128:, and outlawed them. Furthermore, he offered privileges back to anybody who converted to Islam. This forced some Nairs and many members of the Hindu community to adopt Islam, and resulted in the first appearance of Islam in the Malabar countryside. Humiliated by these perceived slights imposed by the Sultan, the Nairs rose in rebellion. They harassed isolated block-houses set up by Hyder, raided, pillaged, and destroyed stores and munition dumps.
169:
187:"Your two letters, with the enclosed memorandums of the Nâimâ (Nair) captives, have been received. You did right in causing a hundred and thirty-five of them to be circumcised, and in putting eleven of the youngest of these into the Usud Ilhye band, and the remaining ninety-four into the Ahmedy troops, consigning the whole, at the same time, to the charge of the
302:
had halted in the
Malabar to enforce his proclamation. General orders were issued to his army that 'every being in the district without distinction should be burned, that they should be traced to their lurking places, and that all means of truth and falsehood, force or fraud should be employed to
320:
helped them to rehabilitate themselves in their new surroundings. On the other hand, Nairs retreated into the jungles where they engaged in guerrilla warfare against the invading
Mysorean army. Tipu further organised a regular and systematic hunt for Nairs. He then proceeded to
311:
but when he was intercepted he killed himself. Then his body was dragged round the camp and hung from a tree. Tipu besieged the
Kadattanad Raja's fortified palace at Kuttipuram, and 2,000 Nairs—forced to surrender after a resistance of several days. Several
50:, whose approval and alliance was sought by Tippu Sultan. Those who refused conversions had to face many humiliations, hardships, torture, and even death. The Nairs were treated with extreme brutality due to their strong adherence to the
460:
430:
490:
351:
217:"Getting possession of the villain, Goorkul, and of his wife and children, you must forcibly make Mussalmans out of them, and then dispatch the whole under a guard to
155:
and in 1782 of Bednur. The
British approached him and he rejected their overtures, but after Hyder's death he agreed to support them and handed over Bednur to them.
265:) people joined the Coorgs. Tipu sent Gulam Ali into Malabar but en route Gulam was attacked by the Coorgs. Gulam managed to reach Malabar where he burnt down the
257:
by way of
Siddhesvara. where they took up strong positions, seized grain, men, women and children while burning houses that they pillaged. They set fire to the
245:
and other princes of the
Padinjare Kovilakam. Tipu set 6,000 troops under his French commander, M. Lally to raise the siege, but failed to defeat Ravi Varma.
1119:
296:. There he ordered some of the inhabitants to be converted (made Asadulai), placed Officer Ghafar in command there and had a wooden fort or stockade built.
116:
ghat in 1767. Hyder quickly understood the Nair psyche and caste pride and decided to use it to facilitate conversions. To this end, he deprived Nairs of
978:
757:
1149:
233:
His proclamation was met with widespread resentment and consequently, the Hindus of
Malabar rose in rebellion. Due to fear 30,000 Brahmins fled to
1139:
1036:
414:
468:
438:
356:
241:
and captured the
Karanavappad of Manjeri. Their assaults were met with resistance by the Nairs of Calicut and southern Malabar led by
237:. The Kottayam and Kadattanand Rajas sought protection from the English East India Company. In November 1788, Tipu's forces attacked
1144:
946:
718:
630:
387:
242:
494:
1129:
62:. It is estimated that out of the 30,000 Nairs put to captivity (including women and children), only a few hundred returned to
1134:
999:
The
Mappila fisherfolk of Kerala: a study in inter-relationship between habitat, technology, economy, society, and culture
104:’s conquest of Malabar between 1766 and 1793 was met with stiff opposition from the local Nairs. In 1766, he marched into
1124:
346:
230:
In 1788, Tipu issued a proclamation to the Nairs of
Malabar, wherein he outlined his new scheme of social reform.
936:
109:
63:
27:
491:"Two-faced Tipu Sultan: Political double trouble | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis"
77:
principality of Cannanore which owed nominal allegiance to Chirakkal. South Malabar was divided between the
908:
Pictorial history of England: being a history of the people, as well as a history of the kingdom, Volume 6
59:
869:
832:
898:
595:
333:. He then made arrangements for the administrative reorganisation of the province, and retired to
183:, Budruz Zaman Khan, in the year 1200 AH (1785 AD), Tipu approved of forced conversions of Nairs:
902:
78:
1032:
942:
714:
708:
626:
620:
577:
410:
383:
377:
304:
136:
47:
39:
591:
550:
523:
253:
The following year in 1789 Tipu sent Gulam Ali, Gaji Khan and Darvedil Khan with troops into
404:
117:
1068:
293:
262:
140:
98:
691:
337:, leaving a permanent occupying force to frighten and subjugate the local population.
1113:
1092:
Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volumes 23–24
1050:
Memoirs of Hyder and Tippoo: rulers of Seringapatam, written in the Mahratta language
125:
958:
289:
258:
218:
113:
1090:
1048:
906:
693:
The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Ninth Session,annamalai University
317:
299:
172:
152:
147:
and was enlisted in the Asad-i-Ilahi (new converts) troops. Finding favour with
43:
31:
334:
308:
234:
55:
927:
Storm over Seringapatam: the incredible story of Hyder Ali & Tippu Sultan
330:
266:
210:
168:
148:
101:
960:
The English cyclopædia: a new dictionary of universal knowledge, Volume 6
431:"OPINION | Khilafat: Scriptural Sanction and Historical Antecedents"
326:
105:
325:
and after celebrating the marriage of his son with the daughter of the
277:
238:
205:
189:
121:
54:
faith and martial tradition. The captivity ended when Nair troops from
1089:
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) (1842).
677:
322:
194:
144:
86:
74:
461:"Tipu Sultan's relations with the Ottoman Empire – 5-Minute History"
213:, Arshad Ali Baig, pertaining to the treatment of a Nair dissident:
73:
principalities of Chirakkal, Kadattanad, Kottayam, Kurangod and the
592:
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) 1842
285:
281:
273:
254:
180:
167:
51:
42:
from 1786 to 1799. They were subjected to forcible conversions to
23:
406:
Noncooperation in India: Nonviolent Strategy and Protest, 1920-22
132:
82:
70:
980:
Select Letters of Tippoo Sultan to Various Public Functionaries
759:
Select letters of Tippoo Sultan to various public functionaries
288:
under Burhan ud Din and Sayed Hamid. Tipu himself crossed the
1029:
Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
280:
who had become rebellious, he heard of another rebellion in
834:
Coorg Memoirs: An Account of Coorg and of the Coorg Mission
997:
Mathur, P. R. G.; Anthropological Survey of India (1977).
272:
That same year (1789), when Tipu was marching against the
303:
effect their universal conversion'. The Raja of Cherkal (
139:
who had been taken prisoner by Hyder during the latter's
175:(1750–1799), the architect of the Seringapatam Captivity
316:
and wealthy land owners fled to Travancore, where the
352:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam
203:In May of the same year, an order was sent to the
678:Mathur & Anthropological Survey of India 1977
46:, the official religious sect sanctioned by the
573:
215:
185:
690:The Proceedings of the Indian History (1945).
1081:The real Tipu: a brief history of Tipu Sultan
112:, followed by another march into Malabar via
8:
826:
824:
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820:
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651:
649:
368:
606:
534:
519:
1009:Kerala District Gazetteers: Arnakulam
807:
7:
357:Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam
1120:Islam-related controversies in Asia
1047:Punganuri, Ram Chandra Rao (1849).
743:
707:Hasan, Mohibbul (1 December 2005).
619:Hasan, Mohibbul (1 December 2005).
69:North Malabar was divided into the
1031:. Bangalore: I.J.A. Publications.
1011:. Superintendent of Govt. Presses.
20:captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam
14:
269:temple and attacked that region.
179:In his letter to the Governor of
1150:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims
151:, in 1779 he became Governor of
261:temple. Later the 'Maleyalam' (
403:Hardiman, David (March 2021).
292:(Tamrachadi) Ghat and entered
143:campaign of 1766. He became a
1:
1027:Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999).
977:Kirkpatrick, William (2002).
376:Potter, L. (5 January 2009).
329:, marched along the coast of
1140:Mysorean invasion of Malabar
1007:Menon, A. Sreedhara (1962).
1001:. Kerala Historical Society.
762:. General Books. p. 256
625:. Aakar Books. p. 140.
713:. Aakar Books. p. 28.
574:Craik & MacFarlane 1847
409:. Oxford University Press.
379:The Persian Gulf in History
347:Mysorean invasion of Kerala
1166:
1067:Sen, Surendranath (1930).
284:. He sent a force towards
1079:Sharma, Hari Dev (1991).
1073:. University of Calcutta.
1070:Studies in Indian history
935:Hassan, Mohibbul (2005).
925:Fernandes, Praxy (1969).
1145:Ethnic cleansing in Asia
1017:Palsokar, R. D. (1969).
957:Knight, Charles (1858).
159:Nairs under Tipu Sultan
124:, prohibited them from
1130:Persecution by Muslims
963:. Bradbury & Evans
938:History of Tipu Sultan
710:History of Tipu Sultan
622:History of Tipu Sultan
223:
199:
176:
60:Third Anglo-Mysore War
1135:Persecution of Hindus
1083:. Rishi Publications.
868:Moegling, H. (1855).
171:
93:Nairs under Hyder Ali
58:defeated Tipu in the
899:Craik, George Lillie
831:Moegling, H (1855).
756:Kirkpatrick (2012).
1125:Conversion to Islam
903:MacFarlane, Charles
497:on 9 December 2017.
465:fiveminthistory.com
120:, equating them to
22:was imposed on the
1053:. Simkins & Co
810:, pp. 155–156
177:
79:Zamorin of Calicut
1038:978-81-86778-25-8
441:on 8 October 2020
416:978-0-19-758056-1
305:Chirakkal, Kannur
48:Ottoman Caliphate
40:Kingdom of Mysore
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564:, pp. 75–79
559:
553:
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537:, pp. 34–35
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493:. Archived from
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467:. Archived from
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437:. Archived from
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131:Ayaz Khan was a
118:caste privileges
99:Sultan of Mysore
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986:
984:
983:. General Books
976:
966:
964:
956:
949:
941:. Aakar books.
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471:on 11 July 2021
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164:Related Letters
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699:
682:
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666:Fernandes 1969
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547:Punganuri 1849
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508:Fernandes 1969
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263:Malabar region
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874:. p. 100
873:
872:
871:Coorg Memoirs
864:
861:
858:, p. 40.
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632:9788187879572
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608:
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582:
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562:Palsokar 1969
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510:, p. 120
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38:ruler of the
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1097:. Retrieved
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1055:. Retrieved
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1028:
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985:. Retrieved
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965:. Retrieved
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913:. Retrieved
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876:. Retrieved
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851:
839:. Retrieved
837:. p. 98
833:
764:. Retrieved
758:
751:
724:. Retrieved
709:
702:
692:
685:
673:
668:, p. 38
636:. Retrieved
621:
614:
602:
569:
557:
542:
530:
515:
503:
495:the original
485:
473:. Retrieved
469:the original
464:
455:
443:. Retrieved
439:the original
434:
425:
405:
398:
382:. Springer.
378:
371:
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298:
271:
252:
232:
229:
226:Proclamation
219:Seringapatam
216:
204:
202:
200:
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186:
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130:
114:Thamarassery
96:
68:
35:
19:
17:
15:
1099:28 November
1095:. C. Knight
1057:28 November
1019:Tipu Sultan
987:14 February
967:28 November
929:. Thackers.
915:28 November
911:. C. Knight
878:15 February
841:11 February
766:14 February
726:14 February
638:14 February
607:Prabhu 1999
535:Sharma 1991
520:Knight 1858
318:Dharma Raja
309:Tellicherry
290:Tamarasseri
173:Tipu Sultan
153:Chitaldroog
44:Sunni Islam
32:Tipu Sultan
1114:Categories
891:References
808:Menon 1962
594:, p.
576:, p.
549:, p.
522:, p.
475:12 January
445:12 January
335:Coimbatore
307:) fled to
243:Ravi Varma
235:Travancore
197:(Bednore).
56:Travancore
363:Citations
323:Cannanore
149:Hyder Ali
137:Chirakkal
102:Hyder Ali
905:(1847).
744:Sen 1930
341:See also
331:Chowghat
327:Ali Raja
267:Payyavur
249:Captives
106:Palakkad
81:and the
36:de facto
278:Calicut
239:Calicut
211:Calicut
206:Faujdar
190:Kiladar
141:Malabar
122:Paravas
110:Malabar
66:alive.
64:Malabar
28:Malabar
1035:
1021:. s.n.
945:
717:
629:
413:
386:
145:Muslim
87:Cochin
75:Moplah
34:, the
314:Rajas
286:Coorg
282:Coorg
274:Nairs
255:Coorg
181:Bekal
135:from
52:Hindu
24:Nairs
1101:2011
1059:2011
1033:ISBN
989:2014
969:2011
943:ISBN
917:2011
880:2014
843:2014
768:2014
728:2014
715:ISBN
640:2014
627:ISBN
477:2022
447:2022
411:ISBN
384:ISBN
300:Tipu
195:Nugr
133:Nair
108:and
83:Raja
71:Nair
18:The
596:494
578:161
276:at
209:of
193:of
85:of
30:by
26:of
1116::
901:;
815:^
776:^
736:^
648:^
584:^
551:40
524:94
463:.
433:.
221:."
89:.
1105:.
1103:.
1085:.
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1003:.
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991:.
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882:.
845:.
770:.
730:.
696:.
642:.
479:.
449:.
419:.
392:.
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