307:. The men were carrying water to put out a fire in order to protect a missionary run dispensary. Thomas Christie could not immediately return to Tarsus. During the week he was away, some of the rioters went to Tarsus. Locals joined them in setting the Tarsus Armenian quarter on fire. Through Carmelite's efforts, the school survived despite protecting around 5,000 refugees on the grounds of the college. When regular soldiers began to join in with the violence and the mob turned toward the campus, Carmelite raised an American flag and refused the evacuation request of the consular saying, "I prefer to die with my students and the Armenian people than to hand them over to Turks and save myself." The campus was surrounded by the mob, which replaced the water in the fire extinguishing system with kerosene to torch the school and refugees, when word to cease the hostilities was received from the
283:, Carmelite wrote letters describing the events which were published in American newspapers. She reported on deaths, woundings, damage to the schools in Marash and threats to the missionary workers. Her reports were personal, having spent fifteen years among those who were living through the crisis and in one letter, she reported that she and her husband had been warned regarding violence which might spread to Tarsus. By August, the rioting had reached them, though the Christies were not at the school when it was looted. In the face of the ongoing violence, the family fled to
458:, graduating in 1908. Mary married Daniel Miner Rogers (1882-1909) and they joined her parents in Tarsus. After the death of Rogers, she returned with their child to the United States. In 1911 she returned to Tarsus to teach. She met her second husband William Nute and they married in Tarsus. Mary and her child returned to the States so William could complete his medical training. They returned to Turkey where Mary taught and William ran rural medical clinics, until their retirement, when she returned to California.
1315:
1262:
1231:
1185:
1154:
990:
364:). Her diary chronicled the stream of Armenians from all over Turkey that passed through Tarsus. Most were on foot and were being directed to Syria. She also noted the wounded coming back from the front and the conditions which ethnic Turks and Armenians suffered during the war. Thomas returned to briefly to Tarsus in 1919, not a well man.
377:
said the Blue Book was an exaggeration, events fabricated by missionaries and was clearly a piece of WWI British propaganda. They pointed out that
Toynbee pressured Rev. Rockwell for names, so as editor he could assure the reader these people existed. Toynbee did not get the names but included Mrs. Christie's entries.
348:
distributed relief supplies and chronicled events in a summary she sent to the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions after the war ended. In her summary, Carmelite chronicles how the Turkish Army requested use of their halls for regimental soldiers and officers, for use a hospital during the
319:
Carmelite was called upon to give constant care to the sick, the children of the refugees and orphans. However, within months of the events, the school was back in operation. Carmelite gave a glowing report of their progress under her leadership as acting president while her husband was back in the states.
356:
epidemic in 1915, and as a quarters to house
English prisoners of war. Carmelite negotiated with the authorities, making small concessions during the war which allowed them to keep operating the college. In addition, she provided aid to refugees, writing, "...100,000 exiles were said to have passed
274:
to take up a post at St. Paul's
College. Carmelite by character and situation assumed non-traditional roles overseas. As part of his duties, Thomas left Turkey to raise money or went to surrounding mission stations to support them. In addition to her family responsibilities, she was involved in the
376:
Reverend
Richard Walker Rockwell supplied Arnold Toynbee with what was reported to be a transcribed copy of Mrs. Christie's diary, with many peoples names omitted or noted with initials. Toynbee edited the "Blue Book" in 1916 and included some entries of Mrs. Christie. At the time, Turkish critics
372:
Carmelite made entries in a diary from 1868 to 1931. About 20 of these volumes, along with correspondence, address books and memorandums are in the
Minnesota Historical Society's archives. They have been used by historians and researchers. Her entries during her time at Tarsus are controversial in
318:
Thomas and
Gibbons returned to tell of Rogers' death to their own wives, and break the news to his daughter Mary and her infant child. Carmelite nursed and comforted the injured and dying, provided food for them and she and Helen Gibbons sewed clothes for infants. For two weeks after the violence,
423:
was given a trunk full of
Christie family letters in 1965. The Christie family was asked to give or make copies of other letters and diaries for a permanent Christie collection. In 2016, the collection occupies over 20 cubic feet for Thomas & his family and about the same for his father and
435:
Anna
Carmelite Christie (1875-1910) was born in Wisconsin and traveled to Turkey with her parents when they moved there. She had poor health and though schooled in both Europe and the United States, she spent much of her life living in the U.S. quietly pursuing musical interests and performing
347:
to request that the government not deport teachers or students. He was not allowed to return to Tarsus for the duration of the conflict. A short time later, Carmelite arranged for her family and future son-in-law to leave for
America but she stayed. During the War, she kept the college open,
267:, Turkey that same year, where he taught at the Central Turkey Theological Seminary. In addition to preparing young men for college in the period between 1877 and 1893, she expanded their family to include: Emerson Brewer, Mary Phelps, Paul Theodore, Agnes Emily, and Jean Ogilvy.
357:
Tarsus en route for regions beyond. Of these, we helped as many as we could with money, food and clothing where it was possible by protecting them. Some of these we hid, for others we found work that counted as Government service, and so saved them from being deported further."
424:
siblings. This collection includes Carmelite's continuous diary she kept from 1865 to 1931, giving important historical, first person accounts of the turbulent times of Turkey's history at the turn of the twentieth century through the First World War.
488:
in 1915. She returned to Turkey and taught in Constantinople. Jean was forced to stop teaching there in 1917 and worked with the YMCA in France. Jean helped her mother return to the United States and settle in California in 1920. She was a teacher at
392:. After the couple's daughter Agnes, who had been suffering from ill health, committed suicide in December 1919, the couple's youngest daughter, Jean, went to Tarsus to help her mother prepare to return to the United States. They made their home in
461:
Paul Theodore Christie (1883-1959) was born and raised in Turkey. As his siblings, he was sent away as a teenager for further education. Paul attended schools in Greece, Switzerland and Germany. He graduated from
1367:
201:, father of Justice Brewer, who was an early missionary and school founder sent by the American Board to Greece and Turkey. He was one reason Thomas and Carmelite ended up in Turkey.
1091:(in Turkish). Istanbul, Turkey: Türk Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ve İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları Derneği (Turkish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases). pp. 61–68.
994:
213:
1357:
477:
Agnes Emily Christie (1887-1919) attended schools in Europe and the United States, though her education was interrupted because of poor health at various times. Trained as a
439:
Emerson Brewer Christie (1878-1967) was a noted linguist and ethnologist. He graduated from Yale, taught at St. Paul's College and then in the Philippines. He also taught at
1362:
270:
Carmelite and the children returned to the Beloit for the period from 1888 to 1890 for the children's education and then returned to Turkey. In 1893 the family moved to
432:
Five of Carmelite's six surviving children were born in Turkey. The more notable have a common thread that echoed Carmelite's own life of social service and education.
1342:
397:
247:, while working on his master's degree, and she began their family with the births of their first two daughters, Elizabeth Norton. Thomas and his young family went to
474:
until World War II. He retired and during the war worked at a Grumman airplane factory as a riveter in California. He continued to teach swimming until he died.
182:
on 25 April 1852 to Elizabeth (née Pratt) and Rev. James Brewer. On her father's side of the family, she was descended from Captain John Brewer, veteran of the
170:, she refused to abandon the school, students and refugees who had fled there, guarding up to 5,000 people under her protection and hoisting the American flag.
159:
1347:
416:
Carmelite died on October 17, 1931, in Pasadena. She and Thomas are buried in Newton Cemetery (Massachusetts) in the American Missionary Board plot.
39:
1352:
1118:
1050:
471:
861:. American Research Institute in Turkey, Istanbul Center Library, online in Digital Library for International Research Archive. p. 2.
791:. American Research Institute in Turkey, Istanbul Center Library, online in Digital Library for International Research Archive. p. 2.
187:
1192:"Guide to the Brewer Family Papers" (Document). Yale University Libraries, New Haven, Connecticut: Sterling Memorial Library. 1965.
979:
899:
303:, Turkey on 13 April 1909. While they were there, Rogers and another missionary, Henry Maurer, were killed by gunfire during the
287:, and eventually Carmelite returned with the children to the United States between 1897 and 1898 for their safety and schooling.
1061:
1097:
1269:
220:
to Lee County in 1847. James was a farmer and a principal of the new academy in Lee Center in 1850. He was ordained in 1859.
1372:
373:
the context of interpretation events surround Turkish, Armenian, Kurdish, Greek, various political and religious groups.
420:
248:
151:
388:
In 1919, Carmelite and Thomas returned to the United States, where briefly Thomas became pastor at the Union Church in
255:
in 1876. Thomas graduated and was ordained as a minister the next year. Carmelite was appointed as a missionary by the
862:
792:
1294:
256:
1289:
1242:
1238:
1015:
380:
In general, her diaries document her activities and her opinions about events around her, including her family.
1161:
455:
389:
232:
144:
1128:
360:
Carmelite made regular visits to families, local officials and the military (including several audiences with
1063:
Woman's who's who of America; a biographical dictionary of contemporary women of the United States and Canada
251:
for his further studies. Their daughter Anna Carmelite was born in there in 1875. Daughter Elizabeth died of
393:
244:
209:
1314:
1261:
1230:
1184:
1153:
440:
1017:
The Red Rugs of Tarsus: A Lady's Experiences in Turkey at the Time of the Armenian Persecutions 1909-1914
1205:
944:
450:
Mary Phelps Christie (1881-1975) was born in and spent a great deal of her life in Turkey. She attended
296:
183:
132:
1337:
1332:
401:
179:
685:
683:
335:
and another law which allowed expropriation and confiscation of Armenian property was passed by the
1210:
1165:
299:
and her husband went to the annual conference of Armenian ministers and expatriate missionaries in
276:
224:
217:
194:
1080:
945:"Forty-three years in Turkey: An appreciation of Thomas Davidson Christie, D.D., LL.D., of Tarsus"
216:. After graduation he taught in schools in the South. He joined his brother Ira after riding from
1006:
490:
467:
405:
336:
280:
155:
1114:
1108:
1067:
1046:
1021:
975:
895:
891:
485:
451:
444:
190:
163:
1272:. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. 1965. catalog #001729315. Archived from
1042:
1193:
478:
463:
205:
38:
1133:
243:
Carmelite joined her new husband in Wisconsin, where he taught at Beloit College and the
1110:
Witnessing Their Faith: Religious Influence on Supreme Court Justices and Their Opinions
1307:
1254:
1223:
1177:
1146:
344:
328:
312:
304:
271:
260:
228:
167:
136:
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in Wisconsin. She taught school in Lee Center until she married a graduate of Beloit,
139:
from 1877 to 1920 and served as the acting president of the St. Paul's College during
17:
1326:
1035:
447:. He was Chief of the US State Department's Bureau of Translation from 1928 to 1944.
252:
198:
122:
Letters & diaries about her daily life in Turkey in both peace and troubled times
1197:
955:(10). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Missionary Review Publishing Company, Inc.: 788–796
1273:
493:
and at the University of California, Berkeley. She was married to Eugene V. Lien.
339:
in May 1915. Teachers and students at St. Paul's were ordered to leave Tarsus for
969:
885:
361:
308:
140:
927:
851:
781:
275:
activities of St. Paul's College and the education of women and a supporter of
1089:
Klimik 2005 XII. Türk Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ve İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları Kongresı
332:
1071:
1025:
481:, she worked in that field until she became depressed and committed suicide.
850:
Christie, Thomas Davidson; Amerikan Bord Heyeti (American Board), Istanbul.
571:
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567:
565:
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561:
559:
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555:
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533:
400:. Thomas died in 1921. In the last years of her life, Carmelite lived in
1270:"Thomas and Carmelite Christie and Family: An Inventory of Their Papers"
780:
Christie, Sarah C. B.; Amerikan Bord Heyeti (American Board), Istanbul.
991:
Report of St. Paul's College and Academy for the School-years 1914-1919
349:
284:
1083:[Observations on Mourning and Deaths in the First World War]
353:
264:
327:
The Christies were at St. Paul's when the Ottoman Empire joined the
143:. She was the college's sole American caretaker, though her husband
1102:. Vol. 44. Boston, Massachusetts: The Jordan & More Press.
340:
300:
263:
in 1877. Thomas, Carmelite and their young daughter Anna moved to
1081:"Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Salgınlar ve Ölümler Üzerine Gözlemler"
112:
Assisting Armenians in 1895, 1909 and 1915-1919 in Tarsus Turkey
689:
611:
1041:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p.
575:
227:, a progressive academy. Rockford was the sister college of
154:
Christie Collection and provide a first-hand account of the
971:
The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916
887:
The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916
656:
1066:. New York, New York: The American Commonwealth Company.
641:
599:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
178:
Sarah Carmelite Brewer, known as Carmelite, was born in
470:
in 1907. He was a French teacher and athletic coach at
1037:
Judgement Unto Truth: Witnessing the Armenian Genocide
1368:
Congregationalist missionaries in the Ottoman Empire
995:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
214:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
764:
295:Carmelite's son-in-law Rev. Miner Rogers, Reverend
116:
108:
100:
92:
84:
68:
45:
29:
1034:
974:. Princeton, New Jersey: Gomidas Institute, 2000.
484:Jean Ogilvie Christie (1891-1984) graduated from
323:Results of the Tehcir Law of 1915 and World War I
671:
626:
150:Christie's letters and diaries are part of the
989:Christie, Carmelite Brewer (16 August 1919).
204:Her father was a preacher who graduated from
8:
943:(Beloit) College Classmates (October 1922).
928:https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/88265706
1020:. New York, New York: The Century Company.
1358:American expatriates in the Ottoman Empire
926:Sarah Carmelite Brewer Christie gavestone
859:Digital Library for International Research
789:Digital Library for International Research
782:"Memorial records for Sarah C.B. Christie"
162:in the pre- and post-World War I era, the
37:
26:
852:"Memorial records for Thomas D. Christie"
752:
716:
1363:Congregationalist missionaries in Turkey
1214:. Louisville, Kentucky. 19 December 1909
837:
813:
1343:American Congregationalist missionaries
1298:. Rochester, New York. 20 December 1895
914:
825:
740:
728:
704:
587:
524:
506:
1113:. Lanham, Maryland: Sheed & Ward.
968:James, Bryce; Toynbee, Arnold (2000).
884:James, Bryce; Toynbee, Arnold (2000).
404:with her daughter Jean, who taught at
166:of 1915 and its aftermath. During the
7:
865:from the original on 18 January 2017
795:from the original on 18 January 2017
279:for unmarried women. After the 1895
1137:. Chicago, Illinois. 2 January 1896
1096:Nichols, Eleanore W., ed. (1921).
343:. Thomas traveled in June 1915 to
25:
1014:Gibbons, Helen Davenport (1917).
576:Minnesota Historical Society 1965
197:. Carmelite was a cousin of Rev.
1348:People from Lee County, Illinois
1313:
1260:
1229:
1183:
1152:
333:Tehcir (forced displacement) Law
223:She graduated in 1871 from the
1060:Leonard, John William (1914).
1033:Jernazian, Ephraim K. (1990).
949:Missionary Review of the World
691:Missionary Review of the World
613:Missionary Review of the World
600:Sterling Memorial Library 1965
1:
1353:Female Christian missionaries
1099:The Congregational year-book
993:(Report). Istanbul, Turkey:
421:Minnesota Historical Society
398:large community of Armenians
249:Andover Theological Seminary
152:Minnesota Historical Society
225:Rockford Seminary for Women
1389:
1295:The Democrat and Chronicle
1107:Sekulow, Jay Alan (2007).
658:The Democrat and Chronicle
257:American Board of Missions
147:was the named president.
1243:The Chicago Daily Tribune
890:. Princeton, New Jersey:
643:The Chicago Daily Tribune
331:at the start of WWI. The
156:Armenian massacre of 1895
129:Carmelite Brewer Christie
63:Lee Center, Lee, Illinois
36:
31:Carmelite Brewer Christie
1079:Özdemir, Hikmet (2005).
707:, pp. 100, 111–127.
456:Hartford Female Seminary
390:Palm Springs, California
233:Thomas Davidson Christie
208:some 30 years after the
160:Ottoman Turkish politics
145:Thomas Davidson Christie
245:University of Wisconsin
210:Haystack Prayer Meeting
441:University of Michigan
212:which resulted in the
186:and a relative of the
79:Eagle Rock, California
50:Sarah Carmelite Brewer
18:Carmelite Sarah Brewer
1241:. Chicago, Illinois:
1239:"Lives Are in Danger"
1198:10079/fa/mssa.ms.0099
1164:. Washington, D. C.:
394:Eagle Rock California
297:Herbert Adams Gibbons
184:French and Indian War
1373:Missionary educators
1162:"Butchered by Turks"
1129:"Butchered by Turks"
180:Lee Center, Illinois
96:Missionary, educator
1211:The Courier-Journal
766:The Courier-Journal
743:, pp. 137–148.
731:, pp. 136–138.
454:and studied at the
218:Montgomery, Alabama
195:David Josiah Brewer
1168:. 19 December 1895
491:Occidental College
472:St. Georges School
468:Harvard University
436:charitable works.
406:Occidental College
337:Ottoman Parliament
281:massacre at Marash
235:on 14 March 1872.
135:missionary in the
1120:978-1-4616-7543-3
1052:978-1-4128-2702-7
892:Gomidas Institute
486:Wellesley College
452:Bryn Mawr College
445:Temple University
239:Missionary period
164:Armenian genocide
126:
125:
101:Years active
16:(Redirected from
1380:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1290:"The True Facts"
1285:
1283:
1281:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1245:. 16 August 1895
1234:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1201:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1166:The Evening Star
1157:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1124:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1075:
1056:
1040:
1029:
1010:
1004:
1002:
985:
964:
962:
960:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
905:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
856:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
786:
777:
771:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
687:
678:
673:The Evening Star
669:
663:
654:
648:
639:
633:
624:
618:
609:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
573:
528:
522:
479:dental hygienist
464:Hotchkiss School
412:Death and legacy
206:Williams College
119:
75:
72:October 17, 1931
59:
57:
41:
27:
21:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1301:
1299:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1276:on 4 March 2016
1268:
1259:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1217:
1215:
1204:
1191:
1182:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1140:
1138:
1134:The Inter Ocean
1127:
1121:
1106:
1095:
1084:
1078:
1059:
1053:
1032:
1013:
1000:
998:
988:
982:
967:
958:
956:
942:
938:
933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
902:
894:. p. 451.
883:
882:
878:
868:
866:
854:
849:
848:
844:
836:
832:
824:
820:
816:, pp. 1–3.
812:
808:
798:
796:
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763:
759:
751:
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739:
735:
727:
723:
715:
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703:
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681:
670:
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655:
651:
640:
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628:The Inter Ocean
625:
621:
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55:
53:
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32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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1365:
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1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1308:Newspapers.com
1286:
1266:
1255:Newspapers.com
1235:
1224:Newspapers.com
1202:
1189:
1178:Newspapers.com
1158:
1147:Newspapers.com
1125:
1119:
1104:
1093:
1076:
1057:
1051:
1030:
1011:
997:. pp. 1–5
986:
980:
965:
939:
937:
934:
932:
931:
919:
917:, p. 461.
907:
900:
876:
842:
830:
818:
806:
772:
757:
753:Jernazian 1990
745:
733:
721:
717:Jernazian 1990
709:
697:
695:, p. 794.
679:
664:
649:
634:
619:
617:, p. 790.
604:
592:
590:, p. 134.
580:
529:
527:, p. 177.
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
429:
426:
413:
410:
385:
382:
369:
366:
345:Constantinople
329:Central Powers
324:
321:
313:Constantinople
305:Adana massacre
292:
289:
261:Asiatic Turkey
240:
237:
229:Beloit College
175:
172:
168:Adana massacre
137:Ottoman Empire
133:Congregational
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
110:
109:Known for
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
76:(aged 79)
70:
66:
65:
62:
60:April 25, 1852
49:
47:
43:
42:
34:
33:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1385:
1374:
1371:
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1349:
1346:
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1316:
1309:
1297:
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1023:
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1008:
996:
992:
987:
983:
981:9780953519156
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973:
972:
966:
954:
950:
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941:
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935:
929:
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916:
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1306:– via
1300:. Retrieved
1293:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1253:– via
1247:. Retrieved
1222:– via
1216:. Retrieved
1209:
1176:– via
1170:. Retrieved
1145:– via
1139:. Retrieved
1132:
1109:
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1005:– via
999:. Retrieved
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957:. Retrieved
952:
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936:Bibliography
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915:Nichols 1921
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886:
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867:. Retrieved
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826:Özdemir 2005
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118:Notable work
74:(1931-10-17)
1338:1931 deaths
1333:1852 births
1302:12 December
1249:12 December
1218:12 December
1206:"Hands Off"
1172:12 December
1141:12 December
1001:12 December
959:12 December
362:Enver Pasha
309:Young Turks
141:World War I
85:Nationality
1327:Categories
1280:9 December
869:18 January
799:18 January
497:References
384:Later life
291:1909 riots
174:Early life
56:1852-04-25
1200:. MS #99.
1072:609193118
1026:654272711
502:Citations
104:1871-1920
863:Archived
793:Archived
428:Children
402:Pasadena
396:among a
277:suffrage
88:American
350:cholera
285:Mersina
191:Justice
1117:
1070:
1049:
1024:
978:
898:
354:typhus
272:Tarsus
265:Marash
131:was a
1085:(PDF)
855:(jpg)
785:(jpg)
368:Diary
341:Syria
301:Adana
1304:2016
1282:2016
1251:2016
1220:2016
1174:2016
1143:2016
1115:ISBN
1068:OCLC
1047:ISBN
1022:OCLC
1007:SALT
1003:2016
976:ISBN
961:2016
896:ISBN
871:2017
801:2017
768:1909
693:1922
675:1895
660:1895
645:1895
630:1896
615:1922
443:and
419:The
352:and
69:Died
46:Born
1194:hdl
953:XLV
311:in
259:in
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