Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam

2196:

days they were confined to different rooms separated from one another. Sometimes they were taken out. They suffered much because they were not given food. If they were given one handful of ragi flour, they were not given salt or anything else. Even this ragi flour was given occasionally. There was nothing to dress and nothing to cover in the night. With such afflictions, six brothers died. My grandfather, while he was allowed to go out for a while, used to eat leaves or pieces of leather if available, because he could not sustain the pangs of hunger. But he used to recite the Rosary daily, with the rosary in hand. One day when the grandfather was brought out along with or by (illegible) he disappeared without the knowledge of anybody into a bamboo bush. The sepoys had not seen him. There were thousands of people; and there were the solemnities of the Moharrum festival. Taking this opportunity, grandfather concealed himself. Then the sepoys took all the people inside and closed the gates of the town. At that time my grandfather was eight years old. If a person who had escaped was found, the punishment under the orders of Tippu was the cutting off of the ears, nose, the feet and one hand. The meting out of this punishment was seen by him; and he was much afraid that if he was caught he would be punished similarly. He began reciting the Rosary and praying that he should not be a victim to such punishment, this boy of eight years got out of the bush and began to run. To come home was a question of many days. He looked to and from on the road and very carefully too. The sight of any man even at a great distance was enough to drive him into the dense jungle to take shelter in some bush. He suffered much for want of rice. He lived on leaves and whatever he found in the jungle. While he was in this weak and lingering condition, one day he met a sepoy, who caught him and took him with him. There was no other alternative but to follow the sepoy. While he was in this plight and waling on the road of a place known as Asthari, he was given a severe blow on the head by the sepoy. Immediately, grandfather fell down senseless. The sepoy left him there thinking that he was dead, and walked away. After a long time, he recovered his senses. Yet his head was reeling and was very weak. Then the fright that if caught again, he would be taken back, forced him to remain in a jungle. Days and nights he passed in jungles. One day, he met two cartmen of his acquaintance going to the house of their relations. They recognised grandfather and treated him affectionately and took him to their relations and gave him food. The food consisted of

2159:

to Sirangapatam where all who were fit to carry arms were circumcised and forwarded into four battalions. The sufferings of these poor creatures were most excruciating: one circumstance which came under my immediate notice, I will attempt to describe: when recovered they were armed and drilled, and ordered to Mysore, nine miles from the capital, but for what purpose we could not learn. Their daughters were many of them beautiful girls; and Tippu was determined to have them for his seraglio; but this they refused; and Mysore was invested by his orders, and the four battalions were disarmed and brought prisoners to Sirangapatam. This being done, the officers tied their hands behind them. The Chambars or Sandalmakers were then sent for and their noses ears and upper lips were cut off. They were then mounted on asses, their faces towards the tail and led through Patan, with a wretch before them proclaiming their crime. One fell from his beast and expired on the spot through loss of blood. Such a mangled and bloody scene excited the compassion of numbers and our hearts were ready to burst at the inhuman sight. It was reported that Tippu relented in this case, and I rather think it true, as he never gave any further orders respecting their women. The twenty-six that survived were sent to his different arsenals where after the lapse of a few years I saw several of them lingering out a most miserable existence.

2164:

have their noses and ears cut off for refusing their daughters when Tippu demanded them for his seraglio was a horrid dismal hole which we named the Bull, as there was an image, considerably larger than life, of that animal on that building, which was originally designed for a Hindoo place of worship, but by Tippu converted into a dungeon. This prison we frequently passed and expected sooner or later to occupy some part of it. Very few who were so unfortunate to be confined here, escaped with less punishment than the loss of their nose and ears. The Chambars by whom the operation was performed are held in abhorrence by the Mahomedans, and, on that account they were consigned to this office; and such was their brutality that they frequently cut, (or sawed rather), the upper lip off with the nose leaving the poor unfortunate wretch a pitiable object, to spin out a most miserable existence, being always sent to Tippu's arsenals to hard labour on a scanty allowance.

1770: 574:

Mangalore. Hyder believed that this behaviour amounted to treachery against the sovereign. Summoning a Portuguese officer and several Christian priests from Mangalore, he asked for suggestions as to how the Mangalorean Catholics should be punished. The Portuguese officer suggested the death penalty for those Catholics who had helped the British, as it was the standard punishment for betraying a sovereign. Rather than follow this advice, Hyder chose a diplomatic stance and imprisoned Christians found guilty of treachery instead of executing them. Later, he opened negotiations with the Portuguese. Agreement was reached and suspicions against the clergy and the Christians were removed and they were no longer chastised. During Hyder's regime, Roman Catholicism in Mangalore and the Mangalorean Catholic community continued to flourish.

2960:: As soon as Hyder was informed of this circumstance, he caused these merchants to appear before him, with the chief of the Portuguese factory, and several Christian priests belonging to the three churches at Mangalore. He then demanded of the Portuguese chief and the priests, what punishment the Christians inflict on those who should presume to betray their sovereign, by giving assistance to his enemies. The Portuguese officer having without hesitation answered that such a crime deserved death, Hyder replied, " I do not "judge in that manner, for our laws are milder. Since they have " made themselves English by engaging to serve them, their property " shall be adjudged to belong to Englishmen; and themselves shall be " thrown into prison till I make peace with that nation." 1873: 1839:(1789–1792), the British and their allies defeated Tipu. Desperate to break the alliance of powers surrounding him on all sides, Tipu sought to make peace with Portugal, the Marathas, and other powers. According to Severine Silva, he consequently gave up the persecution of Christians, opened negotiations with the Portuguese Government and with the Archbishop of Goa, with a promise that he would stop molesting the Christians, further asserting that he would rebuild all destroyed churches at his own cost. The Christians found their supervision relaxed and Tipu became more conciliatory in his attitude. The Christians now escaped from the camps of Seringapatam and gradually began to enter the neighbouring kingdoms of Coorg and Malabar. 2200:, curry of eggs and rice. Praising the Lord, he took the food which he craved for a long time. Later, by the grace of God, this boy returned to the house of his parents. 'Out of the seven brothers, this was the only one who returned alive,' so saying, his aged parents clasped him. After this he was educated and later he became an important man; he rendered assistance to several priests who loved him. He remained amidst them assisting them in all their needs. He was engaged to a girl in Goa. The girl belonged to a good family and was given a large dowry. Her name was Anna Maria Rodricks. The marriage was duly celebrated. There are many priests in that family. 687:

forested coastline broken by numerous streams and rivers, would have made united action practically impossible. He further states that the majority of Mangalorean Catholics were agriculturists farming land capable of growing three crops a year. The idea of neglecting their fields in the cause of a small band of British isolated in the confines of a fort besieged by a large Mysorean army would have sounded insane. Even if the British had made promises, they would have had little effect on the militarily inexperienced Christians, who would then have had to fight a large and well-trained army in support of a beleaguered army which was not even successful.

712:"We instantly directed the Divan of the Havur Kutchery to prepare a list of houses occupied by Christians, taking care not to omit a single habitation. After a detailed plan was made, we stationed an officer and soldiers in every place inhabited by Christians, signifying to them that at certain time they would receive orders that they would carry out in full effect.... On the morning of a specific day, (Ash Wednesday 24 February 1784) at the hour of Morning Prayer, let all Christians be made prisoner and dispatched to our presence. Accordingly all orders were everywhere opened at the same moment and at the same hour, namely that of the Morning Prayer." 744:, fined Rs. 200,000, and threatened with death by hanging if they ever returned. He also banished Fr. Joachim Miranda, a close friend of his father Hyder Ali. In a letter to the Portuguese Government, Tipu wrote that he had commuted the priests' sentences of capital punishment and ordered a fine of 30 million rupees instead. According to a report of 1784, Tipu had driven 26 missionaries out of his state, three of whom secretly went to join the captives. Two died en route and one was killed by a soldier. The missionaries were warned that they faced the death penalty if they re-entered Tipu's kingdom. 1854:, was able to regain Coorg for himself through the treaty of 1792 between the English, their allies and Tipu. Anxious to repopulate a kingdom depopulated by Tipu, Dodda welcomed the fugitive Konkani Christians. As an inducement to remain permanently in his territory, he granted them several privileges, obtained a priest from Goa, and built a chapel for them. After the relaxation of policies from 1792 onwards, the Christians began to resettle in Canara. Many Mangalorean Catholic students, who had studied for the priesthood in Goa returned to Mangalore. 4109:, p. ix: "Members of our community may now be found all over the world – from Norway in the north to Chile in the Southwest and New Zealand in the Southeast. There are Mangaloreans in virtually every country in Europe and in virtually every state of the United States. There are Mangaloreans in unusual and exotic locations like Korea, the Bahamas and Papua New Guinea. What binds these diverse and far-flung members of the Mangalorean community is that they commonly descend from a small group of families who returned to their homeland in 1799." 185: 948: 1805:

inclined his heart to mercy and not to harshness. Wherefore he had dispatched these his trusty messengers who might convey the words of his mouth in all variety, begging the Governor and the Archbishop not to refuse every needful exertion towards succoring their brethren Christians according to the obligations of their religion. And he would as soon as might be convenient rebuild at his own expense the Churches that the fate decreed agents of destruction had levelled to the ground.

1674: 362: 699:, did receive some assistance although this was more humanitarian than military. He also states that claim of the Christians paying the British Rs. 330,000 is an utter fabrication. To make his point, Prabhu points out that the annual revenue of the Portuguese province of Goa itself amounted to over three to four lakh rupees. Payment of the huge sum claimed by Tipu would have required a large number of wealthy donors—which the Mangalorean Catholics were not. 1937: 766:. The Portuguese, guardians of the Christian faith in Canara, intervened and requested Tipu not to imprison the priests. They suggested that he let the Christians live peacefully as his father Hyder Ali had done. But Tipu paid no heed to their request. Estimates suggest that about 7,000 people remained in hiding. Many were actively assisted by the Hindus whilst the few Christians in Canara who escaped Tipu's initial captivity fled to 1495: 2590:, p. 203 "This city has a very influential proportion of Roman Catholics, numbering over a good quarter of the total population. It is the seat of the Mangalore Roman Catholic Diocese, and hence when we speak of the Mangalorean Catholics, we do not limit ourselves only to the roughly 60,000 Catholics within the city limits, but to a total of much over 2,000,000 Catholics spread over the whole diocese." 5635: 964: 124: 5611: 5599: 667: 1933:

had been taken over by non-Christians during the captivity. In determining ownership of land, he sent two Mangalorean Hindus, Muthsuddy Vencappah and Saly Purvoe Dur Shetty along with other Christians to investigate and report back to him about these estates. Through the assistance of the Church, and with the support of Munro, the Christians were able to recover their lands and estates.

25: 66: 594: 5623: 1926:, the present Mangalorean Catholic community is descended almost entirely from the small group of survivors who returned to South Canara. Soon after the death of Tipu, a detachment from the Bombay army under Lieutenant-Colonel Wiseman took possession of Mangalore on 4 June 1799, as well as the entire province of Canara, with the exception of the fortress of Jamalabad. 2004: 1592:, and their babies had to be borne bundled about them. When they rested, the infants were suspended in cradles from the branches of trees. If anyone happened to die they were buried on the spot. Captives were not given any rations, and when the time came to move on, those who had not finished cooking had to leave behind their rice and the cooking pots. The 495: 751:), in a secret and well planned move, Tipu arrested a large number of Christians across the province of Canara and other parts of his kingdom. Accounts of the number of captives range from 30,000 to 80,000. According to historian Kranti Farias, all arrests may not have been made on a single day, but instead carried out in stages. 1732:(cowdung) for three days as a public warning to others. The stubborn Christians were given the most menial tasks, and made to work in the paddy fields. They were underfed, and immediately imprisoned for fighting. Completely isolated from any women, the idea was for the captive men to die of old age without creating any progeny. 2099:. In one of his letters dated 1815, Dubois commented, "not a single individual among so many thousands had courage enough to confess his faith under this trying circumstance, and become a martyr to his religion." Various writers have concluded that the acceptance and practise of Islam by the Christians amounted to partial 1778:"Council of Ten", to help keep their faith alive. According to Balthazar of Belthangadi, in the "Council of Ten", the Christians met from time to time to deliberate on issues concerning the community. In 1789, one of his officers informed him of the group and Tipu thereafter banned any political gatherings of Christians. 1945:

Canara, and 2,380 in North Canara. Padre José Miguel Luis de Mendes, a Goan Catholic priest, was appointed Vicar of Our Lady of Rosary at Mangalore on 7 December 1799. He took a lot of interest in the re-establishment of the community from 1799 to 1808. Later, John Goldsborough Ravenshaw was appointed collector of

562: 2245:(The gates of Hell) deal with the captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam. In these novels, the Mangalorean Catholic community of the eighteenth century are portrayed as brave, hardworking and selfless, while Tipu is portrayed as cunning, haughty, hard-hearted, revengeful, yet full of self-control. 3781:, p. 74: "More than one third of the number succumbed before the party reached Seringapatam. This account of the siege and captivity of the Kanara Catholics is taken from old Kanarese manuscript written by a Catholic of the Barkur Taluka after his return from Seringapatam on the defeat and death of Tipu." 1857:

After considering the changed circumstances, the Archbishop of Goa, by a provision issued on 20 February 1795, appointed Minguel José Louis Mendes interim vicar of the four sub-districts of Mangalore, Barcoor, Onore and Moolki. Some other priests also came to Canara with the new vicar. Those from Goa

1596:

along with other British Government records suggest that 20,000 captives (one-third of the total) died on the march to Seringapatam due to hunger, disease, and ill treatment by soldiers. The journey to Seringapatam took six weeks. By 1787, some 30,000 captives, half the original number, had perished.

1481:

chiefs. In Seringapatam, a whole battalion of Catholics under an officer named Michael Surappa, upon hearing of Tipu's order to destroy the Seringapatam church, called their fellow soldiers to arms. Surappa, a veteran of Hyder's army, is credited with telling the assembled Christians, "I shall remain

2195:

by name Tipu Sultan seized all the Christians from Sadashivgad to Coorg and marched them to Pattana. My grandfather and all his brothers also were taken by the sepoys. Only because grandfather's father and mother were too old and weak, they were left behind. All these seven were imprisoned. For many

2158:

Now followed the fate of the poor Malabar Christians, of which I shall consider myself the innocent cause, in reading what was written by General Mathews, as stated in the preceding note. Their country was invested by Tippu's army, and they were driven men, women and children to the number of 30,000

1777:

By 1787, half of the Christians had perished through disease and starvation. Tipu attempted to preach to the remaining Christians in Canara, and took them into custody. As the Christians settled down in Seringapatam, they slowly reorganised themselves with the elders forming a secret group named the

646:

regiment. This was led by a native major named Francis Pinto who put up a brave defence of the fort. He also refers to these troops as the "Native Christians". Fernandes further points out that the Christians had entered into a league with Mysore traitors Kasim Ali and Mohammed Ali, who were enemies

625:

received provisional command of the strategic fort of Mangalore on 5 May 1783. Tipu made several assaults on the Mangalore fort up until January 1784, all of which resulted in failure. Looking at the wounded embattled garrison, Colonel Campbell considered it futile to hold out any longer. He finally

612:

on 9 March 1783, and captured the Mangalore fort on the orders of the Bombay Government. Many Christians were allegedly recruited into the army of General Matthews. Tipu became infuriated with the Christians of Canara for two reasons. Firstly, when French soldiers laid down their arms because of the

573:

In February 1768, the British captured Mangalore and Canara from Hyder. At the end of the same year, Hyder, along with his son Tipu Sultan, defeated the British and recaptured Mangalore. After the conquest, Hyder was informed that the Mangalorean Catholics had helped the British in their conquest of

569:

Hyder's army included several Catholic soldiers and he allowed Christians to build a church within the Seringapatam Fort where French generals offered prayers and priests visited. Mangalorean historian A.L.P. D'Souza mentions that Hyder had also used Canara Christians for administrative purposes. In

514:

by his finance minister. The priest's house was eventually returned to the church in 1709. Sometime between 1700 and 1717, another church was built in Rampura, a suburb of Seringapatam, in the face of local opposition. Relations between the Wodeyars and the Mangalorean Catholics improved until 1717,

2190:

Though you are so old, I have not yet told you what our beloved grandfather did and what he suffered. I am now narrating to you what he told me in almost the same words. They were seven brothers and one sister. The sister died at an early age. She was buried by putting on the clothes which are seen

2123:

in honour of the memory of those Mangalorean Catholics who died on the march to Seringapatam during the Captivity. The bicentenary of the release from captivity was widely celebrated on 4 May 1999 by the Mangalorean Catholic community. Five Catholics walked from Seringapatam to Mangalore to retrace

1932:

was appointed the first collector of Canara in June 1799 and remained in the post until October 1800. He was accompanied by officers John Goldsborough Ravenshaw and Alexander Reade who were to take control and reorganise the administration. Munro issued three edicts regarding Christian estates that

1842:

At this time many Christians performed daring feats to rescue captives from Seringapatnam and take them to places of safety. A captive named Domingo Pinto (brother of Salvador Pinto, who rose to high rank in the services of Tipu), was particularly proficient in this. He rescued many people and took

604:

succeeded his father at the age of 31. He had also taken part in the conquest of Mangalore in 1768, and accused the Mangalorean Catholics of treachery towards the sovereign, as well as their having helped the British. He was aware of the treatment of Canara Muslims by the Portuguese clergy, and had

2163:

No doubt many of them survived the downfall of Tippu and I should have been proud to hear that the Company had done something for those brave unfortunate men, and particularly so as all their miseries originated from an English general. The prison from whence the Malabar Christians were brought to

1804:

Several thousand Christians in the dominion of Tipu Sultan had often in past years represented to him the discomfort attending the due exercise of their religion. He had hitherto paid no manner of regard to their supplications. Nevertheless, the present state of affairs in his extensive empire had

1669:

for the captured Mangalorean Catholics. This came to be known as the legendary "Balthazar Chutney". The jemadars, subedars, and havildars meted out more an ignominious punishment to those who refused to accept Islam, slitting off their ears and noses. They were seated on asses, paraded through the

987:

On Tipu's orders, all estates and properties of the Christians were seized, and distributed among his soldiers. Churches and historical records were also destroyed. The seizures were so sudden that the Christians had no time to prepare for their departure or to dispose of what little property they

641:

Historian Ahmad Saeed states that the Christians acted as spies and guided the British whilst historian Praxy Fernandes points out that the Christians helped Colonel Campbell in the Mangalore fort and adjoining towns by providing them with rice, vegetables, meat, men, and money. In a letter to his

2042:

According to historian Alan Machado Prabhu, Tipu's reasons for the captivity were primarily religious. He found the social customs of the Christians distasteful, such as their fondness for pork and the social acceptance of alcohol. Tipu therefore saw them as a community deserving of his religious

1944:

In 1800, the British took a census of the region. Of the 396,672 people living in South Canara, 10,877 were Christians residing in 2,545 houses. According to the same census, in the entire province of Canara, out of the 592,000 people, the Christian population was recorded as 10,877 in South

678:

After receiving highly exaggerated reports about the role of the Christians and their help to the British during the Second Anglo-Mysore War, Tipu decided to minimise the threat to his kingdom from the British and banish the Christians of Canara. According to Severine Silva, this decision was the

2085:

People of all classes belonging to Canara, especially the Christians, had suffered so dreadfully from Tipu's regime of terror that they welcomed the British with a sense of relief and joy, and a hope of future peace and prosperity, that perhaps nowhere else was felt in India on the advent of the

2068:

Irrespective of these views, the Mangalorean Catholic community still considers Tipu as a bitter religious bigot and a ferocious conquistadore. He remains a hated personality among the community. More than a century after the Captivity ended, Jerome Saldanha, a Mangalorean Catholic historian and

682:

It is generally believed that the propaganda of the Goan priests and the alliance of the Christians with the English cause Tipu to banish the community from Canara. The main political reason for this decision was Tipu's belief that if he banished the Christians, he could keep the British at bay.

2064:

Contemporary scholars like Surendranath Sen, Mohibbul Hasan, N. K. Sinha, and B. Sheik Ali, who have analysed Tipu's religious policies on Christians, conclude that he was not a religious bigot. They argue that forcible conversions to Islam were done purely for political, not religious reasons.

658:

by J. Moore and Angelus Francis Xavier Maffei also purports to show that the Christians of Canara were charged with assisting the British during the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Tipu made a number of accusations against the Christians, including that they had invited the British to invade Canara in

1956:

After relocation, the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa recommenced. The Christian population almost doubled in 1818 when their total in North and South Canara was estimated to be 21,280 out of a total population of 670,355. According to various parish books dating to the time, Mangalorean

686:

Prabhu states that the charge that the Christians constituted a united front cannot be sustained. Apart from divergent viewpoints among the Christian community at the time, he argues that difficulties in communication for a minority Christian population spread over a 300 km (190 mi)

553:

and Canara, but maintained amicable relations with the Christians. Historian Severine Silva states, "the general relations between Hyder and Christians form a chapter which has been entirely lost." Hyder was close friends with two Goan Catholic priests, Bishop Noronha, and Fr Joachim Miranda.

2060:

in the event of a British offensive into his territories. To this, he adds that Tipu also had future territorial ambitions in Goa and wanted to rid himself of any potential dissent from the Christians within his domain. Therefore, according to Prabhu, through coerced confessions of prominent

1685:

records, "On four occasions the young able-bodied Christian men were thus drafted for the Army. Some of them were appointed jemadars, subedars, and havildars. The Sircar supplied them with ghee, butter, curds, firewood, etc. One hundred men were formed into one company, four companies into a

1815:

Reports by Joachim Miranda and the Portuguese Government confirm that the Christians were forcibly circumcised and converted to Islam. These Christians then openly practised Islam. Some writers hold the view that the Christians did not voluntary submit to these conversions. Other Christian

1903:, the Mangalorean Catholics were freed from captivity. Of the 60,000–80,000 Christians taken captive, only 15,000–20,000 made it out as Christians. British general Arthur Wellesley helped 10,000 of them return to Canara. Of the remaining Christians freed, about a thousand went to 1003:

river, was constructed with stones taken from destroyed churches. The bells from the demolished churches eventually found their way into a number of temples in the area. After being informed of the impending roundup by a friend in Tipu's government, Fr. Joachim Miranda disbanded

663:, accompanied the British detachment to Mangalore, provided it with supplies both before and after the march, aided the British in repairing breaches made when the fort was besieged by Tipu and plundered the state treasury at Nuggur when that fortress fell to General Matthews. 694:

infantry and artillery experts, belonging to the Bombay Natives. He believes that at best, any assistance was of a limited nature and restricted to purely individual enterprise. Prabhu points out that European troops, both English and French, including those from Tipu's own

506:, capital of the Kingdom of Mysore, was home to a community of more than 400 Catholic Christians who were severely harassed in the following two decades when their churches were destroyed and the priest's house confiscated. This destruction was undertaken in the name of the 1858:

retained their old prejudices and could not accept the rule of Tipu, openly advocating rebellion against him, writing offensive letters and making offensive speeches. As a result, in 1797, the brief repite enjoyed by the Christians ceased and their persecution recommenced.

1431: 570:

accordance with the two treaties concluded with Portugal, Hyder allowed Portuguese priests to settle disputes among the Christians. Despite this, the Christians in general resented Hyder Ali's rule because of the heavy taxes they were made to pay to the king's treasury.

2602:, p. 4, "The Konkani speaking Christians of Mangalore are generally Catholics. They use their mother tongue not only for their religious purpose in the churches as well as at homes but also in their social activities as a medium of oral and written communications." 414:

and the Canara coast. Scholars have surmised that foreign Christian merchants were visiting the coastal towns of South Canara during that period for commerce, and that some Christian priests possibly accompanied them in their evangelical work. In 1321, the French

2441: 2038:

mentions that Tipu's justification for the conversion was that during the Portuguese domination, many Muslims were forcibly converted to Christianity. Tipu proclaimed his actions as a punishment for the conversion of Muslims to Christianity.

1654:(1824), Scurry also reports that Tipu relented on his demand for captive girls, after one captive fell from her beast and expired on the spot through loss of blood. About 200 young women, the prettiest and fairest, were selected for Tipu's 1454:, built in 1768 and said to have been saved by Tipu's Muslim officers on the pretext that it was used to store cotton. Tipu also spared the Monte Mariano church at Farangipet, on account of his father's friendship with Fr. Joachim Miranda. 1606: 1795:(1549–1619). On discovering this, some Muslims destroyed the books, but the Christians constructed subterranean refuges in which to perform their religious devotions, read the books, and strengthen their faith. According to Mr. Silva of 1953:. Ravenshaw took an active part in the re-establishment of their former possessions and recovery of their estates. He constructed a church for them, which was completed in 1806. Churches destroyed by Tipu were rebuilt by the Christians. 3432:, p. 183: "The Barkur Manuscript relates that those rounded up included 60000 from the southern and 20000 from the northern districts and were interned at holding camps at Mangalore, Manjeshwar, Kundapura, Honavar, Ankola and Sunkery." 1706:. Out of every company twenty-five men were taken and circumcised at the end of every month. When the wounds were healed, another twenty-five were taken and circumcised, and so on, until the whole company was initiated into Islamism." 515:

when an anti-Christian purge led to the expulsion of the resident priest who was thereafter forbidden to preach. Several more anti-Christian demonstrations followed, but by 1736 relations had once more improved between the two groups.

4660:

A Journey from Madras Through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, for the Express Purpose of Investigating the State of Agriculture, Arts and Commerce, the Religion, Manners, and Customs: The History, Natural and Civil and

4626:

A Journey from Madras Through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar: For the Express Purpose of Investigating the State of Agriculture, Arts and Commerce, the Religion, Manners, and Customs, the History Natural and Civil, and

1847:. He proposed that those anxious to regain their liberty could be rescued on payment to him of a certain sum of money. He fixed the rescue price per captive at 8 hoons (Rs. 32) for a male, and 4 hoons (Rs. 16) for a female. 1658:. The rest of the women were distributed as wives to Muslim officers and favourites living there. The future Christian progeny of these young girls and women were lost, and their descendants are fully Islamic as of today. 485:

wars in Goa during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. According to Mangalorean historian Alan Machado Prabhu, the Mangalorean Catholics numbered about 58,000 by the time of the capture of Canara by Hyder Ali in 1765.

2205:

Account of a Surviving Captive, A Mr. Silva of Gangollim (Letter of a Mr. L.R. Silva to his sister, copy of which was given by an advocate, M.M. Shanbhag, to the author, Severine Silva, and reproduced as Appendix No. 74:

4303:: "However, the image of Tipu in the memoirs of the people of Coorg, Malabar and South Kanara conforms more to the one presented by Kirkpatrick and Wilks, one of a bitter religious bigot and a ferocious conquistadore." 333:, whose approval and assistance was sought by Tippu Sultan. The captivity brought the once flourishing Christian community of Mangalore close to extermination. The captivity ended when Tippu died on 4 May 1799, at the 1613:

On arrival at Seringapatam the Christian captives were forced to embrace Islam. All those who complied were freed. Those who refused were tied to the feet of the elephants to be dragged and trampled on Tipu's orders.

5488:

A Gazetteer of the World: Or, Dictionary of Geographical Knowledge, Compiled from the Most Recent Authorities, and Forming a Complete Body of Modern Geography Physical, Political, Statistical, Historical, and

1985:, and 272 in Sunquerim). Before long the Mangalorean Catholics became a prosperous and influential community consisting mainly of planters, tile manufacturers, and agriculturists. They also competed with the local 5373:

History of the Jesuits: from the foundation of their society to its suppression by Pope Clement XIV.; their missions throughout the world; their educational system and literature; with their revival and present

38: 3448:: "This order was punctually carried into execution: very few of them escaped; and we have it from good authority, that the aggregated number of the persons seized in this manner, amounted to more than 60,000." 2018:

and British writers have severely criticised Tipu for his policies and treatment of Christians. British general Kirkpatrick referred to Tipu as, "the intolerant bigot and the furious fanatic." British Colonel

3546: 731:

Soon after Tipu gained possession of Mangalore in January 1784, he issued orders for the seizure of the Christians in Canara, confiscation of their estates, and their subsequent deportation to his capital at

2445: 617:

treaty, the Christians refused to fight for Tipu. Secondly, the Christians lent the sum of Rs. 330,000 to General Matthews, which led Tipu to believe that the Mangalorean Catholics were helping the British.

5566: 2027:, cites an account in which Tipu mentions that, "the cause arose from the rage of Islam began to boil in his breast when informed of the circumstances of the spread of Christianity in Goa and Canara." 1643:, and that, on the refusal of their parents, the latter had their noses, ears and upper lips cut off, and were paraded through the streets on asses, with their faces towards the tails of the animals." 398:. All earlier records of South Canara's Christians were lost at the time of their deportation by Tipu in 1784 and it is not known when Christianity was introduced in South Canara. It is possible that 1566:) route. On the 200 miles (320 km) journey from Mangalore to Seringapatam the Christians were accompanied by three priests, who had secretly joined them despite threats of expulsion by Tipu. 1773:

Tipu's embassy visited the court of the French King Louis XVI in 1788. During the visit, Pope Clement XIV's representative conveyed the appeal to the embassy to allow the priests in Seringapatam.

537:

of (1751–1755) and gained in-depth experience of warfare. Hyder Ali rapidly rose to power at the Mysore court and soon became prime minister and general of the king. From 1761 onwards, he took

2056:

Prabhu further asserts that Tipu's hatred of Christians was compounded by fears that as they shared the same faith as their European co-religionists, the Christians were viewed as a potential

1762:, and held them captive at Seringapatam. They were also forcibly converted to Islam and received the same harsh treatment as the Mangalorean Catholics. From 1786 until 1789, even the Nairs of 577:

According to historian Severine Silva, Hyder followed the same policy of religious tolerance towards Christians as he had from the beginning, even though the Christians disliked his rule. The

427:, North Canara. According to historian Severine Silva, no concrete evidence has yet been found that there were any permanent settlements of Christians in South Canara before the 16th century. 1585:, on the cross roads from Maripalla to Kalpane, derives its name from the large pool of blood which resulted from the execution of rebellious Mangalorean Catholics on their march to Mysore. 450:

missionaries under the leadership of Frei Henrique Soares de Coimbra. On arrival they converted 22 or 23 natives to Christianity in the Mangalore region. In 1526, during the viceroyship of

683:

However, Alan Machado Prabhu dismisses the idea of large-scale Christian support for the British during the Second Mangalore War as a myth which is not based on any concrete evidence.

2547: 83: 44: 2536: 1769: 1569:

Trouble arose when guards began molesting captive Christian women at their first camp at Bantwal, although able-bodied captives were able to resist the guards. At the next camp at

1530:, and Sunquerim, with the more rebellious Christians brought in chains. They were then forced to climb nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) through the dense jungles and gorges of the 2065:

Forced conversions were carried out as a punishment for Christians who supported the British against their own native suzerain. The conversions came after many warnings by Tippu.

1728:

Those who remained, such as the lame, the blind and the aged, employed themselves in cultivating the land and doing other manual work. Many were made to carry baskets filled with

2558: 1799:, a survivor of the captivity, if a person who had escaped from Seringapatam was found, the punishment ordered by Tipu was amputation of the ears, nose, feet and one hand. 2086:

British. Nor were our ancestors disappointed, for they found that the main object of British rule in India was to secure the happiness of the people over whom it was held.

498:

The reign of Kanthirava Narasaraja I, the Wodeyar ruler of Mysore from 1638 to 1659, saw a wave of persecutions directed against the Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam.

991:

Tipu then ordered the destruction of all 27 churches in Canara. According to oral tradition, the Idgah mosque in Mangalore was constructed with stones from the destroyed

2476: 5710: 3951:(Letter of a Mr. L.R. Silva to his sister, copy of which was given by an advocate, M.M. Shanbhag, to the author, Severino da Silva, and reproduced as Appendix No. 74: 2515: 3556: 1922:(1883) mentions that 15,000 persons returned, of whom 12,000 were from South Canara and 3,000 from North Canara. According to the Mangalorean Catholic genealogist 5560: 5324: 995:. Other Christian establishments that were spared were converted to storehouses, offices, or homes for wealthy Muslims. A popular fortification in Mangalore, the 4422: 754:

When Tipu issued his orders to seize the Christians, the British, who had entered into a treaty with him on 11 March 1784, were helpless. Captives also included

5695: 1670:

city, and thrown into the dungeons of Seringapatam. Able-bodied young Christian men were drafted into the army after being circumcised and converted to Islam.

1872: 5680: 2657: 3809: 1781:

The Christians, believing that this tribulation came upon them for their neglect of the Law of God and their religious duties, began to fervently read the

5690: 5655: 297:. Soon after Tipu inherited the territory in January 1784, he issued orders to seize the Christian community in Canara, confiscate their estates & 5280: 3694: 5510:

Christians and Christianity in India and Pakistan: a general survey of the progress of Christianity in India from apostolic times to the present day

1896: 5207:

The Captivity, Sufferings, and Escape of James Scurry, who was Detained a Prisoner During Ten Years, in the Dominions of Hyder Ali and Tippoo Saib

1850:

In 1792, the King of Coorg, Dodda Vira-Rajendra, managed to escape from captivity at Seringapatnam, and, with the aid of the British armies under

1652:

The Captivity, Sufferings, and Escape of James Scurry, who was Detained a Prisoner During Ten Years, in the Dominions of Hyder Ali and Tippoo Saib

469:, a state north of Canara, between 1560 and 1763 in three major waves. The first wave of immigrants came to Mangalore to escape the trials of the 282:. Estimates of the number of captives range from 30,000 to 80,000, but the generally accepted figure is 60,000, as stated by Tippu himself in the 2576: 2169:

The Captivity, Sufferings And Escape of James Scurry Who Was Detained a Prisoner During Ten Years in the Dominions of Hyder Ali and Tippu Saheb

2124:

the 278-kilometre (173 mi) route that Tipu Sultan forced the Christians to follow in 1784. The commemorative march ended on 11 May at the

4948: 4907: 1633:). Officers would capture the attackers and administer five hundred strokes with whips and canes, from whose effects many men died. Historian 144: 5348: 5215: 5164: 5130: 5101: 5006: 4856: 4850: 4829: 4772: 4727: 4669: 4635: 4601: 4568: 2509: 1739:(clockmaker) Saldanha House Chamberlain. One of his most faithful servants, a Mangalorean Catholic named Manuel Mendes, saved Tipu's life in 2260: 1743:

when he donned his master's robes and sat in his palanquin. Tipu escaped in the general panic whilst Mendes was captured and killed by the

1089: 1005: 4377: 3634: 3516: 4591: 2916: 387: 353:. The bi-centennial anniversary of the Christians' release from captivity was commemorated across the South Canara area on 4 May, 1999. 350: 5170: 2368: 2061:

Mangalorean Catholics, Tipu fabricated evidence of a large-scale Christian conspiracy against him, even though he knew it wasn't true.

690:

On the basis of Colonel Campbell's letter, Prabhu concludes that the "Native Christian" soldiers present in the fort were probably all

5675: 5554: 5265: 2265: 133: 5700: 5665: 5062: 2470: 1609:

British officer James Scurry, who was detained as a prisoner of War for 10 years by Tipu Sultan along with the Mangalorean Catholics

237: 219: 166: 105: 52: 988:

possessed. The value of property confiscated is estimated by Fr. Angelus Francis Xavier Maffei, an Italian Jesuit, at Rs. 500,000.

5548: 4200: 4170: 3948: 204:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

2078: 980: 374: 4248: 3854: 3065: 976: 4877: 2095:

Thirty years after the event the apparent lack of resistance from the Christian captives drew criticism from the French priest

1888: 1051: 866: 4966:

Hunter, William Wilson; Cotton, James Sutherland; Burn, Richard; Meyer, William Stevenson; Great Britain India Office (1909),

2460: 5685: 5525: 5493: 5467: 5446: 5425: 5404: 5378: 5354: 5012: 4765:

Kristapurana, a Christian-Hindu encounter: a study of inculturation in the Kristapurana of Thomas Stephens, S.J. (1549–1619)

4733: 4641: 4574: 4027: 3910: 2499: 1637:

reports that, "Tipu demanded the surrender of the daughters of some of these Christians in order to have them placed in his

435: 5221: 4973: 2912: 2317:"Malabar Christians" is a possible misinterpretation by James Scurry. The term actually refers to the Christians of Canara. 1735:

Tipu appointed some Christian captives to posts in his household. He made Salu (Salvadore) Pinto Deputy Vizier and Anthony

5670: 2049:. As evidence of this, Prabhu states that Tipu does not mention a large scale Christian conspiracy in his writings in the 1929: 815: 5589: 554:

Sehwarts, a Protestant missionary, also lived at the court of Hyder. However, Hyder was also involved in suppressing the

198: 87: 76: 5660: 2125: 1892: 679:

logical outcome of the plans he had nurtured since the time of the conquest of Mangalore with his father Hyder in 1768.

622: 334: 5572: 477:

rulers of Canara for their agricultural skills. They were followed by a second major wave precipitated by the Portugal–

1072: 992: 626:

delivered the Mangalore fort to Tipu when the British capitulated on 30 January 1784. On 11 March 1784, Tipu and the

193: 5482: 2112: 2030:

According to historian Thomas Paul, Tipu shifted his hatred for the British to the Mangalorean Catholics and other

1095: 996: 968: 671: 659:

1781–82, furnished supplies to and otherwise assisted General Matthews' army when it landed and took possession of

627: 345:. Of the 60,000–80,000 Christians taken captive, only 15,000–20,000 both survived and retained their original 338: 306: 2667: 1915: 1904: 1763: 826: 771: 438:

in South Canara and planted a cross there on his voyage from Portugal to India. In 1500, the Portuguese explorer

1646:

Such treatment of the Christians for refusals by the girls is also confirmed in the accounts of British officer

647:

of Tipu, and had plotted with the English to overthrow him. He also states that the Head of the Congregation of

621:

In May 1783, General Matthews was accused of procrastination and suspended by the Bombay Government. Thereafter

137: 4930: 4889: 4434:"Mangalorean Catholics commemorate bicentenary of their liberation". Union of Catholic Asian News. 26 May 1999. 1792: 5113:

Konknni Huminnyom (Konkani Riddles): an Anthropological Analysis of the Konkany Riddles of Mangalore Catholics

2957: 2053:, where he justifies his action instead as arising from the "rage of Islam that began to boil in his breast." 1621:(regiments of soldiers) arrived daily in Seringapatam to select girls they could take as prizes to join their 2141:

The treatment of the prisoners of Tippu Sultan's Coorg and Mangalore campaigns is recorded in the Arabic and

4944: 4903: 1900: 1880: 1709:

British general Kirkpatrick arrives at a figure of 15,000 young men capable of bearing arms, formed into 30

635: 578: 511: 439: 399: 3679: 2369:"Deportation & The Konkani Christian Captivity at Srirangapatna (February 24, 1784 Ash Wednesday)" 1940:

Arthur Wellesley helped 10,000 Mangalorean Catholics to return to South Canara and resettle on their lands.

5400: 1867: 1836: 1677:

A dungeon at Seringapatam. Those Christians who refused to embrace Islam were imprisoned in such dungeons.

755: 184: 2559:

Two-faced Tipu Sultan: Political double trouble | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis

1918:, 15,000 of them returned to Mangalore and its environs, whilst 10,000 of them migrated to Malabar. The 1817: 1634: 763: 740:

route. Tipu expelled the 13 Goan priests from his kingdom. They were issued with orders of expulsion to

614: 255: 1713:. They were drafted into the Ahmedy Corps in 1785 and went on to serve in Tipu's campaigns against the 430:

Propagation of Christianity in the region only began after the arrival of the Portuguese in 1498, when

5705: 5150: 3688: 2081:, which chronicled contemporary developments and views from the closing decades of the 19th century: 696: 648: 1899:

stormed the fortress, breached the town of Seringapatam, and killed Tipu. After Tipu's death in the

1673: 5615: 4925: 4884: 4840: 2299: 1759: 1466: 1439: 1217: 952: 691: 631: 451: 3445: 361: 5603: 4607: 4300: 3684: 3551: 2644: 2115:, Bishop of Mangalore (1931–1955), erected a large cross on the former outskirts of Mangalore in 1718: 478: 346: 342: 5336:

Memoir of the life and character of the late lieut.-colonel John Campbell, by a retired officer

947: 5344: 5340: 5318: 5284: 5211: 5160: 5126: 5097: 5058: 5002: 4846: 4825: 4768: 4723: 4694: 4665: 4631: 4597: 4564: 4385: 3638: 3524: 2505: 2466: 2442:"On the Tipu trail — Mangalore: For Christians here, the forgotten enemy is now a lesser evil" 2255: 330: 275: 5154: 4381: 3520: 2376: 2191:

on pictures of angels. All the brothers were much grieved at the sad loss.... After this, a

1966: 1832: 1630: 1227: 759: 395: 5288: 1936: 654:

Severine Silva points out that the Christians of Canara were eager to get rid of Tipu. The

5639: 2222: 1851: 470: 416: 5055:

Mangaloreans World-wide: An International Directory of the Mangalorean Catholic Community

608:

The British army under Commander-in-Chief, Brigadier-General Richard Matthews, landed in

4506: 4491: 4473: 3841: 3395: 1430: 5521:

The history of Hyder Shah: alias Hyder Ali Khan Bahadur, and of his son, Tippoo Sultaun

5246: 2772: 2270: 2015: 1722: 1714: 1625:. Often when girls were seized, their young men would offer resistance and smash their 983:), was constructed by Tipu Sultan with stones taken from the destroyed Milagres Church. 971:

in Mangalore, built in 1784, was constructed from the stones of the destroyed churches.

542: 482: 462: 443: 391: 379: 366: 1989:

for offices in the services of the British, under whose rule the community prospered.

1820:

to intervene on behalf of the captive Christians. A priest also wrote a letter to the

651:

at Farangipet, near Mangalore, provided the British garrison with 1,000 bags of rice.

5649: 4988: 4446: 3858: 2662: 2035: 1783: 1582: 1531: 1451: 1278: 748: 534: 503: 481:

wars between 1570 and 1579. A final influx of immigrants arrived during the Portugal–

431: 420: 403: 1494: 5627: 5576: 5050: 2146: 2057: 2031: 1950: 1946: 1923: 1647: 1450:

A few buildings escaped destruction, including a small chapel at Shantigramma near

1013: 963: 887: 883: 796: 733: 526: 458:

whereupon Portuguese Franciscans began slowly spreading Christianity in Mangalore.

383: 310: 267: 259: 148: 1514:

on his return from Seringapatam, the Christians were interned in holding camps at

605:

always resented his father's favourable policy towards the Mangalorean Catholics.

5519: 5486: 5461: 5440: 5419: 5394: 5371: 5334: 5205: 4996: 4967: 4717: 4658: 4624: 4593:

Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the Struggle with the Musalman Powers of the South

4560:

South Kanara, 1799–1860: a study in colonial administration and regional response

4558: 4328: 4278: 4230: 4083: 3937: 3762: 3730: 3413: 2920: 2372: 2295: 2230: 2120: 2096: 2070: 1998: 1844: 1662: 1539: 904: 666: 643: 601: 530: 326: 302: 5634: 5598: 1725:

during 1786 and 1787. Casualties were heavy and only a few survived captivity.

670:

A 1783 pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort after it had been captured by the

5581: 4992: 4448:

Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume III: Inscriptions in the Mysore District (Part I)

2020: 2007: 1740: 1519: 1338: 915: 447: 407: 279: 4794:

Storm over Seringapatam: the incredible story of Hyder Ali & Tippu Sultan

4698: 1887:

In the Battle of Seringapatam on 4 May 1799, the British army under officers

999:, built in 1784 by Tipu Sultan to prevent English warships from entering the 286:. The captivity was the most disconsolate period in the community's history. 5610: 2776: 1970: 1958: 1828: 1751: 1570: 1559: 1543: 1523: 1515: 1498:

The Jamalabad fort passage. Christian rebels were thrown down from the fort.

1474: 1298: 737: 593: 550: 518: 455: 386:

district on the south-western coast of India, under the jurisdiction of the

322: 318: 294: 263: 1573:, the rebel Christian leaders were thrown down from the fort. The town of " 1457:

Tipu is said to have given orders to preserve the church at Baleguli, near

309:. About twenty thousand Christians died during the difficult journey, from 2003: 1605: 975: 529:, joined the Mysorean Army and distinguished himself in the 1749 Siege of 5311: 5257:

History of Christianity in Canara: Issue 3 of Indian culture and folklore

4934: 4893: 2303: 2116: 2100: 2045: 1821: 1796: 1650:, who was held captive along with the Mangalorean Catholics. In his book 1639: 1547: 1483: 1318: 1009: 1000: 522: 4130: 3025: 2839: 2703: 2628: 1986: 1962: 1666: 1563: 1535: 1507: 1358: 1221: 1166: 956: 660: 546: 507: 494: 474: 424: 411: 301:

them to Seringapatam. His orders were carried out on 24 February 1784.

1482:

a Christian in spite of all the orders of Tipu Sultan." The church at

406:, a region south of Canara. During the 13th century Italian traveller 4754: 1982: 1974: 1588:

According to a captive from Barcoor, pregnant women often gave birth

1555: 1527: 1511: 1458: 1117: 609: 555: 410:

recorded that there were considerable trading activities between the

314: 298: 290: 1461:, in gratitude for a cure by a Christian woman while at Ancola. The 979:

Local tradition has it that the Idgah mosque in Mangalore (opposite

561: 1446:) at Bidrem was saved at the intercession of the local Jain chiefs. 5242: 2548:

Tipu Sultan's relations with the Ottoman Empire – 5-Minute History

2537:

OPINION | Khilafat: Scriptural Sanction and Historical Antecedents

2294:, was addressed by the Catholics of Mangalore to Mons. Bonnand of 2142: 2002: 1978: 1935: 1908: 1871: 1788: 1768: 1755: 1744: 1672: 1622: 1604: 1551: 1493: 1429: 974: 962: 946: 767: 665: 592: 582: 565:

Hyder Ali had a close relationship with the Mangalorean Catholics.

560: 493: 360: 4943:, Karnataka State Gazetteer, vol. 12, Gazetteer Department ( 4902:, Karnataka State Gazetteer, vol. 12, Gazetteer Department ( 2501:

Noncooperation in India: Nonviolent Strategy and Protest, 1920-22

461:

Contemporary Mangalorean Catholics are descended mainly from the

4804:

The Tigers of Mysore: a biography of Hyder Ali & Tipu Sultan

1478: 5266:"The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India" 936:

80,000 (60,000 from South Canara and 20,000 from North Canara)

642:

superiors, Colonel Campbell strongly commended the role of the

305:

churches were demolished and the stones were used to build the

4451:. Mysore State, British India: Archaeological Survey of Mysore 1977:), whilst Christians in North Canara numbered 2,749 (1,878 in 741: 581:

began in 1780 and led to Hyder's death on 7 December 1782, at

466: 178: 117: 59: 18: 5197:

Origin and growth of Konkani or Goan communities and language

5123:

Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians

1835:'s representative conveyed the appeal to the embassy. In the 1534:

mountain ranges along two routes, one of which was along the

5074:

The Christian Konkani of South Kanara: a linguistic analysis

4324: 4226: 3274:

21 as per the Memorial to the Holy See of 1860 kept in Rome

585:. Afterwards the British recaptured the fort at Mangalore. 289:

The Catholic Christians of Mangalore flourished during the

706: 4815:, vol. v. 15, part 1, Government Central Press, 1883 1827:

When Tipu's embassy visited the court of the French King

1012:, from where some proceeded to Goa while some joined the 390:, are generally known as Mangalorean Catholics. They are 1486:

was spared, although the battalion gradually dispersed.

597:

Tipu Sultan, the architect of the Seringapatam captivity

5561:

Christian Missionaries under Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan

3949:

Account of a Surviving Captive, A Mr. Silva of Gangolim

1661:

As the food in the camp was sub-standard, Balthazar of

5188:

The Captivity of Canara Christians under Tippu in 1784

4872:

Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture (1997),

5587: 1957:

Catholics numbered 19,068 in South Canara (12,877 in

1665:, a Mangalorean Catholic nobleman, offered to make a 86:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 3637:. Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. Archived from 3635:"Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet 240 Years Ago!" 943:

Confiscation of property and destruction of churches

473:

of 1560. These migrants were welcomed by the native

4418: 4274: 3857:. The Summer Sands Online newspaper. Archived from 3409: 2179:

Mr. Silva of Gangollim, a survivor of the captivity

5524:(revised ed.), London: W. Thacker & co., 5156:A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 1317:Immaculate Conception of the Blesses Virgin Mary ( 774:, where they were protected by the native rulers. 252:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam 5210:(3, illustrated ed.), Monthly Review Press, 5096:(3, illustrated ed.), Monthly Review Press, 4842:Tipu Sultan: villain or hero? : an anthology 4708:History of the Catholic Community of South Kanara 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 1422:History of the Catholic Community of South Kanara 4549:The theological formation of the clergy in India 2345:is a flatbread made of rice and grated coconut. 2145:inscriptions on the south wall of the mosque at 1477:was saved through the intercession of the local 2182: 2156: 1824:to put pressure on Tipu to allow the priests. 1802: 1750:In 1785, after declaring the Coorgis guilty of 423:of Severac in south-western France, arrived in 254:(1784–1799) was a 15-year-long imprisonment of 5549:Accounts of the Captivity from Various Sources 4502: 4487: 4469: 3837: 3391: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 2073:at the Bombay Presidency, wrote an article in 4719:V.J.P. Saldanha (Makers of Indian literature) 4131:South Kanara District Gazetteer: History 1973 3219: 3217: 3061: 3026:South Kanara District Gazetteer: History 1973 2840:South Kanara District Gazetteer: History 1973 2704:South Kanara District Gazetteer: History 1973 1949:, whilst Alexander Reade became collector of 8: 5567:A summary of the book "Sarasvati's Children" 4998:Mirabilia Descripta: The Wonders of the East 4689:Cariappa, M. P.; Cariappa, Ponnamma (1981), 2755: 2753: 2640: 2629:South Kanara District Gazetteer: People 1973 1810:Letter sent by Tipu to the Archbishop of Goa 1766:were captured and deported to Seringapatam. 5094:The rise and fall of the East India Company 4822:Christianity in India Through The Centuries 3933: 3758: 3726: 3673: 3671: 3620: 2899: 1333:De Nossa Senhora do Melagres de Calliampoor 349:faith. The captivity left an impact on the 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5573:Tipu Sultan: Coming to terms with the past 5323:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4483: 4481: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 2800: 2611: 2587: 147:. Please do not remove this message until 5555:The Babylonian Captivity At Seringapatnam 5281:Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture 5204:Scurry, James; Whiteway, William (1824), 4240: 4238: 3878: 3876: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3441: 3119: 3088: 3008: 2992: 2990: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2331:is the Kannada word for demon or monster. 2025:Historical Sketches of the South of India 2010:has described Tipu as an Islamic fanatic. 1373:De Senhor São Francisco Xavier de Chandor 1313:De Nossa Senhora de Conçuçao de Gangollim 317:suffered extreme hardships, torture, and 238:Learn how and when to remove this message 220:Learn how and when to remove this message 167:Learn how and when to remove this message 106:Learn how and when to remove this message 5264:Silva, Severine; Fuchs, Stephan (1965), 4244: 4079: 4067: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3975: 3973: 3801: 3799: 3658: 3656: 3481: 3457: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3387: 3385: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2835: 2833: 2699: 2697: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2572: 2363: 2361: 2359: 1419: 1293:De Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Cundapoor 1021: 1018: 779: 776: 143:Relevant discussion may be found on the 82:Relevant discussion may be found on the 5711:Religiously motivated violence in India 5594: 4529: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4270: 4268: 4210: 4208: 4095:Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency 1883 3754: 3752: 3750: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3685:Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd. 3608: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3343: 3341: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3130: 3128: 2355: 1389:De Nossa Senhora de Remedios de Gulmona 1068:Nossa Senhora dos Milagres de Mangalore 720: Letter of an officer to Tipu Sultan ( 402:settled in South Canara as they had in 5424:, vol. CIII, F. Jefferies, 1833, 5316: 4859:from the original on 26 September 2009 4406: 4363: 4351: 4259: 4142: 4118: 4055: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4038: 4024:The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 11 3921: 3907:The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 11 3894: 3882: 3790: 3778: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3662: 3596: 3584: 3517:"Tippu Sultan's Footprints in Tulunad" 3493: 3469: 3429: 3405: 3403: 3376: 3347: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3208: 3161: 3107: 3049: 3037: 2887: 2863: 2788: 2759: 2744: 2727: 2715: 2688: 2599: 2568: 2566: 2428: 2416: 1754:, Tipu seized nearly 70,000 Hindus of 1617:One English prisoner related that two 1490:Journey from Mangalore to Seringapatam 1377:St. Francis Xavier Church (Chandavar) 465:settlers, who migrated to Canara from 16:Imprisonment of Christians (1784–1799) 4976:from the original on 16 December 2008 4913:from the original on 25 February 2009 4786:, Church History Association of India 4517: 4312: 4214: 4002: 3979: 3964: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3741: 3633:John B. Monteiro (7 September 2005). 3515:Monteiro, John B. (8 December 2005). 3359: 3296: 3185: 3173: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3076: 2996: 2981: 2969: 2941: 2875: 2851: 2824: 2812: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2298:, who had then been appointed as the 1862:End of captivity and re-establishment 1047:Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Mangalore 490:Under the Wodeyar Rajas and Hyder Ali 7: 5696:Persecution of Christians by Muslims 5528:from the original on 30 October 2021 5496:from the original on 30 October 2021 5470:from the original on 30 October 2021 5449:from the original on 30 October 2021 5428:from the original on 30 October 2021 5407:from the original on 30 October 2021 5381:from the original on 30 October 2021 5357:from the original on 30 October 2021 5333:Spens, John; Campbell, John (1836), 5173:from the original on 30 October 2021 5032:(1 ed.), Calcutta: Bibliophile. 5015:from the original on 30 October 2021 4784:The Christian Impact on South Kanara 4736:from the original on 30 October 2021 4644:from the original on 30 October 2021 4577:from the original on 22 January 2021 4376:Monteiro, John B. (15 August 2006). 4339: 4296: 4106: 2953: 2518:from the original on 23 October 2021 2479:from the original on 23 October 2021 2261:Captivity of Coorgis at Seringapatam 2137:Arabic and Farsi Inscriptions Record 1353:De Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Onore 1241:Nossa Senhora de Conçuçao de Mulquim 933:Mangalorean Historian S.N. Saldanha 454:, the Portuguese took possession of 5681:Islam-related controversies in Asia 5224:from the original on 3 January 2014 5042:(2 ed.), Calcutta: World Press 4378:"Canara Catholics in Freedom Quest" 3697:from the original on 15 August 2009 1257:Nossa Senhora de Remedios de Quirim 722:Kirkpatrick's Collection of Letters 656:History of the Diocese of Mangalore 351:literature of Mangalorean Catholics 313:to Seringapatam. The Christians of 4954:from the original on 25 March 2009 4813:Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency 4382:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 3853:Pai, RoseMary Albuquerque (2006). 3555:. 30 November 2006. Archived from 3521:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 2266:Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam 2225:Konkani historical novels such as 1920:Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency 1816:missionaries also appealed to the 1245:Our Lady of Immaculate Conception 1149:St. Joseph's Convent and seminary 14: 5691:Anti-Christian sentiment in India 5656:Catholicism-related controversies 5239:History of Christianity in Canara 5076:, Prasaranga, Karnatak University 3953:History of Christianity in Canara 2208:History of Christianity in Canara 1201:Most Holy Saviour Church (Agrar) 1090:Nossa Senhora de Mercês de Velala 781:Account of the number of captives 34:This article has multiple issues. 5633: 5621: 5609: 5597: 1405:Imaculada Conceição de Sunquerim 1273:Nossa Senhora de Saude de Sirvam 1073:Our Lady of Miracles (Mangalore) 375:History of Mangalorean Catholics 183: 122: 64: 23: 5563:, on Vidyanidhi Digital Library 5445:, vol. 3, September 1824, 4969:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 4941:South Kanara District Gazetteer 4900:South Kanara District Gazetteer 3678:Pereira, Maxwell (3 May 1999). 2656:J. Kamath (16 September 2002). 1907:, and some hundreds settled in 1877:Finding the body of Tipu Sultan 1558:route, and the other along the 1510:by a Mangalorean Catholic from 1393:Our Lady of Remedies (Gulmona) 329:, the official religion of the 42:or discuss these issues on the 5092:Mukherjee, Ramkrishna (1974), 4664:. Asian Educational Services. 4630:, Asian Educational Services, 3855:"Mangalorean Catholic Cuisine" 2498:Hardiman, David (March 2021). 2337: 2323: 2312: 2286: 2241:(The sign of the Knights) and 1999:Tipu Sultan (Religious policy) 1843:them secretly to Mangalore or 1791:written by the English Jesuit 1787:, an epic poem on the life of 1052:Our Lady of Rosary (Mangalore) 925:British general James Bristow 634:, thus bringing an end to the 1: 5396:The Calcutta review -December 5287:(Japan): 1–52, archived from 5121:Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999), 5001:, Adamant Media Corporation, 4878:St. Xavier's College (Bombay) 4716:D'Souza, Edwin J. F. (2004), 4596:, IDARAH-I ADABIYAT-I DELLI, 4445:Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1894). 4325:The Gentleman's Magazine 1833 4227:The Gentleman's Magazine 1833 4167:A Gazetteer of the World 1856 2459:Potter, L. (5 January 2009). 2444:. 11 May 2018. Archived from 2111:During the mid-19th century, 1261:Our Lady of Remedies (Kirem) 959:was destroyed by Tipu Sultan. 541:control of the throne of the 5518:Tour, Maistre de la (1855), 5195:Saldanha, Jerome A. (1938), 4691:The Coorgs and their Origins 2221:Many of Konkani littérateur 2126:Rosario Cathedral, Mangalore 1747:, who mistook him for Tipu. 1008:and sent the seminarians to 895:Goan priest Joachim Miranda 836:British general Kirkpatrick 341:and its allies; such as the 4767:, Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, 4683:, Nithyananda Jothi Nilayam 4679:Caktitacan, Jalaja (1990), 4547:Anathil, George M. (1966). 2913:"Christianity in Mangalore" 2504:. Oxford University Press. 2462:The Persian Gulf in History 2292:The Memorial of 15 May 1860 2091:Criticism of the Christians 855:The Memorial of 15 May 1860 446:in North Canara with eight 149:conditions to do so are met 5729: 5569:by Joe Lobo, Kinnigoli.com 5483:Royal Geographical Society 5370:Steinmetz, Andrew (1848), 4947:), 1973, pp. 86–125, 4782:Farias, Kranti K. (1999), 4763:Falcao, Nelson M. (2003), 4749:Ferroli, Domenico (1955), 4706:D'Souza, A. L. P. (1983), 4657:Buchanan, Francis (1988). 4623:Bowring, Lewin B. (1988), 4590:Bowring, Lewin B. (1893), 4503:Scurry & Whiteway 1824 4488:Scurry & Whiteway 1824 4470:Scurry & Whiteway 1824 3838:Scurry & Whiteway 1824 3392:Scurry & Whiteway 1824 1996: 1865: 1096:Our Lady of Mercy of Ullal 1023:Churches destroyed by Tipu 672:British East India Company 628:British East India Company 521:, born in 1721 or 1722 at 372: 339:English East India Company 5676:History of Udupi district 5466:, vol. 2, May 1824, 5082:Mujeeb, Mohammad (1985), 4906:), 1973, pp. 33–85, 4802:Fernandes, Praxy (1991), 4792:Fernandes, Praxy (1969), 4520:, p. Appendix No. 74 4196: 3062:Spens & Campbell 1836 2658:"Where rocks tell a tale" 2227:Belthangaddicho Balthazar 2132:Accounts of the captivity 2069:civil servant during the 1132:Senhora São Joze de Pezar 1112:Jesus Maria Joze de Omzur 1029:Original Portuguese name 365:The path of migration of 5701:Persecution of Catholics 5666:Ethnic cleansing in Asia 5485:(Great Britain) (1856), 5421:The Gentleman's Magazine 5255:Silva, Severine (1961), 5237:Silva, Severine (1957), 5072:Madtha, William (1984), 4681:Tippu Sultan, a fanatic? 4419:The Oriental Herald 1824 4275:The Oriental Herald 1824 4197:The Calcutta review 1853 4166: 4154: 4023: 3906: 3820: 3805: 3410:The Oriental Herald 1824 2641:Catalani & Yule 2001 2107:Remembrance of captivity 1297:Our Lady of the Rosary ( 1213:Sao. Lourenço de Carcoal 1197:Senhor Salvador de Agrar 845:Asiatic Register of 1799 525:in the northern part of 258:and other Christians at 5186:Saldanha, S.N. (1933), 5125:, I.J.A. Publications, 5038:Hasan, Mohibul (1971), 5028:Hasan, Mohibul (1951), 4945:Government of Karnataka 4904:Government of Karnataka 4839:Goel, Sita Ram (1993), 4563:, Mittal Publications, 4557:Bhat, N. Shyam (1998), 4551:. Pontifical Athenaeum. 4094: 2663:The Hindu Business Line 2237:(By the Grace of God), 2034:Christian communities. 1901:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 1881:Samuel William Reynolds 1758:along with their king, 1161:Menino Jesus de Bantval 636:Second Anglo-Mysore War 579:Second Anglo-Mysore War 549:. In 1763, he occupied 512:Kanthirava Narasaraja I 192:Some of this article's 5401:University of Calcutta 5259:, Star of Kanara Press 5249:: Star of Kanara Press 5086:, Munshiram Manoharlal 5057:, Camelot Publishers, 5040:History of Tipu Sultan 5030:History of Tipu Sultan 4820:George, K. M. (2010), 4185:Pai & Supriya 1981 2612:Silva & Fuchs 1965 2588:Pai & Supriya 1981 2213: 2176: 2088: 2011: 1941: 1884: 1868:Battle of Seringapatam 1837:Third Anglo-Mysore War 1807: 1774: 1678: 1610: 1601:Fifteen-year captivity 1499: 1470: 1447: 1443: 1409:Immaculate Conception 1337:Our Lady of Miracles ( 984: 972: 960: 747:On 24 February 1784, ( 675: 598: 566: 533:. He took part in the 499: 370: 5686:Mangalorean Catholics 5508:Thomas, Paul (1954), 5306:Sinha, N. K. (1949), 5151:Sardesai, Manohar Rai 5140:Saeed, Ahmad (1969), 5111:Pai; Supriya (1981), 4751:The Jesuits in Mysore 3680:"We the Mangaloreans" 3547:"Worst-Case Scenario" 2083: 2006: 1939: 1875: 1818:Roman Catholic Church 1772: 1676: 1635:Lewin Bentham Bowring 1608: 1497: 1433: 1006:St. Joseph's Seminary 978: 966: 950: 669: 623:Colonel John Campbell 615:Peace of Paris (1783) 596: 564: 497: 364: 335:Siege of Seringapatam 256:Mangalorean Catholics 5671:History of Mangalore 5557:by Lúcio Mascarenhas 5551:by Lúcio Mascarenhas 3821:Bowring & 1997Ed 3806:Bowring & 1997Ed 3689:Indian Express Group 2917:Diocese of Mangalore 2670:on 22 September 2013 2079:St. Aloysius College 1702:were placed under a 1471:Church of Holy Cross 1463:Igreja da Santa Cruz 1444:Church of Holy Cross 1436:Igreja da Santa Cruz 1412:Sunquerim (Sunkery) 1357:Our Lady of Rosary ( 1277:Our Lady of Health ( 1185:Santa Cruz of Bidre 1181:Santa Cruz de Bedrim 1116:Holy Family Church ( 1032:Common English name 981:St. Aloysius College 882:80,000 (60,000 from 867:Rosario Parishioners 649:Monte Mariano Church 440:Pedro Álvares Cabral 369:towards South Canara 321:. Many converted in 75:factual accuracy is 5661:Conversion to Islam 5512:, Allen & Unwin 5463:The Oriental Herald 5442:The Oriental Herald 5159:, Sahitya Akademi, 4972:, Clarendon Press, 4824:, Authentic Media, 4722:, Sahitya Akademi, 4354:, pp. 191–192 3110:, pp. 195–196 2972:, N. 6, pp. 103–104 2300:Apostolic Visitator 2223:V. J. P. Saldanha's 2171:(1824), pp. 102–106 1760:Dodda Vira Rajendra 1218:St. Lawrence Church 1136:St. Joseph (Pezar) 953:St. Lawrence Church 825:Scottish physician 756:Malayali Christians 703:Execution of orders 632:Treaty of Mangalore 452:Lopo Vaz de Sampaio 266:region of India by 136:of this article is 5115:, Satabdi Prakasan 5084:The Indian Muslims 4989:Catalani, Jordanus 4845:, Voice of India, 4710:, Desco Publishers 3861:on 25 January 2009 3641:on 25 January 2008 3552:The Times of India 3226:, pp. 207–208 2216:In popular culture 2184:22 November 1904. 2075:Mangalore Magazine 2051:Sultan-ul-Tawarikh 2012: 1942: 1885: 1775: 1683:Barcoor Manuscript 1679: 1611: 1594:Barcoor Manuscript 1504:Barcoor Manuscript 1500: 1448: 985: 973: 961: 878:Barcoor Manuscript 676: 599: 567: 500: 371: 347:Catholic Christian 343:Nizam of Hyderabad 293:of Tipu's father, 284:Sultan-ul-Tawarikh 5350:978-0-85345-315-4 5341:Oxford University 5285:Nanzan University 5217:978-0-85345-315-4 5166:978-81-7201-664-7 5132:978-81-86778-25-8 5103:978-0-85345-315-4 5008:978-1-4021-9555-6 4852:978-81-85990-08-8 4831:978-81-7362-786-6 4774:978-81-87886-72-3 4729:978-81-260-2028-7 4671:978-81-206-0386-8 4637:978-81-206-0386-8 4610:on 17 August 2011 4603:978-81-206-1299-0 4570:978-81-7099-586-9 2511:978-0-19-758056-1 2256:Armenian Genocide 2149:, dated 1787 AD. 1993:Criticism of Tipu 1502:According to the 1428: 1427: 1014:Augustinian order 940: 939: 814:Scottish officer 729: 728: 725: 713: 436:St Mary's Islands 421:Jordanus Catalani 400:Syrian Christians 388:Mangalore Diocese 331:Ottoman Caliphate 276:Kingdom of Mysore 248: 247: 240: 230: 229: 222: 177: 176: 169: 116: 115: 108: 57: 5718: 5638: 5637: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5614: 5613: 5602: 5601: 5593: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5513: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5492:, A. Fullarton, 5478: 5477: 5475: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5399:, vol. 21, 5389: 5388: 5386: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5328: 5322: 5314: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5293: 5270: 5260: 5250: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5145: 5135: 5116: 5106: 5087: 5077: 5067: 5043: 5033: 5023: 5022: 5020: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4953: 4938: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4897: 4880: 4876:, vol. 34, 4867: 4866: 4864: 4834: 4816: 4807: 4797: 4787: 4777: 4758: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4711: 4701: 4684: 4675: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4606:, archived from 4585: 4584: 4582: 4552: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4388:on 21 March 2012 4384:. Archived from 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4294: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4021: 4006: 4000: 3983: 3977: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3946: 3940: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3850: 3844: 3835: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3765: 3756: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3724: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3559:on 14 March 2012 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3527:on 21 March 2012 3523:. Archived from 3512: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3416: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3212: 3206: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3138: 3132: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2919:. Archived from 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2748: 2742: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2666:. Archived from 2653: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2556: 2550: 2545: 2539: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2375:. Archived from 2373:Daijiworld Media 2365: 2341: 2327: 2316: 2290: 2243:Infernachi Daram 2239:Sardarachi Sinol 2211: 2187:My dear Sister, 2172: 2113:Victor Fernandes 1916:Francis Buchanan 1897:Arthur Wellesley 1833:Pope Clement XIV 1811: 1019: 914:British Colonel 886:and 20,000 from 865:The Memorial of 827:Francis Buchanan 795:British officer 777: 760:Tamil Christians 719: 711: 707: 396:Konkani language 243: 236: 225: 218: 214: 211: 205: 187: 179: 172: 165: 161: 158: 152: 126: 125: 118: 111: 104: 100: 97: 91: 88:reliably sourced 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 5728: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5632: 5622: 5620: 5608: 5596: 5588: 5545: 5540: 5531: 5529: 5517: 5507: 5499: 5497: 5481: 5473: 5471: 5460: 5452: 5450: 5439: 5431: 5429: 5418: 5410: 5408: 5393: 5384: 5382: 5369: 5360: 5358: 5351: 5332: 5315: 5305: 5297: 5295: 5294:on 19 July 2011 5291: 5273:Asian Ethnology 5268: 5263: 5254: 5241:, vol. I, 5236: 5227: 5225: 5218: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5174: 5167: 5149: 5139: 5133: 5120: 5110: 5104: 5091: 5081: 5071: 5065: 5049: 5037: 5027: 5018: 5016: 5009: 4987: 4979: 4977: 4965: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4887: 4883: 4871: 4862: 4860: 4853: 4838: 4832: 4819: 4811: 4801: 4791: 4781: 4775: 4762: 4748: 4739: 4737: 4730: 4715: 4705: 4693:, Aakar Books, 4688: 4678: 4672: 4656: 4647: 4645: 4638: 4622: 4613: 4611: 4604: 4589: 4580: 4578: 4571: 4556: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4501: 4497: 4486: 4479: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4295: 4284: 4273: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4243: 4236: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4206: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4176: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4022: 4009: 4001: 3986: 3978: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3947: 3943: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3836: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3804: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3768: 3757: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3725: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3677: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3514: 3513: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3419: 3408: 3401: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2923:on 22 June 2008 2911: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2801:Caktitacan 1990 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2512: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2473: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2448:on 11 May 2018. 2440: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2367: 2366: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2307: 2285: 2279: 2252: 2218: 2212: 2204: 2181: 2173: 2167: 2155: 2139: 2134: 2109: 2093: 2077:, published by 2001: 1995: 1870: 1864: 1852:Lord Cornwallis 1813: 1809: 1793:Thomas Stephens 1603: 1492: 993:Milagres Church 945: 764:Tamil-countries 705: 591: 547:Wodeyar dynasty 492: 471:Goa Inquisition 380:Roman Catholics 377: 359: 244: 233: 232: 231: 226: 215: 209: 206: 203: 188: 173: 162: 156: 153: 142: 127: 123: 112: 101: 95: 92: 81: 73:This article's 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5630: 5618: 5606: 5586: 5585: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5544: 5543:External links 5541: 5539: 5538: 5515: 5505: 5489:Ethnographical 5479: 5458: 5437: 5416: 5391: 5377:, R. Bentley, 5367: 5349: 5330: 5303: 5261: 5252: 5247:Uttara Kannada 5234: 5216: 5201: 5192: 5183: 5165: 5147: 5137: 5131: 5118: 5108: 5102: 5089: 5079: 5069: 5063: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5025: 5007: 4985: 4963: 4922: 4881: 4869: 4851: 4836: 4830: 4817: 4809: 4799: 4789: 4779: 4773: 4760: 4757:: Xavier Press 4746: 4728: 4713: 4703: 4686: 4676: 4670: 4654: 4636: 4620: 4602: 4587: 4569: 4554: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4495: 4477: 4462: 4437: 4426: 4411: 4399: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4317: 4305: 4282: 4264: 4252: 4234: 4219: 4204: 4189: 4174: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4072: 4060: 4043: 4031: 4007: 3984: 3982:, N. 6, p. 153 3969: 3967:, N. 6, p. 151 3957: 3941: 3926: 3914: 3899: 3887: 3872: 3845: 3825: 3813: 3795: 3783: 3766: 3746: 3744:, N. 6, p. 128 3734: 3708: 3667: 3652: 3625: 3623:, N. 11, p. 40 3613: 3601: 3589: 3570: 3538: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3442:Steinmetz 1848 3434: 3417: 3399: 3381: 3364: 3362:, N. 6, p. 122 3352: 3337: 3325: 3313: 3301: 3299:, N. 6, p. 120 3276: 3267: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3213: 3190: 3188:, N. 6, p. 119 3178: 3176:, N. 6, p. 118 3166: 3154: 3152:, N. 6, p. 117 3139: 3137:, N. 6, p. 116 3124: 3120:Fernandes 1969 3112: 3093: 3089:Fernandes 1991 3081: 3069: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3013: 3009:Mukherjee 1974 3001: 2999:, N. 6, p. 103 2986: 2984:, N. 6, p. 105 2974: 2962: 2946: 2934: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2773:Kolar district 2764: 2749: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2693: 2681: 2648: 2633: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2562: 2551: 2540: 2529: 2510: 2490: 2471: 2451: 2433: 2421: 2390: 2379:on 10 May 2006 2354: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2271:ISIS Caliphate 2268: 2263: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2235:Devache Krupen 2229:(Balthazar of 2217: 2214: 2202: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2165: 2154: 2151: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2108: 2105: 2092: 2089: 2016:Roman Catholic 1997:Main article: 1994: 1991: 1866:Main article: 1863: 1860: 1801: 1602: 1599: 1571:Jamalabad fort 1560:Gersoppa falls 1491: 1488: 1426: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1165:Infant Jesus ( 1163: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1025: 997:Sultan Battery 969:Sultan Battery 944: 941: 938: 937: 934: 930: 929: 926: 922: 921: 918: 911: 910: 907: 903:French priest 900: 899: 896: 892: 891: 880: 874: 873: 870: 861: 860: 857: 851: 850: 847: 841: 840: 837: 833: 832: 829: 822: 821: 818: 811: 810: 807: 803: 802: 799: 792: 791: 788: 784: 783: 738:Jamalabad fort 727: 726: 716: 715: 704: 701: 644:Bombay Natives 590: 587: 543:Mysore Kingdom 491: 488: 394:who speak the 392:Konkani people 373:Main article: 367:Goan Catholics 358: 355: 307:Sultan Battery 278:following its 270:; who was the 246: 245: 228: 227: 194:listed sources 191: 189: 182: 175: 174: 130: 128: 121: 114: 113: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5724: 5723: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5406: 5403:, July 1853, 5402: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5368: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5064:81-87609-00-1 5060: 5056: 5052: 5051:Lobo, Michael 5048: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4655: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4588: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4532:, p. 218 4531: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4441: 4438: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4409:, p. 217 4408: 4403: 4400: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4369: 4366:, p. 207 4365: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4318: 4315:, p. 357 4314: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4245:Sardesai 2000 4241: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4220: 4217:, p. 165 4216: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4190: 4187:, p. 217 4186: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4160: 4157:, p. 146 4156: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4100: 4097:, p. 381 4096: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4081: 4080:Buchanan 1988 4076: 4073: 4069: 4068:Saldanha 1938 4064: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4041:, p. xiv 4040: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4005:, p. 137 4004: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3924:, p. 250 3923: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3897:, p. 227 3896: 3891: 3888: 3885:, p. 214 3884: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3823:, p. 107 3822: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3793:, p. 216 3792: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3602: 3599:, p. 185 3598: 3593: 3590: 3587:, p. 188 3586: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3482:Saldanha 1938 3478: 3475: 3472:, p. 208 3471: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3458:Saldanha 1933 3454: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3379:, p. 241 3378: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3350:, p. 227 3349: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3323:, p. 231 3322: 3317: 3314: 3311:, p. 183 3310: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3263:Saldanha 1938 3259: 3257: 3253: 3250:, p. 198 3249: 3244: 3241: 3238:, p. 202 3237: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3211:, p. 213 3210: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3122:, p. 248 3121: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3091:, p. 217 3090: 3085: 3082: 3079:, p. 162 3078: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3011:, p. 270 3010: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2944:, N. 6, p. 90 2943: 2938: 2935: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2893: 2890:, p. 133 2889: 2884: 2881: 2878:, N. 6, p. 99 2877: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2791:, p. 417 2790: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2762:, p. 134 2761: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2747:, p. 132 2746: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2730:, p. 167 2729: 2724: 2721: 2718:, p. 157 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2634: 2631:, p. 101 2630: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2573:Sardesai 2000 2569: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2494: 2491: 2478: 2474: 2472:9780230618459 2468: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2378: 2374: 2371:. Mangalore: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2178: 2170: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2037: 2036:Sita Ram Goel 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1914:According to 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889:George Harris 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1784:Krista Purana 1779: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506:, written in 1505: 1496: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1423: 1418: 1415:North Canara 1414: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399:North Canara 1398: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383:North Canara 1382: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1367:North Canara 1366: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1347:South Canara 1346: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327:South Canara 1326: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1307:South Canara 1306: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287:South Canara 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1267:South Canara 1266: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251:South Canara 1250: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235:Rebuilt 1839 1234: 1232:South Canara 1231: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1207:South Canara 1206: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191:South Canara 1190: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175:South Canara 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155:South Canara 1154: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1142:South Canara 1141: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126:South Canara 1125: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1106:Rebuilt 1815 1105: 1103:South Canara 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1083:Rebuilt 1811 1082: 1080:South Canara 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1062:Rebuilt 1813 1061: 1059:South Canara 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041:Status today 1040: 1037: 1035:Sub-district 1034: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 982: 977: 970: 965: 958: 954: 949: 942: 935: 932: 931: 927: 924: 923: 919: 917: 913: 912: 908: 906: 902: 901: 897: 894: 893: 889: 885: 881: 879: 876: 875: 871: 869: 868: 863: 862: 858: 856: 853: 852: 848: 846: 843: 842: 838: 835: 834: 830: 828: 824: 823: 819: 817: 813: 812: 808: 805: 804: 800: 798: 794: 793: 789: 786: 785: 782: 778: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 749:Ash Wednesday 745: 743: 739: 735: 723: 718: 717: 714: 709: 708: 702: 700: 698: 693: 688: 684: 680: 673: 668: 664: 662: 657: 652: 650: 645: 639: 637: 633: 629: 624: 619: 616: 611: 606: 603: 595: 588: 586: 584: 580: 575: 571: 563: 559: 557: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 535:Carnatic wars 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 513: 509: 505: 496: 489: 487: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463:Goan Catholic 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 434:'s landed on 433: 432:Vasco da Gama 428: 426: 422: 418: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 368: 363: 356: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 337:, led by the 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 274:ruler of the 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 242: 239: 224: 221: 213: 201: 200: 195: 190: 186: 181: 180: 171: 168: 160: 150: 146: 140: 139: 135: 129: 120: 119: 110: 107: 99: 89: 85: 79: 78: 71: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 5616:Christianity 5580: 5577:M. V. Kamath 5530:, retrieved 5520: 5509: 5498:, retrieved 5487: 5472:, retrieved 5462: 5451:, retrieved 5441: 5430:, retrieved 5420: 5409:, retrieved 5395: 5383:, retrieved 5372: 5359:, retrieved 5335: 5307: 5296:, retrieved 5289:the original 5276: 5272: 5256: 5238: 5226:, retrieved 5206: 5196: 5187: 5175:, retrieved 5155: 5141: 5122: 5112: 5093: 5083: 5073: 5054: 5039: 5029: 5017:, retrieved 4997: 4978:, retrieved 4968: 4956:, retrieved 4940: 4915:, retrieved 4899: 4873: 4861:, retrieved 4841: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4793: 4783: 4764: 4750: 4738:, retrieved 4718: 4707: 4690: 4680: 4659: 4646:, retrieved 4625: 4612:, retrieved 4608:the original 4592: 4579:, retrieved 4559: 4548: 4540:Bibliography 4530:Ferroli 1955 4525: 4513: 4498: 4465: 4453:. Retrieved 4447: 4440: 4429: 4414: 4402: 4390:. Retrieved 4386:the original 4371: 4359: 4347: 4342:, p. 11 4335: 4320: 4308: 4262:, p. 88 4255: 4222: 4192: 4162: 4150: 4145:, p. 85 4138: 4133:, p. 65 4126: 4121:, p. 80 4114: 4102: 4090: 4075: 4070:, p. 79 4063: 4058:, p. 81 4034: 3960: 3952: 3944: 3934:D'Souza 2004 3929: 3917: 3902: 3890: 3863:. Retrieved 3859:the original 3848: 3816: 3786: 3759:D'Souza 2004 3737: 3727:D'Souza 2004 3699:. Retrieved 3683: 3665:, p. 73 3643:. Retrieved 3639:the original 3628: 3621:D'Souza 1983 3616: 3611:, p. 82 3609:Anathil 1966 3604: 3592: 3561:. Retrieved 3557:the original 3550: 3541: 3529:. Retrieved 3525:the original 3496:, p. 77 3489: 3484:, p. 78 3477: 3465: 3453: 3437: 3355: 3335:, p. 75 3328: 3316: 3304: 3270: 3265:, p. 77 3243: 3231: 3181: 3169: 3164:, p. 72 3157: 3115: 3084: 3072: 3057: 3052:, p. 24 3045: 3040:, p. 70 3033: 3028:, p. 64 3004: 2977: 2965: 2949: 2937: 2925:. Retrieved 2921:the original 2907: 2902:, p. 28 2900:D'Souza 1983 2895: 2883: 2871: 2866:, p. 65 2859: 2854:, p. 19 2847: 2842:, p. 62 2820: 2808: 2803:, p. 13 2796: 2784: 2767: 2723: 2711: 2706:, p. 52 2691:, p. 81 2684: 2672:. Retrieved 2668:the original 2661: 2651: 2636: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2554: 2543: 2532: 2522:21 September 2520:. Retrieved 2500: 2493: 2483:21 September 2481:. Retrieved 2465:. Springer. 2461: 2454: 2446:the original 2436: 2431:, p. 68 2424: 2419:, p. 76 2381:. Retrieved 2377:the original 2342: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2313: 2308: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2207: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2168: 2157: 2153:James Scurry 2147:Seringapatam 2140: 2110: 2094: 2084: 2074: 2067: 2063: 2058:fifth column 2055: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2032:South Indian 2029: 2024: 2013: 1955: 1951:North Canara 1947:South Canara 1943: 1930:Thomas Munro 1928: 1924:Michael Lobo 1919: 1913: 1886: 1876: 1856: 1849: 1841: 1826: 1814: 1808: 1803: 1789:Jesus Christ 1782: 1780: 1776: 1749: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1710: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1648:James Scurry 1645: 1638: 1626: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1532:Western Ghat 1503: 1501: 1462: 1456: 1449: 1435: 1421: 1404: 1388: 1372: 1352: 1332: 1312: 1292: 1272: 1256: 1240: 1212: 1196: 1180: 1160: 1131: 1111: 1088: 1067: 1046: 1022: 990: 986: 888:North Canara 884:South Canara 877: 864: 854: 844: 816:Thomas Munro 806:Tipu Sultan 797:James Scurry 780: 753: 746: 734:Seringapatam 730: 721: 710: 689: 685: 681: 677: 655: 653: 640: 620: 607: 600: 576: 572: 568: 545:through the 538: 527:Mysore State 517: 504:Seringapatam 501: 460: 429: 384:South Canara 378: 311:South Canara 288: 283: 271: 268:Tippu Sultan 260:Seringapatam 251: 249: 234: 216: 207: 196: 163: 154: 132: 102: 93: 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 5706:Tipu Sultan 5604:Catholicism 5144:, Ferozsons 5142:Tipu Sultan 4993:Yule, Henry 4661:Antiquities 4627:Antiquities 4407:Prabhu 1999 4364:Prabhu 1999 4352:Prabhu 1999 4260:Farias 1999 4155:Indica 1997 4143:Farias 1999 4119:Farias 1999 4056:Farias 1999 4039:Prabhu 1999 3922:Prabhu 1999 3895:Prabhu 1999 3883:Prabhu 1999 3791:Prabhu 1999 3779:Farias 1999 3663:Farias 1999 3597:Prabhu 1999 3585:Prabhu 1999 3494:Farias 1999 3470:Prabhu 1999 3460:, p. 2 3430:Prabhu 1999 3377:Prabhu 1999 3348:Thomas 1954 3333:Farias 1999 3321:Prabhu 1999 3309:Prabhu 1999 3248:Prabhu 1999 3236:Prabhu 1999 3224:Prabhu 1999 3209:Prabhu 1999 3162:Farias 1999 3108:Prabhu 1999 3050:Falcao 2003 3038:Farias 1999 2888:George 2010 2864:Farias 1999 2827:, p. 9 2815:, p. 6 2789:Mujeeb 1985 2760:George 2010 2745:George 2010 2728:Prabhu 1999 2716:Prabhu 1999 2689:Prabhu 1999 2614:, p. 4 2600:Madtha 1984 2429:Farias 1999 2417:Farias 1999 2383:29 February 2296:Pondicherry 2231:Belthangadi 2121:Padav hills 2097:Abbe Dubois 2071:British Raj 1969:, 2,273 in 1965:, 3,918 in 1893:David Baird 1845:Tellicherry 1698:, and four 1663:Belthangadi 1540:Belthangadi 905:Abbe Dubois 697:mercenaries 692:East Indian 630:signed the 602:Tipu Sultan 531:Devanahalli 442:arrived at 327:Sunni Islam 303:Mangalorean 210:August 2024 197:may not be 157:August 2024 96:August 2024 5650:Categories 5582:News Today 5500:20 January 5453:15 October 5432:15 October 4958:26 October 4917:27 October 4796:, Thackers 4518:Silva 1961 4505:, p. 4490:, p. 4472:, p. 4421:, p. 4327:, p. 4313:Hasan 1951 4277:, p. 4247:, p. 4229:, p. 4215:Silva 1957 4199:, p. 4169:, p. 4082:, p. 4026:, p. 4003:Silva 1957 3980:Silva 1957 3965:Silva 1957 3936:, p. 3909:, p. 3865:22 January 3840:, p. 3808:, p. 3761:, p. 3742:Silva 1957 3729:, p. 3645:15 January 3444:, p. 3412:, p. 3394:, p. 3360:Silva 1957 3297:Silva 1957 3186:Silva 1957 3174:Silva 1957 3150:Silva 1957 3135:Silva 1957 3077:Saeed 1969 3064:, p. 2997:Silva 1957 2982:Silva 1957 2970:Silva 1957 2942:Silva 1957 2876:Silva 1957 2852:Silva 1957 2825:Sinha 1949 2813:Sinha 1949 2643:, p. 2575:, p. 2350:References 2043:zeal as a 2021:Mark Wilks 2008:Mark Wilks 1741:Travancore 1721:, and the 1579:Netterkedu 1575:Nettrekere 1520:Manjeshwar 1467:Portuguese 1440:Portuguese 1339:Kallianpur 1324:Cundapore 1304:Cundapore 1152:Mangalore 1139:Mangalore 1123:Mangalore 1100:Mangalore 1077:Mangalore 1056:Mangalore 916:Mark Wilks 736:along the 479:Adil Shahi 448:Franciscan 408:Marco Polo 357:Background 319:executions 280:usurpation 134:neutrality 39:improve it 5474:19 August 5411:19 August 5308:Hydar Ali 4980:7 January 4885:"History" 4755:Cannanore 4699:641505186 4340:Goel 1993 4297:Bhat 1998 4107:Lobo 1999 3563:25 August 2954:Tour 1855 2777:Karnataka 2771:(now the 2277:Footnotes 2119:near the 1981:, 599 in 1971:Cundapore 1959:Mangalore 1831:in 1788, 1829:Louis XVI 1797:Gangollim 1752:polyandry 1737:Gagialgar 1631:palanquin 1544:Kulshekar 1526:, Onore, 1524:Cundapore 1516:Mangalore 1475:Hosabettu 1319:Gangollim 1299:Cundapore 1038:District 762:from the 551:Mangalore 519:Hyder Ali 502:By 1686, 456:Mangalore 417:Dominican 382:from the 323:captivity 295:Hyder Ali 264:Carnataca 262:, in the 145:talk page 84:talk page 45:talk page 5640:Religion 5526:archived 5494:archived 5468:archived 5447:archived 5426:archived 5405:archived 5379:archived 5355:archived 5319:citation 5312:Calcutta 5222:archived 5171:archived 5153:(2000), 5053:(1999), 5013:archived 4995:(2001), 4974:archived 4949:archived 4926:"People" 4908:archived 4857:archived 4806:, Viking 4734:archived 4642:archived 4575:archived 4392:17 March 3695:Archived 3531:17 March 2516:Archived 2477:Archived 2329:Rakshasa 2304:Holy See 2250:See also 2203:— 2193:rakshasa 2166:— 2117:Nanthoor 2101:apostasy 2046:Padishah 1987:Brahmins 1822:Holy See 1715:Marathas 1700:sufedars 1656:seraglio 1640:seraglio 1627:dhoolies 1590:en route 1548:Virajpet 1484:Kirangur 1420:Source: 1344:Barcoor 1204:Bantval 1188:Bantval 1172:Bantval 1010:Verapoly 1001:Gurupura 539:de facto 523:Budikote 444:Anjediva 272:de facto 199:reliable 138:disputed 77:disputed 5590:Portals 5532:4 March 5385:4 March 5361:4 March 5228:4 March 5177:4 March 5019:4 March 4933:, 2.57 4863:4 March 4740:4 March 4648:4 March 4614:4 March 4581:4 March 4455:24 July 3955:(1965)) 2927:30 July 2302:by the 2023:in his 1975:Barcoor 1963:Bantval 1905:Malabar 1764:Malabar 1723:British 1711:risalas 1696:sufedar 1694:into a 1692:risalas 1690:, four 1667:chutney 1619:risalas 1564:Shimoga 1536:Bantval 1512:Barcoor 1508:Kannada 1424:(1983) 1284:Moolki 1264:Moolki 1248:Moolki 1222:Karkala 1167:Bantval 957:Karkala 928:40,000 920:60,000 909:60,000 898:40,000 872:80,000 859:60,000 849:70,000 839:70,000 831:80,000 820:60,000 809:60,000 801:30,000 790:Number 787:Source 772:Malabar 558:order. 508:Wodeyar 483:Maratha 475:Bednore 425:Bhatkal 412:Red Sea 404:Malabar 5347: 5298:8 July 5214: 5163: 5129: 5100: 5061: 5005: 4892:, 3.7 4874:Indica 4849: 4828: 4771: 4726: 4697: 4668: 4634: 4600: 4567: 3701:1 June 2958:p. 236 2674:8 July 2508: 2469: 2210:(1961) 1983:Ancola 1967:Moolki 1895:, and 1717:, the 1704:bakshi 1688:risala 1623:harems 1577:" or " 1556:Mysore 1528:Ancola 1459:Ancola 1452:Hassan 1396:Onore 1380:Onore 1364:Onore 1279:Shirva 1228:Moolki 1118:Omzoor 758:, and 610:Canara 589:Causes 556:Jesuit 510:king, 419:friar 315:Canara 299:deport 291:regime 5628:India 5374:state 5292:(PDF) 5275:, 2, 5269:(PDF) 5243:Kumta 4952:(PDF) 4911:(PDF) 4301:p. 39 2343:Bakri 2198:bakri 2143:Farsi 2014:Many 1979:Onore 1909:Coorg 1756:Coorg 1745:Nairs 1730:gobra 1719:Nizam 1581:" in 1552:Coorg 1473:) at 1359:Onore 768:Coorg 661:Onore 583:Arcot 5534:2010 5502:2009 5476:2009 5455:2008 5434:2008 5413:2009 5387:2010 5363:2010 5345:ISBN 5325:link 5300:2008 5230:2010 5212:ISBN 5179:2010 5161:ISBN 5127:ISBN 5098:ISBN 5059:ISBN 5021:2010 5003:ISBN 4982:2009 4960:2008 4919:2008 4865:2010 4847:ISBN 4826:ISBN 4769:ISBN 4742:2010 4724:ISBN 4695:OCLC 4666:ISBN 4650:2010 4632:ISBN 4616:2010 4598:ISBN 4583:2010 4565:ISBN 4457:2015 4394:2012 3867:2009 3703:2009 3647:2008 3565:2008 3533:2012 2929:2008 2676:2008 2524:2021 2506:ISBN 2485:2021 2467:ISBN 2385:2008 1973:and 1961:and 1681:The 1583:Tulu 1479:Jain 1434:The 967:The 951:The 770:and 250:The 131:The 5575:by 4931:PDF 4890:PDF 4507:106 4492:105 4474:102 4423:222 4329:388 4231:389 4201:370 4171:254 3842:104 3810:126 3446:404 3396:103 2775:of 2577:256 2233:), 1879:by 955:in 742:Goa 467:Goa 325:to 5652:: 5579:, 5353:, 5343:, 5339:, 5321:}} 5317:{{ 5310:, 5283:, 5279:, 5277:24 5271:, 5245:, 5220:, 5169:, 5034:. 5011:, 4991:; 4939:, 4935:MB 4898:, 4894:MB 4855:, 4753:, 4732:, 4640:, 4573:, 4480:^ 4380:. 4299:, 4285:^ 4279:15 4267:^ 4249:73 4237:^ 4207:^ 4177:^ 4084:24 4046:^ 4028:29 4010:^ 3987:^ 3972:^ 3938:50 3911:13 3875:^ 3828:^ 3798:^ 3769:^ 3763:49 3749:^ 3731:48 3711:^ 3693:. 3682:. 3670:^ 3655:^ 3573:^ 3549:. 3519:. 3501:^ 3420:^ 3414:14 3402:^ 3384:^ 3367:^ 3340:^ 3279:^ 3255:^ 3216:^ 3193:^ 3142:^ 3127:^ 3096:^ 3066:44 3016:^ 2989:^ 2956:, 2915:. 2832:^ 2752:^ 2735:^ 2696:^ 2660:. 2645:40 2619:^ 2565:^ 2514:. 2475:. 2393:^ 2358:^ 2128:. 2103:. 1911:. 1891:, 1522:, 1518:, 1469:: 1442:: 1361:) 1341:) 1321:) 1301:) 1281:) 1224:) 1169:) 1120:) 1016:. 890:) 638:. 48:. 5592:: 5537:. 5514:. 5390:. 5366:. 5329:. 5327:) 5251:. 5233:. 5200:. 5191:. 5182:. 5146:. 5136:. 5117:. 5107:. 5088:. 5078:. 5068:. 5044:. 5024:. 4937:) 4929:( 4896:) 4888:( 4868:. 4835:. 4808:. 4798:. 4788:. 4778:. 4759:. 4745:. 4712:. 4702:. 4685:. 4674:. 4653:. 4619:. 4586:. 4553:. 4459:. 4396:. 3869:. 3705:. 3691:) 3687:( 3649:. 3567:. 3535:. 2931:. 2779:) 2678:. 2526:. 2487:. 2387:. 2334:d 2320:c 2309:b 2306:. 2283:a 1883:. 1629:( 1562:( 1554:- 1550:- 1546:- 1542:- 1538:- 1465:( 1438:( 1220:( 724:) 674:. 241:) 235:( 223:) 217:( 212:) 208:( 202:. 170:) 164:( 159:) 155:( 151:. 141:. 109:) 103:( 98:) 94:( 90:. 80:. 55:) 51:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam

Index