coordinates of Zero Milestone:
1191:Coordinates of Meridian Stone:
1095:Coordinates of Jefferson Pier:
642:W Colorado (February 28, 1861)
415:for the years 1855 to 1869 (as
127:Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant
747:New Naval Observatory meridian
569:(January 29, 1861) as a state
377:Old Naval Observatory meridian
307:The center of the White House.
250:President of the United States
1:
1950:Geography of Washington, D.C.
256:. NGS gives its longitude as
248:in 1804, while Jefferson was
1078:Center of Jefferson Memorial
995:Major Peter Charles L'Enfant
555:(north of the Sabine River)
114:(world-wide mean sea level).
1838:GPX (secondary coordinates)
1692:Waff, Craig B. (May 2001).
1414:South end of 16th Street NW
1966:
1723:10.1177/002182860103200209
1439:. p. 5. HABS DC-717.
721:NW Montana (May 26, 1864)
674:SW Montana (May 26, 1864)
26:
1833:GPX (primary coordinates)
730:
715:
696:
668:
636:
590:
559:
521:
291:77°02′11.57375″W (NAD 83)
280:77°02′11.55880″W (NAD 83)
258:77°02′11.56258″W (NAD 83)
1898:38.895103°N 77.0514428°W
1816:Download coordinates as:
1604:36.998976°N 109.045172°W
993:identifies L'Enfant as "
409:for its meridian in the
366:Eastern Avenue Northwest
175:National Geodetic Survey
1786:Van Zandt, Franklin K.
1477:38.992322°N 77.036326°W
1403:38.900293°N 77.036543°W
1355:38.899523°N 77.036553°W
1307:38.897680°N 77.036558°W
1259:38.895117°N 77.036561°W
1211:38.893943°N 77.036548°W
1115:38.889812°N 77.036558°W
1067:38.881379°N 77.036546°W
924:. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
101:ellipsoid of revolution
1903:38.895103; -77.0514428
1855:Map of L'Enfant's Plan
1609:36.998976; -109.045172
1163:38.89187°N 77.036550°W
1001:" on its website. The
798:"Washington meridians"
508:
386:
353:
303:
202:
194:
173:) is now given by the
167:
1930:Meridians (geography)
1909:Old Naval Observatory
1828:GPX (all coordinates)
1674:Professional Surveyor
1525:38.8995°N 77.051315°W
1482:38.992322; -77.036326
1408:38.900293; -77.036543
1360:38.899523; -77.036553
1318:Center of White House
1312:38.897680; -77.036558
1264:38.895117; -77.036561
1216:38.893943; -77.036548
1120:38.889812; -77.036558
1072:38.881379; -77.036546
991:National Park Service
542:(between the Red and
505:Four Corners Monument
503:
448:Western state borders
441:77°3′5.194″W (NAD 83)
395:Old Naval Observatory
384:
351:
332:16th Street Northwest
300:
200:
192:
179:77°00′32.6″W (NAD 83)
161:, and determined the
150:
107:(not Earth-centered);
82:new Naval Observatory
76:old Naval Observatory
1866:Washington Refractor
1627:California v. Nevada
1168:38.89187; -77.036550
983:Jean Jules Jusserand
887:Washington mean time
871:77°4′1.16″W (NAD 83)
867:77°4′2.24″W (NAD 27)
779:improve this section
659:(February 24, 1863)
632:as Dakota Territory
623:as Dakota Territory
185:White House meridian
129:specified the first
105:Meades Ranch, Kansas
97:North American Datum
95:relative to NAD 27 (
40:Washington meridians
1893: /
1764:1942GeoRv..32..233P
1752:Geographical Review
1714:2001JHA....32..157W
1632:44 U.S. 125
1600: /
1530:38.8995; -77.051315
1520: /
1472: /
1398: /
1350: /
1302: /
1254: /
1206: /
1158: /
1110: /
1062: /
1030:on January 21, 2009
949:Library of Congress
254:Washington Monument
54:which pass through
1680:(1). Frederick, MD
1003:United States Code
863:77°3′56.7″W (1897)
509:
387:
354:
304:
236:Secretary of State
223:Jefferson Memorial
221:The center of the
203:
195:
159:transit instrument
46:that were used as
29:principal meridian
1653:Bedini, Silvio A.
1558:Statutes at Large
1536:American Meridian
859:
858:
851:
833:
744:
743:
211:George Washington
16:(Redirected from
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1917:
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403:Lincoln Memorial
292:
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239:Thomas Jefferson
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122:Capitol meridian
56:Washington, D.C.
21:
18:Capitol meridian
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1945:Prime meridians
1940:Named meridians
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777:Please help
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630:South Dakota
621:North Dakota
614:NW Nebraska
495:
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437:77°3′6.276″W
433:77°3′6.119″W
424:
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399:Foggy Bottom
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163:acute angles
154:Mr. Ellicott
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80:through the
74:through the
68:through the
62:through the
39:
37:
1901: /
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1595:109°02′43″W
1528: /
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1070: /
1011:§ 3309
407:77°2′48.0″W
311:Clark Mills
70:White House
1924:Categories
1907: (
1888:77°03′05″W
1885:38°53′42″N
1684:2010-07-16
1646:References
1592:36°59′56″N
1574:Serial Set
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1034:2009-10-27
1005:states in
997:" and as "
954:2016-01-26
809:newspapers
459:California
234:. In 1793
99:1927), an
1740:220268689
1732:0021-8286
766:does not
726:NE Idaho
553:Louisiana
531:Red River
517:Boundary
479:Minnesota
475:Louisiana
421:77°3′2.3″
171:Civil War
44:meridians
42:are four
1655:(1999).
1441:Archived
881:See also
692:NE Utah
585:Nebraska
576:Colorado
546:Rivers)
527:Arkansas
483:Missouri
471:Arkansas
463:Oklahoma
429:5812.15)
391:Congress
137:" (see:
131:meridian
27:For the
1760:Bibcode
1710:Bibcode
875:Almanac
823:scholar
787:removed
772:sources
740:(1864)
711:W Utah
657:Arizona
607:Wyoming
598:Montana
514:Degree
425:Almanac
417:5811.2)
326:(Mills)
302:tablet.
276:Ellipse
64:Capitol
50:in the
1780:210272
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738:Nevada
704:Nevada
567:Kansas
544:Sabine
487:Oregon
455:Alaska
1776:JSTOR
1736:S2CID
898:Notes
830:JSTOR
816:books
686:Idaho
540:Texas
467:Texas
112:geoid
1728:ISSN
1571:3618
973:0,0°
967:(1)
910:(1)
802:news
770:any
768:cite
649:Utah
427:(as
285:The
270:The
263:The
228:The
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1823:KML
1768:doi
1718:doi
1576:254
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869:or
865:or
781:by
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717:39°
698:37°
684:SE
670:34°
647:SE
638:32°
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561:25°
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435:or
317:in
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837:(
827:·
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