Carnatic music - Knowledge (XXG)

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out the knowledge and personality of the composer, and hence the words are as important as the musical element itself. This poses a special challenge for the musicians because rendering this music does not involve just playing or singing the correct musical notes; the musicians are expected to understand what was conveyed by the composer in various languages, and sing musical phrases that act to create the effect that was intended by the composer in his/her composition.

44: 7193: 7144: 1549: 2787: 976:. While there are an infinite number of sounds falling within a scale (or raga) in Carnatic music, the number that can be distinguished by auditory perception is twenty-two (although over the years, several of them have converged). In this sense, while sruti is determined by auditory perception, it is also an expression in the listener's mind. 577: 905:, or its high esteem among the upper social classes of Colombo and Jaffna, where the learning of Carnatic music among young women is expected as a sign of good education. Many people have travelled to India for improving their skills, and the flow of students to India from Sri Lanka or of Sri Lankan Tamil origin is constantly increasing. 284: 2801: 743:, further elaborated on the musical concepts found in Indian classical music. By the 16th and 17th centuries, there was a clear demarcation between Carnatic and Hindustani music; Carnatic music remained relatively unaffected by Persian and Arabic influences. It was at this time that Carnatic music flourished in 2897:

In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of

2296:(in Indian languages). For a duration of three, the letter is capitalized (or diacriticized) and followed by a comma. For a length of four, the letter is capitalized (or diacriticized) and then followed by a semicolon. In this way any duration can be indicated using a series of semicolons and commas. 873:

participate in the extension of the Carnatic cultural scene abroad, thanks to their rich patronage activity. Carnatic music artists therefore perform abroad among South Indian communities who request their coming, in order to enliven local community life. For a long time in Ceylon, Carnatic music was

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By the 16th century, Indian classical music split into two styles: Hindustani in the North and Karnataka (later called Carnatic) in the South. The term "Karnataka" music originated from the Vijayanagara Empire, historically known as the Karnataka Empire. The term Karnataka might not necessarily refer

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The objective of the accompanying instruments is far more than following the melody and keeping the beats. The accompaniments form an integral part of every composition presented, and they closely follow and augment the melodic phrases outlined by the lead singer. The vocalist and the violinist take

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of the northern part of India, Carnatic music is taught and learned through compositions, which encode many intricate musical details, also providing scope for free improvisation. Nearly every rendition of a Carnatic music composition is different and unique as it embodies elements of the composer's

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Niraval, usually performed by the more advanced performers, consists of singing one or two lines of text of a song repeatedly, but with a series of melodic improvised elaborations. Although niraval consists of extempore melodic variations, generally, the original patterns of duration are maintained;

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In modern times, it is common for students to visit their gurus daily or weekly to learn music. Though new technology has made learning easier with the availability of quick-learn media such as learning exercises recorded on audio cassettes and CDs, these are discouraged by most gurus who emphasize

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A Carnatic composition really has two elements, one being the musical element, the other being what is conveyed in the composition. It is probably because of this fact that most Carnatic music compositions are composed for singing. In addition to the rich musical experience, each composition brings

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Known for their complex structure, varnams are a fundamental form in Carnatic music. Varnams are practised as vocal exercises in multiple speeds by performers of Carnatic music, to help develop voice culture, and maintain proper pitch and control of rhythm. In Carnatic music concerts, varnams are

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Tani Avartanam refers to the extended solo that is played by the percussionists in a concert, and is usually played after the main composition in a concert. The percussionist displays the full range of his skills and rhythmic imagination during the solo, which may take from two to twenty minutes.

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in sync with the artist's performance. As and when the artist exhibits creativity, the audience acknowledge it by clapping their hands. With experienced artists, towards the middle of the concert, requests start flowing in. The artist usually sings the requests, and it helps in exhibiting the

2648:). The percussion artists perform complex patterns of rhythm and display their skill. If multiple percussion instruments are employed, they engage in a rhythmic dialogue until the main performer picks up the melody once again. Some experienced artists may follow the main piece with a 1422:

Theoretically, this ought to be the easiest type of improvisation, since the rules are so few, but in fact, it takes much skill to sing a pleasing, comprehensive (in the sense of giving a "feel for the ragam") and, most importantly, original raga alapana.

901:. The place given to Carnatic music in the construction of a modern Sri Lankan Tamil identity has reached significant proportions, such as its rise in the curricula of most Jaffna colleges, where it gradually replaced from the mid-1930s the teaching of 1411:

or tone – a slow improvisation with no rhythm, where the raga acts as the basis of embellishment. In performing alapana, performers consider each raga as an object that has beginnings and endings and consists somehow of sequences of thought.

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s have cycles of a defined number of beats and rarely change within a song. They have specific components, which in combinations can give rise to the variety to exist (over 108), allowing different compositions to have different rhythms.

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player can keep beats without following the musical phrases at times, in Carnatic music, the accompanists have to follow the intricacies of the composition since there are percussion elements such as eduppu in several compositions.

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commonly refers to musical pitch. It is the approximate equivalent of a tonic (or less precisely a key) in Western music; it is the note from which all the others are derived. It is also used in the sense of graded pitches in an

505:(the rhythmic cycles) form the foundation of improvisation and composition in both Carnatic and Hindustani music. Although improvisation plays an important role, Carnatic music is mainly sung through compositions, especially the 2768:, as well as non-Carnatic art forms. Some concert organisers also feature their own Carnatic music festivals during the season. Thousands of performances are held by hundreds of musicians across various venues in the city. 2221:

Notation is not a new concept in Indian music. However, Carnatic music continued to be transmitted orally for centuries without being written down. The disadvantage with this system was that if one wanted to learn about a

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Carnatic music is usually performed by a small ensemble of musicians, who sit on an elevated stage. This usually consists of, at least, a principal performer, a melodic accompaniment, a rhythm accompaniment, and a drone.

889:, who were then heavily influenced by a prominent cultural movement known as the Hindu revival. Carnatic music was thus appropriated and highly promoted during the 1920s and 1930s as a cultural and identity marker of the 948:

Today, Carnatic music is presented by musicians in concerts or recordings, either vocally or through instruments. Carnatic music itself developed around musical works or compositions of phenomenal composers (see below).

1910:(the father or grandfather) of Carnatic music as he formulated the basic lessons in teaching Carnatic music, and in honour of his significant contribution to Carnatic music. He structured graded exercises known as 2497:. Each composition is set with specific notes and beats, but performers improvise extensively. Improvisation occurs in the melody of the composition as well as in using the notes to expound the beauty of the 2159:

The learning texts and exercises are more or less uniform across all the South Indian states. The learning structure is arranged in increasing order of complexity. The lessons start with the learning of the

2179:(perceptor). From the late 20th century onwards, with changes in lifestyles and need for young music aspirants to simultaneously pursue a parallel academic career, this system has found few takers. 1144:(ornamentation), which phrases should be used or avoided, and so on. In effect, it is a series of obligatory musical events which must be observed, either absolutely or with a particular frequency. 2289:

note. In the more precise forms of Carnatic notation, there are symbols placed above the notes indicating how the notes should be played or sung; however, informally this practice is not followed.

1526:, the pallavi line is often composed by the performer. Through niraval, the performer manipulates the pallavi line in complex melodic and rhythmic ways. The niraval is followed by kalpanaswarams. 517:. Carnatic music is also usually taught and learned through compositions. Telugu language predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music. Most Carnatic compositions are in Telugu, and Sanskrit. 913:

The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in a singing style (known as

1489:(the first beat of the rhythmical cycle). The swaras can also be sung at the same speed or double the speed of the melody that is being sung, though some artists sing triple-speed phrases too. 1500:

Tanam is one of the most important forms of improvisation, and is integral to Ragam Tanam Pallavi. Originally developed for the veena, it consists of expanding the raga with syllables like

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thus established, the song begins, usually with lyrics. In this, the accompaniment (usually violin, sometimes veena) performs along with the main performer and the percussion (such as a

2737:, thousands of musicians attend the festival to perform his compositions. Since its inception, other festivals were started in a similar manner throughout India and abroad, such as the 849:

reaching its conclusion in 1947, Carnatic music went through a radical shift in patronage into an art of the masses with ticketed performances organised by private institutions called

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Some concerts feature a good bit of interaction with the lead musicians and accompanists exchanging notes, and accompanying musicians predicting the lead musician's musical phrases.

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However, a simpler notation has evolved which does not use semicolons and capitalization, but rather indicates all extensions of notes using a corresponding number of commas. Thus,

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is an annual conference of Carnatic music, held in February every year, which has lectures and demonstrations in the morning, and performances in the afternoons and evenings.

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flute, can be occasionally found as an accompaniment, but usually, a vocalist is supported by a violin player (who sits on his/her left). The rhythm accompanist is usually a

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To show the length of a note, several devices are used. If the duration of note is to be doubled, the letter is either capitalized (if using Roman script) or lengthened by a

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Ragam, Tanam, and Pallavi are the principal long form in concerts, and is a composite form of improvisation. As the name suggests, it consists of raga alapana, tanam, and a

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from the 12th century onwards, Indian classical music began to diverge into two distinct styles — Hindustani music and Carnatic music. Commentaries and other works, such as

8383: 458:. The main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in 1773:

of a raga) include how each note of the raga should be stressed, the scale of the raga, and so on. All varnams consist of lyrics, as well as swara passages, including a

1080:, there is usually only one variant of each note present. The exceptions exist in "light" ragas, in which, for artistic effect, there may be two, one ascending (in the 8085: 382: 2189:, or the hierarchy of disciples from some prominent ancient musician or composer, to which they belong. People whose disciple-hierarchies are often referred to are 1419:

and touch on its various nuances, singing in the lower octaves first, then gradually moving up to higher octaves, while giving a hint of the song to be performed.

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Carnatic music is usually performed by a small ensemble of musicians, consisting of a principal performer (usually a vocalist), a melodic accompaniment (usually a

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that shows the performer's skill. All of this is done without any rhythmic accompaniment, or beat. Then the melodic accompaniment (violin or veena), expounds the

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Following the main composition, the concert continues with shorter and lighter songs. Some of the types of songs performed towards the end of the concerts are

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Performances can be musical or musical-dramatic. Musical recitals are either vocal, or purely instrumental in nature, while musical-dramatic recitals refer to

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because of the quality of Syama Sastri's compositions, the varieties of compositions of Muthuswami Dikshitar, and Tyagaraja's prolific output in composing

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Carnatic music singers usually keep the beat by moving their hands up and down in specified patterns, and using their fingers simultaneously to keep time.

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to slowly elaborate the notes and flow of the raga. This begins slowly and builds to a crescendo, and finally establishes a complicated exposition of the

794:. Some of the royalty of the kingdoms of Mysore and Travancore were themselves noted composers and proficient in playing musical instruments, such as the 7182: 6807: 993:

refers to a type of musical sound that is a single note, which defines a relative (higher or lower) position of a note, rather than a defined frequency.

3588: 5316: 4317: 2281:. The notions of key and absolute pitch are deeply rooted in Western music, whereas the Carnatic notation does not specify the key and prefers to use 779:

to the modern state of Karnataka. The British later influenced the change in name to "Carnatic" music, and the term is only about 150-200 years old.

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often performed by musicians as the opening item – acting as a warm up for the musicians, and as a means of grabbing the attention of the audience.

8464: 6567: 1842:. The final (and longest) verse that wraps up the song. The Charanam usually borrows patterns from the Anupallavi. There can be multiple charanas. 3672: 626:, or notes, to the sounds of animals and birds and man's effort to simulate these sounds through a keen sense of observation and perception. The 8043: 7831: 4621: 3088: 8015: 7603: 7196: 4290: 3498: 3452: 3415: 3274: 2983: 2956: 2925: 2890: 2594:, have no awkward pauses or lapses in the beat of the song, and create a complex pattern of notes that a knowledgeable audience can follow. 8358: 3530: 2062:

Composers of Carnatic music were often inspired by religious devotion and were usually scholars proficient in one or more of the languages

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cycle. The lines are then also played at different levels of speed which can include double speed, triple speed, quadruple speed and even

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The audience of a typical concert will have some understanding of Carnatic music. It is also typical to see the audience tapping out the

8449: 8363: 2819: 1893: 1105: 1688:, so both the sound value, and the meaning of the text, guide the musician through elaborate melodic improvisations. Forms such as the 8454: 8368: 8057: 7984: 5128: 3439:

O’Shea, Janet; Morris, Gay; Giersdorf, Jens Richard (2016). "From Temple to Battlefield: Bharata Natyam in the Sri Lankan Civil War".

1897: 827: 259: 6732: 4538: 3538: 2829: 2756:", which has been described as the world's largest cultural event. The Music Season was started in 1927, to mark the opening of the 2644:

In most concerts, the main item will at least have a section at the end of the item, for the percussion to perform solo (called the

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Most songs were in Telugu or Sanskrit, though some were in Tamil, but even Telugu and Tamil were strongly inflected by Sanskrit.

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Subramaniam, L. (1999). "The reinvention of a tradition: Nationalism, Carnatic music and the Madras Music Academy, 1900–1947".

3112: 1570: 368: 2487:) usually lasts about three hours, and comprises a number of varied compositions. Carnatic songs are composed in a particular 8308: 8238: 7919: 7856: 7836: 7599: 7244: 7175: 3816: 2358: 2233:

Written notation of Carnatic music was revived in the late 17th century and early 18th century, which coincided with rule of

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festival in 1846. The Aradhana festival is an annual death-anniversary celebration of the prolific Carnatic music composer,

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speed. The improvised elaborations are made with a view of outlining the raga, the tempo, and the theme of the composition.

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L'Armand, A. K.; L'armand, Adrian (1983). "One Hundred Years of Music in Madras: A Case Study in Secondary Urbanization".

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In a vocal recital, a concert team may have one or more vocalists as the principal performer(s). Instruments, such as the

2371:. Regardless of what type of recital it is, what is featured are compositions which form the core of this genre of music. 652:

as an accompaniment to vocal recitations. References to Indian classical music are made in many ancient texts, including

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Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers.

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in any octave according to the rules of the raga and return to beginning of the cycle of beats smoothly, joining the

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in Western music. It becomes difficult to write Carnatic music using the staff notation without the use of too many

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s (descendant ragas of a particular janaka raga). Janya ragas are themselves subclassified into various categories.

8348: 8312: 7278: 7260: 7240: 5088: 4736: 4680: 4614: 3407: 2814: 2380: 1889: 1635:(which have their own peculiar composition structures) are principally meant to serve as basic learning exercises. 1610: 1492:

Kalpanaswaram is the most elementary type of improvisation, usually taught before any other form of improvisation.

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shop"), in reference to the South Indians-owned restaurants and eateries that typically played this kind of music.

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Hughes, S. P. (2002). "The 'Music Boom' in Tamil South India: gramophone, radio and the making of mass culture".

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Carnatic music. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 April 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online

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player (who sits on the other side, facing the violin player). However, other percussion instruments such as the

2088:, in their compositions. For example, all songs by Tyāgarāja (who composed in Sanskrit and Telugu) have the word 1960: 1947: 1237:

refers to a fixed time cycle or metre, set for a particular composition, which is built from groupings of beats.

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shows vowel changes to solfege symbols with ra, ri, ru etc. to denote the higher quarter-tones. In one scale, or

886: 791: 514: 8100: 8036: 7660: 7625: 7620: 7554: 7297: 6221: 5302: 2824: 712: 2760:. It used to be a traditional month-long Carnatic music festival, but since then it has also diversified into 3814:

Kassebaum, G. R. (1987). "Improvisation in Alapana Performance: A Comparative View of Raga Shankarabharana".

8485: 8320: 8258: 7774: 7494: 6782: 5148: 5083: 3444: 2882: 2738: 2242: 2012: 902: 4327: 8120: 8029: 7823: 7449: 7386: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7148: 6842: 6553: 6439: 5566: 5208: 4667: 4649: 4644: 2084: 2044: 2028: 2020: 1639: 1367:" ("music of imagination") as it is known in Carnatic music, embraces several varieties of improvisation. 1356: 443: 275: 252: 3013: 2156:. It typically takes several years of learning before a student is adept enough to perform at a concert. 7751: 7589: 7391: 7124: 7072: 6708: 6424: 5103: 4607: 1675: 787: 5265: 1464:

Kalpanaswaram, also known as swarakalpana, consists of improvising melodic and rhythmic passages using

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From the 20th century, Carnatic music gained significant popularity among certain social strata of the

632:, which is believed to have laid the foundation for Indian classical music, consists of hymns from the 5065: 5060: 3676: 3563:"Tamil of Sri Lanka Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Tamil of Sri Lanka" 2092:

in them, all songs by Muttuswāmi Dīkṣitar (who composed in Sanskrit and Maṇipravāl̥am) have the words

841:(now known as Chennai) emerged as the locus for Carnatic music. With the dissolution of the erstwhile 759:) of Carnatic music", formulated the system that is commonly used for the teaching of Carnatic music. 8495: 8411: 8335: 8278: 8148: 7779: 7630: 7366: 7346: 7160: 6975: 5582: 5218: 5213: 5153: 4942: 4556: 2757: 2650: 2265:

notation using either a Roman or Indic script to represent the solfa names. Past attempts to use the

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of Carnatic music, which consist of seven notes, "sa-ri-ga-ma-pa-da-ni" (compare with the Hindustani

870: 127: 3368:"Roots of Carnatic Music in Sri Lanka - Artistic interrelations between Sri Lanka and South India A" 3098: 8298: 8268: 7736: 7718: 7655: 7635: 7559: 7534: 7381: 7235: 6884: 6757: 6534: 6529: 6465: 6089: 5996: 5970: 5960: 5242: 5198: 4590: 3527:

Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism: its origins and development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

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s or compositions requested by the audience. Every concert that is the last of the day ends with a

2524:. It is lively and fast to get the audience's attention. An invocatory item may usually follow the 2409:. The drone itself is an integral part of performances and furnishes stability – the equivalent of 2048: 2040: 2032: 2008: 2004: 1706:

are often performed similarly, however, these forms can also have a set melody and rhythm like the

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Kalpanaswaras have a somewhat predictable rhythmical structure; the swaras are sung to end on the

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Carnatic songs (kritis) are varied in structure and style, but generally consist of three units:

1781: 1193: 1183:("wheels", though actually segments in the conventional representation) grouped according to the 670: 653: 2230:, it involved the difficult task of finding a person from Purandara Dasa's lineage of students. 4897: 4416: 1138:

should figure more and which notes should be used more sparingly, which notes may be sung with

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In the 18th and 19th centuries, Carnatic music was mainly patronised by the local kings of the

8416: 8253: 7964: 7683: 7678: 7670: 7650: 7514: 7499: 7336: 6879: 6226: 5869: 5719: 5173: 4970: 4657: 4534: 3739: 3544: 3534: 3504: 3494: 3458: 3448: 3421: 3411: 2979: 2973: 2952: 2921: 2886: 2725:) emerging as the locus for Carnatic music during the 19th century, its musicians founded the 898: 783: 739: 339: 245: 2876: 8426: 8406: 8401: 8273: 7914: 7784: 7746: 7726: 7693: 7645: 7574: 7509: 7469: 7444: 7439: 7291: 7273: 7092: 7067: 7021: 6955: 6817: 6619: 6338: 5372: 5203: 5158: 5118: 5113: 5073: 5044: 4978: 4827: 4388: 4353: 4202: 4144: 4058: 3991: 3932: 3880: 3825: 3793: 3748: 3625: 3562: 3379: 3340: 3239: 3204: 3154: 2464: 2024: 1988: 1470:(solfa syllables). Like niraval, kalpanaswaras are sung to end on a particular swara in the 1170: 1061: 963: 918: 451: 2623:. Experienced listeners can identify many ragas after they hear just a few notes. With the 638:, set to musical tunes which would be sung using three to seven musical notes during Vedic 536:

throughout the performance. Other typical instruments used in performances may include the

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in them; all songs by Purandaradasa (who composed in Kannada and Sanskrit) have the words

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Varnams are short metric pieces which encapsulate the main features and requirements of a

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have also been increasingly used in the Carnatic music repertoire. The performance of the

1157:, which groups them according to the kinds of notes that they have. There are seventy-two 861:

From the 18th century, South Indian immigrant communities abroad increased, especially in

842: 831: 718: 600: 553: 509:(or kirtanam) – a form developed between the 14th and 20th centuries by composers such as 151: 2586:. The violin performs these alternately with the main performer. In very long strings of 2590:, the performers must calculate their notes accurately to ensure that they stick to the 2245:

in Tanjore and they give us an idea of the music and its form. They contain snippets of

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The main traditional forms of improvisation in Carnatic music consist of the following:

1016:-ni or Western do-re-mi-fa-so-la-ti). These names are abbreviations of the longer names 684:, one who has the knowledge of srutis and one who is adept in tala, attains liberation ( 8444: 8293: 8283: 8218: 8213: 7809: 7731: 7708: 7703: 7640: 7569: 7484: 7376: 7326: 7282: 7255: 7082: 6970: 6965: 6950: 6935: 6925: 6907: 6787: 6690: 6642: 6444: 6434: 6246: 6130: 6094: 6054: 6044: 5989: 5916: 5875: 5810: 5513: 5495: 5454: 5413: 5098: 5093: 4892: 4822: 4756: 4701: 4630: 4515: 3589:"Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora: The new force spreading Carnatic music and dance worldwide" 2285:(relative pitch) to denote notes. The singer is free to choose the actual pitch of the 2266: 2227: 2125: 2075: 1903: 1169:

from the tonic), the remaining thirty-six of whose madhyama (subdominant) is prati (an

1166: 1140: 1003: 862: 772: 752: 688:) without doubt"). Contemporray Carnatic music is based on musical concepts (including 599:, Indian classical music is believed to be a divine art form which originated from the 596: 564:. Various Carnatic music festivals are held throughout India and abroad, including the 510: 469: 455: 419: 319: 61: 3982:

Higgins, J. B. (1987). "Performing Arts in India: Essays on Music, Dance, and Drama".

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consists only of notes, and has no words. Still others have a verse at the end of the

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Jeyaratnam Wilson, Alfred (2000). "Language, Poetry; Culture and Tamil Nationalism".

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in them; songs by Śyāma Śāstri (who composed in Sanskrit and Telugu) have the words Ś

1952: 1852: 1814: 1741: 1459: 1151:(those with all seven notes in their scales) are classified into a system called the 1131: 1057: 760: 723: 533: 506: 117: 3116: 2269:

have mostly failed. Indian music makes use of hundreds of ragas, many more than the

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vīṇāvādana tattvajñaḥ śrutijātiviśāradaḥ tālajñaścāprayāsena mokṣamārgaṃ niyacchati"

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featuring Carnatic music performances are held in India, and throughout the world.

2441: 2312: 2282: 2270: 2262: 2198: 2059:. The compositions of these composers are rendered frequently by artists of today. 1984: 1943: 1797: 1726: 1523: 1479: 1443: 1233: 1227: 1135: 1119: 939: 932: 744: 707: 702: 499: 344: 303: 166: 76: 2395:

instrument used in concerts. However, tamburas are increasingly being replaced by

560:. The greatest concentration of Carnatic musicians is to be found in the city of 454:, which emerged as a distinct form because of Persian or Islamic influences from 8396: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8188: 8173: 8133: 7549: 7099: 7041: 7026: 6930: 6874: 6825: 6777: 6745: 6700: 6670: 6328: 6231: 6216: 6160: 5928: 5881: 5787: 5769: 5669: 5572: 5542: 5525: 5478: 5472: 5448: 5425: 5419: 4871: 4510: 3734: 3344: 2734: 2278: 2277:. Furthermore, the staff notation requires that the song be played in a certain 2000: 1992: 1968: 1964: 1548: 1162: 1069: 879: 799: 734: 730: 664: 557: 415: 3208: 2440:

frequently also accompany the main percussion instrument and play in an almost

8183: 7979: 7929: 7524: 7011: 6901: 6830: 6797: 6772: 6368: 6272: 6170: 6165: 5898: 5828: 5804: 5731: 5713: 5707: 5687: 5675: 5663: 5407: 5168: 4960: 4923: 2855: 2782: 2234: 2143: 1972: 1184: 1073: 1072:), which has two forms. A 7th century stone inscription in Kudumiyan Malai in 874:

associated with Indian immigrants, and was often derogatorily referred to as "

819: 771:(1660 AD). Govindacharya is known for expanding the melakarta system into the 643: 568:, which has been considered to be one of the world's largest cultural events. 431: 217: 161: 17: 3508: 3462: 2124:

Carnatic music is traditionally taught according to the system formulated by

8243: 8203: 7974: 7909: 7904: 7459: 7434: 7331: 7214: 7200: 7077: 6896: 6889: 6836: 6802: 6524: 6373: 5851: 5834: 5775: 5737: 5622: 5592: 5554: 5548: 5507: 5366: 5354: 5325: 4492: 4465: 4411: 4322: 4295: 3548: 3425: 3093: 2746: 2742: 2730: 2628: 2425: 2396: 2368: 2293: 2190: 2186: 2067: 1935: 1631: 1153: 1086: 815: 764: 627: 615: 580: 525: 435: 423: 182: 107: 81: 4517:

In the Course of Performance: Studies in the World of Musical Improvisation

4392: 3797: 3383: 3145:

Singer, M. (1958). "The Great Tradition in a Metropolitan Center: Madras".

706:) that were described in detail in several ancient works, particularly the 2112:

of Carnatic music, composed in Tamil and Sanskrit, and used the signature

2104:; while Gopalakrishna Bharathi (who composed in Tamil) used the signature 936: 922: 612: 496: 486: 476: 466: 405: 399: 8248: 8071: 7871: 7539: 7464: 7429: 7087: 6864: 6852: 6762: 6750: 6740: 6718: 6404: 6343: 6282: 6211: 6201: 6175: 6140: 6104: 6099: 6084: 6079: 6059: 5431: 5401: 5384: 5378: 5360: 4918: 4711: 4049:

Henry, E. O. (2002). "The Rationalization of Intensity in Indian Music".

2549:, although some are composed with more than one raga; these are known as 2172: 2138: 2071: 1839: 1791: 1720: 1702: 1696: 1674:

forms are particularly unique. Though these forms consist of lyric-based

1661: 1657: 1647: 1447: 850: 823: 658: 447: 329: 3752: 3089:"Sci Tech / Speaking Of Science: The music of we primates: Nada Brahmam" 2448:

turns while elaborating or while exhibiting creativity in sections like

2311:

The notation is divided into columns, depending on the structure of the

8288: 7939: 7934: 7474: 7016: 6857: 6847: 6713: 6685: 6449: 6363: 6348: 6302: 6297: 6236: 6069: 5922: 5863: 5657: 5616: 5344: 4986: 4887: 4866: 4817: 4802: 4781: 4751: 4721: 4716: 4522: 4245: 3961: 3766: 3711: 3654: 2718: 2659: 2633: 2599: 2453: 2437: 2433: 2410: 2387: 2346: 2246: 2238: 2165: 2063: 1827: 1823: 1775: 1685: 1643: 1625: 1519: 1432: 1402: 1188: 998: 925: 890: 634: 561: 545: 541: 529: 489: 446:

that evolved from ancient Hindu texts and traditions, particularly the

351: 212: 197: 192: 132: 4365: 4214: 4156: 4070: 4003: 3944: 3892: 3837: 3637: 3251: 3166: 3062: 622:. Ancient treatises also describe the connection of the origin of the 576: 8158: 7954: 7949: 7876: 7424: 7409: 7036: 6767: 6591: 6486: 6481: 6470: 6409: 6267: 6064: 6034: 6029: 5747: 4997: 4902: 4847: 4807: 4786: 4771: 4766: 4726: 4594: 4526: 4452: 3616:

Breyer, Barbara (1972). "Composers and Tradition in Karnatik Music".

2722: 2506: 2429: 2241:. Copies of Shahaji's musical manuscripts are still available at the 2148: 1758: 1735: 1651: 1438:

each word in the lines of text stay set within their original place (

1179: 1115: 973: 894: 866: 838: 807: 803: 685: 537: 521: 439: 427: 202: 187: 172: 122: 112: 102: 3785: 3487:

Dance and the nation: performance, ritual, and politics in Sri Lanka

3367: 2535:

and/or invocatory item, the artist sings longer compositions called

2182:

Musicians often take great pride in letting people know about their

1044:. Unlike other music systems, every member of the solfege (called a 587:

of all knowledge, music, arts and science, with her instrument, the

4357: 4206: 4148: 4062: 3995: 3936: 3884: 3829: 3629: 3243: 3158: 8193: 8128: 7479: 7104: 6662: 6634: 6519: 6109: 6074: 6039: 6012: 5965: 5950: 5647: 5294: 4837: 4761: 4706: 4558:

The Music and Musical Instruments of southern India and the Deccan

4379:

Rosenthal, E. (1931). "Tyagaraja: A Great South Indian Composer".

3230:

Ries, R. E. (1969). "The Cultural Setting of South Indian Music".

2765: 2761: 2597:

Performers then begin the main compositions with a section called

2516: 2468: 1466: 1416: 1213: 1045: 985: 795: 690: 680: 639: 623: 608: 479: 356: 324: 283: 66: 3406:. Princeton studies in culture / power / history. Princeton, NJ: 2175:

system, where the student lived with and learnt the art from his

2108:

in his compositions. Papanasam Sivan, who has been hailed as the

7114: 6545: 6015: 5955: 5697: 4928: 4832: 4812: 2489: 2449: 2421: 2183: 2176: 1920: 1765: 1733:

The most common and significant forms in Carnatic music are the

1680: 1471: 1408: 1407:

An alapana, sometimes also called ragam, is the exposition of a

1099: 1077: 811: 696: 604: 584: 549: 465:

Although there are stylistic differences, the basic elements of

334: 156: 71: 7164: 6549: 5985: 5298: 4603: 4599: 3701:, Tamil Nadu Government Archeology Department publication, 1981 2510:

or an invocatory item which will act as the opening piece. The

1927:

as the first scale to be learnt by beginners. He also composed

5981: 1542: 648:, which mainly consists of sacrificial formulae, mentions the 3737:(1974). "Thoughts On Improvisation: A Comparative Approach". 2493:, which means that they do not deviate from the notes in the 3404:

Charred lullabies: chapters in an anthropography of violence

4561:. William Gibb (lllus.). Novello, Ewer & Co., London -. 1114:

in Carnatic music prescribes a set of rules for building a

1048:) has three variants. The exceptions are the drone notes, 834:(1852–1926) and Veene Subbanna (1861–1939), among others. 4489:

Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638–1947 A.D.)

3485:

Reed, Susan A. (2010). "Dance, Ethnicity and the State".

3023:

Written by Malathi Rangaswamy, Secretary of Music Academy

2972:

Fuller, C. J.; Narasimhan, Haripriya (11 November 2014).

2675:, a thankful prayer and conclusion to the musical event. 4027: 4025: 3956: 3954: 1769:. The features and rules of the raga (also known as the 767:

system of raga classification in his Sanskrit work, the

4441:

Kassebaum, Gayatri Rajapur. 'Karnatak raga' (2000). In

3824:. International Council for Traditional Music: 45–64. 2752:

The city of Chennai also holds a six-week-long grand "

2574:

to the beat. The performer must improvise a string of

4261: 4259: 2654:

mid-concert, if they do not use it as the main item.

1860:, which may in addition include swara passages named 611:

gods and goddesses), and is venerated as symbolic of

2947:. Vol. 5: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent. 2916:. Vol. 5: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent. 2146:. After the student has reached a certain standard, 8435: 8382: 8334: 8307: 8119: 7993: 7890: 7822: 7765: 7717: 7669: 7611: 7598: 7400: 7312: 7222: 7060: 7004: 6916: 6816: 6731: 6699: 6661: 6633: 6590: 6583: 6458: 6387: 6311: 6260: 6194: 6118: 6022: 5890: 5843: 5796: 5746: 5696: 5646: 5635: 5581: 5534: 5487: 5440: 5393: 5343: 5332: 5264: 5227: 5053: 5029: 5013: 5006: 4969: 4941: 4911: 4880: 4856: 4795: 4744: 4735: 4694: 4666: 4637: 4514: 4476:Musical Improvisation: Art, Education, and Society 3372:Smrti - Department of Indian Music: Annual Journal 3190: 3188: 2975:Tamil Brahmans: The Making of a Middle-Class Caste 2261:, Carnatic music is notated almost exclusively in 1614:vision, as well as the musician's interpretation. 4415:. Chennai, India. 3 February 2005. Archived from 4312: 4310: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4176: 4174: 3649: 3647: 2688:artist's broad knowledge of the several thousand 2303:quadrupled in length would be denoted as "S,,,". 2213:that face-to-face learning is best for students. 1265:, though complex talas may have other parts like 775:scheme – the system that is in common use today. 3809: 3807: 3333:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 2631:). In the next stage of the song, they may sing 2483:A contemporary Carnatic music concert (called a 2249:to be used when performing the mentioned ragas. 1331:times seven tala groups gives thirty-five basic 414:, is a system of music commonly associated with 4508:Viswanathan, T. & Cormack, Jody (1998). In 4130: 4128: 2341:. The end of a cycle is marked by a॥, called a 2171:Carnatic music was traditionally taught in the 4339: 4337: 3977: 3975: 2082:. They usually included a signature, called a 1191:scale degrees. There is a system known as the 7176: 6561: 5997: 5310: 4615: 3611: 3609: 3326: 3324: 921:, Carnatic music rests on two main elements: 376: 253: 8: 4246:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms V" 4044: 4042: 4040: 3962:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms R" 3767:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms T" 3729: 3727: 3725: 3712:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms M" 3655:"Royal Carpet: Glossary of Carnatic Terms S" 3366:Aravinthon, Dr (Mrs) Suhanya (1 June 2021). 3000: 2998: 2978:. University of Chicago Press. p. 201. 2520:of the raga, but will also have lyrics, the 1902:There are many composers in Carnatic music. 1856:. There are other possible structures for a 1836:. This is the second verse, also as 2 lines. 1621:There are many types/forms of compositions. 4352:(3). Society for Ethnomusicology: 411–438. 4201:(1). Society for Ethnomusicology: 162–166. 3918: 3916: 3914: 3197:Indian Economic & Social History Review 3153:(281). American Folklore Society: 347–388. 1638:Compositions more commonly associated with 1577:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 729:Owing to Persian and Islamic influences in 7608: 7183: 7169: 7161: 6587: 6568: 6554: 6546: 6004: 5990: 5982: 5643: 5340: 5317: 5303: 5295: 5010: 4741: 4654:Semi Classical music/Light classical music 4622: 4608: 4600: 4504:. United States: Harvard University Press. 837:During the late 19th century, the city of 763:invented and authored the formula for the 383: 369: 271: 260: 246: 31: 4057:(1). Society for Ethnomusicology: 33–35. 3057: 3055: 3053: 2152:are taught and later, the student learns 1830:in Western music, with 1 or 2 lines. 1597:Learn how and when to remove this message 1249:is formed with three basic parts (called 1118:– very similar to the Western concept of 27:Music genre originating in southern India 575: 418:, including the modern Indian states of 4513:; Russell, Melinda (15 December 1998). 4445:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music 3624:(2). University of Texas Press: 42–51. 3238:(2). University of Texas Press: 22–31. 2944:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music 2913:The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music 2846: 1918:, and at the same time, introduced the 1474:of the melody and at a specific place ( 1327:s) based on the counting pattern. Five 1211:s (i.e. melakarta or parent ragas) and 1122:. It specifies rules for movements up ( 311: 274: 140: 94: 53: 34: 4031: 3905: 3790:Proceedings of the Musical Association 3264:Theory of Music, Vasanthamadhavi P.183 2545:s). Each kriti sticks to one specific 2136:(exercises based on the seven talas), 897:bourgeoisies, and by extension of the 485:(the musical sound of a single note), 4474:Solis, Gabriel; Nettl, Bruno (2009). 4107: 4095: 4083: 3520: 3518: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3397: 3395: 3393: 2870: 2868: 2745:, and the Aradhana in the US city of 2329:, and so is the division between two 1177:are grouped into sets of six, called 857:Carnatic music outside of South India 524:), a rhythm accompaniment (usually a 442:. It is one of two main subgenres of 7: 4135:Palackal, J. J. (1998). "untitled". 3531:University of British Columbia Press 2875:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (25 August 2017). 1931:(simple songs) for novice students. 1575:adding citations to reliable sources 1281:groups which can be formed from the 495:(the mode or melodic formulae), and 4119: 3871:Higgins, J. B. (1973). "untitled". 3441:Choreographies of 21st century wars 3275:"Royal tribute to Thanjavur rulers" 2878:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils 2820:List of composers who created ragas 2564:, usually, the performer sings the 1894:List of composers who created ragas 1876:. It is sung immediately after the 1207:s may be divided into two classes: 1106:List of composers who created ragas 8501:Classical and art music traditions 3786:"Some Indian Conceptions of Music" 1946:, (1762–1827) are regarded as the 1906:(1484–1564) is referred to as the 1898:Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore 25: 4575:Panchapakesa Iyer, A. S. (2003). 4318:"Focus on veena's exalted status" 4265: 3294:, p54-55, p92, p162-163, p225-226 2830:List of Carnatic instrumentalists 1959:Prominent composers prior to the 1084:) and another descending (in the 1064:), which have only one form; and 7191: 7143: 7142: 4193:Higgins, J. B. (1985). "India". 4108:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998) 4096:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998) 4084:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998) 4032:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998) 3906:Viswanathan & Cormack (1998) 3315: 3303: 3291: 3179: 3147:The Journal of American Folklore 3044: 2799: 2785: 2702:List of Carnatic music festivals 2582:with a phrase selected from the 2514:is composed with an emphasis on 2467:concerts, where an accompanying 1684:phrases in free rhythm, like an 1547: 1161:, thirty six of whose madhyama ( 282: 42: 4502:The Harvard Dictionary of Music 4487:Pranesh, Meera Rajaram (2003). 4180: 4016: 3858: 2607:. In this, they use the sounds 1415:The performer will explore the 755:, who is known as the "father ( 678:(The one who is well versed in 434:and portions of east and south 7245:Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate 4857:Principles of Hindustani music 4277: 4227: 4137:Yearbook for Traditional Music 3817:Yearbook for Traditional Music 3032: 2504:Concerts usually begin with a 2444:fashion along with the beats. 2359:Performances of Carnatic music 1846:This kind of song is called a 1826:. This is the equivalent of a 475:(the relative musical pitch), 1: 8326:List of people from Karnataka 3923:Wolf, R. (1999). "untitled". 3491:University of Wisconsin Press 3402:Daniel, E. Valentine (1996). 2402:, and now more commonly, the 2325:is indicated by a।, called a 751:reached its greatest extent. 8422:Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award 4500:Randel, Don Michael (2003). 4480:University of Illinois Press 2941:Arnold, Alison, ed. (1998). 2910:Arnold, Alison, ed. (1998). 2479:Contemporary concert content 1502:tha, nam, thom, aa, nom, na, 1339:s results in a total of 108 847:Indian independence movement 5079:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 4555:Charles Russel Day (1891). 4531:University of Chicago Press 3345:10.1080/0143968022000012129 3063:"History of Music, Origins" 2773:Karnataka Ganakala Parishat 2168:set to a particular raga). 937: 923: 613: 497: 487: 477: 467: 406: 400: 8522: 4737:Hindustani classical music 3408:Princeton University Press 3209:10.1177/001946469903600201 2951:. pp. 231, 232, 269. 2920:. pp. 231, 232, 269. 2815:List of Carnatic composers 2699: 2560:After singing the opening 2381:Indian musical instruments 2378: 2356: 2226:composed, for example, by 1890:List of Carnatic composers 1887: 1812: 1756: 1522:line. Set to a slow-paced 1511: 1457: 1430: 1400: 1323:has five variants (called 1225: 1197:to determine the names of 1103: 1097: 983: 961: 869:. Communities such as the 8106:Kannada Sahitya Sammelana 7207: 7138: 6530:Asampurna Melakarta ragas 6510: 5961:Asampurna Melakarta Ragas 5941: 5129:Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh 2856:"A Karnatic Music Primer" 2835:Trinity of Carnatic music 2539:(commonly referred to as 2317:. The division between a 1961:Trinity of Carnatic music 1948:Trinity of Carnatic music 1335:s, although use of other 935:or melodic formulae, and 830:proficient in music were 792:Maratha rulers of Tanjore 515:Trinity of Carnatic music 8101:Kannada Sahitya Parishat 7555:Unification of Karnataka 6904:(changing string tuning) 6222:Karnataka Shuddha Saveri 5054:Region wise Indian Music 4460:Moorthy, Vijaya (2001). 4120:Solis & Nettl (2009) 2883:Rowman & Littlefield 2825:List of Carnatic singers 1359:– an essential aspect. " 1277:. There are seven basic 878:music" ("music from the 450:. The other subgenre is 8321:Karnataka ethnic groups 8259:Krishnaraja Wadiyar III 5070:Karnataka Sugam sangeet 5041:Light songs in the play 4568:Encyclopædia Britannica 4495:: Vee Emm Publications. 4468:: Abhinav Publications. 4455:: Taylor & Francis. 3445:Oxford University Press 2854:Sriram, Parthasarathy. 2739:Chembai Sangeetholsavam 2692:that are in existence. 2243:Saraswati Mahal Library 2013:Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi 1880:, but at double speed. 1644:Indian devotional music 1147:In Carnatic music, the 945:, the rhythmic cycles. 903:Western classical music 8491:Indian styles of music 4668:Indian classical music 4650:Indian classical music 4645:Music in ancient India 4579:. Gānāmruta Prachuram. 4577:Gānāmruta Varna Mālikā 3784:MacCarthy, M. (1912). 3384:10.5281/zenodo.6550640 3279:The New Indian Express 3132:"Yajnavalkya on Music" 2741:in the Indian city of 2733:. Held in the city of 2045:Subramania Bharathiyar 2029:Patnam Subramania Iyer 2021:Gopalakrishna Bharathi 2015:. Other composers are 1678:, musicians improvise 1640:Indian classical dance 1357:Indian classical music 828:famous court-musicians 595:Like all art forms in 592: 444:Indian classical music 412:South Indian languages 276:Indian classical music 48:Tanjavur-style tambura 7590:Western Ganga dynasty 7125:Violin musical styles 7073:History of the violin 6709:Electric upright bass 4912:Variations of Bandish 4745:Types of compositions 4472:Nettl, B. (2009). In 4303:on 19 September 2006. 3410:. pp. 157, 145. 3019:26 April 2012 at the 2142:or simple songs, and 2116:in his compositions. 1173:from the tonic). The 887:Sri Lankan population 871:Nattukottai Chettiars 788:Kingdom of Travancore 769:Chaturdandi Prakasika 579: 8412:Rajyotsava Prashasti 8279:K. S. Narasimhaswamy 6976:Double bass concerto 4943:Semi-classical music 4570:(15 ed.). 2005. 4393:10.1093/mq/XVII.1.14 3798:10.1093/jrma/38.1.41 3792:. 38th Sess: 41–65. 3493:. pp. 131–132. 3113:"Veena in Yajurveda" 2949:Taylor & Francis 2918:Taylor & Francis 2758:Madras Music Academy 2651:ragam thanam pallavi 2195:Muthuswami Dikshitar 2132:(graded exercises), 2053:M. Balamuralikrishna 1940:Muthuswami Dikshitar 1571:improve this section 1361:Manodharma Sangeetam 997:s also refer to the 8506:Carnatic violinists 8299:G. S. Shivarudrappa 8269:Gopalakrishna Adiga 7920:Chitrakala Parishat 7847:Dams and reservoirs 7719:Kalaburagi division 7560:Vijayanagara Empire 7535:Rashtrakuta dynasty 7450:Chitradurga Nayakas 7236:Emblem of Karnataka 7005:Related instruments 6919:and genres of music 6885:Finger substitution 6535:List of Janya ragas 6466:Thyagaraja Mangalam 5971:List of Janya ragas 5228:Language wise Music 4462:Romance of the Raga 3679:on 11 December 2008 3119:on 31 October 2006. 3067:The Carnatica Group 2706:Madras Music Season 2391:is the traditional 2345:, and looks like a 2049:Kalyani Varadarajan 2041:Muthiah Bhagavathar 2033:Mysore Vasudevachar 2009:Sadasiva Brahmendra 2005:Bhadrachala Ramadas 1934:The contemporaries 1884:Prominent composers 1514:Ragam Tanam Pallavi 1508:Ragam Tanam Pallavi 1056:(also known as the 749:Vijayanagara Empire 566:Madras Music Season 128:Rāgaṃ Tānaṃ Pallavi 87:Asaṃpūrṇa Mēḷakarta 8209:Nijaguna Shivayogi 7613:Bangalore division 6610:Five-string violin 6478:(Shuddha Dhanyasi) 6476:Udayaravichandrika 5817:Simhendramadhyamam 5021:Music of Bollywood 5007:Indian Light Music 4994:Uttarakhandi Music 4419:on 7 February 2005 3697:S. Santhanlingam, 3587:Srinivasan, Anil. 2727:Tyagaraja Aradhana 2667:– bits of popular 2611:, etc. instead of 2413:in Western music. 2102:Purandara Vitthala 1942:, (1776–1835) and 1194:katapayadi sankhya 953:Important elements 671:Yajnavalkya Smriti 593: 572:Origin and history 532:, which acts as a 407:Karnāṭaka saṅgītam 8473: 8472: 8417:Jakanachari Award 8254:Shishunala Sharif 7965:Togalu gombeyaata 7818: 7817: 7671:Belagavi division 7515:Kingdom of Mysore 7495:Kalyani Chalukyas 7304:Southern birdwing 7158: 7157: 6727: 6726: 6543: 6542: 6227:Kathanakuthuhalam 5979: 5978: 5937: 5936: 5720:Shubhapantuvarali 5631: 5630: 5292: 5291: 5266:Maharashtra music 5260: 5259: 5089:Arunachal Pradesh 5030:Indian play music 5014:Indian film music 4971:Indian folk music 4937: 4936: 4658:Indian folk music 4407:"Musical Musings" 4381:Musical Quarterly 3753:10.1093/mq/LX.1.1 3740:Musical Quarterly 3500:978-0-299-23164-4 3454:978-0-19-020166-1 3417:978-0-691-02774-6 3101:on 31 March 2005. 3014:The Music Academy 2985:978-0-226-15288-2 2958:978-0-8240-4946-1 2927:978-0-8240-4946-1 2892:978-1-5381-0686-0 2717:With the city of 2257:Unlike classical 1989:Narayana Theertha 1607: 1606: 1599: 1365:kalpana Sangeetam 1351:Improvisation in 899:Sri Lankan Tamils 784:Kingdom of Mysore 740:Sangita Ratnakara 462:(singing) style. 401:Karnāṭaka saṃgīta 393: 392: 270: 269: 16:(Redirected from 8513: 8427:Kempegowda Award 8407:Basava Puraskara 8402:Nrupatunga Award 8274:V. Seetharamaiah 8095: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8044:Western Chalukya 8039: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 7985:Mysore musicians 7915:Channapatna toys 7832:Cities and towns 7785:Dakshina Kannada 7609: 7575:Veera Ballala II 7510:Kittur Chennamma 7470:Kingdom of Coorg 7445:Chalukya dynasty 7195: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7162: 7146: 7145: 7068:Violin acoustics 7022:Hardanger fiddle 6956:String orchestra 6620:Alexander violin 6588: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6547: 6339:Navarasa kannada 6006: 5999: 5992: 5983: 5644: 5341: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5296: 5124:Himachal Pradesh 5074:Goa trance music 5066:Rajasthani Music 5045:Sugama Sangeetha 5011: 4979:Rabindra Sangeet 4881:Types of Bandish 4742: 4681:Hindustani music 4624: 4617: 4610: 4601: 4580: 4571: 4562: 4544: 4520: 4505: 4496: 4483: 4469: 4456: 4443:Arnold, Alison. 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4330:on 27 June 2003. 4326:. Archived from 4314: 4305: 4304: 4299:. Archived from 4291:"The golden era" 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4242: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4190: 4184: 4181:Kassebaum (2000) 4178: 4169: 4168: 4132: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4046: 4035: 4029: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3958: 3949: 3948: 3920: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3868: 3862: 3859:Kassebaum (2000) 3856: 3850: 3849: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3731: 3720: 3719: 3708: 3702: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3675:. Archived from 3673:"Sound of India" 3669: 3663: 3662: 3651: 3642: 3641: 3613: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3567:encyclopedia.com 3559: 3553: 3552: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3482: 3467: 3466: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3399: 3388: 3387: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3192: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3115:. Archived from 3109: 3103: 3102: 3097:. Archived from 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2465:Hindustani music 2209:, among others. 2128:. This involves 2025:Neelakanta Sivan 1691:divya prabandham 1611:Hindustani music 1602: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1551: 1543: 1171:augmented fourth 944: 930: 919:Hindustani music 621: 504: 494: 484: 474: 452:Hindustani music 409: 403: 385: 378: 371: 299:Hindustani music 286: 272: 262: 255: 248: 46: 32: 21: 8521: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8431: 8392:Karnataka Ratna 8378: 8330: 8303: 8239:Jagannatha Dasa 8154:Devar Dasimayya 8115: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8007: 7989: 7886: 7814: 7767:Mysore division 7761: 7713: 7665: 7661:Chikkaballapura 7626:Bangalore Rural 7621:Bangalore Urban 7594: 7585:Vikramaditya VI 7580:Vikramaditya II 7505:Shivappa Nayaka 7490:Kadamba dynasty 7396: 7308: 7218: 7203: 7189: 7159: 7154: 7134: 7120:Violin lutherie 7056: 7032:Lira da braccio 7000: 6961:Violin concerto 6918: 6912: 6812: 6723: 6695: 6681:Cello da spalla 6676:Baritone violin 6657: 6629: 6615:Violino piccolo 6600:Electric violin 6579: 6574: 6544: 6539: 6525:Melakarta ragas 6506: 6497:Yadukulakamboji 6454: 6440:Sindhu Bhairavi 6400:Salaga Bhairavi 6383: 6354:Poornachandrika 6307: 6256: 6207:Kalyanavasantam 6190: 6114: 6050:Amritha Kalyani 6018: 6010: 5980: 5975: 5933: 5905:Jyoti swarupini 5886: 5839: 5792: 5742: 5726:Shadvidamargini 5692: 5639: 5637: 5627: 5605:Gangeyabhushani 5577: 5567:Sankarabharanam 5530: 5483: 5461:Mayamalavagowla 5436: 5389: 5336: 5334: 5328: 5326:Melakarta Ragas 5323: 5293: 5288: 5256: 5223: 5049: 5025: 5002: 4965: 4933: 4907: 4876: 4852: 4791: 4731: 4690: 4662: 4633: 4628: 4587: 4574: 4565: 4554: 4551: 4541: 4509: 4499: 4486: 4473: 4459: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4346:Ethnomusicology 4343: 4342: 4335: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4266:Bradnock (1992) 4264: 4257: 4244: 4243: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4195:Ethnomusicology 4192: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4172: 4134: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4051:Ethnomusicology 4048: 4047: 4038: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4011: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3960: 3959: 3952: 3922: 3921: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3733: 3732: 3723: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3699:Kudumiyan Malai 3696: 3692: 3682: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3653: 3652: 3645: 3615: 3614: 3607: 3597: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3541: 3524: 3523: 3516: 3501: 3484: 3483: 3470: 3455: 3447:. p. 119. 3438: 3437: 3433: 3418: 3401: 3400: 3391: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3194: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3069:. Carnatica.net 3061: 3060: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3021:Wayback Machine 3012: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2986: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2893: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2721:(then known as 2712:music festivals 2708: 2700:Main articles: 2698: 2681: 2481: 2418:Saraswati veena 2383: 2377: 2375:Instrumentation 2361: 2355: 2309: 2255: 2219: 2207:Papanasam Sivan 2203:Swathi Thirunal 2122: 2110:Tamil Tyagaraja 2057:Papanasam Sivan 2037:Koteeswara Iyer 2017:Swathi Thirunal 1997:Jagannatha Dasa 1981:Arunachala Kavi 1977:Vadiraja Tirtha 1925:Mayamalavagowla 1900: 1886: 1817: 1811: 1761: 1755: 1609:In contrast to 1603: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1568: 1552: 1541: 1532: 1516: 1510: 1498: 1462: 1456: 1435: 1429: 1405: 1399: 1355:is the soul of 1349: 1230: 1224: 1159:melakarta ragas 1149:sampoorna ragas 1108: 1102: 1096: 988: 982: 966: 960: 955: 911: 859: 843:princely states 832:Veene Sheshanna 574: 389: 266: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8519: 8517: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8486:Carnatic music 8478: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8441: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8359:National parks 8356: 8351: 8346: 8340: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8317: 8315: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8296: 8294:D. V. Gundappa 8291: 8286: 8284:M. Govinda Pai 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8219:Purandara Dasa 8216: 8214:Ratnakaravarni 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8026: 8019: 8012: 7999: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7945:Karnatik music 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7775:Chamarajanagar 7771: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7709:Uttara Kannada 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7617: 7615: 7606: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7570:Vishnuvardhana 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7500:Keladi Nayakas 7497: 7492: 7487: 7485:Hoysala Empire 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7387:Transportation 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7318: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7300: 7294: 7285: 7276: 7267: 7258: 7256:Asian elephant 7248: 7247: 7238: 7228: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7165: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7083:Bass amplifier 7075: 7070: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6996:Carnatic music 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6971:Cello concerto 6968: 6966:Viola concerto 6963: 6958: 6953: 6951:String section 6948: 6943: 6938: 6936:String quintet 6933: 6928: 6926:String quartet 6922: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6822: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6691:Electric cello 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6643:Vertical viola 6639: 6637: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6550: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6515:Carnatic music 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6445:Sunadavinodini 6442: 6437: 6435:Shuddha Saveri 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6131:Darbari Kanada 6128: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6055:Anandabhairavi 6052: 6047: 6045:Amritavarshini 6042: 6037: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5946:Carnatic music 5942: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5917:Nasikabhushani 5913: 5907: 5901: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5811:Shanmukhapriya 5807: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5753: 5751: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5653: 5651: 5641: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5588: 5586: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5514:Kharaharapriya 5510: 5504: 5498: 5496:Jhankaradhvani 5491: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5455:Vakulabharanam 5451: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5350: 5348: 5338: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5299: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5149:Madhya Pradesh 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5084:Andhra Pradesh 5081: 5076: 5071: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4984: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4702:Shruti (music) 4698: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4676:Carnatic music 4672: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4591:Carnatic music 4586: 4585:External links 4583: 4582: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4539: 4506: 4497: 4484: 4470: 4457: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4398: 4371: 4358:10.2307/850653 4333: 4306: 4282: 4270: 4255: 4232: 4220: 4207:10.2307/852348 4185: 4170: 4149:10.2307/768616 4124: 4112: 4100: 4088: 4076: 4063:10.2307/852807 4036: 4021: 4009: 3996:10.2307/833942 3990:(2): 103–118. 3971: 3950: 3937:10.2307/834271 3931:(1): 199–203. 3910: 3908:, pp. 219–220. 3898: 3885:10.2307/833829 3863: 3851: 3830:10.2307/767877 3803: 3776: 3758: 3721: 3703: 3690: 3664: 3643: 3630:10.2307/833958 3605: 3579: 3554: 3539: 3533:. p. 36. 3514: 3499: 3468: 3453: 3431: 3416: 3389: 3358: 3339:(4): 445–473. 3320: 3316:Pranesh (2003) 3308: 3304:Pranesh (2003) 3296: 3292:Pranesh (2003) 3284: 3266: 3257: 3244:10.2307/833909 3222: 3203:(2): 131–163. 3184: 3180:Moorthy (2001) 3172: 3159:10.2307/538567 3137: 3122: 3104: 3080: 3049: 3045:Moorthy (2001) 3037: 3025: 3006: 2994: 2984: 2964: 2957: 2933: 2926: 2902: 2891: 2885:. p. 88. 2864: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2796: 2780: 2777: 2697: 2694: 2680: 2677: 2646:tani avartanam 2609:aa, ri, na, ta 2603:exploring the 2553:(a garland of 2480: 2477: 2376: 2373: 2357:Main article: 2354: 2351: 2308: 2305: 2267:staff notation 2254: 2251: 2228:Purandara Dasa 2218: 2215: 2162:sarali varisai 2126:Purandara Dasa 2121: 2118: 2106:Gopalakrishnan 1938:(1767– 1847), 1904:Purandara Dasa 1885: 1882: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1813:Main article: 1810: 1807: 1787:muktayi swaras 1757:Main article: 1754: 1751: 1605: 1604: 1555: 1553: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1530:Tani Avartanam 1528: 1512:Main article: 1509: 1506: 1497: 1494: 1458:Main article: 1455: 1452: 1431:Main article: 1428: 1425: 1401:Main article: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392:Tani Avartanam 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1348: 1345: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1226:Main article: 1223: 1220: 1199:melakarta raga 1167:perfect fourth 1165:) is shuddha ( 1098:Main article: 1095: 1092: 984:Main article: 981: 978: 962:Main article: 959: 956: 954: 951: 910: 907: 863:Southeast Asia 858: 855: 753:Purandara Dasa 719:Cilappatikaram 597:Indian culture 573: 570: 511:Purandara Dasa 456:Northern India 420:Andhra Pradesh 396:Carnatic music 391: 390: 388: 387: 380: 373: 365: 362: 361: 360: 359: 354: 348: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 314: 313: 309: 308: 307: 306: 301: 296: 294:Carnatic music 288: 287: 279: 278: 268: 267: 265: 264: 257: 250: 242: 239: 238: 237: 236: 231: 223: 222: 221: 220: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 164: 159: 154: 152:Sarasvati Vīṇā 149: 143: 142: 138: 137: 136: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 97: 96: 92: 91: 90: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 56: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 36:Carnatic music 26: 24: 18:Carnatic Music 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8518: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8364:Hindu temples 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8169:Allama Prabhu 8167: 8165: 8164:Akka Mahadevi 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8139:Adikavi Pampa 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8045: 8041: 8038: 8037:Western Ganga 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7970:Udupi cuisine 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7960:Mysore Dasara 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7925:Gaarudi Gombe 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7900:Bharatanatyam 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7883: 7882:Western Ghats 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7862:Highest point 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7545:Srirangapatna 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7530:Pulakeshin II 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7415:Alupa dynasty 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7301: 7299: 7298:Carnatic carp 7295: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7265:Indian roller 7262: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7224:State symbols 7221: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7174: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7163: 7151: 7150: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6981:Violin sonata 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6941:String sextet 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6793:Shoulder rest 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6648:Viola pomposa 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6577:Violin family 6571: 6566: 6564: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6503: 6502:Yamunakalyani 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6430:Shree ranjani 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6420:Sri Tyagaraja 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6359:Punnagavarali 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6324:Nagasvaravali 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6293:Mohanakalyani 6291: 6289: 6288:Malayamarutam 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6259: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6007: 6002: 6000: 5995: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891:Aditya chakra 5889: 5883: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5859: 5858:Rishabhapriya 5855: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5634: 5624: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5611:Vagadheeswari 5608: 5606: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5521: 5520:Gourimanohari 5517: 5515: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5243:Kannada music 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234:Marathi Music 5233: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5209:Uttar Pradesh 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5037:Natya Sangeet 5035: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983:Bihu of Assam 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4951:Natya Sangeet 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4540:0-226-57411-3 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4017:Randel (2003) 4013: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3540:0-7748-0759-8 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2797: 2794: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2639:kalpanaswaram 2636: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2567:kalpanaswaram 2563: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2458:kalpanaswaram 2455: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2283:scale degrees 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259:Western music 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2130:sarali swaras 2127: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1872:, called the 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1815:Kriti (music) 1808: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1601: 1598: 1590: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1556:This section 1554: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1460:Kalpanaswaram 1454:Kalpanaswaram 1453: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1347:Improvisation 1346: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1253:s) which are 1252: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1229: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 979: 977: 975: 970: 965: 964:Śruti (music) 957: 952: 950: 946: 943: 942: 941: 934: 929: 928: 927: 920: 916: 908: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 872: 868: 864: 856: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 776: 774: 773:sampurna raga 770: 766: 762: 761:Venkatamakhin 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741: 736: 732: 727: 725: 724:Ilango Adigal 721: 720: 715: 714: 713:Natya Shastra 709: 705: 704: 699: 698: 693: 692: 687: 683: 682: 677: 673: 672: 667: 666: 661: 660: 655: 651: 647: 646: 641: 637: 636: 631: 630: 625: 620: 619: 617: 610: 606: 602: 598: 590: 586: 585:Hindu goddess 582: 578: 571: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 503: 502: 501: 493: 492: 491: 483: 482: 481: 473: 472: 471: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 438:and southern 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 402: 397: 386: 381: 379: 374: 372: 367: 366: 364: 363: 358: 355: 353: 350: 349: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 316: 315: 310: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 290: 289: 285: 281: 280: 277: 273: 263: 258: 256: 251: 249: 244: 243: 241: 240: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 225: 224: 219: 216: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 147: 146: 145: 144: 139: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 100: 99: 98: 93: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 59: 58: 57: 52: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 30: 19: 8369:Jain temples 8264:D. R. Bendre 8199:Kumara Vyasa 8058:Vijayanagara 7944: 7867:Bayalu Seeme 7752:Vijayanagara 7565:Vijayanagara 7520:Mayurasharma 7455:Deva Raya II 7420:Amoghavarsha 7322:Architecture 7213: 7147: 7130:Violin octet 7110:Stradivarius 6995: 6991:Cello sonata 6986:Viola sonata 6946:String octet 6835: 6653:Tenor violin 6625:Stroh violin 6514: 6415:Shivaranjani 6334:Nattakurinji 6319:Nada Kalyani 6278:Madhyamavati 6181:Jana Ranjani 6151:Garudadhvani 6146:Gambhiranata 6136:Devagandhari 5945: 5911:Dhatuvardani 5876:Mechakalyani 5844:Rudra chakra 5782:Gamanashrama 5764:Namanarayani 5758:Dhavalambari 5599:Ragavardhini 5561:Harikambhoji 5502:Natabhairavi 5394:Netra chakra 5253:Assami music 5247:Telegu music 5104:Chhattisgarh 4956:Baithak Gana 4686:Odissi music 4675: 4631:Indian music 4576: 4567: 4557: 4549:Bibliography 4516: 4511:Nettl, Bruno 4501: 4488: 4475: 4461: 4444: 4421:. 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Retrieved 3066: 3040: 3033:Nettl (2005) 3028: 3009: 2989: 2974: 2967: 2943: 2936: 2912: 2905: 2896: 2877: 2849: 2807:Music portal 2793:India portal 2770: 2754:Music Season 2751: 2716: 2709: 2684: 2682: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2656: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2638: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600:raga alapana 2598: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2474: 2462: 2446: 2442:contrapuntal 2415: 2405: 2397: 2386: 2384: 2366: 2362: 2343:double ḍaṇḍā 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2291: 2271:church modes 2263:tonic sol-fa 2256: 2232: 2220: 2211: 2199:Syama Sastri 2181: 2170: 2161: 2158: 2147: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2061: 1985:Annamacharya 1958: 1951: 1944:Syama Sastri 1933: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1877: 1874:madhyamakāla 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1818: 1803: 1798:chittaswaras 1796: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1732: 1727:thiruppugazh 1725: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1656: 1650: 1637: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1608: 1593: 1584: 1569:Please help 1557: 1539:Compositions 1533: 1517: 1501: 1499: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1439: 1436: 1421: 1414: 1406: 1397:Raga Alapana 1386:Swarakalpana 1369: 1364: 1360: 1352: 1350: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1315:Triputa tala 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1228:Tala (music) 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1198: 1192: 1178: 1174: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1139: 1127: 1126:) and down ( 1123: 1111: 1109: 1085: 1081: 1065: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1002: 994: 990: 989: 968: 967: 947: 938: 924: 914: 912: 884: 875: 860: 836: 781: 777: 768: 756: 747:, while the 745:Vijayanagara 738: 728: 717: 711: 701: 695: 689: 679: 675: 669: 663: 657: 649: 644: 633: 628: 614: 594: 588: 519: 498: 488: 478: 468: 464: 459: 395: 394: 304:Odissi music 293: 169:(Citra Vīṇā) 95:Compositions 35: 29: 8496:South India 8397:Pampa Award 8234:Gopala Dasa 8229:Vijaya Dasa 8224:Kanaka Dasa 8189:Rudrabhatta 8134:Gunavarma I 8121:Noted poets 8030:Rashtrakuta 7780:Chikmagalur 7656:Ramanagara 7631:Chitradurga 7550:Tipu Sultan 7100:Jazz violin 7042:Nyckelharpa 7027:Hurdy-gurdy 6931:String trio 6875:Double stop 6778:Fingerboard 6701:Double bass 6671:Bass violin 6584:Instruments 6425:Shree ragam 6369:Reethigowla 6232:Kedaragaula 6161:Hamsadhvani 5966:Janya ragas 5929:Rasikapriya 5882:Chitrambari 5797:Disi chakra 5788:Vishwambari 5770:Kamavardani 5670:Jhalavarali 5573:Naganandini 5543:Mararanjani 5535:Bana chakra 5526:Varunapriya 5488:Veda chakra 5479:Hatakambari 5473:Suryakantam 5467:Chakravakam 5449:Gayakapriya 5441:Agni chakra 5426:Kokilapriya 5420:Natakapriya 5250:Tamil music 5238:Hindi music 5219:West Bengal 5214:Uttarakhand 5154:Maharashtra 4991:Ganasangeet 3984:Asian Music 3925:Asian Music 3873:Asian Music 3683:18 December 3618:Asian Music 3232:Asian Music 3129:YjS 3.115. 2735:Thiruvayaru 2404:electronic 2353:Performance 2275:accidentals 2098:yāma Kr̥ṣṇa 2001:Gopala Dasa 1993:Vijaya Dasa 1969:Vyasatirtha 1965:Sripadaraja 1866:chittaswara 1862:chittaswara 1771:sanchaaraas 1587:August 2014 1312:Rupaka tala 1306:Jhampa tala 1300:Dhruva tala 1275:kaakapaadam 1222:Tala system 1209:janaka raga 1163:subdominant 1094:Raga system 1070:subdominant 876:thosai kade 800:rudra veena 735:Sharngadeva 731:North India 665:Mahabharata 558:chitraveena 416:South India 398:, known as 167:Goṭṭuvādyaṃ 141:Instruments 8480:Categories 8460:Television 8450:Newspapers 8374:Waterfalls 8184:Raghavanka 8174:Siddharama 8009:Milestones 7995:Literature 7980:Yakshagana 7930:Ilkal sari 7737:Kalaburagi 7636:Davanagere 7525:Pattadakal 7342:Demography 7283:Sandalwood 7012:Arpeggione 6902:Scordatura 6831:Bow stroke 6818:Techniques 6808:Tuning peg 6798:Sound post 6273:Madhuvanti 6171:Hamsanandi 6166:Hamsanadam 5899:Sucharitra 5870:Vachaspati 5829:Dharmavati 5805:Shamalangi 5732:Suvarnangi 5714:Bhavapriya 5708:Gavambhodi 5688:Raghupriya 5676:Navaneetam 5664:Jalarnavam 5408:Hanumatodi 5199:Tamil Nadu 4961:Sikh music 4924:Madhyalaya 4436:References 4423:13 January 2551:ragamalika 2531:After the 2379:See also: 2339:anudhrutam 2235:Shahaji II 2144:Swarajatis 1973:Kanakadasa 1912:Swaravalis 1888:See also: 1848:keerthanam 1834:Anupallavi 1782:anupallavi 1708:devaranama 1660:, Kannada 1632:swarajatis 1309:Matya tala 1185:supertonic 1128:avarohanam 1104:See also: 1087:avarohanam 1074:Tamil Nadu 1012:-ga-ma-pa- 820:nadaswaram 790:, and the 513:, and the 432:Tamil Nadu 218:Shruti box 179:Percussion 162:Nādasvaraṃ 8455:Magazines 8244:Lakshmisa 8204:Chamarasa 8144:Sri Ponna 8111:Karnataka 7975:Veeragase 7910:Bidriware 7905:Buta Kola 7837:Districts 7824:Geography 7604:divisions 7600:Districts 7460:Durvinita 7435:Balligavi 7362:Geography 7357:Folk arts 7352:Education 7314:Overviews 7215:Bengaluru 7201:Karnataka 7093:Slap bass 7078:Jazz bass 6917:Ensembles 6897:Pizzicato 6890:Bariolage 6880:Fingering 6870:Harmonics 6837:Col legno 6803:Tailpiece 6374:Revagupti 5852:Kantamani 5835:Neetimati 5776:Ramapriya 5738:Divyamani 5623:Chalanata 5593:Yagapriya 5555:Sarasangi 5549:Charukesi 5508:Keeravani 5373:Vanaspati 5367:Ganamurti 5355:Kanakangi 5189:Rajasthan 5164:Meghalaya 5139:Karnataka 5134:Jharkhand 4898:Sanchaari 4493:Bangalore 4466:New Delhi 4412:The Hindu 4387:: 14–24. 4323:The Hindu 4296:The Hindu 4165:191394968 3846:192945498 3593:Scroll.in 3509:317288154 3463:915135656 3353:191466174 3217:144368744 3094:The Hindu 2747:Cleveland 2743:Guruvayur 2731:Tyagaraja 2696:Festivals 2665:thukkadas 2629:mridangam 2522:saahityam 2426:mridangam 2369:Harikatha 2294:diacritic 2217:Notations 2191:Tyagaraja 2187:Parampara 2134:alankaras 2114:Ramadasan 2090:Tyagaraja 2068:Malayalam 1936:Tyagaraja 1916:Alankaras 1672:sisapadya 1558:does not 1478:) in the 1442:) in the 1291:anudhrtam 1263:anudhrtam 1154:melakarta 1134:of which 1124:aarohanam 816:mridangam 765:melakarta 674:states, " 656:like the 645:Yajurveda 581:Saraswati 528:), and a 526:mridangam 436:Telangana 424:Karnataka 229:Composers 183:Mr̥daṅgaṃ 108:Svarajati 82:Mēḷakarta 8249:Sarvajna 8179:Harihara 8072:Haridasa 8023:Medieval 7872:Malenadu 7857:Villages 7684:Belagavi 7679:Bagalkot 7651:Tumakuru 7540:Sringeri 7465:Halebidu 7430:Banavasi 7392:Wildlife 7302:Insect: 7149:Category 7088:Big band 7047:Pochette 6865:Arpeggio 6853:Spiccato 6763:Chinrest 6741:Bass bar 6719:Octobass 6605:Pochette 6492:Vasantha 6405:Saramati 6344:Niroshta 6283:Malahari 6212:Kambhoji 6202:Kalavati 6186:Jaunpuri 6176:Hindolam 6141:Dhanyasi 6105:Bilahari 6100:Bhupalam 6090:Bhairavi 6085:Bahudari 6080:Bageshri 6060:Andolika 5823:Hemavati 5638:Madhyama 5432:Rupavati 5402:Senavati 5385:Tanarupi 5379:Manavati 5361:Ratnangi 5335:Madhyama 5174:Nagaland 5061:Bhojpuri 4919:Vilambit 4828:Bhairavi 4712:Alankara 4695:Concepts 4449:New York 3747:: 9–12. 3549:41467484 3426:34669394 3017:Archived 2779:See also 2710:Various 2679:Audience 2673:mangalam 2660:tillanas 2537:kirtanas 2485:kutcheri 2331:dhrutams 2173:gurukula 2120:Learning 2094:Guruguha 2072:Sanskrit 1963:include 1908:Pitamaha 1792:charanam 1747:kirtanam 1739:and the 1721:thillana 1703:ugabhoga 1697:thevaram 1662:Ugabhoga 1658:viruttam 1655:, Tamil 1648:Sanskrit 1626:Geethams 1448:sextuple 1303:Eka tala 1297:Ata tala 1082:arohanam 1066:madhyama 1062:dominant 1060:and the 1054:panchama 1038:dhaivata 1034:panchama 1030:madhyama 1026:gandhara 1022:rishabha 917:). Like 845:and the 824:swarabat 757:pitamaha 662:and the 659:Ramayana 629:Samaveda 448:Samaveda 330:Alankara 312:Concepts 234:Glossary 54:Concepts 8344:Beaches 8336:Tourism 8313:society 8289:Kuvempu 8065:Vachana 8051:Hoysala 8003:Kannada 7940:Kannada 7935:Kamsale 7892:Culture 7747:Raichur 7727:Ballari 7694:Dharwad 7689:Bijapur 7646:Shimoga 7475:Halmidi 7402:History 7367:History 7347:Economy 7337:Cuisine 7332:Climate 7210:Capital 7052:Quinton 7017:Baryton 6908:Vibrato 6858:Tremolo 6848:Portato 6843:Martelé 6714:Violone 6686:Cellone 6450:Surutti 6364:Ranjani 6349:Pharaju 6303:Mukhari 6298:Mohanam 6252:Lavangi 6247:Lalitha 6237:Kedaram 6095:Bhimsen 6070:Asaveri 5923:Kosalam 5864:Latangi 5658:Salagam 5617:Shulini 5414:Dhenuka 5333:Shuddha 5204:Tripura 5169:Mizoram 5159:Manipur 5119:Haryana 5114:Gujarat 4987:Dandiya 4888:Sthaayi 4867:Bandish 4823:Bhairav 4818:Asavari 4803:Bilaval 4782:Qawwali 4752:Dhrupad 4523:Chicago 4143:: 207. 3598:10 June 3572:10 June 2719:Chennai 2641:again. 2634:niraval 2570:of the 2463:Unlike 2454:niraval 2438:morsing 2434:kanjira 2420:and/or 2411:harmony 2406:tambura 2388:tambura 2347:caesura 2337:and an 2335:dhrutam 2323:dhrutam 2247:solfege 2239:Tanjore 2166:solfege 2149:varnams 2139:geetams 2064:Kannada 1878:charana 1870:charana 1840:Charana 1828:refrain 1824:Pallavi 1776:pallavi 1730:forms. 1686:alapana 1668:padyamu 1666:Telugu 1579:removed 1564:sources 1520:pallavi 1482:cycle. 1433:Niraval 1427:Niraval 1403:Alapana 1380:Pallavi 1377:Niraval 1374:Alapana 1329:jaathis 1189:mediant 1180:chakras 1130:), the 1042:nishada 999:solfege 891:Colombo 826:. 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