296:. The men were carrying water to put out a fire in order to protect a missionary run dispensary. Thomas Christie could not immediately return to Tarsus. During the week he was away, some of the rioters went to Tarsus. Locals joined them in setting the Tarsus Armenian quarter on fire. Through Carmelite's efforts, the school survived despite protecting around 5,000 refugees on the grounds of the college. When regular soldiers began to join in with the violence and the mob turned toward the campus, Carmelite raised an American flag and refused the evacuation request of the consular saying, "I prefer to die with my students and the Armenian people than to hand them over to Turks and save myself." The campus was surrounded by the mob, which replaced the water in the fire extinguishing system with kerosene to torch the school and refugees, when word to cease the hostilities was received from the
272:, Carmelite wrote letters describing the events which were published in American newspapers. She reported on deaths, woundings, damage to the schools in Marash and threats to the missionary workers. Her reports were personal, having spent fifteen years among those who were living through the crisis and in one letter, she reported that she and her husband had been warned regarding violence which might spread to Tarsus. By August, the rioting had reached them, though the Christies were not at the school when it was looted. In the face of the ongoing violence, the family fled to
447:, graduating in 1908. Mary married Daniel Miner Rogers (1882-1909) and they joined her parents in Tarsus. After the death of Rogers, she returned with their child to the United States. In 1911 she returned to Tarsus to teach. She met her second husband William Nute and they married in Tarsus. Mary and her child returned to the States so William could complete his medical training. They returned to Turkey where Mary taught and William ran rural medical clinics, until their retirement, when she returned to California.
1304:
1251:
1220:
1174:
1143:
979:
353:). Her diary chronicled the stream of Armenians from all over Turkey that passed through Tarsus. Most were on foot and were being directed to Syria. She also noted the wounded coming back from the front and the conditions which ethnic Turks and Armenians suffered during the war. Thomas returned to briefly to Tarsus in 1919, not a well man.
366:
said the Blue Book was an exaggeration, events fabricated by missionaries and was clearly a piece of WWI British propaganda. They pointed out that
Toynbee pressured Rev. Rockwell for names, so as editor he could assure the reader these people existed. Toynbee did not get the names but included Mrs. Christie's entries.
337:
distributed relief supplies and chronicled events in a summary she sent to the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions after the war ended. In her summary, Carmelite chronicles how the Turkish Army requested use of their halls for regimental soldiers and officers, for use a hospital during the
308:
Carmelite was called upon to give constant care to the sick, the children of the refugees and orphans. However, within months of the events, the school was back in operation. Carmelite gave a glowing report of their progress under her leadership as acting president while her husband was back in the states.
345:
epidemic in 1915, and as a quarters to house
English prisoners of war. Carmelite negotiated with the authorities, making small concessions during the war which allowed them to keep operating the college. In addition, she provided aid to refugees, writing, "...100,000 exiles were said to have passed
263:
to take up a post at St. Paul's
College. Carmelite by character and situation assumed non-traditional roles overseas. As part of his duties, Thomas left Turkey to raise money or went to surrounding mission stations to support them. In addition to her family responsibilities, she was involved in the
365:
Reverend
Richard Walker Rockwell supplied Arnold Toynbee with what was reported to be a transcribed copy of Mrs. Christie's diary, with many peoples names omitted or noted with initials. Toynbee edited the "Blue Book" in 1916 and included some entries of Mrs. Christie. At the time, Turkish critics
361:
Carmelite made entries in a diary from 1868 to 1931. About 20 of these volumes, along with correspondence, address books and memorandums are in the
Minnesota Historical Society's archives. They have been used by historians and researchers. Her entries during her time at Tarsus are controversial in
307:
Thomas and
Gibbons returned to tell of Rogers' death to their own wives, and break the news to his daughter Mary and her infant child. Carmelite nursed and comforted the injured and dying, provided food for them and she and Helen Gibbons sewed clothes for infants. For two weeks after the violence,
412:
was given a trunk full of
Christie family letters in 1965. The Christie family was asked to give or make copies of other letters and diaries for a permanent Christie collection. In 2016, the collection occupies over 20 cubic feet for Thomas & his family and about the same for his father and
424:
Anna
Carmelite Christie (1875-1910) was born in Wisconsin and traveled to Turkey with her parents when they moved there. She had poor health and though schooled in both Europe and the United States, she spent much of her life living in the U.S. quietly pursuing musical interests and performing
336:
to request that the government not deport teachers or students. He was not allowed to return to Tarsus for the duration of the conflict. A short time later, Carmelite arranged for her family and future son-in-law to leave for
America but she stayed. During the War, she kept the college open,
256:, Turkey that same year, where he taught at the Central Turkey Theological Seminary. In addition to preparing young men for college in the period between 1877 and 1893, she expanded their family to include: Emerson Brewer, Mary Phelps, Paul Theodore, Agnes Emily, and Jean Ogilvy.
346:
Tarsus en route for regions beyond. Of these, we helped as many as we could with money, food and clothing where it was possible by protecting them. Some of these we hid, for others we found work that counted as Government service, and so saved them from being deported further."
413:
siblings. This collection includes Carmelite's continuous diary she kept from 1865 to 1931, giving important historical, first person accounts of the turbulent times of Turkey's history at the turn of the twentieth century through the First World War.
477:
in 1915. She returned to Turkey and taught in Constantinople. Jean was forced to stop teaching there in 1917 and worked with the YMCA in France. Jean helped her mother return to the United States and settle in California in 1920. She was a teacher at
381:. After the couple's daughter Agnes, who had been suffering from ill health, committed suicide in December 1919, the couple's youngest daughter, Jean, went to Tarsus to help her mother prepare to return to the United States. They made their home in
450:
Paul Theodore Christie (1883-1959) was born and raised in Turkey. As his siblings, he was sent away as a teenager for further education. Paul attended schools in Greece, Switzerland and Germany. He graduated from
1356:
190:, father of Justice Brewer, who was an early missionary and school founder sent by the American Board to Greece and Turkey. He was one reason Thomas and Carmelite ended up in Turkey.
1080:(in Turkish). Istanbul, Turkey: Türk Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ve İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları Derneği (Turkish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases). pp. 61–68.
983:
202:
1346:
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Agnes Emily Christie (1887-1919) attended schools in Europe and the United States, though her education was interrupted because of poor health at various times. Trained as a
428:
Emerson Brewer Christie (1878-1967) was a noted linguist and ethnologist. He graduated from Yale, taught at St. Paul's College and then in the Philippines. He also taught at
1351:
259:
Carmelite and the children returned to the Beloit for the period from 1888 to 1890 for the children's education and then returned to Turkey. In 1893 the family moved to
421:
Five of Carmelite's six surviving children were born in Turkey. The more notable have a common thread that echoed Carmelite's own life of social service and education.
1331:
386:
236:, while working on his master's degree, and she began their family with the births of their first two daughters, Elizabeth Norton. Thomas and his young family went to
463:
until World War II. He retired and during the war worked at a Grumman airplane factory as a riveter in California. He continued to teach swimming until he died.
171:
on 25 April 1852 to Elizabeth (née Pratt) and Rev. James Brewer. On her father's side of the family, she was descended from Captain John Brewer, veteran of the
159:, she refused to abandon the school, students and refugees who had fled there, guarding up to 5,000 people under her protection and hoisting the American flag.
148:
1336:
405:
Carmelite died on October 17, 1931, in Pasadena. She and Thomas are buried in Newton Cemetery (Massachusetts) in the American Missionary Board plot.
28:
1341:
1107:
1039:
460:
850:. American Research Institute in Turkey, Istanbul Center Library, online in Digital Library for International Research Archive. p. 2.
780:. American Research Institute in Turkey, Istanbul Center Library, online in Digital Library for International Research Archive. p. 2.
176:
1181:"Guide to the Brewer Family Papers" (Document). Yale University Libraries, New Haven, Connecticut: Sterling Memorial Library. 1965.
968:
888:
292:, Turkey on 13 April 1909. While they were there, Rogers and another missionary, Henry Maurer, were killed by gunfire during the
276:, and eventually Carmelite returned with the children to the United States between 1897 and 1898 for their safety and schooling.
1050:
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1258:
209:
to Lee County in 1847. James was a farmer and a principal of the new academy in Lee Center in 1850. He was ordained in 1859.
1361:
362:
the context of interpretation events surround Turkish, Armenian, Kurdish, Greek, various political and religious groups.
409:
237:
140:
377:
In 1919, Carmelite and Thomas returned to the United States, where briefly Thomas became pastor at the Union Church in
244:
in 1876. Thomas graduated and was ordained as a minister the next year. Carmelite was appointed as a missionary by the
851:
781:
1283:
245:
1278:
1231:
1227:
1004:
369:
In general, her diaries document her activities and her opinions about events around her, including her family.
1150:
444:
378:
221:
133:
1117:
349:
Carmelite made regular visits to families, local officials and the military (including several audiences with
1052:
Woman's who's who of America; a biographical dictionary of contemporary women of the United States and Canada
240:
for his further studies. Their daughter Anna Carmelite was born in there in 1875. Daughter Elizabeth died of
382:
233:
198:
1303:
1250:
1219:
1173:
1142:
429:
1006:
The Red Rugs of Tarsus: A Lady's Experiences in Turkey at the Time of the Armenian Persecutions 1909-1914
1194:
933:
439:
Mary Phelps Christie (1881-1975) was born in and spent a great deal of her life in Turkey. She attended
285:
172:
121:
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1321:
390:
168:
674:
672:
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and another law which allowed expropriation and confiscation of Armenian property was passed by the
1199:
1154:
288:
and her husband went to the annual conference of Armenian ministers and expatriate missionaries in
265:
213:
206:
183:
1069:
934:"Forty-three years in Turkey: An appreciation of Thomas Davidson Christie, D.D., LL.D., of Tarsus"
205:. After graduation he taught in schools in the South. He joined his brother Ira after riding from
995:
479:
456:
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269:
144:
1103:
1097:
1056:
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964:
884:
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474:
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179:
152:
1261:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. 1965. catalog #001729315. Archived from
1031:
1182:
467:
452:
194:
27:
1122:
232:
Carmelite joined her new husband in Wisconsin, where he taught at Beloit College and the
1099:
Witnessing Their Faith: Religious Influence on Supreme Court Justices and Their Opinions
1296:
1243:
1212:
1166:
1135:
333:
317:
301:
293:
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125:
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in Wisconsin. She taught school in Lee Center until she married a graduate of Beloit,
128:
from 1877 to 1920 and served as the acting president of the St. Paul's College during
1315:
1024:
436:. He was Chief of the US State Department's Bureau of Translation from 1928 to 1944.
241:
187:
111:
Letters & diaries about her daily life in Turkey in both peace and troubled times
1186:
944:(10). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Missionary Review Publishing Company, Inc.: 788–796
1262:
482:
and at the University of California, Berkeley. She was married to Eugene V. Lien.
328:
in May 1915. Teachers and students at St. Paul's were ordered to leave Tarsus for
958:
874:
350:
297:
129:
916:
840:
770:
264:
activities of St. Paul's College and the education of women and a supporter of
1078:
Klimik 2005 XII. Türk Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ve İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları Kongresı
321:
1060:
1014:
470:, she worked in that field until she became depressed and committed suicide.
839:
Christie, Thomas Davidson; Amerikan Bord Heyeti (American Board), Istanbul.
560:
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389:. Thomas died in 1921. In the last years of her life, Carmelite lived in
1259:"Thomas and Carmelite Christie and Family: An Inventory of Their Papers"
769:
Christie, Sarah C. B.; Amerikan Bord Heyeti (American Board), Istanbul.
980:
Report of St. Paul's College and Academy for the School-years 1914-1919
338:
273:
1072:[Observations on Mourning and Deaths in the First World War]
342:
253:
316:
The Christies were at St. Paul's when the Ottoman Empire joined the
132:. She was the college's sole American caretaker, though her husband
1091:. Vol. 44. Boston, Massachusetts: The Jordan & More Press.
329:
289:
252:
in 1877. Thomas, Carmelite and their young daughter Anna moved to
1070:"Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Salgınlar ve Ölümler Üzerine Gözlemler"
101:
Assisting Armenians in 1895, 1909 and 1915-1919 in Tarsus Turkey
678:
600:
1030:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p.
564:
216:, a progressive academy. Rockford was the sister college of
143:
Christie Collection and provide a first-hand account of the
960:
The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916
876:
The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916
645:
1055:. New York, New York: The American Commonwealth Company.
630:
588:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
167:
Sarah Carmelite Brewer, known as Carmelite, was born in
459:
in 1907. He was a French teacher and athletic coach at
1026:
Judgement Unto Truth: Witnessing the Armenian Genocide
1357:
Congregationalist missionaries in the Ottoman Empire
984:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
203:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
753:
284:Carmelite's son-in-law Rev. Miner Rogers, Reverend
105:
97:
89:
81:
73:
57:
34:
18:
1023:
963:. Princeton, New Jersey: Gomidas Institute, 2000.
473:Jean Ogilvie Christie (1891-1984) graduated from
312:Results of the Tehcir Law of 1915 and World War I
660:
615:
139:Christie's letters and diaries are part of the
978:Christie, Carmelite Brewer (16 August 1919).
193:Her father was a preacher who graduated from
8:
932:(Beloit) College Classmates (October 1922).
917:https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/88265706
1009:. New York, New York: The Century Company.
1347:American expatriates in the Ottoman Empire
915:Sarah Carmelite Brewer Christie gavestone
848:Digital Library for International Research
778:Digital Library for International Research
771:"Memorial records for Sarah C.B. Christie"
151:in the pre- and post-World War I era, the
26:
15:
841:"Memorial records for Thomas D. Christie"
741:
705:
1352:Congregationalist missionaries in Turkey
1203:. Louisville, Kentucky. 19 December 1909
826:
802:
1332:American Congregationalist missionaries
1287:. Rochester, New York. 20 December 1895
903:
814:
729:
717:
693:
576:
513:
495:
1102:. Lanham, Maryland: Sheed & Ward.
957:James, Bryce; Toynbee, Arnold (2000).
873:James, Bryce; Toynbee, Arnold (2000).
393:with her daughter Jean, who taught at
155:of 1915 and its aftermath. During the
7:
854:from the original on 18 January 2017
784:from the original on 18 January 2017
268:for unmarried women. After the 1895
1126:. Chicago, Illinois. 2 January 1896
1085:Nichols, Eleanore W., ed. (1921).
332:. Thomas traveled in June 1915 to
14:
1003:Gibbons, Helen Davenport (1917).
565:Minnesota Historical Society 1965
186:. Carmelite was a cousin of Rev.
1337:People from Lee County, Illinois
1302:
1249:
1218:
1172:
1141:
322:Tehcir (forced displacement) Law
212:She graduated in 1871 from the
1049:Leonard, John William (1914).
1022:Jernazian, Ephraim K. (1990).
938:Missionary Review of the World
680:Missionary Review of the World
602:Missionary Review of the World
589:Sterling Memorial Library 1965
1:
1342:Female Christian missionaries
1088:The Congregational year-book
982:(Report). Istanbul, Turkey:
410:Minnesota Historical Society
387:large community of Armenians
238:Andover Theological Seminary
141:Minnesota Historical Society
214:Rockford Seminary for Women
1378:
1284:The Democrat and Chronicle
1096:Sekulow, Jay Alan (2007).
647:The Democrat and Chronicle
246:American Board of Missions
136:was the named president.
1232:The Chicago Daily Tribune
879:. Princeton, New Jersey:
632:The Chicago Daily Tribune
320:at the start of WWI. The
145:Armenian massacre of 1895
118:Carmelite Brewer Christie
52:Lee Center, Lee, Illinois
25:
20:Carmelite Brewer Christie
1068:Özdemir, Hikmet (2005).
696:, pp. 100, 111–127.
445:Hartford Female Seminary
379:Palm Springs, California
222:Thomas Davidson Christie
197:some 30 years after the
149:Ottoman Turkish politics
134:Thomas Davidson Christie
234:University of Wisconsin
199:Haystack Prayer Meeting
430:University of Michigan
201:which resulted in the
175:and a relative of the
68:Eagle Rock, California
39:Sarah Carmelite Brewer
1230:. Chicago, Illinois:
1228:"Lives Are in Danger"
1187:10079/fa/mssa.ms.0099
1153:. Washington, D. C.:
383:Eagle Rock California
286:Herbert Adams Gibbons
173:French and Indian War
1362:Missionary educators
1151:"Butchered by Turks"
1118:"Butchered by Turks"
169:Lee Center, Illinois
85:Missionary, educator
1200:The Courier-Journal
755:The Courier-Journal
732:, pp. 137–148.
720:, pp. 136–138.
443:and studied at the
207:Montgomery, Alabama
184:David Josiah Brewer
1157:. 19 December 1895
480:Occidental College
461:St. Georges School
457:Harvard University
425:charitable works.
395:Occidental College
326:Ottoman Parliament
270:massacre at Marash
224:on 14 March 1872.
124:missionary in the
1109:978-1-4616-7543-3
1041:978-1-4128-2702-7
881:Gomidas Institute
475:Wellesley College
441:Bryn Mawr College
434:Temple University
228:Missionary period
153:Armenian genocide
115:
114:
90:Years active
1369:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1279:"The True Facts"
1274:
1272:
1270:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1234:. 16 August 1895
1223:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1155:The Evening Star
1146:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1113:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1064:
1045:
1029:
1018:
999:
993:
991:
974:
953:
951:
949:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
894:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
845:
836:
830:
824:
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812:
806:
800:
794:
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789:
775:
766:
760:
751:
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739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
676:
667:
662:The Evening Star
658:
652:
643:
637:
628:
622:
613:
607:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
517:
511:
468:dental hygienist
453:Hotchkiss School
401:Death and legacy
195:Williams College
108:
64:
61:October 17, 1931
48:
46:
30:
16:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1265:on 4 March 2016
1257:
1248:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1206:
1204:
1193:
1180:
1171:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1129:
1127:
1123:The Inter Ocean
1116:
1110:
1095:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1048:
1042:
1021:
1002:
989:
987:
977:
971:
956:
947:
945:
931:
927:
922:
914:
910:
902:
898:
891:
883:. p. 451.
872:
871:
867:
857:
855:
843:
838:
837:
833:
825:
821:
813:
809:
805:, pp. 1–3.
801:
797:
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748:
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728:
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659:
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629:
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617:The Inter Ocean
614:
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53:
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44:
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5:
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1324:
1314:
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1309:
1308:
1297:Newspapers.com
1275:
1255:
1244:Newspapers.com
1224:
1213:Newspapers.com
1191:
1178:
1167:Newspapers.com
1147:
1136:Newspapers.com
1114:
1108:
1093:
1082:
1065:
1046:
1040:
1019:
1000:
986:. pp. 1–5
975:
969:
954:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:
908:
906:, p. 461.
896:
889:
865:
831:
819:
807:
795:
761:
746:
742:Jernazian 1990
734:
722:
710:
706:Jernazian 1990
698:
686:
684:, p. 794.
668:
653:
638:
623:
608:
606:, p. 790.
593:
581:
579:, p. 134.
569:
518:
516:, p. 177.
494:
492:
489:
487:
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418:
415:
402:
399:
374:
371:
358:
355:
334:Constantinople
318:Central Powers
313:
310:
302:Constantinople
294:Adana massacre
281:
278:
250:Asiatic Turkey
229:
226:
218:Beloit College
164:
161:
157:Adana massacre
126:Ottoman Empire
122:Congregational
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
99:
98:Known for
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
65:(aged 79)
59:
55:
54:
51:
49:April 25, 1852
38:
36:
32:
31:
23:
22:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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970:9780953519156
966:
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890:9780953519156
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1295:– via
1289:. Retrieved
1282:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:the original
1242:– via
1236:. Retrieved
1211:– via
1205:. Retrieved
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1165:– via
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1134:– via
1128:. Retrieved
1121:
1098:
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994:– via
988:. Retrieved
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925:Bibliography
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107:Notable work
63:(1931-10-17)
1327:1931 deaths
1322:1852 births
1291:12 December
1238:12 December
1207:12 December
1195:"Hands Off"
1161:12 December
1130:12 December
990:12 December
948:12 December
351:Enver Pasha
298:Young Turks
130:World War I
74:Nationality
1316:Categories
1269:9 December
858:18 January
788:18 January
486:References
373:Later life
280:1909 riots
163:Early life
45:1852-04-25
1189:. MS #99.
1061:609193118
1015:654272711
491:Citations
93:1871-1920
852:Archived
782:Archived
417:Children
391:Pasadena
385:among a
266:suffrage
77:American
339:cholera
274:Mersina
180:Justice
1106:
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1038:
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887:
343:typhus
261:Tarsus
254:Marash
120:was a
1074:(PDF)
844:(jpg)
774:(jpg)
357:Diary
330:Syria
290:Adana
1293:2016
1271:2016
1240:2016
1209:2016
1163:2016
1132:2016
1104:ISBN
1057:OCLC
1036:ISBN
1011:OCLC
996:SALT
992:2016
965:ISBN
950:2016
885:ISBN
860:2017
790:2017
757:1909
682:1922
664:1895
649:1895
634:1895
619:1896
604:1922
432:and
408:The
341:and
58:Died
35:Born
1183:hdl
942:XLV
300:in
248:in
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