1158:" to this epistemic-logical project. It is a constructive undertaking that systematizes scientific knowledge according to the notions of symbolic logic. Accordingly, the purpose of this constitutional system is to identify and discern different classes of scientific concepts and to specify the logical relations that link them. In the Aufbau, concepts are taken to denote objects, relations, properties, classes and states. Carnap argues that all concepts must be ranked over a hierarchy. In that hierarchy, all concepts are organized according to a fundamental arrangement where concepts can be reduced and converted to other basic ones. Carnap explains that a concept can be reduced to another when all sentences containing the first concept can be transformed into sentences containing the other. In other words, every scientific sentence should be translatable into another sentence such that the original terms have the same reference as the translated terms. Most significantly, Carnap argues that the basis of this system is psychological. Its content is the "immediately given", which is made of basic elements, namely perceptual experiences. These basic elements consist of conscious psychological states of a single human subject. In the end, Carnap argues that his constitutional project demonstrates the possibility of defining and uniting all scientific concepts in a single conceptual system on the basis of a few fundamental concepts.
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prohibiting the use of certain concepts. In contrast, philosophers should seek general agreements over the relevance of certain logical devices. According to Carnap, those agreements are possible only through the detailed presentation of the meaning and use of the expressions of a language. In other words, Carnap believes that every logical language is correct only if this language is supported by exact definitions and not by philosophical presumptions. Carnap embraces a formal conventionalism. That implies that formal languages are constructed and that everyone is free to choose the language it finds more suited to his purpose. There should not be any controversy over which language is the correct language; what matters is agreeing over which language best suits a particular purpose. Carnap explains that the choice of a language should be guided according to the security it provides against logical inconsistency. Furthermore, practical elements like simplicity and fruitfulness in certain tasks influence the choice of a language. Clearly enough, the principle of tolerance was a sophisticated device introduced by Carnap to dismiss any form of dogmatism in philosophy.
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Carnap's dissertation was to show that the inconsistencies between theories concerning space only existed because philosophers, as well as mathematicians and scientists, were talking about different things while using the same "space" word. Hence, Carnap characteristically argued that there had to be three separate notions of space. "Formal" space is space in the sense of mathematics: it is an abstract system of relations. "Intuitive" space is made of certain contents of intuition independent of single experiences. "Physical" space is made of actual spatial facts given in experience. The upshot is that those three kinds of "space" imply three different kinds of knowledge and thus three different kinds of investigations. It is interesting to note that it is in this dissertation that the main themes of Carnap's philosophy appear, most importantly the idea that many philosophical contradictions appear because of a misuse of language, and a stress on the importance of distinguishing formal and material modes of speech.
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Hence, by explaining the different operations that allow specific transformations within the language, the theory is a systematic exposition of the rules that operate within that language. In fact, the basic function of these rules is to provide the principles to safeguard coherence, to avoid contradictions and to deduce justified conclusions. Carnap sees language as a calculus. This calculus is a systematic arrangement of symbols and relations. The symbols of the language are organized according to the class that they belong to---and it is through their combination that we can form sentences. The relations are different conditions under which a sentence can be said to follow, or to be the consequence, of another sentence. The definitions included in the calculus state the conditions under which a sentence can be considered of a certain type and how those sentences can be transformed. We can see the logical syntax as a method of formal transformation, i.e. a method for calculating and reasoning with symbols.
1243:(1950) where Carnap aims to give a sound logical interpretation of probability. Carnap thought that according to certain conditions, the concept of probability had to be interpreted as a purely logical concept. In this view, probability is a basic concept anchored in all inductive inferences, whereby the conclusion of every inference that holds without deductive necessity is said be more or less likely to be the case. In fact, Carnap claims that the problem of induction is a matter of finding a precise explanation of the logical relation that holds between a hypothesis and the evidence that supports it. An inductive logic is thus based on the idea that probability is a logical relation between two types of statements: the hypothesis (conclusion) and the premises (evidence). Accordingly, a theory of induction should explain how, by pure logical analysis, we can ascertain that certain evidence establishes a degree of confirmation strong enough to confirm a given hypothesis.
1178:, i.e. the traditional philosophy that finds its roots in mythical and religious thought. Indeed, he discusses how, in many cases, metaphysics is made of meaningless discussions of pseudo-problems. For Carnap, a pseudo-problem is a philosophical question which, on the surface, handles concepts that refer to our world while, in fact, these concepts do not actually denote real and attested objects. In other words, these pseudo-problems concern statements that do not, in any way, have empirical implications. They do not refer to states of affairs and the things they denote cannot be perceived. Consequently, one of Carnap's main aim has been to redefine the purpose and method of philosophy. According to him, philosophy should not aim at producing any knowledge transcending the knowledge of science. In contrast, by analyzing the language and propositions of science, philosophers should define the logical foundations of scientific knowledge. Using
1147:, is concerned with the logical analysis of scientific propositions, while science itself, based on experience, is the only source of knowledge of the external world, i.e. the world outside the realm of human perception. According to Carnap, philosophical propositions are statements about the language of science; they aren't true or false, but merely consist of definitions and conventions about the use of certain concepts. In contrast, scientific propositions are factual statements about the external reality. They are meaningful because they are based on the perceptions of the senses. In other words, the truth or falsity of those propositions can be verified by testing their content with further observations.
1207:, 1937) gives the foundations to his idea that scientific language has a specific formal structure and that its signs are governed by the rules of deductive logic. Moreover, the theory of logical syntax expounds a method with which one can talk about a language: it is a formal meta-theory about the pure forms of language. In the end, because Carnap argues that philosophy aims at the logical analysis of the language of science and thus is the logic of science, the theory of the logical syntax can be considered as a definite language and a conceptual framework for philosophy.
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information are restricted. These were written over his entire life and career. Carnap used the mail regularly to discuss philosophical problems with hundreds of others. The most notable were: Herbert Feigl, Carl Gustav Hempel, Felix
Kaufmann, Otto Neurath, and Moritz Schlick. Photographs are also part of the collection and were taken throughout his life. Family pictures and photographs of his peers and colleagues are also stored in the collection. Some of the correspondence is considered notable and consist of his student notes, his seminars with Frege, (describing the
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proves that they do not convey the meaning of states of affairs. In other words, these sentences are meaningless. Carnap explains that to be meaningful, a sentence should be factual. It can be so, for one thing, by being based on experience, i.e. by being formulated with words relating to direct observations. For another, a sentence is factual if one can clearly state what are the observations that could confirm or disconfirm that sentence. After all, Carnap presupposes a specific criterion of meaning, namely the
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Their meaning can be grasped solely with an analysis of the signs they contain. They are analytical sentences, i.e. true by virtue of their logical meaning. Even though these sentences could refer to states of affairs, their meaning is given by the symbols and relations they contain. In other words, the probability of a conclusion is given by the logical relation it has to the evidence. The evaluation of the degree of confirmation of a hypothesis is thus a problem of meaning analysis.
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features of certain phenomena can be distinguished from the analytical concepts of probability logic that merely describe logical relations between sentences. For Carnap, the statistical and the logical concepts must be investigated separately. Having insisted on this distinction, Carnap defines two concepts of probability. The first one is logical and deals with the degree to which a given hypothesis is confirmed by a piece of evidence. It is the
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circumstances that would establish the truth of the sentence. As a result, it is clear for Carnap that metaphysical sentences are meaningless. They include concepts like "god", "soul" and "the absolute" that transcend experience and cannot be traced back or connected to direct observations. Because those sentences cannot be verified in any way, Carnap suggests that science, as well as philosophy, should neither consider nor contain them.
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2800:*This volume concludes with Carnap's "Replies and Systematic Expositions" (pp. 857â1012) and then a Bibliography that includes an annotated listing of his published writings up to 1961 and a listing of works then forthcoming. Essay contributors included, amongst others, Karl Popper, Herbert Feigl, A.J. Ayer, Donald Davidson, W.V. Quine, Carl G. Hempel and Hilary Putnam. A list of contents can be found
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corroborated with facts. In contrast, the probability of a statement about the degree of confirmation could be unknown, in the sense that one may miss the correct logical method to evaluate its exact value. But, such a statement can always receive a certain logical value, given the fact that this value only depends on the meaning of its symbols.
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Clearly, the probability of a statement about relative frequency can be unknown; because it depends on the observation of certain phenomena, one may not possess the information needed to establish the value of that probability. Consequently, the value of that statement can be confirmed only if it is
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Statements belonging to the second concepts are about reality and describe states of affairs. They are empirical and, therefore, must be based on experimental procedures and the observation of relevant facts. On the contrary, statements belonging to the first concept do not say anything about facts.
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and the logic in mathematics). Carnap's notes from
Russell's seminar in Chicago, and notes he took from discussions with Tarski, Heisenberg, Quine, Hempel, Gödel, and Jeffrey are also part of the University of Pittsburgh Library System's Archives and Special Collections. Digitized contents include:
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The Rudolf Carnap Papers contain thousands of letters, notes and drafts, and diaries. The majority of his papers were purchased from his daughter, Hanna Carnap-Thost in 1974, by the
University of Pittsburgh, with subsequent further accessions. Documents that contain financial, medical, and personal
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Carnap believed that the difficulty with traditional philosophy lay in the use of concepts that are not useful for science. For Carnap, the scientific legitimacy of these concepts was doubtful, because the sentences containing them do not express facts. Indeed, a logical analysis of those sentences
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Finally, Carnap introduces his well known "principle of tolerance." This principle suggests that there is no moral in logic. When it comes to using a language, there is no good or bad, fundamentally true or false. In this perspective, the philosopher's task is not to bring authoritative interdicts
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The first volume of this series appeared shortly after Carnap's death. Carnap's own contribution to Volume II is a continuation of "A Basic System of
Inductive Logic" which began in Volume I. All but the final two sections were completed by Carnap prior to his death. Sections 20 and 21 are rough
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The logical syntax of language is a formal theory. It is not concerned with the contextualized meaning or the truth-value of sentences. In contrast, it considers the general structure of a given language and explores the different structural relations that connect the elements of that language.
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and philosophy, his dissertation can be seen as an attempt to build a bridge between the different disciplines that are geometry, physics and philosophy. For Carnap thought that in many instances those disciplines use the same concepts, but with totally different meanings. The main objective of
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Carnap was convinced that there was a logical as well as an empirical dimension in science. He believed that one had to isolate the experiential elements from the logical elements of a given body of knowledge. Hence, the empirical concept of frequency used in statistics to describe the general
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principle of verifiability. Indeed, he requires, as a precondition of meaningfulness, that all sentences be verifiable, which implies that a sentence is meaningful only if there is a way to verify if it is true or false. To verify a sentence, one needs to expound the empirical conditions and
861:, another philosopher in the Vienna Circle, noted, "Carnap's conception of semantics starts from the basis given in Tarski's work but a distinction is made between logical and non-logical constants and between logical and factual truth... At the same time he worked with the concepts of
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More than 1,000 pages of lecture outlines are preserved that cover the courses that Carnap taught in the United States, Prague, and Vienna. Drafts of his published works and unpublished works are part of the collection. Additional Carnap materials can be found throughout the
771:'s work on logic and philosophy, which put a sense of the aims to his studies. He accepted the effort to surpass traditional philosophy with logical innovations that inform the sciences. He wrote a letter to Russell, who responded by copying by hand long passages from his
2562:"The Collected Works of Rudolf Carnap, Volume 1: Early Writings, edited by A. W. Carus, Michael Friedman, Wolfgang Kienzler, Alan Richardson & Sven Schlotter, general editor Richard Creath, with editorial assistance from Steve Awodey, Dirk Schlimm & Richard Zach"
2384:"Carnap had a modest but deeply religious family background, which might explain why, although he later became an atheist, he maintained a respectful and tolerant attitude in matters of faith throughout his life." Buldt, Bernd: "Carnap, Paul Rudolf",
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met Carnap in Prague and discussed the latter's work at some length. Thus began the lifelong mutual respect these two men shared, one that survived Quine's eventual forceful disagreements with a number of Carnap's philosophical conclusions.
746:. The physics department said it was too philosophical, and Bruno Bauch of the philosophy department said it was pure physics. Carnap then wrote another thesis in 1921, under Bauch's supervision, on the theory of space in a more orthodox
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Much material is written in an older German shorthand, the Stolze-Schrey system. He employed this writing system extensively beginning in his student days. Some of the content has been digitized and is available through the
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drafts which Carnap had not thought ready for publication. Professor
Jeffrey is to be congratulated for having included these rough drafts in the volume. They are the most interesting portions of the Carnap essay.
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Carnap's father had risen from being a poor ribbon-weaver to be the owner of a ribbon-making factory. His mother came from an academic family; her father was an educational reformer and her oldest brother was the
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1306:. The University of California also maintains a collection of Rudolf Carnap Papers. Microfilm copies of his papers are maintained by the Philosophical Archives at the University of Konstanz in Germany.
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and published as a book in 1928. That achievement has become a landmark in modern epistemology and can be read as a forceful statement of the philosophical thesis of logical positivism. Indeed, the
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Carnap had four children by his first marriage to
Elizabeth Schöndube, which ended in divorce in 1929. He married his second wife, Elizabeth Ina Stöger, in 1933. Ina committed suicide in 1964.
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Below is an examination of the main topics in the evolution of the philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. It is not exhaustive, but it outlines Carnap's main works and contributions to modern
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who offered Carnap a position in his department, which Carnap accepted in 1926. Carnap thereupon joined an informal group of
Viennese intellectuals that came to be known as the
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2785:(Stanford: 1962, as "The Aim of Inductive Logic". Its contents will perhaps be familiar to most readers of this book, but there are many important revisions (the views of
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Manuscript drafts and typescripts both for his published works and for many unpublished papers and books. A partial listing include his first formulations of his
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Logic, Language, and the
Structure of Scientific Theories: Proceedings of the Carnap-Reichenbach Centennial, University of Konstanz, May 21â24, 1991
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2513:"AS Notes (old), 1958â1966 Box 19, Folder 7 Rudolf Carnap Papers, 1905â1970, ASP.1974.01, Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh"
904:, who accepted and became one of his most significant intellectual collaborators. Thanks partly to Quine's help, Carnap spent the years 1939â41 at
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for Carnap's benefit, as neither Carnap nor his university could afford a copy of this epochal work. In 1924 and 1925, he attended seminars led by
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Carnap, R. (1934), "On the
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At that point in his career, Carnap attempted to develop a full theory of the logical structure of scientific language. This theory, exposed in
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1905:, Wolfgang Kienzler, Alan Richardson, and Sven Schlotter (eds.), (The Collected Works of Rudolf Carnap, 1), New York: Oxford University Press.
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The lead article in the book is a revision of Carnap's "Inductive Logic and
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in 1941. Meanwhile, back in Vienna, Schlick was murdered in 1936. From 1936 to 1952, Carnap was a professor of philosophy at the
649:. As a ten-year-old, Carnap accompanied Wilhelm Dörpfeld on an expedition to Greece. Carnap was raised in a profoundly religious
3242:"Martin Heidegger and Rudolf Carnap: Radical Phenomenology, Logical Positivism and the Roots of the Continental/Analytic Divide"
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1868:. Edited from unpublished manuscript by T. Bonk and J. MosterĂn. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 167
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were the only members of the department committed to the primacy of science and logic. (Their Chicago colleagues included
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are taken into account explicitly), and what remains the same is so fundamental to Carnap's view that it bears rereading.
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visited Vienna, Carnap would meet with him. He (with Hahn and Neurath) wrote the 1929 manifesto of the Circle, and (with
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lectured in Vienna, and during November 1930 Carnap visited Warsaw. On these occasions he learned much about Tarski's
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Exact Thinking in Demented Times: The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science
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when he was 14 years of age, and remained sympathetic to it (Carnap 1963). He later attended the
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Abriss der Logistik, mit besonderer BerĂŒcksichtigung der Relationstheorie und ihrer Anwendungen
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Der Raum: Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre (Space: A Contribution to the Theory of Science)
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From 1922 to 1925, Carnap worked on a book which became one of his major works, namely
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having died the previous year. He had earlier refused an offer of a similar job at the
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Carnap, Tarski, and Quine at Harvard: Conversations on Logic, Mathematics, and Science
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2697:
2343:
1847:
1765:
1670:
1486:
846:
825:
821:
805:
747:
701:
687:
643:
618:
614:
549:
502:
452:
385:
303:
289:
194:
135:
94:
3295:
2725:
2682:
2639:
2131:
Empiricism at the Crossroads: The Vienna Circle's Protocol-Sentence Debate Revisited
6104:
6073:
6053:
6008:
5983:
5973:
5945:
5875:
5833:
5707:
5661:
5632:
5612:
4929:
4924:
4879:
4838:
4748:
4650:
4605:
4600:
4570:
4555:
4550:
4235:
4151:
4019:
3964:
3913:
3860:
3855:
3815:
3762:
3731:
3726:
3698:
3658:
3585:
3469:
3362:
3073:
2774:
2142:
1708:
1323:
1132:
1071:
963:
889:
850:
817:
760:
523:
353:
2066:
1999:
3032:
Erkenntnis Orientated: A Centennial Volume for Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach
2942:
2921:
6063:
6048:
6033:
6013:
5930:
5858:
5675:
5665:
5652:
5617:
5567:
5497:
5450:
5337:
5327:
5173:
5138:
5058:
4884:
4675:
4615:
4500:
4485:
4320:
4287:
4282:
4230:
4192:
4187:
4172:
4141:
4055:
3865:
3835:
3825:
3772:
3757:
3693:
3357:
2319:
2195:
Rudolf Carnap, "Ăberwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache",
2079:
The Constitutive A Priori: Developing and Extending an Epistemological Framework
1175:
1009:
929:
925:
873:
719:
697:
543:
528:
419:
381:
273:
3259:
3221:(Rudolf Carnap Papers, 1905â1970, ASP.1974.01, Special Collections Department,
900:. During the late 1930s, Carnap offered an assistant position in philosophy to
5950:
5679:
5670:
5657:
5401:
5364:
5178:
4969:
4813:
4768:
4645:
4620:
4545:
4480:
4039:
3908:
3845:
3840:
3539:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2873:
2814:
2230:
2213:
1892:
1506:
1502:
838:
650:
190:
31:
3113:
2842:
2768:
2590:
2045:
2027:
Rudolf Carnap: Early Writings: The Collected Works of Rudolf Carnap, Volume 1
5717:
5310:
5210:
4919:
4859:
4738:
4718:
4470:
4465:
4445:
3613:
3484:
986:
921:
881:
858:
854:
415:
361:
3164:
2582:
2245:
Richardson, Alan; Isaacson, Dan (1994). "Carnap's Principle of Tolerance".
1650:
2422:"Reading Notes and Summaries on Works by Rudolph Carnap, 1932 and Undated"
1721:
Stanford,, pp 303â318 (revised and expanded in Carnap & Jeffrey 1971).
5737:
5455:
5183:
4874:
4495:
4455:
4389:
3234:
2151:
Steve Awodey, "Structuralism, Invariance, and Univalence" (March 4, 2014)
1174:, 1967) in which he appears overtly skeptical of the aims and methods of
885:
431:
74:
5244:
3228:
1662:
5435:
4894:
4450:
2850:
2818:
2345:
Dear Carnap, Dear Van: The Quine-Carnap Correspondence and Related Work
2266:
1909:*For a more complete listing see Carnapâs Works in "Linked bibliography
1615:
1478:
1235:, 1943), Carnap turned his attention to the subject of probability and
683:
511:
3305:
3302:, Pacific Division, at Santa Barbara, California, on 29 December 1959.
1592:
865:
and took these two concepts as a basis of a new method of semantics."
17:
5502:
4974:
2868:
657:
610:
243:
2834:
1697:. trans. W. H. Myer and J. Wilkinson, Dover publications, New York.
1500:
The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language"
2760:
1774:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41--52
4460:
2184:
2118:
Carnap and Twentieth-Century Thought: Explication as Enlightenment
2105:
Carnap and Twentieth-Century Thought: Explication as Enlightenment
739:
735:
632:
345:
3145:
258:
Der logische Aufbau der Welt (The Logical Structure of the World)
5381:
3130:
1421:
The Logical Structure of the World. Pseudoproblems in Philosophy
948:
743:
675:
236:
5248:
5039:
An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
4393:
3309:
2663:
by Rudolf Carnap, translated from the German by Amethe Smeaton"
1966:
Resemblance Nominalism: A Solution to the Problem of Universals
1460:"Ăberwindung der Metaphysik durch logische Analyse der Sprache"
2247:
Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
1350:
The Collected Works of Rudolf Carnap, Volume 1: Early Writings
1003:
1836:
Rudolf Carnap, logical empiricist: materials and perspectives
1239:. His views on that subject are for the most part exposed in
1088:
From 1919 to 1921, Carnap worked on a doctoral thesis called
993:
in 1908 and 1922, and employed the language while traveling.
982:, were published posthumously as Carnap (1971, 1977, 1980).
579:
3298:
on 'Theoretical Concepts in Science' at the meeting of the
2410:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p. 8 n. 18.
1940:
Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences
1630:
Meaning and Necessity: a Study in Semantics and Modal Logic
2869:"Linked bibliography for the SEP article 'Rudolf Carnap.'"
2431:. Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh
962:, because accepting that position required that he sign a
730:
was a newly appointed professor. Carnap then attended the
711:
During his university years he became enthralled with the
3159:
Rudolf Carnap Webpage and Directory of Internet Resources
1829:
1975 âObservation Language and Theoretical Languageâ, in
585:
3158:
2349:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p.
3086:, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74â76.
796:
at a 1923 conference. Reichenbach introduced Carnap to
2819:"Review of Studies in Inductive Logic and Probability"
2388:
Vol. 20 p. 43. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008.
1853:
1980. "A Basic System of Inductive Logic Part II" in:
1821:
25 (3-4):269 - 298, reprinted with slight revision in
892:, emigrated to the United States in 1935 and became a
868:
In 1931, Carnap was appointed Professor at the German
2537:"Finding Aid for the Rudolf Carnap papers, 1920â1968"
582:
576:
524:
Three kinds of space: formal, physical and perceptual
2185:
Carnap, Rudolf â Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2120:, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 223 and 227.
718:
While Carnap held moral and political opposition to
588:
5923:
5914:
5816:
5746:
5560:
5282:
5151:
5000:
4852:
4689:
4436:
4334:
4296:
4270:
4244:
4216:
4160:
4132:
4069:
4048:
3987:
3945:
3922:
3899:
3801:
3745:
3707:
3651:
3604:
3558:
3462:
3412:
3386:
3350:
3343:
3098:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A
3094:"Rudolf Carnap's 'Theoretical Concepts in Science'"
2406:Smith, D. W., and Thomasson, Amie L. (eds.), 2005,
1760:1964. "The Logicist Foundations of Mathematics" in
1694:
Introduction to Symbolic Logic and its Applications
573:
367:
339:
313:
299:
285:
267:
242:
216:
180:
170:
160:
122:
101:
60:
41:
3187:"Von der Erkenntnistheorie zur Wissenschaftslogik"
1859:Studies in Inductive Logic and Probability, Vol. 2
1805:Studies in Inductive Logic and Probability, Vol. 1
2067:Physicalism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
6245:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
1346:"Space: A Contribution to the Theory of Science"
1100:, Carnap tried to provide a logical basis for a
792:Carnap discovered a kindred spirit when he met
6285:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
2920:Richard Creath, Michael Friedman, ed. (2007).
2094:, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1937, pp. 13â14.
2029:, Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. xiiiâxiv.
1568:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science,
1094:Space: A Contribution to the Theory of Science
6350:University of California, Los Angeles faculty
5260:
4405:
3321:
2486:
2484:
1707:1962. "The Aim of Inductive Logic" in (eds.)
1335:, published as a monograph supplement to the
700:, and was one of very few students to attend
8:
6225:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
3053:Carnap's Ideal of Explication and Naturalism
2783:Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science
2325:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
2281:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science
1780:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science
1771:Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings
1718:Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science
1676:Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings
1318:Der Raum: Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre
1166:From 1928 to 1934, Carnap published papers (
1143:suggests that epistemology, based on modern
1104:. Considering that Carnap was interested in
1090:Der Raum: Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftslehre
808:, directed largely by Schlick and including
30:"Carnap" redirects here. For the crime, see
3198:"Ăber die Einheitssprache der Wissenschaft"
2386:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2336:
2334:
2107:, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 222.
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1570:Vol. I, No. 3. University of Chicago Press.
1131:, 1967), which was accepted in 1926 as his
1038:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
824:, with occasional visits by Hahn's student
785:, and continued to write on physics from a
6370:Academic staff of the University of Vienna
5920:
5267:
5253:
5245:
5129:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
4412:
4398:
4390:
3919:
3704:
3601:
3347:
3328:
3314:
3306:
2296:Research In Psychology: Methods and Design
978:and on the foundations of probability and
928:, and on the philosophical foundations of
211:Formalism in the philosophy of mathematics
49:
38:
6145:20th-century American non-fiction writers
5886:Relationship between religion and science
2724:
2681:
2638:
2560:Pincock, Christopher (January 17, 2022).
2229:
1990:
1988:
1839:. Boston: D. Reidel Pub. Co.. pp. 75--85
1058:Learn how and when to remove this message
617:thereafter. He was a major member of the
605:; 18 May 1891 â 14 September 1970) was a
3012:Carnap's construction of the world: the
1866:Untersuchungen zur Allgemeinen Axiomatik
1621:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
1608:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
6170:20th-century German non-fiction writers
3016:and the emergence of logical empiricism
1956:
1616:"On the Application of Inductive Logic"
379:
55:Rudolf Carnap, 1935, by Francis Schmidt
27:German-American philosopher (1891â1970)
2341:Quine, W.V. and Rudolf Carnap (1990).
2180:
2178:
2176:
1964:"Review of Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra,
734:, where he wrote a thesis defining an
6345:UCLA Department of Philosophy faculty
3229:Das Fremdpsychische bei Rudolf Carnap
3003:The Time of My Life: An Autobiography
2738:
2736:
2555:
2553:
2374:Biography â UW Departments Web Server
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
1850:, ed. University of California Press.
1098:philosophical foundations of geometry
1096:, 1922). In this dissertation on the
678:. From 1910 to 1914, he attended the
656:He began his formal education at the
653:family, but later became an atheist.
600:
7:
2704:Foundations of Logic and Mathematics
2408:Phenomenology and Philosophy of Mind
1816:"Notes on probability and induction"
1790:Philosophical Foundations of Physics
1563:Foundations of Logic and Mathematics
1380:(1992 draft), published version in:
1348:(2005 draft), published version in:
1225:Foundations of Logic and Mathematics
1036:adding citations to reliable sources
3151:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3136:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3123:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3046:Carnap's Logical Syntax of Language
2454:. Chicago: Open Court. p. 27.
2299:(6th ed.). Wiley. p. 11.
2168:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2055:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2005:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1861:. . University of California Press.
1655:Revue Internationale de Philosophie
1102:theory of space and time in physics
836:) initiated the philosophy journal
6150:20th-century American philosophers
6140:20th-century American male writers
3300:American Philosophical Association
2743:Kyburg, Henry E. (December 1972).
1685:The Continuum of Inductive Methods
1639:Logical Foundations of Probability
1424:. University of California Press.
1241:Logical foundations of probability
1129:The Logical Structure of the World
960:University of California, Berkeley
25:
6205:American people of German descent
6200:American male non-fiction writers
5906:Sociology of scientific knowledge
5901:Sociology of scientific ignorance
5854:History and philosophy of science
3290:RUDOLF CARNAP, LOGICAL EMPIRICIST
3284:by Feigl, Hempel, Jeffrey, Quine
3041:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
2994:60: 20â43. Reprinted in his 1953
2923:The Cambridge Companion to Carnap
1811:, University of California Press.
1412:). Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag.
1392:Scheinprobleme in der Philosophie
1288:Archives of Scientific Philosophy
1168:Scheinprobleme in der Philosophie
682:, intending to write a thesis in
6175:20th-century German philosophers
6165:20th-century German male writers
6103:
6091:
4373:
4364:
4363:
3267:RUDOLF CARNAP, PHILOSOPHER, DIES
3165:Collected Works of Rudolf Carnap
2944:The Cambridge companion to Quine
2259:10.1093/aristoteliansupp/68.1.67
2165:: entry by James Ladyman in the
2081:, Lexington Books, 2018, p. 106.
1604:The Two Concepts of Probability"
1290:at the University of Pittsburgh.
1195:The logical analysis of language
1008:
637:Carnap's birthplace in Wuppertal
569:
6270:German male non-fiction writers
6160:20th-century American essayists
3024:The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap
2966:In Search of Mathematical Roots
2894:Online version in three parts:
2726:10.1090/s0002-9904-1939-07085-7
2683:10.1090/S0002-9904-1938-06694-3
2640:10.1090/s0002-9904-1929-04818-3
2149:-related pursuits "ill-fated" (
1735:The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap
1651:Empiricism, Semantics, Ontology
1642:. University of Chicago Press.
1633:. University of Chicago Press.
440:Framework-relative constitutive
366:
6300:People from the Rhine Province
5295:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
5069:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
3576:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
3288:. reprinted in frontmatter of
2947:. Cambridge University Press.
2926:. Cambridge University Press.
2661:The Logical Syntax of Language
2092:The Logical Syntax of Language
1740:Library Of Living Philosophers
1688:. University of Chicago Press.
1540:The Logical Syntax of Language
1449:Introduction to Symbolic Logic
1447:Revised) English translation:
1205:The Logical Syntax of Language
968:analyticâsynthetic distinction
767:Frege's course exposed him to
539:General self-referential lemma
399:Analyticâsynthetic distinction
1:
6355:University of Chicago faculty
6260:German expatriates in Austria
4950:Principle of compositionality
3034:. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
1899:Rudolf Carnap: Early Writings
1551:Philosophy and Logical Syntax
1367:Physikalische Begriffsbildung
758:) in a supplemental issue of
404:Internalâexternal distinction
5099:Philosophical Investigations
3167:â Department of Philosophy,
3083:The New York Review of Books
3030:Spohn, Wolfgang, ed., 1991.
2996:From a Logical Point of View
2941:Roger F Gibson, ed. (2004).
1922:Interview with Rudolf Carnap
1726:"Intellectual Autobiography"
1611:, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp.513â532.
1405:Der Logische Aufbau der Welt
1399:). Berlin: Weltkreis-Verlag.
1397:Pseudoproblems in Philosophy
1378:"Physical Concept Formation"
1172:Pseudoproblems in Philosophy
1125:Der logische Aufbau der Welt
1118:Der Logische Aufbau der Welt
941:Institute for Advanced Study
498:Epistemic structural realism
286:Other academic advisors
233:Institute for Advanced Study
6365:University of Vienna alumni
6320:Philosophers of probability
6315:Philosophers of mathematics
5628:Hypothetico-deductive model
5603:Deductive-nomological model
5588:Constructivist epistemology
4940:Modality (natural language)
3235:FBI file on Rudolph Carnap
3182:, Philosophy at RBJones.com
3051:Wagner, Pierre, ed., 2012.
3044:Wagner, Pierre, ed., 2009.
3021:Schilpp, P. A., ed., 1963.
3010:Richardson, Alan W., 1998.
2998:. Harvard University Press.
2450:Frost-Arnold, Greg (2013).
2133:, Open Court, 2015, p. 142.
1529:Logische Syntax der Sprache
1201:Logische Syntax der Sprache
991:World Congress of Esperanto
947:(1952â1954), he joined the
924:(Carnap 1942, 1943, 1956),
888:beliefs put him at risk in
686:. He also intently studied
607:German-language philosopher
314:Other notable students
6396:
5079:Language, Truth, and Logic
4819:Theological noncognitivism
4704:Contrast theory of meaning
4699:Causal theory of reference
4430:Index of language articles
3475:Causal theory of reference
3260:10.5840/philtoday200751332
3169:Carnegie Mellon University
1945:Second Davos Hochschulkurs
1599:, Vol. 12, pp. 72â97.
696:during a course taught by
29:
6360:University of Jena alumni
6280:Harvard University people
6082:
5689:Semantic view of theories
5608:Epistemological anarchism
5545:dependent and independent
5219:
5164:Philosophy of information
4764:Mediated reference theory
4427:
4359:
3231:(German) by Robert Bauer.
3180:The Life of Rudolf Carnap
3080:, Basic Books, 449 pp.),
3027:. LaSalle IL: Open Court.
2474:Christian Damböck (ed.),
2293:C. James Goodwin (2009).
2231:10.1007/s11229-015-0816-z
1935:Definitions of philosophy
1893:10.1007/s11229-015-0793-2
1576:Introduction to Semantics
1229:Introduction to Semantics
558:
156:
48:
6305:Philosophers of language
5431:Intertheoretic reduction
5420:Ignoramus et ignorabimus
5397:Functional contextualism
5089:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
3535:Scientific structuralism
3223:University of Pittsburgh
3209:"Wahrheit und BewÀhrung"
2992:The Philosophical Review
2988:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
2823:The Philosophical Review
2476:Influences on the Aufbau
1554:. Bristol UK: Thoemmes.
1264:Primary source materials
952:Department of Philosophy
750:style, and published as
115:Santa Monica, California
6325:Philosophers of science
6195:American male essayists
5916:Philosophers of science
5694:Scientific essentialism
5643:Model-dependent realism
5578:Constructive empiricism
5471:Evidence-based practice
4890:Useâmention distinction
4734:Direct reference theory
3280:Homage to Rudolf Carnap
3018:. Cambridge Uni. Press.
2968:. Princeton Uni. Press.
2283:, Basic Books, p. 220.
2210:Dutilh Novaes, Catarina
1881:âValue Concepts (1958)â
1384:(2019) pp. 339â440
1352:(2019) pp. 21â208
863:intension and extension
693:Critique of Pure Reason
613:before 1935 and in the
461:observational statement
449:Intension and extension
165:20th-century philosophy
129:(B.A., 1914; PhD, 1921)
6380:Writers from Wuppertal
5999:Alfred North Whitehead
5989:Charles Sanders Peirce
4824:Theory of descriptions
4759:Linguistic determinism
4421:Philosophy of language
3591:Reflective equilibrium
3240:Luchte, James (2007).
3213:Paris Congress in 1935
3202:Paris Congress in 1935
3191:Paris Congress in 1935
3176:of Carnap's philosophy
3146:"Carnap's Modal Logic"
2600:on September 21, 2020.
2279:Rudolf Carnap (1966),
2212:; Reck, Erich (2017).
1585:Formalization of Logic
1515:(1965) pp. 60â81
1418:Rolf A. George, 1967.
1280:Notes (old), 1958â1966
1249:degree of confirmation
1233:Formalization of Logic
1170:, 1928; translated as
1162:Overcoming metaphysics
985:Carnap taught himself
972:verification principle
638:
547:Principle of tolerance
152:(Dr. phil. hab., 1926)
132:University of Freiburg
6310:Philosophers of logic
6215:Analytic philosophers
6185:American Esperantists
6155:20th-century atheists
6098:Philosophy portal
5849:Hard and soft science
5844:Faith and rationality
5713:Scientific skepticism
5493:Scientific Revolution
5276:Philosophy of science
4935:Mental representation
4870:Linguistic relativity
4754:Inquisitive semantics
4262:Nicholas Wolterstorff
3717:David Malet Armstrong
3219:Rudolf Carnap Papers:
3120:, André Carus in the
3055:. Palgrave Macmillan.
3048:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2962:Ivor Grattan-Guinness
2749:Philosophy of Science
2713:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
2670:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
2627:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
2052:, André Carus in the
1980:Philosophy of Science
1844:Two Essays on Entropy
1636:1950, (1962 2nd ed:)
1624:, Vol. 8, pp.133â148.
1597:Philosophy of Science
1588:. Harvard Uni. Press.
1579:. Harvard Uni. Press.
1494:English translation:
1310:Selected publications
1203:(1934; translated as
939:After a stint at the
936:(Carnap 1950, 1952).
898:University of Chicago
800:, a professor at the
774:Principia Mathematica
713:German Youth Movement
636:
508:Intensional semantics
483:axiom system is also
475:Forkability theorem (
358:Philosophy of science
229:University of Chicago
6335:Philosophy academics
6330:Philosophers of time
6220:Atheist philosophers
5824:Criticism of science
5699:Scientific formalism
5583:Constructive realism
5488:Scientific pluralism
5461:Problem of induction
5119:Naming and Necessity
5029:De Arte Combinatoria
4828:Definite description
4789:Semantic externalism
2583:10.1093/mind/fzaa061
2397:Mormann 2000, p. 14.
2163:"Structural Realism"
2145:pronounces Carnap's
1746:p. 3â83 (1963)
1593:"On Inductive Logic"
1535:English translation:
1416:English translation:
1370:. Karlsruhe: Braun.
1343:English translation:
1137:University of Vienna
1032:improve this section
870:University of Prague
802:University of Vienna
724:University of Berlin
542:Carnapian (concept)
221:University of Vienna
150:University of Vienna
141:University of Berlin
6250:German Esperantists
6210:American socialists
5891:Rhetoric of science
5829:Descriptive science
5573:Confirmation holism
5466:Scientific evidence
5426:Inductive reasoning
5355:Demarcation problem
5169:Philosophical logic
5159:Analytic philosophy
4965:Sense and reference
4844:Verification theory
4799:Situation semantics
4084:Patricia Churchland
4015:Christine Korsgaard
3901:Logical positivists
3793:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3570:paradox of analysis
3337:Analytic philosophy
3275:, 15 September 1970
3103:(1) (2000):151â172.
3070:"Positive Thinking"
2618:Abriss der Logistik
2199:II (1932): 219â241.
1887:, 194(1): 185â194.
1797:, ed. Basic Books.
1410:habilitation thesis
1374:English translation
1253:relative frequency.
1156:constitution theory
1076:philosophy of logic
894:naturalized citizen
665:Carolo-Alexandrinum
621:and an advocate of
436:Formal epistemology
428:Constructed systems
412:Constitution theory
391:Logical behaviorism
388:in linguistic terms
334:Yehoshua Bar-Hillel
207:Logical behaviorism
6340:Philosophy writers
6190:American logicians
6110:Science portal
6039:Carl Gustav Hempel
5994:Wilhelm Windelband
5881:Questionable cause
5704:Scientific realism
5525:Underdetermination
5360:Empirical evidence
5350:Creative synthesis
5019:Port-Royal Grammar
4915:Family resemblance
4834:Theory of language
4809:Supposition theory
4257:William Lane Craig
3975:Friedrich Waismann
3932:Carl Gustav Hempel
3891:Timothy Williamson
3851:Alasdair MacIntyre
3709:Australian realism
3689:Russ Shafer-Landau
3550:Analytical Thomism
3505:Logical positivism
3272:The New York Times
2655:Mac Lane, Saunders
2478:, Springer, p. 55.
1512:Logical Positivism
1479:10.1007/BF02028153
1000:Philosophical work
974:. His writings on
918:Charles Hartshorne
906:Harvard University
902:Carl Gustav Hempel
814:Friedrich Waismann
787:logical positivist
732:University of Jena
706:mathematical logic
680:University of Jena
639:
623:logical positivism
609:who was active in
602:[ËkaÊnaËp]
516:state-descriptions
494:Logical positivism
432:Conceptual schemes
318:Carl Gustav Hempel
225:Charles University
199:Logical positivism
175:Western philosophy
127:University of Jena
6275:German socialists
6180:American atheists
6117:
6116:
5959:
5958:
5871:Normative science
5728:Uniformitarianism
5483:Scientific method
5377:Explanatory power
5242:
5241:
4744:Dynamic semantics
4387:
4386:
4355:
4354:
4071:Pittsburgh School
4061:Peter van Inwagen
3995:Roderick Chisholm
3983:
3982:
3876:Richard Swinburne
3811:G. E. M. Anscombe
3647:
3646:
3545:Analytic theology
3520:Ordinary language
3458:
3457:
2706:by Rudolf Carnap"
2620:by Rudolf Carnap"
2306:978-0-470-52278-3
2147:Gabelbarkeitssatz
2077:Arthur Sullivan,
1924:, German TV, 1964
1473:: 219â241. 1931.
1358:978-0-19-874840-3
1068:
1067:
1060:
910:Charles W. Morris
845:In February 1930
781:, the founder of
726:, 1917â18, where
562:
561:
477:Gabelbarkeitssatz
300:Doctoral students
145:graduate research
106:14 September 1970
16:(Redirected from
6387:
6265:German logicians
6255:German essayists
6108:
6107:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6069:Bas van Fraassen
6024:Hans Reichenbach
6004:Bertrand Russell
5921:
5747:Philosophy of...
5530:Unity of science
5323:Commensurability
5269:
5262:
5255:
5246:
5204:Formal semantics
5152:Related articles
5144:
5134:
5124:
5114:
5104:
5094:
5084:
5074:
5064:
5054:
5044:
5034:
5024:
5014:
4784:Relevance theory
4779:Phallogocentrism
4414:
4407:
4400:
4391:
4377:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4306:Nancy Cartwright
4147:Nicholas Rescher
4124:Bas van Fraassen
4114:Nicholas Rescher
3937:Hans Reichenbach
3920:
3886:Bernard Williams
3783:Bertrand Russell
3705:
3639:Rigid designator
3602:
3348:
3344:Related articles
3330:
3323:
3316:
3307:
3296:Carnap lecturing
3263:
3247:Philosophy Today
3163:Homepage of the
3155:
3144:Cresswell, M.J.
3140:
3090:Psillos, Stathis
2958:
2937:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2710:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2667:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2624:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2593:. Archived from
2577:(521): 317â326.
2566:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2488:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2429:Rose Rand Papers
2426:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2348:
2338:
2329:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2182:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2043:
2030:
2023:
2010:
2009:
1996:Zalta, Edward N.
1992:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1903:Michael Friedman
1730:Schilpp. Paul A.
1490:
1464:
1110:natural sciences
1106:pure mathematics
1063:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1012:
1004:
956:Hans Reichenbach
834:Hans Reichenbach
794:Hans Reichenbach
769:Bertrand Russell
736:axiomatic theory
673:
647:Wilhelm Dörpfeld
604:
599:
595:
594:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
533:logical analysis
520:Carnap sentences
457:Beobachtungssatz
330:Raymond Smullyan
326:Herbert A. Simon
322:Peter G. Ossorio
294:Heinrich Rickert
281:(Dr. phil. hab.)
269:Doctoral advisor
111:
109:
70:
68:
53:
39:
21:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6240:German atheists
6235:Epistemologists
6120:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6102:
6092:
6090:
6078:
6059:Paul Feyerabend
6019:Michael Polanyi
5955:
5941:Galileo Galilei
5910:
5896:Science studies
5812:
5742:
5733:Verificationism
5638:Instrumentalism
5623:Foundationalism
5598:Conventionalism
5556:
5392:Feminist method
5278:
5273:
5243:
5238:
5215:
5194:School of Names
5147:
5142:
5132:
5122:
5112:
5109:Of Grammatology
5102:
5092:
5082:
5072:
5062:
5052:
5042:
5032:
5022:
5012:
4996:
4848:
4794:Semantic holism
4774:Non-cognitivism
4714:Conventionalism
4685:
4432:
4423:
4418:
4388:
4383:
4374:
4351:
4342:Jan Ćukasiewicz
4330:
4298:Stanford School
4292:
4278:Paul Feyerabend
4266:
4252:Alvin Plantinga
4240:
4226:James F. Conant
4212:
4156:
4128:
4119:Wilfrid Sellars
4109:Alexander Pruss
4089:Paul Churchland
4065:
4044:
4000:Donald Davidson
3979:
3941:
3918:
3895:
3821:Michael Dummett
3797:
3788:Frank P. Ramsey
3741:
3703:
3679:Jaakko Hintikka
3664:Keith Donnellan
3643:
3600:
3554:
3515:Neurophilosophy
3500:Logical atomism
3454:
3408:
3382:
3339:
3334:
3239:
3143:
3131:"Rudolf Carnap"
3128:
3114:"Rudolf Carnap"
3110:
3062:
3060:Further reading
2955:
2940:
2934:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2835:10.2307/2184531
2813:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2795:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2719:(11): 821â822.
2708:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2665:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2622:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2161:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2098:
2090:Rudolf Carnap,
2089:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2046:"Rudolf Carnap"
2044:
2033:
2024:
2013:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1968:" â ndpr.nd.edu
1962:
1958:
1953:
1931:
1918:
1831:Jaakko Hintikka
1823:Hintikka (1975)
1799:Online excerpt.
1762:Paul Benacerraf
1667:Paul Benacerraf
1462:
1458:
1382:Collected Works
1333:doctoral thesis
1331:. 56 (his 1921
1329:ErgÀnzungshefte
1312:
1272:Begriffsschrift
1266:
1237:inductive logic
1221:
1219:Inductive logic
1197:
1188:Wittgensteinian
1164:
1127:(translated as
1121:
1086:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1029:
1013:
1002:
980:inductive logic
934:inductive logic
851:model theoretic
728:Albert Einstein
667:
631:
597:
572:
568:
554:
548:
546:
541:
537:
535:
527:Elimination of
526:
522:
518:
506:
500:
496:
492:
474:
464:
455:
451:
447:
438:
434:
430:
426:
424:Inductive logic
422:
414:
410:
408:Confirmationism
406:
402:
397:
393:
389:
384:
378:
377:
370:
360:
356:
342:
332:
328:
324:
320:
306:
292:
277:
276:(Ph.D. advisor)
263:
235:
231:
227:
223:
209:
205:
203:Logical atomism
201:
197:
193:
189:
148:
139:
130:
118:
112:
107:
105:
97:
72:
66:
64:
56:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6393:
6391:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6100:
6088:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6044:W. V. O. Quine
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5979:Rudolf Steiner
5976:
5971:
5969:Henri Poincaré
5966:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5927:
5925:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5839:Exact sciences
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5817:Related topics
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5776:Social science
5773:
5772:
5771:
5769:Space and time
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5682:
5673:
5668:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5478:Scientific law
5475:
5474:
5473:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5409:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5387:Falsifiability
5384:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5316:Mill's Methods
5308:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5135:
5125:
5115:
5105:
5095:
5085:
5075:
5065:
5055:
5045:
5035:
5025:
5015:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4945:Presupposition
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4724:Deconstruction
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4326:Patrick Suppes
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4208:Michael Walzer
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4094:Adolf GrĂŒnbaum
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:Robert Brandom
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4035:W. V. O. Quine
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4010:Nelson Goodman
4007:
4005:Daniel Dennett
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3970:Moritz Schlick
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3881:Charles Taylor
3878:
3873:
3871:P. F. Strawson
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:Norman Malcolm
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3737:J. J. C. Smart
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:David Chalmers
3719:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3684:Giuseppe Peano
3681:
3676:
3674:Edmund Gettier
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Possible world
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Counterfactual
3578:
3573:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Paraconsistent
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3351:Areas of focus
3345:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3276:
3264:
3254:(3): 241â260.
3237:
3232:
3226:
3216:
3215:, Paris, 1936.
3205:
3204:, Paris, 1936.
3194:
3193:, Paris, 1936.
3183:
3177:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3141:
3129:Murzi, Mauro.
3126:
3118:Hannes Leitgeb
3109:
3108:External links
3106:
3105:
3104:
3087:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3019:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2979:
2972:Thomas Mormann
2969:
2959:
2953:
2938:
2933:978-0521840156
2932:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2887:
2860:
2829:(1): 116â121.
2806:
2793:
2781:, and Tarski,
2761:10.1086/288480
2732:
2698:Church, Alonzo
2689:
2676:(3): 171â176.
2646:
2633:(6): 880â881.
2603:
2549:
2528:
2504:
2480:
2467:
2460:
2442:
2412:
2399:
2390:
2377:
2366:
2359:
2330:
2312:
2305:
2285:
2272:
2237:
2201:
2188:
2172:
2155:
2135:
2129:Thomas Uebel,
2122:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2070:
2059:
2050:Hannes Leitgeb
2031:
2011:
1984:
1982:, 1, pp. 5â19.
1971:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1907:
1906:
1901:, A.W. Carus,
1895:
1877:
1862:
1855:Jeffrey, R. C.
1851:
1848:Shimony, Abner
1840:
1826:
1825:
1812:
1801:
1795:Martin Gardner
1785:
1775:
1758:
1756:978-0812691535
1722:
1715:, and Tarski,
1705:
1689:
1680:
1665:reprinted in:
1647:
1634:
1625:
1612:
1600:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1521:978-0029011300
1455:
1454:
1453:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1311:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1265:
1262:
1220:
1217:
1196:
1193:
1180:symbolic logic
1163:
1160:
1145:symbolic logic
1135:thesis at the
1120:
1115:
1085:
1080:
1066:
1065:
1016:
1014:
1007:
1001:
998:
976:thermodynamics
914:Richard McKeon
880:Carnap, whose
798:Moritz Schlick
779:Edmund Husserl
704:'s courses in
630:
627:
560:
559:
556:
555:
553:
552:
503:logically true
395:Extensionalism
375:
374:
373:
371:
368:
365:
364:
343:
341:Main interests
340:
337:
336:
315:
311:
310:
301:
297:
296:
287:
283:
282:
279:Moritz Schlick
271:
265:
264:
262:
261:
255:
248:
246:
240:
239:
218:
214:
213:
184:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
154:
153:
124:
120:
119:
113:
110:(aged 79)
103:
99:
98:
73:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6392:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6375:Vienna Circle
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6099:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6029:Rudolf Carnap
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5964:Auguste Comte
5962:
5961:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5936:Francis Bacon
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5864:Pseudoscience
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5723:Structuralism
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5685:Received view
5683:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5593:Contextualism
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5258:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5189:Scholasticism
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Structuralism
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:Descriptivism
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4709:Contrastivism
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4380:
4372:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4348:
4347:Alfred Tarski
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:Peter Galison
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Nathan Salmon
4201:
4199:
4198:Richard Rorty
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Alonzo Church
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Ruth Millikan
4102:
4100:
4099:John McDowell
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Hilary Putnam
4028:
4026:
4025:Robert Nozick
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:Rudolf Carnap
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3947:Vienna Circle
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3924:Berlin Circle
3921:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Philippa Foot
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Graham Priest
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:Charlie Broad
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3669:Gottlob Frege
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3596:Supervenience
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Functionalism
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Descriptivism
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Philosophical
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Non-classical
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2982:Willard Quine
2980:
2978:. C. H. Beck.
2977:
2976:Rudolf Carnap
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2636:
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2607:
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2571:
2563:
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2538:
2532:
2529:
2514:
2508:
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2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
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2471:
2468:
2463:
2461:9780812698374
2457:
2453:
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2409:
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2400:
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2387:
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2362:
2360:9780520068476
2356:
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2136:
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2119:
2116:A. W. Carus,
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:A. W. Carus,
2100:
2097:
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2087:
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2028:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2001:
2000:"Behaviorism"
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
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1915:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
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1875:
1874:3-534-14298-5
1871:
1867:
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1860:
1856:
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1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:Jeffrey, R. C
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:Hilary Putnam
1763:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:0-8126-9153-9
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1710:
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1704:
1703:9780486604534
1700:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1671:Hilary Putnam
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
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1640:
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1632:
1631:
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1578:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1543:. Kegan Paul.
1542:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1505:(trans.) in:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1430:0-812-69523-2
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:
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1103:
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1079:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1059:
1051:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1017:This section
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
999:
997:
994:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
847:Alfred Tarski
843:
841:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:Herbert Feigl
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:Vienna Circle
803:
799:
795:
790:
789:perspective.
788:
784:
783:phenomenology
780:
776:
775:
770:
765:
763:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
703:
702:Gottlob Frege
699:
695:
694:
689:
688:Immanuel Kant
685:
681:
677:
674:Gymnasium in
671:
666:
662:
659:
654:
652:
648:
645:
644:archaeologist
635:
628:
626:
624:
620:
619:Vienna Circle
616:
615:United States
612:
608:
603:
593:
566:
565:Rudolf Carnap
557:
551:
550:Compatibilism
545:
540:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
499:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
472:
468:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
396:
392:
387:
386:Phenomenalism
383:
380:
372:
369:Notable ideas
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
309:
305:
304:Abner Shimony
302:
298:
295:
291:
290:Gottlob Frege
288:
284:
280:
275:
272:
270:
266:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
247:
245:
241:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:Vienna Circle
192:
188:
185:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
137:
136:audit student
133:
128:
125:
121:
116:
104:
100:
96:
95:German Empire
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
63:
59:
52:
47:
43:Rudolf Carnap
40:
37:
33:
19:
6074:Larry Laudan
6054:Imre Lakatos
6028:
6009:Otto Neurath
5984:Karl Pearson
5974:Pierre Duhem
5946:Isaac Newton
5876:Protoscience
5834:Epistemology
5708:Anti-realism
5706: /
5687: /
5678: /
5664: /
5662:Reductionism
5660: /
5633:Inductionism
5613:Evolutionism
5418:
5305:a posteriori
5304:
5300:
5137:
5127:
5117:
5107:
5097:
5087:
5077:
5067:
5047:
5037:
5027:
5017:
5007:
4989:
4930:Metalanguage
4925:Logical form
4880:Truth-bearer
4839:Unilalianism
4749:Expressivism
4585:
4576:Wittgenstein
4521:von Humboldt
4438:Philosophers
4236:Cora Diamond
4152:Morton White
4020:Thomas Nagel
3965:Otto Neurath
3954:
3914:Ernest Nagel
3861:Gilbert Ryle
3856:Derek Parfit
3816:J. L. Austin
3763:Casimir Lewy
3732:Peter Singer
3727:J. L. Mackie
3699:Barry Stroud
3659:Noam Chomsky
3652:Philosophers
3586:Natural kind
3470:Anti-realism
3430:Mathematical
3404:Performative
3363:Epistemology
3289:
3285:
3279:
3270:
3269:obituary in
3251:
3245:
3212:
3201:
3190:
3149:
3134:
3121:
3100:
3097:
3081:
3077:
3074:Karl Sigmund
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3015:
3011:
3005:. MIT Press.
3002:
2995:
2991:
2975:
2965:
2943:
2922:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2872:
2863:
2854:
2826:
2822:
2809:
2796:
2782:
2772:
2752:
2748:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2692:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2649:
2630:
2626:
2617:
2606:
2595:the original
2574:
2568:
2540:. Retrieved
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2475:
2470:
2451:
2445:
2433:. Retrieved
2428:
2420:Rand, Rose.
2415:
2407:
2402:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2369:
2344:
2323:
2315:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2221:
2217:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2166:
2158:
2146:
2143:Steve Awodey
2138:
2130:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2062:
2053:
2026:
2003:
1979:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1921:
1910:
1908:
1898:
1884:
1865:
1858:
1843:
1834:
1818:
1804:
1788:
1784:Basic Books.
1779:
1769:
1733:
1716:
1692:
1683:
1675:
1654:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1606:
1596:
1584:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1549:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1510:
1493:
1470:
1466:
1446:
1437:
1419:
1415:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1349:
1342:
1337:Kant-Studien
1336:
1328:
1324:Kant-Studien
1322:
1316:
1300:
1294:
1270:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1184:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1133:habilitation
1128:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1072:epistemology
1069:
1054:
1045:
1030:Please help
1018:
995:
984:
964:loyalty oath
938:
890:Nazi Germany
879:
867:
844:
837:
830:Wittgenstein
818:Otto Neurath
791:
772:
766:
761:Kant-Studien
759:
755:
751:
717:
710:
691:
655:
640:
564:
563:
505:) statements
488:
476:
470:
467:categoricity
456:
442:
354:Epistemology
349:
308:David Kaplan
260: (1926)
257:
254: (1921)
251:
217:Institutions
108:(1970-09-14)
36:
6295:Ontologists
6230:Empiricists
6135:1970 deaths
6130:1891 births
6064:Ian Hacking
6049:Thomas Kuhn
6034:Karl Popper
6014:C. D. Broad
5931:Roger Bacon
5859:Non-science
5801:Linguistics
5781:Archaeology
5676:Rationalism
5666:Determinism
5653:Physicalism
5618:Fallibilism
5568:Coherentism
5498:Testability
5451:Observation
5446:Objectivity
5407:alternative
5338:Correlation
5328:Consilience
5174:Linguistics
5139:Limited Inc
5059:On Denoting
4885:Proposition
4536:de Saussure
4501:Ibn Khaldun
4335:Lwow-Warsaw
4321:Ian Hacking
4288:Karl Popper
4283:Thomas Kuhn
4231:Alice Crary
4193:Saul Kripke
4188:Jaegwon Kim
4183:David Lewis
4173:Jerry Fodor
4142:Susan Haack
4056:Robert Audi
3866:John Searle
3836:Peter Geach
3826:Antony Flew
3773:G. E. Moore
3694:Ernest Sosa
3624:Possibility
3373:Mathematics
3358:Metaphysics
3207:R. Carnap:
3196:R. Carnap:
3185:R. Carnap:
3072:(review of
2880:January 11,
2815:Levi, Isaac
2612:Weiss, Paul
2542:December 2,
2521:December 2,
2497:December 2,
2224:: 195â215.
1916:Filmography
1503:Pap, Arthur
1304:finding aid
1176:metaphysics
930:probability
926:modal logic
874:W. V. Quine
872:. In 1933,
720:World War I
698:Bruno Bauch
668: [
544:explication
529:metaphysics
510:evaluating
485:categorical
471:Monomorphie
420:modal logic
382:Physicalism
274:Bruno Bauch
71:18 May 1891
6124:Categories
5951:David Hume
5924:Precursors
5806:Psychology
5786:Economicsâ
5680:Empiricism
5671:Pragmatism
5658:Positivism
5648:Naturalism
5518:scientific
5402:Hypothesis
5365:Experiment
5234:Discussion
5229:Task Force
5179:Pragmatics
4970:Speech act
4900:Categories
4814:Symbiosism
4769:Nominalism
4681:Watzlawick
4561:Bloomfield
4481:Chrysippus
4311:John Dupré
4178:Kurt Gödel
4134:Pragmatism
4049:Notre Dame
4040:John Rawls
3909:A. J. Ayer
3846:R. M. Hare
3841:Paul Grice
3753:Arif Ahmed
3540:Sense data
3525:Pragmatism
3399:Linguistic
3116:entry by
2954:0521639492
2874:PhilPapers
2787:De Finetti
2755:(4): 349.
2197:Erkenntnis
2048:entry by
1951:References
1744:Open Court
1657:4: 20â40.
1467:Erkenntnis
1339:journal).
970:, and the
853:method of
839:Erkenntnis
826:Kurt Gödel
651:Protestant
536:Omega-rule
479:): "every
191:Nominalism
147:, 1917â18)
138:, 1911â12)
83:DĂŒsseldorf
67:1891-05-18
32:Carnapping
6290:Lecturers
5791:Geography
5759:Chemistry
5718:Scientism
5513:ladenness
5333:Construct
5311:Causality
5211:Semiotics
5199:Semantics
5049:Alciphron
4985:Statement
4920:Intension
4860:Ambiguity
4739:Dramatism
4719:Cratylism
4471:Eubulides
4466:Aristotle
4446:Confucius
4161:Princeton
3960:Hans Hahn
3746:Cambridge
3619:Necessity
3614:Actualism
3485:Emotivism
3450:Predicate
3420:Classical
3066:Holt, Jim
2843:0031-8108
2769:0031-8248
2702:"Review:
2659:"Review:
2616:"Review:
2591:0026-4423
2253:: 67â83.
1507:Ayer, A.J
1487:144658746
1048:June 2022
1019:does not
987:Esperanto
954:in 1954,
945:Princeton
922:semantics
882:socialist
859:Rose Rand
855:semantics
810:Hans Hahn
661:Gymnasium
629:Biography
489:monomorph
473:) problem
465:Carnap's
416:Semantics
401:(revised)
362:Semantics
123:Education
6086:Category
5738:Vitalism
5561:Theories
5535:Variable
5456:Paradigm
5343:function
5301:A priori
5290:Analysis
5283:Concepts
5224:Category
5184:Rhetoric
5009:Cratylus
4980:Sentence
4955:Property
4875:Language
4853:Concepts
4691:Theories
4656:Strawson
4641:Davidson
4631:Hintikka
4626:Anscombe
4571:Vygotsky
4526:Mauthner
4496:Averroes
4486:Zhuangzi
4476:Diodorus
4456:Cratylus
4369:Category
4245:Reformed
4218:Quietism
3606:Modality
3566:Analysis
3559:Concepts
3530:Quietism
3490:Feminism
3463:Theories
3368:Language
2974:, 2000.
2964:, 2000.
2817:(1983).
2700:(1939).
2657:(1938).
2614:(1929).
2320:"Carnap"
2218:Synthese
1929:See also
1885:Synthese
1819:Synthese
1768:(eds.),
1673:(eds.),
1663:23932367
1644:pp. 3â15
1556:Excerpt.
1231:, 1942;
1227:, 1939;
1083:Der Raum
886:pacifist
764:(1922).
752:Der Raum
663:and the
531:through
512:formulas
501:L-true (
481:complete
444:a priori
187:Analytic
75:Ronsdorf
5796:History
5764:Physics
5754:Biology
5552:more...
5540:control
5436:Inquiry
4991:more...
4895:Concept
4636:Dummett
4611:Gadamer
4606:Chomsky
4591:Derrida
4581:Russell
4566:Bergson
4551:Tillich
4511:Leibniz
4451:Gorgias
4271:Science
3988:Harvard
3634:Realism
3510:Marxism
3425:Deviant
3394:Aretaic
3378:Science
2986:1951, "
2914:Sources
2851:2184531
2435:May 16,
2267:4107023
1998:(ed.).
1833:(ed.),
1807:. with
1742:V. XI,
1649:1950. "
1602:1945. "
1150:In the
1040:removed
1025:sources
828:. When
748:Kantian
684:physics
598:German:
453:Functor
91:Prussia
5508:choice
5503:Theory
5441:Nature
5370:design
5143:(1988)
5133:(1982)
5123:(1980)
5113:(1967)
5103:(1953)
5093:(1951)
5083:(1936)
5073:(1921)
5063:(1905)
5053:(1732)
5043:(1668)
5033:(1666)
5023:(1660)
5013:(n.d.)
4975:Symbol
4676:Searle
4666:Putnam
4616:Kripke
4601:Austin
4586:Carnap
4531:RicĆur
4516:Herder
4506:Hobbes
3803:Oxford
3292:(1975)
3282:(1970)
3174:Precis
3037:1991.
3014:Aufbau
3001:1985,
2951:
2930:
2849:
2841:
2779:Suppes
2767:
2589:
2458:
2357:
2303:
2265:
1897:2019.
1879:2017,
1872:
1864:2000.
1857:(ed.)
1842:1977.
1803:1971.
1787:1966.
1777:1966.
1764:&
1750:
1732:(ed.)
1724:1963,
1713:Suppes
1701:
1691:1958.
1682:1952.
1679:(1964)
1669:&
1661:
1627:1947.
1614:1947.
1591:1945.
1582:1943.
1573:1942.
1560:1939,
1548:1935.
1537:1937,
1527:1934.
1519:
1509:(ed.)
1485:
1457:1931.
1452:(1958)
1436:1929.
1428:
1402:1928.
1389:1928.
1364:1926.
1356:
1315:1922.
1295:Aufbau
1152:Aufbau
1141:Aufbau
820:, and
658:Barmen
611:Europe
350:·
348:
244:Theses
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