1052:
placed in a reservoir full of water, and the other end placed in a receiving vessel. The reservoir must be higher than the receiving vessel. A related but simplified capillary siphon only consists of two hook-shaped stainless-steel rods, whose surface is hydrophilic, allowing water to wet the narrow grooves between them. Due to capillary action and gravity, water will slowly transfer from the reservoir to the receiving vessel. This simple device can be used to water houseplants when nobody is home. This property is also made use of in the
775:, when he reported that "some inquisitive French Men" had observed that when a capillary tube was dipped into water, the water would ascend to "some height in the Pipe". Boyle then reported an experiment in which he dipped a capillary tube into red wine and then subjected the tube to a partial vacuum. He found that the vacuum had no observable influence on the height of the liquid in the capillary, so the behavior of liquids in capillary tubes was due to some phenomenon different from that which governed mercury barometers.
2462:(Thus by assuming that the adhesion of a liquid's molecules has a significant effect only at the surface itself, and in the direction of the surface, it would be easy to determine the curvature of the surfaces of liquids in the vicinity of the walls that contain them; these surfaces would be menisci whose tension, constant in every direction, would be everywhere equal to the adhesion of two molecules; and the phenomena of capillary tubes would have nothing that could not be determined by analysis .)
2460:"En supposant ainsi que l'adhĂ©rence des molĂ©cules d'un liquide n'ait d'effet sensible qu'Ă la surface mĂȘme, & dans le sens de la surface, il seroit facile de dĂ©terminer la courbure des surfaces des liquides dans le voisinage des parois qui les conteinnent; ces surfaces seroient des lintĂ©aires dont la tension, constante dans tous les sens, seroit par-tout Ă©gale Ă l'adhĂ©rence de deux molĂ©cules; & les phĂ©nomĂšnes des tubes capillaires n'auroient plus rein qui ne pĂ»t ĂȘtre dĂ©terminĂ© par l'analyse."
1113:
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31:
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Thus for a 2 m (6.6 ft) radius glass tube in lab conditions given above, the water would rise an unnoticeable 0.007 mm (0.00028 in). However, for a 2 cm (0.79 in) radius tube, the water would rise 0.7 mm (0.028 in), and for a 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) radius
2417:
In 1740, Christlieb
Ehregott Gellert (1713â1795) observed that like mercury, molten lead would not adhere to glass and therefore the level of molten lead was depressed in a capillary tube. See: C. E. Gellert (1740) "De phenomenis plumbi fusi in tubis capillaribus" (On phenomena of molten lead in
2249:
1475:
When a dry porous medium is brought into contact with a liquid, it will absorb the liquid at a rate which decreases over time. When considering evaporation, liquid penetration will reach a limit dependent on parameters of temperature, humidity and permeability. This process is known as evaporation
901:
to overcome these intermolecular forces. The contact length (around the edge) between the top of the liquid column and the tube is proportional to the radius of the tube, while the weight of the liquid column is proportional to the square of the tube's radius. So, a narrow tube will draw a liquid
2458:(History of the Royal Academy of Sciences, with the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris), pp. 506â529. Monge proposed that particles of a liquid exert, on each other, a short-range force of attraction, and that this force produces the surface tension of the liquid. From p. 529:
1051:
A practical application of capillary action is the capillary action siphon. Instead of utilizing a hollow tube (as in most siphons), this device consists of a length of cord made of a fibrous material (cotton cord or string works well). After saturating the cord with water, one (weighted) end is
2187:"Alithophilus, Dialogus quartus, in quo nonnulla discutiuntur Ă D. Montanario opposita circa elevationem Humoris in canaliculis, etc." (Alithophilus, Fourth dialogue, in which Dr. Montanari's opposition regarding the elevation of liquids in capillaries is utterly refuted).
2039:
2063:
An attempt for the explication of the
Phenomena observable in an experiment published by the Right Hon. Robert Boyle, in the 35th experiment of his Epistolical Discourse touching the Air, in confirmation of a former conjecture made by R.
1476:
limited capillary penetration and is widely observed in common situations including fluid absorption into paper and rising damp in concrete or masonry walls. For a bar shaped section of material with cross-sectional area
884:
Capillary penetration in porous media shares its dynamic mechanism with flow in hollow tubes, as both processes are resisted by viscous forces. Consequently, a common apparatus used to demonstrate the phenomenon is the
1362:
34:
Capillary water flow up a 225 mm-high porous brick after it was placed in a shallow tray of water. The time elapsed after first contact with water is indicated. From the weight increase, the estimated porosity is
1188:
1885:"Enfin, deux observations capitales, celle de l'action capillaire (7) et celle de la diffraction (8), dont jusqu'à présent on avait méconnu le véritable auteur, sont dues également à ce brillant génie."
1657:
1887:(Finally, two major observations, that of capillary action (7) and that of diffraction (8), the true author of which until now had not been recognized, are also due to this brilliant genius.)
2011:(hidden/secret motion). He proposed that mosquitoes, butterflies, and bees feed via capillary action, and that sap ascends in plants via capillary action. See: Giovambatista Clemente Nelli,
958:
act as small capillaries, causing it to absorb a large amount of fluid. Some textile fabrics are said to use capillary action to "wick" sweat away from the skin. These are often referred to as
2007:(a book of various geometric problems and of speculation and physical experiments, etc.) by Aggiunti. On pages 91â92, he quotes from this book: Aggiunti attributed capillary action to
100:
3203:
2169:"Dialogus Quartus. In quo, de libratis suspensisque liquoribus & Mercurio disputatur. (Dialogue four. In which the balance and suspension of liquids and mercury is discussed).
1258:
is in the denominator, the thinner the space in which the liquid can travel, the further up it goes. Likewise, lighter liquid and lower gravity increase the height of the column.
1213:
1579:
1528:
1921:, vol. 3, p. 54) observations of this kind are already to be found in the manuscripts of the great artist Leonardo da Vinci (died 1519), which are preserved in Paris; ... )
1584:
is called the cumulative liquid intake, with the dimension of length. The wetted length of the bar, that is the distance between the wetted end of the bar and the so-called
809:
Although experimental studies continued during the 18th century, a successful quantitative treatment of capillary action was not attained until 1805 by two investigators:
3127:
786:) thought that liquids rose in capillaries because air could not enter capillaries as easily as liquids, so the air pressure was lower inside capillaries. Others (e.g.,
1046:
2325:"An account of an experiment touching the direction of a drop of oil of oranges, between two glass planes, towards any side of them that is nearest press'd together,"
1915:, T. III, p. 54) in den zu Paris aufbewahrten Handschriften des grossen KĂŒnstlers Leonardo da Vinci (gestorben 1519) schon Beobachtungen dieser Art vorfinden; ... "
649:
2338:
2324:
3196:
1966:
825:
had determined the boundary conditions governing capillary action (i.e., the conditions at the liquid-solid interface). In 1871, the
British physicist
1890:
C. Wolf (1857) "Vom
Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Erscheinungen in Haarröhrchen" (On the influence of temperature on phenomena in capillary tubes)
751:
Capillary comes from the Latin word capillaris, meaning "of or resembling hair". The meaning stems from the tiny, hairlike diameter of a capillary.
3189:
2489:
1296:
3172:
2622:
1978:
2543:
2180:
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2097:
1943:
2580:
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2299:
2204:
2081:
1902:
1876:
3493:
2508:
2228:
2133:
2113:
2019:
2652:
977:, in which a solvent moves vertically up a plate via capillary action. In this case the pores are gaps between very small particles.
3036:
2272:
826:
642:
2812:
1290:
on clean glass, the effective equilibrium contact angle is approximately zero. For these values, the height of the water column is
1133:
2604:
1606:
897:
occurs between the fluid and the solid inner wall pulling the liquid column along until there is a sufficient mass of liquid for
3464:
2443:(1746â1818) investigated the force between panes of glass that were separated by a film of liquid. See: Gaspard Monge (1787)
2430:
2720:
2447:
731:
between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of
3877:
3565:
2921:
Ishii D, Horiguchi H, Hirai Y, Yabu H, Matsuo Y, Ijiro K, Tsujii K, Shimozawa T, Hariyama T, Shimomura M (October 23, 2013).
1013:, capillary action describes the attraction of water molecules to soil particles. Capillary action is responsible for moving
615:
3310:
795:
316:
153:
1393:
902:
column along further than a wider tube will, given that the inner water molecules cohere sufficiently to the outer ones.
3512:
3420:
635:
356:
242:
3633:
3278:
311:
3344:
1870:
Histoire des sciences mathématiques en Italie, depuis la
Renaissance des lettres jusqu'a la fin du dix-septiĂšme siecle
878:
220:
2473:
In the 18th century, some investigators did attempt a quantitative treatment of capillary action. See, for example,
1843:
818:
771:, was said to have investigated capillary action. In 1660, capillary action was still a novelty to the Irish chemist
103:
3058:
2923:"Water transport mechanism through open capillaries analyzed by direct surface modifications on biological surfaces"
2831:
2127:(NĂŒremberg (NorimbergĂŠ), (Germany): Wolfgang Moritz Endter & the heirs of Johann Andreas Endter, 1676). See:
1240:
1076:. Water is brought high up in trees by branching; evaporation at the leaves creating depressurization; probably by
3361:
974:
923:
712:
The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush, in a thin tube such as a
227:
56:
3931:
3792:
3787:
3553:
810:
791:
522:
517:
132:
3670:
3638:
3293:
3283:
2339:"An account of an experiment touching the ascent of water between two glass planes, in an hyperbolick figure,"
1080:
added at the roots; and possibly at other locations inside the plant, especially when gathering humidity with
306:
299:
3921:
3852:
3533:
3449:
3339:
2248:(Lyon, France: 1670), page 385, Cap. 8 Prop. CLXXXV (Chapter 8, Proposition 185.). Available on-line at:
922:, while in industry and diagnostic medicine this phenomenon is increasingly being harnessed in the field of
585:
580:
249:
2225:
3432:
3305:
2564:
1837:
1542:
1196:
705:
flowing in a narrow space in opposition to or at least without the assistance of any external forces like
137:
910:
In the built environment, evaporation limited capillary penetration is responsible for the phenomenon of
716:, in porous materials such as paper and plaster, in some non-porous materials such as clay and liquefied
3936:
3837:
3415:
2456:
Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, avec les Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des
Sciences de Paris
560:
178:
941:; their openings can be seen with the naked eye within the lacrymal sacs when the eyelids are everted.
806:) thought that the particles of liquid were attracted to each other and to the walls of the capillary.
2849:
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1551:
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3900:
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3473:
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999:
822:
814:
736:
728:
398:
215:
195:
183:
127:
3083:
3048:
Hsai-Yang Fang, john L. Daniels, Introductory
Geotechnical Engineering: An Environmental Perspective
2486:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
3872:
3724:
3663:
3643:
3459:
3405:
3288:
3247:
3213:
2445:"Mémoire sur quelques effets d'attraction ou de répulsion apparente entre les molécules de matiÚre"
898:
842:
768:
600:
448:
341:
47:
1975:
1873:
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1805:
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1956:
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2577:
2454:(Memoir on some effects of the apparent attraction or repulsion between molecules of matter),
2385:
2363:
2296:
2177:
2159:
1940:
1899:
1840: â Equation describing the penetration length of a liquid into a capillary tube with time
1775:
1673:
995:
938:
911:
890:
830:
803:
760:
671:
237:
188:
2698:
2680:"Tuning capillary penetration in porous media: Combining geometrical and evaporation effects"
2505:
2199:
2128:
2078:
2016:
1760: â Subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action
3827:
3736:
3729:
3719:
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3098:
3028:
2995:
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1757:
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433:
2003:
In his book of 1759, Giovani
Batista Clemente Nelli (1725â1793) stated (p. 87) that he had
933:
fluid from the eye. Two canaliculi of tiny diameter are present in the inner corner of the
873:
3842:
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3754:
3690:
3658:
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3483:
3454:
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3349:
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3131:
2835:
2816:
2648:
2626:
2584:
2547:
2512:
2493:
2474:
2451:
2434:
2395:(Explanation of difficult experiments concerning the ascent of water in capillary tubes),
2392:
2370:
2303:
2276:
2256:
2232:
2208:
2184:
2166:
2137:
2117:
2101:
2085:
2046:
2023:
1982:
1947:
1906:
1880:
1831:
1672:
Sorptivity is a relevant property of building materials, because it affects the amount of
1216:
1095:
1018:
848:
838:
783:
764:
732:
721:
565:
489:
403:
334:
268:
170:
3675:
3298:
2269:
779:
453:
323:
2991:
2938:
2875:
2809:
2757:
1669:
The above description is for the case where gravity and evaporation do not play a role.
3847:
3714:
3628:
3586:
3400:
2955:
2922:
2483:
Chapitre X. De l'Ă©levation ou de l'abaissement des
Liqueurs dans les Tuyaux capillaires
1787:
1769:
1125:
1087:
Capillary action for uptake of water has been described in some small animals, such as
929:
In physiology, capillary action is essential for the drainage of continuously produced
834:
713:
570:
428:
393:
294:
200:
2005:"un libro di problem vari geometrici ec. e di speculazioni, ed esperienze fisiche ec."
1541:
of the medium, in units of m·s or mm·min. This time dependence relation is similar to
3915:
3895:
3862:
3759:
3623:
3488:
2907:
2773:
2440:
1961:
1799:
1781:
1224:
1089:
1073:
955:
951:
889:. When the lower end of a glass tube is placed in a liquid, such as water, a concave
787:
610:
443:
2706:
1467:
944:
Wicking is the absorption of a liquid by a material in the manner of a candle wick.
845:(1798â1895) subsequently determined the interaction between two immiscible liquids.
30:
3867:
3857:
3832:
3015:
1793:
985:
772:
717:
595:
590:
555:
287:
2386:"Explicatio difficilium experimentorum circa ascensum aquae in tubis capillaribus"
2373:(Theoretical essay in which the ascent of water in capillary tubes is explained),
1471:
Capillary flow in a brick, with a sorptivity of 5.0 mm·min and a porosity of 0.25.
877:
Capillary flow experiment to investigate capillary flows and phenomena aboard the
3102:
1766: â Pressure between two fluids from forces between the fluids and tube walls
3782:
3181:
2978:
Bentley PJ, Blumer WF (1962). "Uptake of water by the lizard, Moloch horridus".
1819:
1814:
1751:
1742:
1014:
967:
947:
706:
674:(non-polar), in each case with respect to a polar surface such as glass (âĄSiâOH)
605:
508:
2883:
2678:
Liu, Mingchao; Wu, Jian; Gan, Yixiang; Hanaor, Dorian A.H.; Chen, C.Q. (2018).
1986:
Bulletin of the Lloyd
Library and Museum of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia Medica
1676:. Some values for the sorptivity of building materials are in the table below.
3797:
3709:
3548:
3242:
3164:
1825:
1538:
527:
423:
17:
2891:
2796:
2485:(Chapter 10. On the elevation or depression of liquids in capillary tubes),
2038:, ... (Oxford, England: H. Hall, 1660), pp. 265â270. Available on-line at:
3819:
3809:
3804:
3746:
3653:
3237:
1970:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 256â275.
1397:
1010:
988:
499:
494:
328:
3110:
3007:
2964:
2899:
2140:(Essay 8. Recently noted phenomena of narrow capillaries, ... ), pp. 44â48.
1846: â Describing pressure difference over an interface in fluid mechanics
3155:
de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles; Brochard-Wyart, Françoise; Quéré, David (2004).
3123:
C. Hall, W.D. Hoff, Water transport in brick, stone, and concrete. (2002)
2765:
1939:(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Joseph and Edward Parker, 1832), volume 10,
3769:
3680:
3648:
3273:
3031:, 'An Introduction To Fluid Dynamics', Cambridge University Press (1967)
2828:
2130:"Tentamen VIII. Canaliculorum angustiorum recens-notata PhĂŠnomena, ... "
1932:
More detailed histories of research on capillary action can be found in:
1828: â Ice column formed when liquid groundwater rises into freezing air
1597:
1081:
915:
894:
740:
478:
383:
363:
349:
1865:
Manuscripts of LĂ©onardo de Vinci (Paris), vol. N, folios 11, 67, and 74.
1357:{\displaystyle h\approx {{1.48\times 10^{-5}\ {\mbox{m}}^{2}} \over r}.}
1261:
For a water-filled glass tube in air at standard laboratory conditions,
1060:
are used to draw oil from reservoirs into delivery pipes leading to the
1003:
865:
662:
3581:
3521:
2850:"Disjoining pressure driven transpiration of water in a simulated tree"
2479:
Theorie de la Figure de la Terre tirée des Principes de l'Hydrostatique
2364:"Tentamen theoriae qua ascensus aquae in tubis capillaribus explicatur"
2297:"Several Experiments Touching the Seeming Spontaneous Ascent of Water,"
2250:
Echo (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science; Berlin, Germany)
2040:
Echo (Max Planck Institute for the History of Science; Berlin, Germany)
1955:
1790: â Equation describing the flow of a fluid through a porous medium
1287:
1232:
1057:
919:
232:
2946:
1822: â Measurement and characterization of the porosity of a material
1002:
within the liquid exceed those between the solid and the liquid, so a
3685:
2999:
1834: â Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
1248:
963:
934:
702:
373:
1772: â Wave on the surface of a fluid, dominated by surface tension
954:
to be transferred from a surface to the towel. The small pores of a
2866:
2563:(Göttingen, (Germany): Dieterichs, 1830). Available on-line at:
2561:
Principia generalia Theoriae Figurae Fluidorum in statu Aequilibrii
2093:
Pensieri fisico-matematici sopra alcune esperienze fatte in Bologna
3887:
3616:
3383:
3084:"Evaporation limited radial capillary penetration in porous media"
1466:
1111:
930:
872:
864:
667:
661:
277:
29:
2422:(Memoirs of the imperial academy of sciences in St. Petersburg),
2399:(Memoirs of the imperial academy of sciences in St. Petersburg),
2377:(Memoirs of the imperial academy of sciences in St. Petersburg),
2036:
New Experiments Physico-Mechanical touching the Spring of the Air
1778: â Minimised surface of liquid commecting two wetted objects
743:
between the liquid and container wall act to propel the liquid.
3185:
1545:
for the wicking in capillaries and porous media. The quantity
3702:
1116:
Water height in a capillary plotted against capillary diameter
981:
413:
2578:"On the equilibrium of vapour at a curved surface of liquid,"
2320:... (London, England: (Self-published), 1709), pages 139â169.
1183:{\displaystyle h={{2\gamma \cos {\theta }} \over {\rho gr}},}
1072:
Capillary action is seen in many plants, and plays a part in
1017:
from wet areas of the soil to dry areas. Differences in soil
2420:
Commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae
2397:
Commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae
2375:
Commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae
1652:{\displaystyle x={\frac {i}{f}}={\frac {S}{f}}{\sqrt {t}}.}
2537:
Supplément au dixiÚme livre du Traité de Mécanique Céleste
2224:(Hague (HagĂŠ Comitis), Netherlands: Adrian Vlacq, 1666),
759:
The first recorded observation of capillary action was by
2516:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2342:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2328:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2307:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2077:... (London, England: James Allestry, 1667), pp. 12â22,
2073:... was reprinted (with some changes) in: Robert Hooke,
1784: â Type of moisture control in building construction
1754: â Thin layer of water surrounding mineral surfaces.
2848:
Poudel, Sajag; Zou, An; Maroo, Shalabh C. (2022-06-15).
2744:
Wang, K.; et al. (2022). "Open Capillary Siphons".
1976:"References to capillarity to the end of the year 1900,"
1872:(Paris, France: Jules Renouard et cie., 1840), vol. 3,
821:
of capillary action. By 1830, the German mathematician
2829:
Water in Redwood and other trees, mostly by evaporation
2819:
at "Neat, Plausible And" scientific discussion website.
1810:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1747:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3059:"Capillary Tubes - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2176:... ((Lyon (Lugdunum), France: Antoine Molin, 1669),
2013:
Saggio di Storia Letteraria Fiorentina del Secolo XVII
1333:
1200:
1006:
meniscus forms and capillary action works in reverse.
2791:. London: Locomotive Publishing Company. p. 26.
2721:"Capillary Action and Water | U.S. Geological Survey"
1609:
1554:
1497:
1368:
tube, the water would rise 70 mm (2.8 in).
1299:
1199:
1136:
1027:
59:
2649:"List of Scientific Publications of Albert Einstein"
3886:
3818:
3768:
3745:
3607:
3370:
3256:
3220:
2120:(Rotterdam, Netherlands: Arnold Leers, Jr., 1669).
1954:Maxwell, James Clerk; Strutt, John William (1911).
950:absorb liquid through capillary action, allowing a
2318:Physico-mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects
1909:by editor Johann C. Poggendorff. From page 551:
1651:
1573:
1522:
1396:. The surface of the liquid between the planes is
1356:
1207:
1182:
1040:
94:
2246:De motionibus naturalibus a gravitate pendentibus
2211:(Amsterdam, Netherlands: Hendrik Wetsten, 1683).
2015:... (Lucca, (Italy): Vincenzo Giuntini, 1759),
1480:that is wetted on one end, the cumulative volume
1372:Capillary rise of liquid between two glass plates
829:(later Lord Kelvin) determined the effect of the
2620:"Folgerungen aus den CapillaritÀtserscheinungen"
1802: â Upwards swelling of soil during freezing
2687:International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
1796: â Thin layer of ice extruded from a plant
1392: = constant), the two quantities are
778:Others soon followed Boyle's lead. Some (e.g.,
2535:, volume 4, (Paris, France: Courcier, 1805),
1745: â Dimensionless number in fluid dynamics
991:from a reservoir or cartridge inside the pen.
3197:
2606:Vorlesungen ĂŒber die Theorie der CapillaritĂ€t
1919:History of the mathematical sciences in Italy
1592:of the volume occupied by voids. This number
643:
8:
27:Ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces
1680:Sorptivity of selected materials (source:)
95:{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}
3204:
3190:
3182:
2426: : 243â251. Available on-line at:
2281:Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences
650:
636:
483:
273:
116:
38:
2954:
2865:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2629:(Conclusions from capillary phenomena),
2609:(Leipzig, Germany: B. G. Teubner, 1894).
2110:Ars Nova et Magna Gravitatis et Levitatis
1639:
1629:
1616:
1608:
1600:of the medium; the wetted length is then
1561:
1553:
1510:
1496:
1339:
1332:
1319:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1198:
1164:
1158:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1032:
1026:
72:
58:
2854:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
2699:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.02.101
2270:"Experiences sur les tuyaux Capillaires"
1678:
869:Moderate rising damp on an internal wall
2158:... ((Lyon (Lugdunum), France: 1665),
1855:
1402:
1108:Capillary rise of liquid in a capillary
851:'s first paper, which was submitted to
507:
462:
412:
372:
276:
145:
119:
46:
1898:(177) : 550â576; see footnote on
1808: â 1995 alleged miracle incidents
994:With some pairs of materials, such as
2603:Franz Neumann with A. Wangerin, ed.,
2506:"An essay on the cohesion of fluids,"
2125:Collegium Experimentale sive Curiosum
7:
2481:(Paris, France: David fils, 1743),
2079:"Observ. IV. Of small Glass Canes."
1208:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \gamma }
962:, after the capillary properties of
2222:De Nili et Aliorum Fluminum Origine
2279:(Experiments on capillary tubes),
1913:Hist. des sciences math. en Italie
1048:) drive capillary action in soil.
1029:
25:
3157:Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena
2531:Pierre Simon marquis de Laplace,
2201:Dissertatio de Gravitate Ătheris
1574:{\displaystyle i={\frac {V}{A}}}
1523:{\displaystyle V=AS{\sqrt {t}},}
1484:of absorbed liquid after a time
1463:Liquid transport in porous media
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1376:The product of layer thickness (
1054:lubrication of steam locomotives
973:Capillary action is observed in
2838:article at wonderquest website.
2787:Ahrons, Ernest Leopold (1922).
2655:from the original on 2013-05-08
2504:Thomas Young (January 1, 1805)
1588:, is dependent on the fraction
1124:of a liquid column is given by
2752:. Cambridge University Press.
2071:An attempt for the explication
1662:Some authors use the quantity
1404:Water between two glass plates
1:
3082:Liu, M.; et al. (2016).
1892:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
1243:(length/square of time), and
857:in 1900, was on capillarity.
3103:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02404
817:of France. They derived the
2533:Traité de Mécanique Céleste
1241:acceleration due to gravity
879:International Space Station
3953:
2884:10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.108
2789:Lubrication of Locomotives
2746:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
2244:Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso
2123:Johannes Christoph Sturm,
2104:(Bologna, (Italy): 1667).
1917:( ... according to Libri (
813:of the United Kingdom and
3165:10.1007/978-0-387-21656-0
2384:Josias Weitbrecht (1737)
1235:of liquid (mass/volume),
1041:{\displaystyle \Psi _{m}}
975:thin layer chromatography
924:paper-based microfluidics
837:âa relation known as the
3554:Compact tension specimen
3274:Conservation of momentum
3125:page 131 on Google books
2986:(4829): 699â670 (1962).
2362:Josia Weitbrecht (1736)
2337:Francis Hauksbee (1712)
2323:Francis Hauksbee (1711)
2295:Francis Hauksbee (1708)
1957:"Capillary Action"
1380:) and elevation height (
792:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
154:ClausiusâDuhem (entropy)
104:Fick's laws of diffusion
3634:NavierâStokes equations
3534:Material failure theory
3522:Material failure theory
2651:. Einstein-website.de.
2618:Albert Einstein (1901)
2576:William Thomson (1871)
1967:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1937:Edinburgh Encyclopaedia
980:Capillary action draws
739:within the liquid) and
312:NavierâStokes equations
250:Material failure theory
3306:Conservation of energy
2588:Philosophical Magazine
2559:Carl Friedrich Gauss,
2475:Alexis Claude Clairaut
1974:John Uri Lloyd (1902)
1844:YoungâLaplace equation
1653:
1575:
1524:
1472:
1394:inversely proportional
1358:
1209:
1184:
1117:
1042:
881:
870:
819:YoungâLaplace equation
763:. A former student of
701:) is the process of a
675:
96:
36:
3671:Archimedes' principle
3639:Bernoulli's principle
3159:. Springer New York.
3142:Hall and Hoff, p. 122
3063:www.sciencedirect.com
2766:10.1017/jfm.2021.1056
2594:(282) : 448â452.
2090:Geminiano Montanari,
1935:David Brewster, ed.,
1654:
1576:
1525:
1470:
1359:
1219:(force/unit length),
1210:
1185:
1115:
1068:In plants and animals
1043:
1000:intermolecular forces
876:
868:
861:Phenomena and physics
729:intermolecular forces
727:It occurs because of
665:
307:Bernoulli's principle
300:Archimedes' principle
97:
33:
3901:William Prager Medal
3479:Rock mass plasticity
3376:Structural mechanics
3269:Conservation of mass
3257:Laws and Definitions
2647:Hans-Josef Kuepper.
2061:Robert Hooke (1661)
1607:
1552:
1495:
1297:
1197:
1134:
1103:Height of a meniscus
1025:
899:gravitational forces
823:Carl Friedrich Gauss
815:Pierre-Simon Laplace
735:(which is caused by
670:(polar) compared to
666:Capillary action of
399:Cohesion (chemistry)
221:Infinitesimal strain
57:
3644:Poiseuille equation
3421:Membrane elasticity
3406:Transverse isotropy
3248:Rigid body dynamics
3214:continuum mechanics
2992:1962Natur.194..699B
2939:2013NatSR...3E3024I
2876:2022JCIS..616..895P
2758:2022JFM...932R...1W
2637:(3) : 513â523.
1838:Washburn's equation
1681:
1666:as the sorptivity.
1543:Washburn's equation
843:Franz Ernst Neumann
841:. German physicist
827:Sir William Thomson
317:Poiseuille equation
48:Continuum mechanics
42:Part of a series on
3793:Electrorheological
3788:Magnetorheological
3544:Fracture mechanics
3311:Entropy inequality
3130:2014-02-20 at the
2927:Scientific Reports
2834:2012-01-29 at the
2815:2013-11-28 at the
2631:Annalen der Physik
2625:2017-10-25 at the
2583:2014-10-26 at the
2546:2016-12-24 at the
2511:2014-06-30 at the
2492:2016-04-09 at the
2450:2016-03-16 at the
2433:2016-03-17 at the
2391:2014-11-05 at the
2369:2014-06-29 at the
2316:Francis Hauksbee,
2302:2014-06-29 at the
2275:2017-04-07 at the
2255:2016-12-23 at the
2231:2017-04-07 at the
2207:2017-04-07 at the
2183:2017-04-07 at the
2165:2016-12-24 at the
2136:2014-06-29 at the
2116:2017-11-03 at the
2100:2016-12-29 at the
2084:2016-12-24 at the
2058:See, for example:
2045:2014-03-05 at the
2022:2014-07-27 at the
1992:(4) : 99â204.
1981:2014-12-14 at the
1946:2016-12-24 at the
1911:" ... nach Libri (
1905:2014-06-29 at the
1883:. From page 54:
1879:2016-12-24 at the
1806:Hindu milk miracle
1764:Capillary pressure
1679:
1649:
1571:
1520:
1473:
1354:
1337:
1215:is the liquid-air
1205:
1204:
1180:
1118:
1038:
937:, also called the
882:
871:
854:Annalen der Physik
681:(sometimes called
676:
523:Magnetorheological
518:Electrorheological
255:Fracture mechanics
92:
37:
3909:
3908:
3592:Bending of plates
3566:Johnson-Holmquist
3529:Drucker stability
3503:Contact mechanics
3450:Cauchy elasticity
3428:Equation of state
3174:978-1-4419-1833-8
3097:(38): 9899â9904.
2947:10.1038/srep03024
2418:capillary tubes)
2403: : 275â309.
2381: : 261â309.
2313: : 258â266.
2198:Jacob Bernoulli,
2107:George Sinclair,
1868:Guillaume Libri,
1776:Capillary bridges
1734:
1733:
1644:
1637:
1624:
1569:
1515:
1349:
1336:
1330:
1175:
761:Leonardo da Vinci
660:
659:
535:
534:
469:
468:
238:Contact mechanics
161:
160:
90:
16:(Redirected from
3944:
3730:Combined gas law
3725:Gay-Lussac's law
3696:Capillary action
3561:Damage mechanics
3206:
3199:
3192:
3183:
3178:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3000:10.1038/194699a0
2975:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2869:
2845:
2839:
2826:
2820:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2684:
2675:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2644:
2638:
2616:
2610:
2601:
2595:
2574:
2568:
2557:
2551:
2529:
2523:
2502:
2496:
2471:
2465:
2412:
2406:
2357:
2351:
2348: : 539â540.
2334: : 374â375.
2290:
2284:
2266:
2260:
2242:
2236:
2218:
2212:
2196:
2190:
2172:Honorato Fabri,
2154:Honorato Fabri,
2149:
2143:
2056:
2050:
2032:
2026:
2001:
1995:
1971:
1959:
1930:
1924:
1860:
1811:
1758:Capillary fringe
1748:
1695:Aerated concrete
1682:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
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1630:
1625:
1617:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1572:
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1562:
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1516:
1511:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1307:
1286:. Because water
1285:
1278:
1271:
1267:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1078:osmotic pressure
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1036:
804:Josia Weitbrecht
800:Francis Hauksbee
769:NiccolĂČ Aggiunti
695:capillary effect
687:capillary motion
679:Capillary action
652:
645:
638:
484:
449:Gay-Lussac's law
439:Combined gas law
389:Capillary action
274:
117:
101:
99:
98:
93:
91:
89:
81:
73:
39:
21:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3932:Surface science
3912:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3882:
3814:
3778:Viscoelasticity
3764:
3755:Acoustic theory
3741:
3691:Surface tension
3609:Fluid mechanics
3603:
3597:Sandwich theory
3489:Yield criterion
3484:Viscoplasticity
3455:Viscoelasticity
3416:hyperelasticity
3366:
3350:Antiplane shear
3333:Stress measures
3252:
3233:Fluid mechanics
3228:Solid mechanics
3216:
3210:
3175:
3154:
3151:
3149:Further reading
3146:
3141:
3137:
3132:Wayback Machine
3122:
3118:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3027:
3023:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2836:Wayback Machine
2827:
2823:
2817:Wayback Machine
2808:
2804:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2627:Wayback Machine
2617:
2613:
2602:
2598:
2585:Wayback Machine
2575:
2571:
2558:
2554:
2548:Wayback Machine
2530:
2526:
2522: : 65â87.
2513:Wayback Machine
2503:
2499:
2494:Wayback Machine
2472:
2468:
2452:Wayback Machine
2435:Wayback Machine
2413:
2409:
2393:Wayback Machine
2371:Wayback Machine
2358:
2354:
2304:Wayback Machine
2291:
2287:
2277:Wayback Machine
2267:
2263:
2257:Wayback Machine
2243:
2239:
2233:Wayback Machine
2220:Isaac Vossius,
2219:
2215:
2209:Wayback Machine
2197:
2193:
2185:Wayback Machine
2174:Dialogi physici
2167:Wayback Machine
2156:Dialogi physici
2150:
2146:
2138:Wayback Machine
2118:Wayback Machine
2102:Wayback Machine
2086:Wayback Machine
2057:
2053:
2047:Wayback Machine
2033:
2029:
2024:Wayback Machine
2002:
1998:
1983:Wayback Machine
1953:
1948:Wayback Machine
1931:
1927:
1907:Wayback Machine
1881:Wayback Machine
1861:
1857:
1853:
1832:Surface tension
1809:
1746:
1739:
1689:
1674:rising dampness
1605:
1604:
1550:
1549:
1493:
1492:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1384:) is constant (
1374:
1331:
1315:
1295:
1294:
1284:= 9.81 m/s
1280:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1217:surface tension
1195:
1194:
1132:
1131:
1110:
1105:
1096:Moloch horridus
1070:
1028:
1023:
1022:
998:and glass, the
984:to the tips of
960:wicking fabrics
908:
863:
849:Albert Einstein
839:Kelvin equation
784:Jacob Bernoulli
757:
749:
741:adhesive forces
733:surface tension
722:biological cell
656:
627:
626:
625:
545:
537:
536:
490:Viscoelasticity
481:
471:
470:
458:
408:
404:Surface tension
368:
271:
269:Fluid mechanics
261:
260:
259:
173:
171:Solid mechanics
163:
162:
114:
106:
82:
74:
55:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3950:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3922:Fluid dynamics
3914:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
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3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
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3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
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3807:
3802:
3801:
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3757:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3742:
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3739:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Fluid dynamics
3626:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3587:Bending moment
3578:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3494:Bresler-Pister
3486:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3465:Concrete creep
3462:
3452:
3447:
3445:hypoelasticity
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3342:
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3330:
3319:
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3314:
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3308:
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3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3116:
3074:
3050:
3041:
3029:G.K. Batchelor
3021:
2970:
2913:
2840:
2821:
2802:
2779:
2736:
2712:
2665:
2639:
2611:
2596:
2569:
2552:
2524:
2497:
2487:pages 105â128.
2466:
2464:
2463:
2438:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2382:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2335:
2321:
2314:
2285:
2283:, pp. 241â254.
2261:
2237:
2213:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2170:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2121:
2105:
2088:
2067:
2051:
2034:Robert Boyle,
2027:
2009:"moto occulto"
1996:
1994:
1993:
1972:
1962:Chisholm, Hugh
1951:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1888:
1866:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1770:Capillary wave
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:Concrete brick
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:Gypsum plaster
1700:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1660:
1659:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1633:
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1500:
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1407:
1405:
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1342:
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1314:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1203:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1069:
1066:
1035:
1031:
939:lacrimal ducts
907:
904:
887:capillary tube
862:
859:
835:vapor pressure
833:on a liquid's
756:
753:
748:
745:
691:capillary rise
658:
657:
655:
654:
647:
640:
632:
629:
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396:
394:Chromatography
391:
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347:
346:
345:
326:
314:
309:
297:
284:
281:
280:
272:
267:
266:
263:
262:
258:
257:
252:
247:
246:
245:
235:
230:
225:
224:
223:
218:
208:
203:
198:
193:
192:
191:
181:
175:
174:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
158:
157:
156:
148:
147:
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
130:
122:
121:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
88:
85:
80:
77:
71:
68:
65:
62:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
24:
18:Capillary tube
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3949:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:Eringen Medal
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3760:Aeroacoustics
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:Charles's law
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3664:Non-Newtonian
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:Fluid statics
3622:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3362:Compatibility
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Cauchy stress
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Navier-Stokes
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3075:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3037:0-521-66396-2
3034:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:Gaspard Monge
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:For example:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2268:Carré (1705)
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:Frost heaving
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:Damp proofing
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:is the local
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:contact angle
1222:
1218:
1201:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1090:Ligia exotica
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:transpiration
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1033:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
987:
983:
978:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
942:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
905:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
880:
875:
867:
860:
858:
856:
855:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:Isaac Vossius
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
754:
752:
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
669:
664:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
633:
631:
630:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
541:
540:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
510:
506:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
485:
480:
475:
474:
465:
461:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
434:Charles's law
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
419:
418:
415:
411:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
379:
378:
375:
371:
365:
362:
358:
355:
351:
348:
343:
342:non-Newtonian
340:
336:
332:
331:
330:
327:
325:
322:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
301:
298:
296:
293:
289:
286:
285:
283:
282:
279:
275:
270:
265:
264:
256:
253:
251:
248:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:Compatibility
226:
222:
219:
217:
216:Finite strain
214:
213:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
172:
167:
166:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:
144:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
120:Conservations
118:
110:
109:
105:
86:
83:
78:
75:
69:
66:
63:
60:
53:
52:
49:
45:
41:
40:
32:
19:
3937:Porous media
3783:Smart fluids
3695:
3676:Pascal's law
3508:Frictionless
3357:Large strain
3345:Small strain
3156:
3138:
3119:
3094:
3090:
3077:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:
3053:
3044:
3024:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2824:
2810:Tree physics
2805:
2788:
2782:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2728:. Retrieved
2725:www.usgs.gov
2724:
2715:
2690:
2686:
2657:. Retrieved
2642:
2634:
2630:
2614:
2605:
2599:
2591:
2590:, series 4,
2587:
2572:
2560:
2555:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2500:
2482:
2478:
2477:(1713â1765)
2469:
2459:
2455:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2400:
2396:
2378:
2374:
2355:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2310:
2306:
2288:
2280:
2264:
2245:
2240:
2235:(chapter 2).
2221:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2178:pages 267 ff
2173:
2160:pages 157 ff
2155:
2147:
2129:
2124:
2109:
2092:
2075:Micrographia
2074:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2035:
2030:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1965:
1936:
1928:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1869:
1858:
1794:Frost flower
1671:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1534:
1532:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1281:
1274:
1266:= 0.0728 N/m
1263:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1192:
1121:
1119:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1071:
1058:worsted wool
1050:
1008:
993:
986:fountain pen
979:
972:
948:Paper towels
946:
943:
928:
909:
886:
883:
852:
847:
811:Thomas Young
808:
780:Honoré Fabri
777:
773:Robert Boyle
758:
750:
726:
718:carbon fiber
711:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
509:Smart fluids
454:Graham's law
388:
360:
353:
338:
324:Pascal's law
320:
303:
291:
146:Inequalities
3798:Ferrofluids
3715:Boyle's law
3401:Hooke's law
3340:Deformation
3317:Definitions
2860:: 895â902.
2693:: 239â250.
2565:Hathi Trust
2428:Archive.org
1941:pp. 805â823
1820:Porosimetry
1815:Krogh model
1788:Darcy's law
1752:Bound water
1743:Bond number
1688:Sorptivity
1277:= 1000 kg/m
1126:Jurin's law
1120:The height
1056:: wicks of
1015:groundwater
912:rising damp
796:Louis Carré
683:capillarity
528:Ferrofluids
429:Boyle's law
201:Hooke's law
179:Deformation
3916:Categories
3853:Gay-Lussac
3820:Scientists
3710:Atmosphere
3575:Structures
3549:J-integral
3513:Frictional
3474:Plasticity
3411:Orthotropy
3391:Elasticity
3294:Archimedes
3289:Poiseuille
3243:Vibrations
3212:Topics in
3068:2021-10-29
2867:2111.10927
2730:2024-04-29
2659:2013-06-18
2541:pages 1â79
2017:pp. 91â92.
1851:References
1826:Needle ice
1711:Clay brick
1539:sorptivity
720:, or in a
581:Gay-Lussac
544:Scientists
444:Fick's law
424:Atmosphere
243:frictional
196:Plasticity
184:Elasticity
3927:Hydrology
3828:Bernoulli
3810:Rheometer
3805:Rheometry
3747:Acoustics
3659:Newtonian
3654:Viscosity
3284:Bernoulli
3238:Acoustics
3221:Divisions
2908:244478643
2892:0021-9797
2797:795781750
2774:244957617
2226:pages 3â7
1690:(mm·min)
1586:wet front
1398:hyperbola
1321:−
1313:×
1304:≈
1251:of tube.
1202:γ
1166:ρ
1160:θ
1156:
1150:γ
1082:air roots
1030:Ψ
1019:potential
1011:hydrology
966:and lamp
747:Etymology
621:Truesdell
551:Bernoulli
500:Rheometer
495:Rheometry
335:Newtonian
329:Viscosity
79:φ
67:−
3770:Rheology
3681:Pressure
3649:Buoyancy
3433:Hugoniot
3128:Archived
3111:27583455
3091:Langmuir
3008:13867381
2965:24149467
2933:: 3024.
2900:35259719
2832:Archived
2813:Archived
2707:51914846
2653:Archived
2623:Archived
2581:Archived
2544:Archived
2509:Archived
2490:Archived
2448:Archived
2431:Archived
2389:Archived
2367:Archived
2300:Archived
2273:Archived
2253:Archived
2229:Archived
2205:Archived
2181:Archived
2163:Archived
2134:Archived
2114:Archived
2098:Archived
2082:Archived
2069:Hooke's
2043:Archived
2020:Archived
1979:Archived
1944:Archived
1903:Archived
1900:page 551
1877:Archived
1737:See also
1685:Material
1598:porosity
1062:bearings
916:concrete
906:Examples
895:Adhesion
891:meniscus
831:meniscus
737:cohesion
479:Rheology
384:Adhesion
364:Pressure
350:Buoyancy
295:Dynamics
133:Momentum
3843:Charles
3686:Liquids
3582:Bending
3539:Fatigue
3016:4289732
2988:Bibcode
2956:3805968
2935:Bibcode
2872:Bibcode
2754:Bibcode
1964:(ed.).
1874:page 54
1596:is the
1537:is the
1288:spreads
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3888:Awards
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