1887:
2624:
1847:
1685:
1139:
1271:. This time has been much reduced by moving the converter closer to the exhaust manifold and even more so placing a small yet quick-to-heat-up converter directly at the exhaust manifold. The small converter handles the start-up emissions, which allows enough time for the larger main converter to heat up. Further improvements can be realised in many ways, including electric heating, thermal battery, chemical reaction preheating, flame heating and superinsulation.
4972:
998:
1442:
4934:
1671:
reaches a stage in its life where it reaches this EGT limit, the engine will require specific maintenance in order to rectify the problem. The amount the EGT is below the EGT limit is called EGT margin. The EGT margin of an engine will be greatest when the engine is new, or has been overhauled. For most airlines, this information is also monitored remotely by the airline maintenance department by means of
4982:
1010:
4963:
4955:
4947:
55:
1235:
1760:
1866:. A 2005 U.S. EPA report gives road vehicles as the second largest source of VOCs in the U.S. at 26% and 19% are from non road equipment which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations. 27% of VOC emissions are from solvents which are used in the manufacturer of paints and paint thinners and other uses.
1670:
In aircraft gas turbine engines, "exhaust gas temperature" (EGT) is a primary measure of engine health. Typically the EGT is compared with a primary engine power indication called "engine pressure ratio" (EPR). For example: at full power EPR there will be a maximum permitted EGT limit. Once an engine
3155:
IPCC, 2013: Summary for
Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V.
1354:
In 2000, the United States
Environmental Protection Agency began to implement more stringent emissions standards for light duty vehicles. The requirements were phased in beginning with 2004 vehicles and all new cars and light trucks were required to meet the updated standards by the end of 2007.
1621:
The 10% oxygen for "diesel" is likely if the engine was idling, e.g. in a test rig. It is much less if the engine is running under load, although diesel engines always operate with an excess of air over fuel. The CO content for petrol engines varies from ≈15 ppm for well tuned engine with fuel
2155:
Researchers from the
University of California, Los Angeles School of Public Health say preliminary results of their statistical study of children listed in the California Cancer Registry born between 1998 and 2007 found that traffic pollution may be associated with a 5% to 15% increase in the
1912:, which blocks the transport of oxygen. At concentrations above 1000ppm it is considered immediately dangerous and is the most immediate health hazard from running engines in a poorly ventilated space. In 2011, 52% of carbon monoxide emissions were created by mobile vehicles in the U.S.
2006:
installed, while the United States has mandated it for diesel only. In 2022, British testing specialist
Emissions Analytics estimated that the 300 million or so gasoline vehicles in the US over the subsequent decade would emit around 1.6 septillion harmful particles.
1130:(MIT) indicates that 53,000 early deaths occur per year in the United States alone because of vehicle emissions. According to another study from the same university, traffic fumes alone cause the death of 5,000 people every year just in the United Kingdom.
2146:
engines is that they produce smaller quantities of toxic pollutants (e.g. oxides of nitrogen) than petrol and diesel engines of the same power. They produce larger quantities of carbon dioxide but less carbon monoxide due to more efficient combustion.
2184:
is due to car emissions. Concentrations of pollutants emitted from combustion engines may be particularly high around signalized intersections because of idling and accelerations. Computer models often miss this kind of detail.
2333:
Caiazzo, Fabio; Ashok, Akshay; Waitz, Ian A.; Yim, Steve H.L.; Barrett, Steven R.H. (November 2013). "Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005".
4683:
778:
2139:) of marine exhaust gases. The regulations on marine sulfur dioxide emissions are tightening, however only a small number of special areas worldwide have been designated for low sulfur diesel fuel use only.
4908:
957:
3200:
4903:
952:
1799:
vapor and related particles. Small particles can penetrate deeply into sensitive lung tissue and damage it, causing premature death in extreme cases. Inhalation of NO species increases the risk of
1986:. Because of the size of the particles, they can penetrate the deepest part of the lungs. A 2011 UK study estimates 90 deaths per year due to passenger vehicle PM. In a 2006 publication, the
3410:
Scientific Study of
Harmful Effects of Diesel Exhaust: Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short-Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers
1242:
During the first two minutes after starting the engine of a car that has not been operated for several hours, the amount of emissions can be very high. This occurs for two main reasons:
1257:, which diminishes only as the engine reaches operating temperature. The duration of this start-up phase has been reduced by advances in materials and technology, including
3137:
1466:
the gases resulting from combustion of the fuel and air mix are called exhaust gases. The composition varies from petrol to diesel engines, but is around these levels:
2763:
2463:
3252:
2616:
1622:
injection and a catalytic converter up to 100,000 ppm (10%) for a richly tuned carburetor engine, such as typically found on small generators and garden equipment.
4921:
3168:
1726:
962:
1638:
vapour, which is corrosive, and when inhaled causes a muscular reaction making it impossible to breathe. People who are likely to be exposed to it should wear a
1815:
4616:
1040:
728:
2696:
2675:
2848:
4855:
5025:
4898:
3404:
2265:
1127:
947:
3414:
3380:
4186:
3998:
3443:
221:
4958:
4151:
4044:
3714:
348:
268:
1886:
1768:
4916:
4893:
4072:
3732:
3182:
2230:
942:
856:
298:
3110:
2306:
Omidvarborna; et al. (2014). "Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes".
4705:
4591:
4085:
4080:
1359:
United States Light-Duty
Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle—Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards (for Bin 5)
798:
703:
4885:
2280:
4966:
2791:
4631:
4368:
3758:
3567:
3364:
2205:
1033:
743:
506:
88:
3345:
2169:
1987:
1971:
1199:
4941:
4246:
2714:
2215:
1223:
978:
428:
2078:
There has been research into ways that troops in deserts can recover drinkable water from their vehicles' exhaust gases.
4417:
4166:
4146:
3898:
3638:
3572:
2488:
1457:
516:
368:
343:
138:
3295:
Int Panis L; et al. (2006). "Modelling instantaneous traffic emission and the influence of traffic speed limits".
4522:
4176:
2567:
Turner, MC; Krewski, D; Diver, WR; Pope CA, 3rd; Burnett, RT; Jerrett, M; Marshall, JD; Gapstur, SM (21 August 2017).
2260:
2235:
2043:
1348:
1281:
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency estimates of average passenger car emissions in the United States for April 2000
627:
378:
1878:, causing coughing, choking, and reduced lung capacity. It also has many negative effects throughout the ecosystem.
4850:
4773:
4181:
4011:
3841:
3562:
3534:
3352:
2387:
Pulkrabek W.W. (2004) Engineering
Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine. Pearson Prentice Hall, new Jersey
1258:
1219:
1108:
1026:
383:
233:
3395:
U.S. Department of Labor
Occupational Safety & Health Administration: Safety and Health Topics: Diesel Exhaust
4653:
4611:
4573:
4138:
3932:
2285:
2157:
2143:
2003:
1897:
1855:
1376:
1166:) (except for fuels without carbon); these are not toxic or noxious (although water vapor and carbon dioxide are
758:
723:
683:
336:
303:
153:
3270:
4648:
4171:
4112:
4023:
3547:
3436:
753:
373:
308:
245:
3169:"Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars"
2419:"Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle -- Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards"
2880:
2034:
concentrations in the atmosphere which according to the vast majority of the scientific community is causing
4860:
4626:
4156:
3707:
3653:
3597:
3577:
783:
738:
358:
2623:
1846:
5005:
4819:
4209:
3504:
2200:
2112:
2091:
921:
408:
1803:
and colorectal cancer. and inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases such as
4789:
4621:
4497:
4405:
4095:
3988:
3788:
3154:
2866:
2610:
1463:
1268:
891:
733:
599:
511:
208:
4950:
2002:). In Chinese, European, and Indian markets, both diesel and gasoline vehicles are required to have a
1741:
terminology the exhaust is steam that is now so low in pressure that it can no longer do useful work.
4596:
4251:
3947:
3304:
3074:
2343:
1249:: When a cold engine is started, the fuel does not vaporize completely, creating higher emissions of
433:
166:
2656:"The Regional Transport of Ozone: New EPA Rulemaking on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (EPA-456/F-98-006)"
1950:. Benzene causes leukemia and is associated with other blood cancers and pre-cancers of the blood.
4663:
4601:
4568:
4507:
4439:
4304:
4299:
4277:
3851:
3429:
2181:
2128:
1215:
1174:). A relatively small part of combustion gas is undesirable, noxious, or toxic substances, such as
768:
713:
678:
604:
531:
481:
476:
461:
118:
2103:
contained in the exhaust gases from vehicles as well as from industrial flue gas stacks and other
1684:
5030:
4976:
4937:
4870:
4845:
4840:
4658:
4535:
4329:
4201:
3965:
3836:
3763:
3700:
3557:
2999:
Babadjouni, RM; Hodis, DM; Radwanski, R; Durazo, R; Patel, A; Liu, Q; Mack, WJ (September 2017).
2520:"Lung Cancer and Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide and Traffic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2220:
1967:
1920:
1875:
1828:
1582:
1445:
1002:
763:
639:
401:
183:
123:
93:
36:
4865:
4725:
4545:
4454:
4422:
4339:
4292:
4219:
4191:
3960:
3955:
3753:
3612:
3592:
3552:
3320:
3092:
3030:
2981:
2932:
2830:
2757:
2598:
2549:
2255:
2225:
2096:
2087:
1909:
1705:
1093:
651:
574:
567:
521:
388:
178:
173:
83:
2418:
5010:
4971:
4809:
4710:
4668:
4636:
4530:
4484:
4444:
4351:
4319:
4287:
4272:
4256:
4231:
4016:
3970:
3676:
3494:
3312:
3082:
3020:
3012:
2971:
2963:
2922:
2914:
2822:
2588:
2580:
2539:
2531:
2351:
2315:
997:
911:
808:
748:
634:
587:
536:
496:
471:
456:
438:
413:
353:
238:
188:
3409:
2777:
2518:
Hamra, GB; Laden, F; Cohen, AJ; Raaschou-Nielsen, O; Brauer, M; Loomis, D (November 2015).
4673:
4583:
4549:
4434:
4388:
4314:
4241:
4161:
4064:
4006:
3861:
3681:
3663:
3587:
3114:
2275:
2038:. Motor vehicles are calculated to generate about 20% of the European Union's man-made CO
1901:
1569:
1254:
1175:
1138:
696:
656:
526:
491:
423:
363:
291:
228:
128:
2054:
emissions figure dropped by 5.4% in the year to the first quarter of 2010, down to 145.6
2050:
emissions of new passenger cars and light vehicles. The
European Union average new car CO
3399:
3372:
3308:
3078:
2370:
2347:
5015:
4986:
4720:
4606:
4563:
4557:
4553:
4398:
4383:
4334:
4324:
4236:
4090:
3846:
3817:
3607:
3524:
3025:
3000:
2976:
2951:
2927:
2902:
2593:
2568:
2544:
2519:
2436:
2245:
2035:
2023:
2019:
1776:
1653:
1607:
1556:
1507:
1441:
1191:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1089:
1014:
818:
718:
673:
666:
661:
418:
113:
2826:
5020:
4999:
4740:
4641:
4427:
4356:
4128:
3876:
3740:
3452:
3218:
2799:
2464:"Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Operating Fossil Fuel Engines Inside Buildings (AEN-206)"
2195:
2173:
2116:
2104:
1999:
1943:
1874:
Ozone is beneficial in the upper atmosphere, but at ground level ozone irritates the
1764:
1709:
1701:
1119:
1104:
833:
323:
318:
313:
71:
3316:
3113:. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Commission. 2006. Archived from
2637:
4761:
4735:
4715:
4539:
4502:
4466:
4102:
4049:
3925:
3881:
3866:
3795:
3602:
3542:
3519:
3341:
3063:"Air Quality Impacts of Climate Mitigation: UK Policy and Passenger Vehicle Choice"
2398:"Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks"
2355:
2270:
2250:
2108:
2067:
1738:
1631:
1417:
1085:
1084:. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an
866:
828:
813:
644:
609:
554:
273:
133:
60:
2918:
1190:, but typically shown simply as "HC" on emissions-test slips) from unburnt fuel,
4698:
4693:
4378:
4373:
4344:
4309:
4282:
3643:
3484:
3474:
2722:
1979:
1939:
1800:
1796:
1635:
1594:
1520:
1250:
1179:
1073:
1065:
788:
486:
466:
3238:
3138:"Lacking filters, U.S. cars set to emit a septillion more particles - research"
3016:
2967:
2319:
4875:
4492:
3807:
3800:
3783:
3768:
3633:
3158:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
2569:"Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II"
2397:
2210:
2131:
in cars intend to break down the pollution of exhaust gases using a catalyst.
1905:
1808:
1697:
1061:
838:
594:
98:
2496:
1226:. EGT is also a measure of engine health in gas-turbine engines (see below).
4804:
4756:
4730:
4678:
4512:
4474:
4224:
4214:
3886:
3748:
3723:
3671:
3628:
3479:
3405:
Diesel Exhaust Particulates: Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen
2100:
1947:
1827:
came from on road motor vehicles, with the second largest contributor being
1804:
1788:
1112:
906:
861:
823:
773:
708:
614:
78:
44:
3394:
3324:
3096:
3034:
3001:"Clinical effects of air pollution on the central nervous system; a review"
2985:
2936:
2834:
2602:
2553:
17:
3353:"California Air Pollution Kills More People Than Car Crashes, Study Shows"
2745:
54:
4449:
4393:
4054:
3903:
3871:
3648:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3469:
2240:
2132:
2124:
2120:
1904:
is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic. It combines with
1689:
1639:
1494:
1147:
1077:
1069:
1057:
278:
2950:
Bourdrel, T; Bind, MA; Béjot, Y; Morel, O; Argacha, JF (November 2017).
2535:
2030:
emissions are part of the anthropogenic contribution to the growth of CO
4410:
3913:
3891:
3778:
3773:
3582:
3514:
3253:"Smog Exposure During Pregnancy Might Raise Child's Cancer Risk: Study"
2721:. United States Geological Survey (USGS). 12 April 2013. Archived from
1998:
emissions came from the exhaust of on-road motor vehicles (mostly from
1928:
1924:
1835:
1792:
3087:
3062:
2813:
Omaye ST. (2002). "Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity".
2655:
1261:, shorter intake lengths, and pre-heating of fuel and/or inducted air.
4814:
4794:
4688:
4363:
3856:
2107:
exhaust sources in various large-scale industrial facilities such as
1975:
1890:
1533:
1267:: Catalytic converters are very inefficient until warmed up to their
1214:
Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) is important to the functioning of the
916:
896:
803:
793:
501:
2584:
1834:
The resulting nitric acid may be washed into soil, where it becomes
3241:
AP 42, Fifth Edition, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
1630:
Exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine whose fuel includes
1234:
4824:
4766:
4107:
4039:
3937:
3829:
2644:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 February 2013.
2425:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 14 November 2012.
1983:
1900:
is the most common type of fatal air poisoning in many countries.
1885:
1859:
1845:
1759:
1758:
1683:
1672:
1440:
1233:
1137:
926:
871:
263:
2855:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
2703:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
2697:"State and County Emission Summaries: Volatile Organic Compounds"
2682:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 25 October 2013.
27:
Gases emitted as a result of fuel reactions in combustion engines
4799:
3920:
3908:
3824:
3455:
2869:. Automobile Association Developments Limited. 23 February 2012.
2661:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 1998.
2407:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 19 August 2015.
2177:
2160:
study found that diesel fumes cause an increase in lung cancer.
2055:
1863:
1657:
1203:
1123:
1081:
901:
148:
143:
108:
3696:
3425:
3421:
1784:
59:
This diesel-powered truck emits an exhaust gas full of black
3692:
2123:
production plants. However, these are often referred to as
1974:
have been widely studied in humans and animals and include
3047:
Region 4: Laboratory and Field Operations — PM 2.5 (2008).
2867:"Exhaust emissions: What comes out of your car's exhaust?"
1850:
Non-road equipment is mostly gasoline and diesel stations.
3183:"EU Average New Car CO2 Emissions Down 5.4 Percent in Q1"
2438:
Self-Study Programme 230: Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions
3400:
Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust
3111:"Transportation Air Quality: Selected Facts and Figures"
2371:"Traffic pollution kills 5,000 a year in UK, says study"
3365:"Automotive Exhaust Chemicals: disease causing effects"
2042:
emissions, with passenger cars contributing about 12%.
1942:. It can also cause excessive bleeding and depress the
1858:(VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, ground level
3201:"recovering water from diesel exhaust - Google Search"
2849:"State and County Emission Summaries: Carbon Monoxide"
2676:"State and County Emission Summaries: Nitrogen Oxides"
1893:
satellite computer image of carbon monoxide March 2010
2468:
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
1688:
What looks like exhaust from jet engines is actually
1265:
Inefficient catalytic converter under cold conditions
1096:. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an
1990:(FHWA) state that in 2002 about 1 per-cent of all PM
4884:
4833:
4782:
4749:
4582:
4521:
4483:
4465:
4265:
4200:
4137:
4063:
4032:
3997:
3981:
3946:
3739:
3662:
3621:
3533:
3462:
3387:. Union of Concerned Scientists. 3 September 2013.
2792:"Ecosystem Effects | Ground-level Ozone | US EPA"
2901:Kurt, OK; Zhang, J; Pinkerton, KE (March 2016).
2890:. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
2135:in ships intend to remove the sulfur dioxide (SO
1247:Rich air-fuel ratio requirement in cold engines
1118:Motor vehicle emissions are a common source of
3219:"EPA Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act"
1831:which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations.
1198:) from excessive combustion temperatures, and
1122:and are a major ingredient in the creation of
3708:
3437:
3136:Lewis, Barbara; Carey, Nick (27 April 2022).
2308:Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
1787:) (whether produced this way or naturally by
1034:
8:
2762:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1115:blow-by and evaporation of unused gasoline.
2903:"Pulmonary health effects of air pollution"
2615:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1351:EURO III as it was applied in October 2000
1146:The largest part of most combustion gas is
1126:in some large cities. A 2013 study by the
3715:
3701:
3693:
3444:
3430:
3422:
3061:Mazzi, Eric A.; Dowlatabadi, Hadi (2007).
2691:
2689:
2670:
2668:
1041:
1027:
931:
53:
31:
3371:. Environmed Research Inc. Archived from
3271:"IARC Diesel engine exhaust carcinogenic"
3086:
3024:
2975:
2952:"Cardiovascular effects of air pollution"
2926:
2592:
2543:
2172:found in studies that 50% or more of the
1821:
1795:, moisture, and other compounds to form
1468:
1357:
1279:
1158:O) (except with pure-carbon fuels), and
4856:Pollutant release and transfer register
3171:. European Commission. 7 February 2007.
2298:
970:
934:
43:
3067:Environmental Science & Technology
2755:
2608:
3415:Diesel exhaust: what you need to know
3051:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
2907:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
2266:Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy
1838:, which is useful to growing plants.
1128:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
4946:
4187:Electromagnetic radiation and health
2778:"Air Quality Planning and Standards"
1422:0.015 grams/mile (0.0092 g/km)
1382:0.075 grams/mile (0.046 g/km)
4962:
4954:
4045:Radium and radon in the environment
2956:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
2715:"Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)"
1988:U.S. Federal Highway Administration
1982:, cardiovascular issues, premature
1862:is formed, a primary ingredient in
1409:0.05 grams/mile (0.0305 g/km)
269:Radium and radon in the environment
2719:Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
2423:Emission Standards Reference Guide
2231:Environmental effects of transport
2196:Air pollution#Most polluted cities
2142:One of the advantages claimed for
1854:When oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and
1311:20.9 grams/mile (13.06 g/km)
1259:computer-controlled fuel injection
25:
3381:"Cars, Trucks, and Air Pollution"
3351:Cone, Tracie (13 November 2008).
3251:Reinberg, Steven (9 April 2013).
2746:"Ozone Layer Protection - US EPA"
2573:Environmental Health Perspectives
2524:Environmental Health Perspectives
1916:Hazardous air pollutants (toxics)
1708:which in some applications shows
1452:Spark-ignition and Diesel engines
1327:1.39 grams/mile (0.87 g/km)
1300:2.80 grams/mile (1.75 g/km)
1178:(CO) from incomplete combustion,
4980:
4970:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4933:
4932:
3297:Science of the Total Environment
3005:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
2881:"Air Toxics from Motor Vehicles"
2622:
2281:United States emission standards
1335:Carbon dioxide - greenhouse gas
1008:
996:
3759:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3568:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
3317:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.017
2211:Automobile#Environmental impact
2206:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
2156:likelihood of some cancers. A
1818:study the largest emissions of
1473:Combustion-engine exhaust gases
1393:3.4 grams/mile (2.1 g/km)
1276:Passenger car emissions summary
1238:Steam from tailpipe of cold car
1107:emissions (and from stationary
89:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3346:California Air Resources Board
3189:. SoftNews NET. 19 April 2010.
3049:PM 2.5 Objectives and History.
2888:Transportation and Air Quality
2405:Transportation and Air Quality
2356:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.05.081
2170:California Air Resources Board
2066:Vehicle exhaust contains much
1680:Jet engines and rocket engines
1341:11,450 pounds (5,190 kg)
1060:is emitted as a result of the
958:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
5026:Transport and the environment
4247:Electrical resistance heating
2827:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00387-6
1224:exhaust gas temperature gauge
429:Electrical resistance heating
3899:Persistent organic pollutant
3639:Automatic transmission fluid
3573:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
3525:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
2919:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000248
1745:Main motor vehicle emissions
1458:Automobile emissions control
139:Persistent organic pollutant
63:when starting up the engine.
4909:Least polluted cities by PM
3156:Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)
2261:Mobile source air pollution
2236:European emission standards
2044:European emission standards
1972:airborne particulate matter
1946:, increasing the chance of
1437:Internal-combustion engines
1425:0.41 pounds (0.19 kg)
1349:European emission standards
1330:38.2 pounds (17.3 kg)
1303:77.1 pounds (35.0 kg)
1222:. It may be measured by an
1109:internal combustion engines
1103:It is a major component of
5047:
4851:Pollution haven hypothesis
4774:Brain health and pollution
4012:Ecological light pollution
3842:Internal combustion engine
3563:Dimethyl methylphosphonate
3017:10.1016/j.jocn.2017.04.028
2968:10.1016/j.acvd.2017.05.003
2489:"Race Fuel - Nitromethane"
2320:10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.020
2085:
1856:volatile organic compounds
1842:Volatile organic compounds
1651:
1455:
1412:1.4 pounds (0.64 kg)
1385:2.1 pounds (0.95 kg)
1377:Volatile organic compounds
1338:415 grams/mile (258 g/km)
1220:internal combustion engine
1111:), which can also include
4930:
4654:Nonpoint source pollution
4574:War and environmental law
3933:Volatile organic compound
3730:
2286:Vehicle emissions control
2158:World Health Organization
2144:advanced steam technology
1898:Carbon monoxide poisoning
1477:
1370:Annual pollution emitted
1314:575 pounds (261 kg)
1292:Annual pollution emitted
1142:Emission of gas at sunset
684:War and environmental law
304:Health effects from noise
154:Volatile organic compound
4113:Marine mammals and sonar
4024:Radio spectrum pollution
3548:Butylated hydroxytoluene
3342:Health and Air Pollution
2744:EPA, OAR, OAP, SPD, US.
1994:and 2 per-cent of all PM
1923:(long-term) exposure to
1182:(properly indicated as C
309:Marine mammals and sonar
4959:WikiProject Environment
4917:Most polluted countries
4861:Polluter pays principle
4592:Agricultural wastewater
3654:Windshield washer fluid
3598:Methyl tert-butyl ether
3578:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
3490:Lead Replacement Petrol
2336:Atmospheric Environment
1396:94 pounds (43 kg)
1210:Exhaust gas temperature
1080:, biodiesel blends, or
784:Freshwater salinization
704:Agricultural wastewater
4977:Environment portal
4210:Agricultural pollution
3505:Compressed natural gas
3391:About diesel exhaust:
2201:Alternative propulsion
2113:natural gas processing
2092:Vehicle-specific power
1954:Particulate matter (PM
1894:
1851:
1772:
1693:
1464:spark-ignition engines
1448:
1239:
1143:
1003:Environment portal
4632:Industrial wastewater
4498:Clutter (advertising)
4406:Municipal solid waste
4252:Soil guideline values
4096:Sustainable transport
3989:Information pollution
3789:Open burning of waste
1889:
1849:
1762:
1687:
1626:Nitromethane additive
1444:
1269:operating temperature
1237:
1141:
744:Industrial wastewater
512:Municipal solid waste
434:Soil guideline values
4904:Most polluted cities
4597:Biological pollution
4508:Overhead power lines
2853:Air Emission Sources
2701:Air emission sources
2680:Air emission sources
2493:www.turbofast.com.au
2129:Catalytic converters
2109:petroleum refineries
1882:Carbon monoxide (CO)
1347:Comparable with the
953:Most polluted cities
605:Overhead power lines
4967:WikiProject Ecology
4664:Ocean acidification
4569:Unexploded ordnance
4440:Post-consumer waste
4300:Foam food container
4278:Biodegradable waste
3852:Global distillation
3344:Publication of the
3309:2006ScTEn.371..270I
3079:2007EnST...41..387M
2725:on 5 September 2015
2536:10.1289/ehp.1408882
2348:2013AtmEn..79..198C
2182:Southern California
2082:Pollution reduction
2026:. Motor vehicle CO
1811:and heart disease.
1767:as viewed from the
1665:Gas-turbine engines
1360:
1282:
1216:catalytic converter
1170:that contribute to
769:Ocean acidification
679:Unexploded ordnance
600:Advertising clutter
532:Post-consumer waste
477:Foam food container
462:Biodegradable waste
119:Global distillation
4987:Ecology portal
4871:Waste minimisation
4846:Industrial ecology
4841:Cleaner production
4659:Nutrient pollution
4536:Herbicidal warfare
4330:Construction waste
3966:Introduced species
3837:Indoor air quality
3764:Chlorofluorocarbon
3558:1,2-Dichloroethane
3239:US EPA Publication
2444:. AUDI. April 2000
2221:Congestion pricing
2099:focus on reducing
2097:Emission standards
2011:Carbon dioxide (CO
1895:
1876:respiratory system
1852:
1829:non-road equipment
1773:
1769:World Trade Center
1706:propelling nozzles
1694:
1583:particulate matter
1449:
1446:Automobile exhaust
1358:
1280:
1240:
1200:particulate matter
1144:
1015:Ecology portal
640:Herbicidal warfare
184:Introduced species
124:Indoor air quality
94:Chlorofluorocarbon
61:particulate matter
4993:
4992:
4866:Pollution control
4546:Nuclear holocaust
4455:Thermal treatment
4423:Plastic pollution
4340:Mercury poisoning
4293:Battery recycling
4192:Radioactive waste
3961:Genetic pollution
3956:Biological hazard
3754:Air quality index
3690:
3689:
3613:Tetranitromethane
3593:Metal deactivator
3553:1,2-Dibromoethane
3088:10.1021/es060517w
2256:Low-emission zone
2226:Emission standard
2164:Localised effects
2088:Air suction valve
1910:carboxyhemoglobin
1721:From burning coal
1619:
1618:
1429:
1428:
1345:
1344:
1154:), water vapor (H
1094:propelling nozzle
1070:gasoline (petrol)
1064:of fuels such as
1051:
1050:
986:
985:
652:Nuclear holocaust
575:Urban heat island
389:Radioactive waste
174:Biological hazard
84:Air quality index
16:(Redirected from
5038:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4975:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4948:
4936:
4935:
4810:Legacy pollution
4669:Oil exploitation
4531:Chemical warfare
4445:Waste management
4352:Industrial waste
4320:Biomedical waste
4288:Electronic waste
4273:Advertising mail
4257:Phytoremediation
4232:Land degradation
4017:Overillumination
3971:Invasive species
3717:
3710:
3703:
3694:
3677:MTBE controversy
3446:
3439:
3432:
3423:
3388:
3376:
3360:
3329:
3328:
3303:(1–3): 270–285.
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3205:www.google.co.uk
3197:
3191:
3190:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3028:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2798:. Archived from
2788:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2753:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2642:Nitrogen Dioxide
2634:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2596:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2499:on 13 March 2018
2495:. Archived from
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2314:(4): 2335–2342.
2303:
1826:
1612:possible traces
1469:
1390:Carbon Monoxide
1361:
1308:Carbon monoxide
1283:
1168:greenhouse gases
1043:
1036:
1029:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1001:
1000:
932:
635:Chemical warfare
537:Waste management
497:Industrial waste
472:Electronic waste
457:Advertising mail
439:Phytoremediation
414:Land degradation
354:Depleted uranium
239:Overillumination
189:Invasive species
57:
47:
32:
21:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5035:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4981:
4979:
4969:
4926:
4912:
4880:
4829:
4778:
4745:
4684:Pharmaceuticals
4674:Oil exploration
4578:
4550:Nuclear fallout
4517:
4479:
4461:
4435:Packaging waste
4389:Deep sea mining
4315:Hazardous waste
4261:
4242:Open defecation
4196:
4162:Nuclear fallout
4157:Nuclear fission
4133:
4059:
4028:
3999:Electromagnetic
3993:
3977:
3942:
3862:Ozone depletion
3735:
3726:
3721:
3691:
3686:
3682:Pay at the pump
3658:
3617:
3588:Ethylenediamine
3529:
3470:Gasoline/petrol
3458:
3450:
3379:
3375:on 5 July 2014.
3363:
3357:Huffington Post
3350:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3153:
3149:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3117:on 16 June 2006
3109:
3108:
3104:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3042:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2962:(11): 634–642.
2949:
2948:
2944:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2802:on 18 May 2012.
2790:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2754:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2607:
2585:10.1289/EHP1249
2566:
2565:
2561:
2530:(11): 1107–12.
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2276:Space jellyfish
2191:
2166:
2153:
2138:
2094:
2084:
2076:
2064:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2017:
2014:
2004:tailpipe filter
1997:
1993:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1936:
1932:
1918:
1902:Carbon monoxide
1884:
1872:
1844:
1825:
1819:
1782:
1777:nitrogen oxides
1757:
1755:
1747:
1735:
1723:
1718:
1704:, exhaust from
1682:
1667:
1660:
1648:
1628:
1570:carbon monoxide
1557:nitrogen oxides
1545:Trace elements
1475:
1460:
1454:
1439:
1434:
1406:
1324:
1278:
1255:carbon monoxide
1232:
1212:
1197:
1192:nitrogen oxides
1189:
1185:
1176:carbon monoxide
1165:
1157:
1153:
1136:
1047:
1009:
1007:
995:
988:
987:
887:
879:
878:
852:
844:
843:
779:Pharmaceuticals
759:Nonpoint source
699:
689:
688:
657:Nuclear fallout
630:
620:
619:
590:
580:
579:
570:
560:
559:
550:
542:
541:
527:Packaging waste
492:Hazardous waste
452:
444:
443:
404:
394:
393:
364:Nuclear fallout
359:Nuclear fission
339:
329:
328:
294:
284:
283:
259:
251:
250:
224:
222:Electromagnetic
214:
213:
204:
196:
195:
169:
159:
158:
129:Ozone depletion
74:
64:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5044:
5042:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
4998:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4899:Law by country
4896:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4721:Surface runoff
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4607:Eutrophication
4604:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4564:Scorched earth
4561:
4558:nuclear winter
4554:nuclear famine
4543:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4399:Uranium mining
4396:
4391:
4386:
4384:Surface mining
4381:
4376:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4335:Lead poisoning
4332:
4327:
4325:Chemical waste
4322:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:Bioremediation
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4206:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Bioremediation
4149:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:Transportation
4069:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3847:Global dimming
3844:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3818:Diesel exhaust
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3608:Tetraethyllead
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3535:Fuel additives
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3385:Clean Vehicles
3377:
3361:
3348:
3337:
3336:External links
3334:
3331:
3330:
3287:
3262:
3243:
3231:
3210:
3192:
3174:
3160:
3147:
3128:
3102:
3053:
3040:
2991:
2942:
2893:
2872:
2858:
2840:
2821:(2): 139–150.
2805:
2783:
2769:
2736:
2706:
2685:
2664:
2647:
2629:
2559:
2510:
2480:
2455:
2428:
2410:
2389:
2380:
2369:Roland Pease.
2361:
2325:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Kyoto Protocol
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2165:
2162:
2152:
2151:Health studies
2149:
2136:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2074:Water recovery
2072:
2063:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2036:climate change
2031:
2027:
2024:greenhouse gas
2020:Carbon dioxide
2016:
2012:
2009:
2000:diesel engines
1995:
1991:
1968:health effects
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1914:
1883:
1880:
1871:
1868:
1843:
1840:
1780:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1710:shock diamonds
1702:rocket engines
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1654:Diesel exhaust
1647:
1646:Diesel engines
1644:
1627:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1608:sulfur dioxide
1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1508:carbon dioxide
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1453:
1450:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:Emission Rate
1365:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:Emission Rate
1287:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1231:
1228:
1211:
1208:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1172:climate change
1163:
1160:carbon dioxide
1155:
1151:
1135:
1132:
1090:flue gas stack
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1005:
990:
989:
984:
983:
982:
981:
973:
972:
968:
967:
966:
965:
960:
955:
950:
948:Law by country
945:
937:
936:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
875:
874:
869:
859:
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
819:Surface runoff
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
719:Eutrophication
716:
711:
706:
700:
695:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
681:
676:
674:Scorched earth
671:
670:
669:
667:Nuclear winter
664:
662:Nuclear famine
659:
649:
648:
647:
637:
631:
626:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
591:
586:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
571:
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
419:Bioremediation
416:
411:
405:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
349:Bioremediation
346:
340:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
299:Transportation
295:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
246:Radio spectrum
243:
242:
241:
236:
225:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
192:
191:
181:
176:
170:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
114:Global dimming
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
70:
69:
66:
65:
58:
50:
49:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5043:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Air pollution
5004:
5003:
5001:
4988:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4741:Water quality
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Traffic signs
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4428:Microplastics
4426:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4418:Nanomaterials
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4357:Lead smelting
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4177:Radioactivity
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4129:Noise control
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Metal working
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3187:autoevolution
3184:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:(2): 387–92.
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:(2): 138–43.
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:(8): 087013.
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Clean Air Act
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:air pollution
2171:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:petrochemical
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:air pollution
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2045:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:immune system
1941:
1937:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:) react with
1790:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1765:New York City
1761:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1733:Steam engines
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:will contain
1633:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:Hydrocarbons
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1149:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:air pollution
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:motor vehicle
1101:
1099:
1098:exhaust plume
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1006:
1004:
999:
994:
993:
992:
991:
980:
977:
976:
975:
974:
969:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
940:
939:
938:
933:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
883:
882:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
848:
847:
840:
837:
835:
834:Water quality
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
698:
693:
692:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
654:
653:
650:
646:
643:
642:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
624:
623:
616:
613:
611:
610:Traffic signs
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
584:
583:
576:
573:
572:
569:
564:
563:
556:
553:
552:
546:
545:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
517:Nanomaterials
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
448:
447:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
403:
398:
397:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
379:Radioactivity
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
333:
332:
325:
324:Soundproofing
322:
320:
319:Noise control
317:
315:
314:Noise barrier
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
293:
288:
287:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
255:
254:
247:
244:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
218:
217:
210:
207:
206:
200:
199:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
168:
163:
162:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
73:
68:
67:
62:
56:
52:
51:
48:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4820:Point source
4762:Heavy metals
4736:Urban runoff
4716:Sulfur water
4694:Septic tanks
4540:Agent Orange
4394:Mining waste
4220:Manure waste
4050:Volcanic ash
3926:Black carbon
3882:Oil refining
3867:Particulates
3812:
3796:Construction
3603:Nitromethane
3543:Butyl rubber
3520:Butanol fuel
3384:
3373:the original
3369:Alpha Online
3368:
3356:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3278:. Retrieved
3274:
3265:
3256:
3246:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3213:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3177:
3163:
3150:
3141:
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3115:the original
3105:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3008:
3004:
2994:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2887:
2875:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2800:the original
2795:
2786:
2772:
2749:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2723:the original
2718:
2709:
2700:
2679:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2611:cite journal
2576:
2572:
2562:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2501:. Retrieved
2497:the original
2492:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2467:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2437:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2364:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2271:Rolling coal
2251:Landfill gas
2167:
2154:
2141:
2095:
2077:
2068:water vapour
2065:
2062:Water vapour
2046:limit the CO
2018:
1970:of inhaling
1965:
1919:
1896:
1873:
1853:
1833:
1822:
1813:
1774:
1752:
1739:steam engine
1736:
1695:
1632:nitromethane
1629:
1620:
1595:hydrocarbons
1472:
1461:
1418:Formaldehyde
1403:
1353:
1346:
1321:
1264:
1251:hydrocarbons
1246:
1241:
1230:Cold engines
1213:
1180:hydrocarbons
1145:
1117:
1102:
1097:
1086:exhaust pipe
1053:
1052:
922:Point source
867:Heavy metals
829:Urban runoff
814:Sulfur water
789:Septic tanks
645:Agent Orange
555:Space debris
409:Agricultural
274:Volcanic ash
134:Particulates
103:
29:
4790:Area source
4699:Pit latrine
4622:Groundwater
4379:Gold mining
4374:Coal mining
4345:Toxic waste
4310:Green waste
4283:Brown waste
4266:Solid waste
3813:Exhaust gas
3644:Brake fluid
3495:Electricity
3485:Biogasoline
2796:www.epa.gov
2342:: 198–208.
2119:plants and
1980:lung cancer
1940:bone marrow
1908:to produce
1801:lung cancer
1797:nitric acid
1716:Other types
1698:jet engines
1636:nitric acid
1589:< 0.045
1577:< 0.045
1521:water vapor
1478:% of total
1134:Composition
1074:diesel fuel
1066:natural gas
1054:Exhaust gas
892:Area source
734:Groundwater
487:Green waste
467:Brown waste
451:Solid waste
209:Information
104:Exhaust gas
18:Car exhaust
5000:Categories
4942:by country
4938:Categories
4876:Zero waste
4757:Pollutants
4711:Stagnation
4649:Monitoring
4617:Freshwater
4493:Air travel
4305:Food waste
4225:Pesticides
4215:Herbicides
4119:Industrial
3948:Biological
3808:Demolition
3801:Renovation
3784:Joss paper
3769:Combustion
3634:Antifreeze
3463:Fuel types
2815:Toxicology
2503:23 January
2293:References
2125:flue gases
2101:pollutants
2086:See also:
1938:) damages
1906:hemoglobin
1814:In a 2005
1809:bronchitis
1652:See also:
1615:< 0.03
1602:< 0.03
1599:< 0.25
1564:< 0.15
1561:< 0.25
1456:See also:
1364:Component
1286:Component
1062:combustion
979:By country
971:Categories
862:Pollutants
839:Wastewater
809:Stagnation
754:Monitoring
729:Freshwater
595:Air travel
482:Food waste
424:Defecation
234:Ecological
167:Biological
99:Combustion
35:Part of a
5031:Pollution
4834:Responses
4805:Garbology
4731:Turbidity
4679:Oil spill
4612:Firewater
4513:Vandalism
4475:Satellite
4172:Poisoning
4167:Plutonium
4147:Actinides
4139:Radiation
3887:Wood dust
3749:Acid rain
3724:Pollution
3672:Fuel card
3629:Motor oil
3480:Biodiesel
3011:: 16–24.
2133:Scrubbers
1948:infection
1805:emphysema
1789:lightning
1779:NO and NO
1690:contrails
1548:< 0.6
1483:Compound
1113:crankcase
907:Garbology
824:Turbidity
774:Oil spill
724:Firewater
709:Biosolids
615:Vandalism
374:Poisoning
369:Plutonium
344:Actinides
337:Radiation
79:Acid rain
46:Pollution
4922:Treaties
4894:Diseases
4706:Shipping
4602:Diseases
4450:Landfill
4125:Abstract
4122:Military
4055:Wildfire
3904:Smelting
3872:Asbestos
3649:Gear oil
3510:Hydrogen
3500:Kerosene
3325:17049967
3121:14 April
3097:17310696
3035:28528896
2986:28735838
2937:26761628
2835:12324190
2758:cite web
2638:"Health"
2603:28886601
2554:25870974
2448:23 March
2375:BBC News
2241:Flue gas
2189:See also
2121:chemical
2115:plants,
1816:U.S. EPA
1763:Smog in
1727:Flue gas
1640:gas mask
1495:nitrogen
1202:(mostly
1148:nitrogen
1078:fuel oil
1058:flue gas
963:Treaties
943:Diseases
799:Shipping
764:Nutrient
714:Diseases
279:Wildfire
5011:Engines
4951:Commons
4726:Thermal
4627:Hypoxia
4411:Garbage
4182:Uranium
4033:Natural
3982:Digital
3914:Aerosol
3892:Welding
3779:Biomass
3774:Biofuel
3733:History
3583:Ecalene
3515:Ethanol
3305:Bibcode
3280:18 June
3275:iarc.fr
3224:18 June
3142:Reuters
3075:Bibcode
3026:5544553
2977:5963518
2928:4776742
2594:5783657
2545:4629738
2473:18 June
2344:Bibcode
1925:benzene
1921:Chronic
1836:nitrate
1793:ammonia
1771:in 1988
1489:Diesel
1486:Petrol
857:History
739:Hypoxia
568:Thermal
522:Plastic
384:Uranium
258:Natural
203:Digital
179:Genetic
4815:Midden
4795:Debris
4750:Topics
4689:Sewage
4642:debris
4637:Marine
4485:Visual
4369:Mining
4364:Litter
3857:Mining
3664:Retail
3622:Fluids
3475:Diesel
3323:
3257:USNews
3095:
3033:
3023:
2984:
2974:
2935:
2925:
2833:
2750:US EPA
2729:2 June
2601:
2591:
2552:
2542:
1976:asthma
1958:and PM
1891:MOPITT
1574:1 - 2
1551:~ 0.3
1534:oxygen
1375:NMOG (
1218:of an
917:Midden
912:Legacy
897:Debris
851:Topics
804:Sludge
794:Sewage
749:Marine
588:Visual
507:Mining
502:Litter
37:series
5016:Gases
4886:Lists
4825:Waste
4767:Paint
4584:Water
4467:Space
4108:Sonar
4103:Urban
4081:Water
4065:Noise
4040:Ozone
4007:Light
3938:Waste
3830:Smoke
3456:fuels
3453:Motor
2884:(PDF)
2659:(PDF)
2442:(PDF)
2401:(PDF)
2180:) in
2022:is a
1984:death
1870:Ozone
1860:ozone
1775:Mono-
1673:ACARS
1432:Types
1092:, or
935:Lists
927:Waste
872:Paint
697:Water
549:Space
292:Noise
264:Ozone
229:Light
5021:Smog
4800:Dust
4783:Misc
4202:Soil
4091:Rail
4077:Land
3921:Soot
3909:Smog
3825:Haze
3321:PMID
3282:2023
3226:2023
3123:2010
3093:PMID
3031:PMID
2982:PMID
2933:PMID
2831:PMID
2764:link
2731:2014
2617:link
2599:PMID
2550:PMID
2505:2008
2475:2023
2450:2012
2178:smog
2168:The
2090:and
2056:g/km
1966:The
1864:smog
1807:and
1700:and
1658:Soot
1656:and
1253:and
1204:soot
1124:smog
1082:coal
902:Dust
886:Misc
402:Soil
149:Soot
144:Smog
109:Haze
4911:2.5
4523:War
4086:Air
3741:Air
3313:doi
3301:371
3083:doi
3021:PMC
3013:doi
2972:PMC
2964:doi
2960:110
2923:PMC
2915:doi
2823:doi
2819:180
2589:PMC
2581:doi
2577:125
2540:PMC
2532:doi
2528:123
2352:doi
2316:doi
1996:2.5
1960:2.5
1785:NOx
1737:In
1696:In
1540:10
1528:11
1525:13
1515:12
1512:14
1502:67
1499:71
1462:In
1206:).
1194:(NO
1162:(CO
1056:or
628:War
72:Air
5002::
4944:)
4556:-
4552:-
3383:.
3367:.
3355:.
3319:.
3311:.
3299:.
3273:.
3255:.
3203:.
3185:.
3140:.
3091:.
3081:.
3071:41
3069:.
3065:.
3029:.
3019:.
3009:43
3007:.
3003:.
2980:.
2970:.
2958:.
2954:.
2931:.
2921:.
2911:22
2909:.
2905:.
2886:.
2851:.
2829:.
2817:.
2794:.
2760:}}
2756:{{
2748:.
2717:.
2699:.
2688:^
2678:.
2667:^
2640:.
2613:}}
2609:{{
2597:.
2587:.
2575:.
2571:.
2548:.
2538:.
2526:.
2522:.
2491:.
2466:.
2421:.
2403:.
2373:.
2350:.
2340:79
2338:.
2310:.
2127:.
2111:,
2070:.
2058:.
1992:10
1978:,
1956:10
1820:NO
1750:NO
1712:.
1642:.
1401:NO
1379:)
1319:NO
1150:(N
1100:.
1088:,
1076:,
1072:,
1068:,
39:on
4940:(
4560:)
4548:(
4542:)
4538:(
3716:e
3709:t
3702:v
3445:e
3438:t
3431:v
3359:.
3327:.
3315::
3307::
3284:.
3259:.
3228:.
3207:.
3144:.
3125:.
3099:.
3085::
3077::
3037:.
3015::
2988:.
2966::
2939:.
2917::
2837:.
2825::
2780:.
2766:)
2752:.
2733:.
2619:)
2605:.
2583::
2556:.
2534::
2507:.
2477:.
2452:.
2377:.
2358:.
2354::
2346::
2322:.
2318::
2312:2
2176:(
2137:2
2052:2
2048:2
2040:2
2032:2
2028:2
2015:)
2013:2
1962:)
1935:6
1933:H
1931:6
1929:C
1927:(
1823:x
1783:(
1781:2
1753:x
1692:.
1675:.
1404:X
1322:x
1196:x
1188:y
1186:H
1184:x
1164:2
1156:2
1152:2
1042:e
1035:t
1028:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
