630:". The perimeters of these blocks remain open to all cars and city buses, while the interior only allows local traffic that must travel under 10 km/h. The city's government cites several aims for this plan, including more sustainable mobility and a revitalization of public spaces. The COVID-19 pandemic gave birth to proposals for radical change in the organization of Barcelona, such as the Manifesto for the Reorganisation of the City after COVID-19, published in Barcelona and signed by 160 academics and 300 architects, with the elimination of the car as a key element.
64:
646:, has closed major vehicular traffic corridors in phases, amounting to a largely carfree city center. In 1988, the city closed the last vehicular through-way through the center of the city on a trial basis. With a year, this transformation reduced overall vehicular traffic flow by 25% and increased air quality significantly. The removal of cars from the city center was accompanied with the renovation of buildings and installation of new art pieces, producing an appealing pedestrian precinct.
33:
289:
362:. Carfree city models have gained traction in the second half of the 20th century due to issues with congestion and infrastructure, and proposed environmental and quality of life benefits. Many cities in Asia, Europe, and Africa have carfree areas due to the cities being created before the invention of motor vehicles, while many developing cities in Asia are using the carfree model to modernize their infrastructure.
398:
will be decentralized around the city, with the goal to reduce walking distances, improve residential access, and minimize the need for new road infrastructure. An alternative to a decentralized configuration is a central public transport stop surrounded by dense shops and services that provide for easy public access without walking.
454:, efforts to curb traffic through optimization of roadways, building of new infrastructure, and change in policies have not been able to alleviate motorized flow. There is traction to introduce a new carfree city model that would allow for improving the quality of life while meeting the logistical needs of all residents.
468:
Current efforts to transform congested cities into carfree cities requires a few logistical and societal measures such as consultation meetings with all stakeholders, such as town halls, using computer modelling and measuring traffic before and after road closures, and enforcing restrictions once the
601:
serves as an example of how a modern city can function without cars. This design was unintentional as the city was founded over 1,500 years ago, long before the invention of the automobile. Visitors who drive to the city or residents who own a car must park their car in a carpark outside of the city
397:
The periphery, which encapsulates the residential core, is composed of services and facilities such as supermarkets and gyms. The distances between these facilities and the core are determined by the frequency of usage, with the more frequently used lying closest to the city center. These facilities
682:
has been initiated and now the entire city heart (35 hectares) is partially carfree. Sections exist where cars can drive as well as sections that are car-free. In some sections, public transport, taxis and permit holders may enter but they may not exceed 20 km/h. A parking route exists around
547:
by 9.5% on the main shopping street and by 3.3% across all of Madrid. Additionally, residents of carfree zones in the
Netherlands have benefited from increased real estate values, however, the neighboring non-carfree zones have had to deal with the spillover due to cars being unable to park in the
476:
After the closing down of streets and squares to personal car traffic, a pedestrian and bicycle network gradually emerges and joins several parts of the city. Similarly, prompted by the same need to avoid conflicts with car traffic and enhance pedestrian movement, pedestrian networks have emerged
449:
cities is allocated for use by cars. The removal of parking lots and other car-heavy areas not only alleviates the air and noise pollution but provides the opportunity for land to be used for other purposes. If land is reallocated properly, it could also reduce the urban heat island effect, which
385:
An idyllic carfree city consists of two zones: a residential core and service based periphery. The core consists of residences and living quarters within a public space in the center. In order to reduce motor traffic in this area, walking serves as the primary mode of transportation with cycling
437:
Regarding the environmental impacts, reducing the number of cars concentrated in an urban area can improve air quality and reduce noise. It is believed that vehicular pollution causes approximately 184,000 deaths around the world, and keeping cars out of heavily populated areas could reduce the
662:, "is buying a fleet of hydrogen-powered buses, building a network of bicycle 'superhighways' to the suburbs and designing neighborhoods to discourage all vehicles and encourage walking." An incentive of one year of free public transportation is given to any car owner who gives up their car.
683:
the city center, employing a parking guidance system to ensure access to all parts of the city and underground parking garages. The transition to carfree has significantly reduced traffic congestion and increased the use of other modes of transport, such as bikes and public transportation.
513:
effect. Another impact would be the reduction of automobile-involved pedestrian and cyclist collisions and fatalities. Indirectly, through efficient, sustainable use of resources and faster transport of goods and people, carfree cities aim to improve quality of life for residents.
534:
by 9% for nitrogen oxide and 2% for carbon dioxide. Additionally, levels of ambient noise that are associated with vehicular traffic can be reduced by implementing carfree zones, as seen by the reduction in noise pollution of 10 dB that occurs in
Brussels on carfree Sundays.
378:
but allow some private car use in other areas. These zones tend to be focused around the city center. Carfree city projects are designed around the needs of people rather than cars, with careful zoning that increases pedestrian mobility and efficient structural placement.
1777:
725:, is a futuristic city designed with eco-friendly principles in mind. Masdar City adopted a carfree philosophy as part of its fundamental basis of being an eco-city. Personal cars are eliminated from the street spaces, in favour of a
548:
carfree areas. This brings into prominence the necessity of adequate parking near these zones and the question of whether these zones are inequitable. Also, carfree designs limit transport options. Cities vary in their degree of
433:
such as parking lots and wide roads. Particularly in developing countries, the current infrastructures are not able to keep up with the increase of private vehicles, even after optimization and new construction of roadways.
1538:
1887:
1773:
1666:
1481:
Solecki, William D.; Rosenzweig, Cynthia; Parshall, Lily; Pope, Greg; Clark, Maria; Cox, Jennifer; Wiencke, Mary (January 1, 2005). "Mitigation of the heat island effect in urban New Jersey".
63:
580:
The individual impacts relate to the revitalisation of the space encouraging people to be more physically active, whether that be for commuting, for exercise or for leisure. By decreasing
543:
Residents of carfree areas are able to benefit from an increase in green space and an improved economy. In Madrid, limiting the access of cars to the city center resulted in increasing
1318:
317:
505:
Direct impacts of carfree urban designs include enhanced air quality due to elimination of the pollutants that result from combustive processes used in many motor vehicles, reduced
1696:
1172:
2075:
Hart, Stanley I. & Alvin L. Spivak. The
Elephant in the Bedroom: Automobile Dependence & Denial : Impacts on the Economy and Environment. Hope Publishing House, 1993.
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1130:
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occurs when concrete and asphalt replace greenery in an area, resulting in increased temperatures due to albedo and other effects. In developing countries such as
584:, mental health implications are perceived to improve due to less social and aesthetic issues caused by the segregation and isolation in car dependent societies.
931:
486:
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While there is no specific blueprint for designing a carfree city, many cities around the world have found success with variants of the following model.
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to be used by the city residences. Car parks outside the city square provide access to the periphery of the city, but bar access to the core. Often,
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1948:
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530:, nitrogen oxide levels fell by 38% and carbon dioxide fell by 14.2% in the city center. These emissions also fell across the whole city of
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are created at the outskirts of the city to allow people to park their car there, and/or take an alternative means of transport into town ("
602:
and then proceed either by foot or train into the city. The predominant method of transportation in the city is by foot, however motorized
1366:
2078:
Kay, Jane Holtz. Asphalt Nation: How the
Automobile Took Over America, And How We Can Take It Back. University of California Press. 1998.
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1156:
2011:
1719:
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1250:
1211:"Application of "Car-Free City" and "City of Short Walks" to Living Quarters in Hanoi Towards Sustainable Mobility and Logistics"
277:
239:
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could reduce the amount of the residential population exposed to noise pollution greater than 65 dB from 42.5% to 26.5%.
2140:
2034:
234:
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1917:
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Marshall, Alex. How Cities Work : Suburbs, Sprawl, and the Roads Not Taken. University of Texas Press, 2001.
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904:
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272:
1800:
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692:
523:
485:. For new areas on the fringe of cities or new towns, two new complementary ideas have emerged. The concept of
2084:
Newman, P & Kenworthy, J. Cities and
Sustainability: Overcoming automobile dependence. Island Press. 1998.
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A city can be fully or partly carfree. Cities that are fully carfree prohibit all use of private cars in the
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2135:
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routes open as an addition. As a result, there is less conflict between motorized traffic and residences. A
244:
199:
1391:
413:"). These networks allow for logistical components such as centralized import/export and waste collection.
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817:
756:
748:, is another example of a newly-developed city, designed with the fundamentals of a carfree city in mind.
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have outlined their guidelines from pre-implementation consultation, to design, to post implementation.
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229:
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987:"A Detailed Study on Car-Free City and Conversion of Existing Cities and Suburbs to the Car-Free Model"
1563:
Nederveen, A. A. J.; Sarkar, Sheila; Molenkamp, Lindy; Van de
Heijden, R. E. C. M. (January 1, 1999).
722:
128:
108:
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1981:
1055:
Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.; Khreis, Haneen (2016). "Car free cities: Pathway to healthy urban living".
1940:
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as well as improvements in noise levels. After limiting the access of cars to the city center in
358:, as opposed to motor vehicles. Districts where motor vehicles are prohibited are referred to as
705:, where cars are banned and the main transportation is by means of horses, bicycles, and boats.
1531:"Closing Central Madrid To Cars Resulted In 9.5% Boost To Retail Spending, Finds Bank Analysis"
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Motivations for the transition to (or creation of) a carfree city include a reduction in
2003:
1217:. Proceeding of Sustainable Development of Civil, Urban and Transportation Engineering.
493:(2003). Both focus on shifting the balance of network design in favor of pedestrian and
1031:
870:
837:
470:
430:
214:
154:
88:
48:
1311:"Barcelona wants to build 500 superblocks. Here's what it learned from the first ones"
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1596:
1565:"Importance of Public Involvement: A Look at Car-Free City Policy in The Netherlands"
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1102:
875:
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impact of this pollution. Additionally, future plans of implementing superblocks in
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375:
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Regarding the ability to reallocate land, around 70% of downtown land in several
910:
812:
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718:
371:
249:
174:
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1659:"Superblocks to the rescue: Barcelona's plan to give streets back to residents"
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387:
335:
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Urban
Transport XVII: Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century
17:
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639:
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607:
439:
402:
78:
1872:"Car-free Belgium: why can't Brussels match Ghent's pedestrianised vision?"
1126:
1078:
952: – Urban street reserved for public transit, bicycles, and pedestrians
509:
and ground vibrations associated with engine and vehicle use, and reduced
1451:
832:
626:, has implemented nine city block wide pedestrian-only spaces, known as "
603:
1909:
429:, as well as the ability to reallocate land previously used for vehicle
741:
675:
643:
451:
406:
391:
351:
347:
940: – City using integrated information and communication technology
572:, in redevelopment schemes for central and wealthy residential areas.
1689:"Superblocks | Ecology. Urban Planning, Infrastructures and Mobility"
598:
561:
531:
527:
355:
37:
1580:
1022:
Khreis, Haneen; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J. (2021). "Car-Free Cities".
946: – Transport with sustainable social and environmental impacts
922: – Urban planning for mixed-use areas prioritising pedestrians
394:
network also gradually emerges, joining several parts of the city.
1564:
745:
671:
623:
565:
31:
1774:"Manifiesto por la reorganización de la ciudad tras el COVID-19"
774:, Tabuk Province, which is designed to have no cars, streets or
771:
481:) or above road-level to connect large downtown areas as in the
469:
plan is in place. Many cities undergoing transformation in the
985:
Patel, Priyank; Gandhi, Zarana; Bhatt, Bhasker (March 2016).
489:(2007) and a model for planning towns and subdivisions - the
1720:"Manifesto for the Reorganisation of the City after COVID19"
786:
568:
might gain little benefit and lose convenient access to the
1941:"Ilha da Paquetá: a guide to exploring Rio's island escape"
2120:
2114:
733:
network for public transportation over greater distances.
1973:
1483:
1392:"Your Guide to Navigating the Minneapolis Skyway System"
618:
As part of the city council's 2014 Urban
Mobility Plan,
2004:"Clean & Smart Mobility - Transport at Masdar City"
994:
Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering
928: – Urban car-free area reserved for pedestrian use
915:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1251:"What happens when a city bans cars from its streets?"
907: – Prioritising vulnerable sustainable road users
401:
Outside the carfree city lie transportation zones and
1747:"Por una Barcelona menos mercantilizada y más humana"
610:) which travel the city's canals are also available.
1103:"Car free cities: Pathway to healthy urban living"
895: – Urban planning prioritising automobiles
1452:"The Fused Grid: A Contemporary Urban Pattern"
932:Permeability (spatial and transport planning)
522:Environmental impacts include a reduction in
311:
8:
1024:International Encyclopedia of Transportation
374:, while cities that are partly carfree have
2033:Cathcart-Keays, Athlyn (December 9, 2015).
901: – Urban planning prioritising cycling
1155:Pratelli, Antonio; Brebbia, C. A. (2011).
318:
304:
62:
43:
2035:"Will we ever get a truly car-free city?"
1226:
862: – Transportation planning technique
1669:from the original on September 21, 2022
970:
729:city design, and use of its autonomous
262:
146:
70:
54:
1968:
1966:
1819:from the original on February 28, 2021
1753:from the original on September 5, 2021
1638:from the original on November 11, 2020
1603:from the original on November 22, 2021
1432:from the original on November 21, 2020
1372:from the original on February 11, 2021
1209:Minh, Nguyen Quang (January 1, 2016).
1133:from the original on November 22, 2021
934: – Freedom of movement of traffic
2053:from the original on December 6, 2017
2014:from the original on January 14, 2021
1984:from the original on October 28, 2020
1951:from the original on October 31, 2020
1920:from the original on October 31, 2020
1890:from the original on February 9, 2019
1801:"The City Where Cars Are Not Welcome"
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1541:from the original on October 26, 2020
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1321:from the original on October 24, 2020
1287:from the original on October 23, 2020
1003:from the original on February 7, 2021
697:Other examples of carfree places are
464:Car-free movement § Urban design
7:
1870:Rutter, Tamsin (November 28, 2016).
1780:from the original on August 16, 2021
1356:"Reclaiming city streets for people"
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1718:Paolini, Massimo (April 20, 2020).
1699:from the original on August 4, 2020
27:Urban area absent of motor vehicles
1772:Maiztegui, Belén (June 18, 2020).
1726:from the original on June 23, 2021
1257:from the original on March 5, 2021
1032:10.1016/B978-0-08-102671-7.10707-9
913: – Share of mode of transport
25:
1851:from the original on June 8, 2021
1799:Ewing, Jack (February 28, 2021).
1175:from the original on June 7, 2021
1101:Khreis, Haneen (September 2016).
147:Aspects of sustainable transport:
1657:Bausells, Marta (May 17, 2016).
1309:Roberts, David (April 9, 2019).
287:
278:Index of sustainability articles
240:Transportation demand management
823:Effects of the car on societies
1914:Mackinac Island Tourism Bureau
1569:Transportation Research Record
40:, an example of a carfree city
1:
1495:10.1016/j.hazards.2004.12.002
524:emissions of greenhouse gases
264:Sustainable transport toolbox
1745:Argemí, Anna (May 8, 2020).
1228:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.02.043
1119:10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.032
1071:10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.032
658:, Germany, according to the
235:Transit-oriented development
205:Integrated transport network
2162:
2122:| author: Massimo Paolini
1141:– via Research Gate.
690:
461:
195:Human-powered land vehicle
1839:"Het circulatieplan Gent"
1107:Environment International
1058:Environment International
905:Green transport hierarchy
560:. Thus, people living in
483:Minneapolis Skyway System
342:. Carfree cities rely on
273:Outline of sustainability
1974:"Welcome to Masdar City"
1693:ajuntament.barcelona.cat
844:In town, without my car!
798:Ban on on-street parking
693:List of car-free islands
654:As of 2021, the city of
1422:"Filtered permeability"
850:List of car-free places
245:Transportation planning
200:Human-powered transport
2091:. Eschborn: GTZ, 2005.
818:Cycling infrastructure
766:under construction in
731:personal rapid transit
180:Cycling infrastructure
41:
2102:World Carfree Network
944:Sustainable transport
558:concentric zone model
550:automobile dependency
487:Filtered Permeability
462:Further information:
230:Sustainable transport
104:Free public transport
56:Sustainable transport
35:
2089:Car-Free Development
1634:. January 17, 2017.
1215:Procedia Engineering
723:United Arab Emirates
477:below street level (
294:Transport portal
129:Sustainable urbanism
2141:Emissions reduction
1363:European Commission
855:Mobility transition
225:Road traffic safety
165:Carbon neutral fuel
1805:The New York Times
1628:"Why Venice Works"
1277:"Document Details"
920:Pedestrian village
866:Street reclamation
709:Future Aspirations
556:tends to follow a
42:
1168:978-1-84564-520-5
1041:978-0-08-102672-4
961:
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808:Car-free movement
638:Since the 1970s,
545:consumer spending
511:urban heat island
328:
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71:Also relevant to:
16:(Redirected from
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680:circulation plan
495:bicycle mobility
479:underground city
344:public transport
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220:Public transport
185:Electric vehicle
170:Complete streets
160:Bicycle-friendly
124:Sustainable city
119:Renewable energy
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893:Automotive city
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828:Freeway removal
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366:Characteristics
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210:Pedestrian zone
134:Transit village
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2107:
2055:. Retrieved
2039:The Guardian
2038:
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2016:. Retrieved
2007:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
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1953:. Retrieved
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1922:. Retrieved
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1892:. Retrieved
1876:The Guardian
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1853:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:February 28,
1821:. Retrieved
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1663:The Guardian
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1489:(1): 39–49.
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1179:November 25,
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36:A square in
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2115:Carfree.com
2108:Car Busters
2087:Wright, L.
2057:December 5,
2018:October 28,
1988:October 28,
1955:October 28,
1924:October 28,
1894:February 2,
1703:October 28,
1673:October 23,
1642:October 28,
1607:October 28,
1545:October 28,
1466:October 28,
1436:October 28,
1406:October 28,
1325:October 28,
1291:October 28,
1261:January 18,
1221:: 284–291.
1137:October 26,
1113:: 251–262.
1065:: 251–262.
1026:: 240–248.
1007:October 28,
911:Modal shift
813:Cyclability
719:Masdar City
714:Masdar City
628:superblocks
417:Motivations
372:city limits
250:Walkability
175:Cyclability
99:Ecodistrict
2130:Categories
1281:World Bank
965:References
938:Smart city
764:smart city
737:Great City
656:Heidelberg
650:Heidelberg
604:waterbuses
576:Individual
570:inner city
491:Fused Grid
388:pedestrian
338:absent of
336:urban area
94:Eco-cities
2047:0261-3077
2008:masdar.ae
1884:0261-3077
1813:0362-4331
1597:109081577
1589:0361-1981
1511:153841143
1503:1464-2867
1237:1877-7058
996:: 14–18.
860:Road diet
640:Nuremberg
634:Nuremberg
620:Barcelona
614:Barcelona
608:vaporetti
440:Barcelona
403:car parks
79:Transport
2110:magazine
2051:Archived
2012:Archived
1982:Archived
1949:Archived
1918:Archived
1888:Archived
1846:Archived
1817:Archived
1778:Archived
1751:Archived
1724:Archived
1697:Archived
1667:Archived
1636:Archived
1601:Archived
1539:Archived
1460:Archived
1430:Archived
1400:Archived
1367:Archived
1365:. 2004.
1319:Archived
1285:Archived
1255:Archived
1173:Archived
1131:Archived
1127:27276440
1079:27276440
998:Archived
833:Jan Gehl
792:General:
782:See also
757:The Line
752:The Line
727:walkable
588:Examples
539:Economic
407:parkings
109:Greenway
1910:"Visit"
1855:June 8,
1784:May 11,
1757:May 11,
687:Islands
676:Belgium
644:Germany
562:suburbs
501:Impacts
458:Process
452:Vietnam
392:bicycle
352:cycling
348:walking
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1882:
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1730:May 1,
1595:
1587:
1535:Forbes
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761:linear
599:Venice
593:Venice
566:exurbs
552:, and
532:Madrid
528:Madrid
356:travel
350:, and
334:is an
38:Venice
1849:(PDF)
1842:(PDF)
1593:S2CID
1507:S2CID
1426:CHIPS
1370:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1001:(PDF)
990:(PDF)
759:is a
746:China
744:, in
672:Ghent
666:Ghent
624:Spain
2059:2017
2043:ISSN
2020:2020
1990:2020
1957:2020
1926:2020
1896:2019
1880:ISSN
1857:2021
1825:2021
1809:ISSN
1786:2021
1759:2021
1732:2021
1705:2020
1675:2022
1644:2020
1609:2020
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1547:2020
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1438:2020
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1378:2021
1327:2020
1293:2020
1263:2020
1233:ISSN
1181:2020
1163:ISBN
1139:2020
1123:PMID
1075:PMID
1036:ISBN
1009:2020
772:Neom
701:and
678:, a
564:and
447:U.S.
425:and
390:and
354:for
1577:doi
1491:doi
1315:Vox
1223:doi
1219:142
1115:doi
1067:doi
1028:doi
770:in
670:In
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