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1264:. Starting with the second half of the 1970s, Carol's image was rehabilitated to some extent by Romanian historians, who distanced themselves from the more propagandistic views of the last three decades. While more mainstream publications, such as school text books, continued the anti-monarchy line, some academics began describing his reign as a period of national progress and acknowledged his role in preserving the young
1039:
influence on the electoral process. He would essentially alternate power between the two parties, installing the opposition whenever he felt the ruling party of the day had run its course. The new government would organize elections which they would invariably win. This resulted in a situation where
Parliament reflected the will of the government, not vice versa as is the case in a true parliamentary democracy.
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824:. The international outrage at the Bulgarian massacre – particularly on the part of Russia, who saw itself as a protector of Orthodox Christians in general and Bulgarians in particular – triggered several diplomatic efforts over the next year. After the failure of these diplomatic attempts, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 24 April 1877, launching the
745:." It also required that Carol's descendants be "raised in the Eastern Orthodox Religion." Although Carol was vested with executive power, he was not politically responsible for exercising it. His acts were only valid if they were countersigned by a minister, who then became responsible for the act in question. Nevertheless, he commanded great
1168:, born in 1870, who died 9 April (N.S.) 1874. She had no prospect of inheriting her father's throne; as mentioned above, the Constitution limited succession to the male line. This led to the further estrangement of the royal couple, Elizabeth never completely recovering from the trauma of losing her only child.
1233:
His long reign (of forty-eight years, one more than
Stephen the Great) allowed the myth to come to fruition even within his lifetime. The image of the sovereign, mediocre at first, took on a powerful brilliance in the last years of the century. An educational poster of around 1900 presents "the four
650:
he was given the keys to the capital city. It was a rainy day after a long period of drought, which was taken to be a good omen by locals. As he was crowned, Karl swore this oath: "I swear to guard the laws of
Romania, to maintain the rights of its People and the integrity of its territory." He took
1038:
His reign established constitutional monarchy and saw the early days of democracy in
Romania, despite the fact that elections of that era are largely seen as being controlled. Although the framers of the Constitution intended to vest most of the power in Parliament, the King exercised considerable
872:
While Russia was happy to be given travelling rights inside
Romanian territory, it vehemently opposed Romania actively entering the war, as this would have given them a place at the negotiation table after the war. However, after the Russian advance was halted outside the Bulgarian town of Pleven,
1251:
During the
Communist era, Carol became a target of scorn for Romanian historians, as were all other figures associated with the monarchy. He was often described as a money-hungry foreign prince who was placed on the throne by Western capitalist in order to tighten their control over the Romanian
592:
Soon after, Napoleon III suggested Karl, who was the brother in law of Philip. Napoleon's recommendation weighed heavily with
Romanian politicians of the time, since Romania was strongly influenced by French culture. Napoleon was a strong supporter of Romanian independence, hoping to consolidate
973:
King Carol was a cold man who was always focused on the prestige of the dynasty he had founded. His wife, Elizabeth, claimed he 'wore the crown in his sleep'. He was very meticulous and he tried to impose his style upon everyone that surrounded him. Though he was devoted to his job as
Romania's
1017:, which he personally arranged without discussion in Parliament or with anyone outside a handful of insiders. Upon its renewal in 1892, he had to inform his prime minister and foreign minister, but Parliament and the public at large did not even know about its existence until the beginning of
655:, as he did not yet speak Romanian. In fact, it is said that, before his nomination as Domnitor, he had never heard of Romania. However, he endeared himself to his adopted country by adopting the Romanian spelling of his name, Carol. He learned to speak Romanian not long after that.
518:
Although he was quite frail and not very tall, prince Karl was reported to be the perfect soldier, healthy and disciplined, and also a very good politician with liberal ideas. He was familiar with several
European languages. His family was closely related to the
765:
country, there was a strong feeling of distrust towards Carol during the time, who was not yet seen as
Romanian. Several attempts to force the prince to abdicate took place around this time, usually led by the republicans and radical liberals led by
4620:
Women and Gender in Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Eurasia: A Comprehensive Bibliography Volume I: Southeastern and East Central Europe (Edited by Irina Livezeanu with June Pachuta Farris) Volume II: Russia, the Non-Russian Peoples of the
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ruler, he never forgot his German roots. In 48 years of rule—the longest in Romanian history—he helped Romania gain its independence, raised its prestige, helped redress its economy and established a dynasty. In the Carpathian mountains, he built
1275:, the monarchy was fully rehabilitated in the public eyes. Carol is now thought of as a figure of national unity who is seen as the founder of the modern Romanian state and one of the most revered individuals in the country's history. During the
566:' unification was recognized by the European powers. With him gone, the country was in danger of disintegration, as the Ottoman Empire and other powers initially accepted the unification only on the condition that it would end with his reign.
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and against the advice of his Crown Council, Carol decided to permit Russian troops to pass through its territory on the way to Bulgaria. This resulted in Turkish bombardments of Romanian towns on the Danube. At this point, Romania was
1238:
and Decebalus, Cuza and Carol I. Even Michael the Brave becomes a secondary figure by comparison. Carol appears organically rooted in Romanian history; he represents a new beginning, of course, but a beginning based on much older
635:, since there was no railroad to Romania. As he crossed the border onto Romanian soil, he was met by Brătianu, who bowed before him and asked Karl to join him in his carriage. He was formally elected Domnitor on 20 April.
4176:
Civilization Past and Present: A Survey of the History of Man, His Governmental, Economic, Social, Religious, Intellectual, and Esthetic Activities, From the Earliest Times to the Present, in Europe, in Asia, and in the
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on 15 November 1869. Their marriage was strange, with Carol being a cold and calculating man while Elizabeth was a notorious dreamer who published literature under the name of Carmen Sylva. They had one child,
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independent, being "bound to the Ottoman Empire only by the payment of tribute (which had dropped to 1% of the country's budget) and a number of largely formal prerogatives in matters of foreign policy."
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942:, while the heir-apparent or heir-presumptive would be called Prince Royal. On 10 May, Carol was crowned king. The 1866 Constitution was retained, with the word "prince" replaced by the word "king".
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The Romanian army, under Carol, continued to fight in the war, most notably the battles of Smârdan and Vidin. By early 1878, the Turks were losing the war and on the third of March they signed the
1155:
When he was elected prince of Romania, Carol was unmarried. In 1869, the prince started a trip around Europe and mainly Germany, to find a bride. During this trip he met and married Princess
6375:
1260:. Additionally, he was depicted as an enemy of the peasantry, who tried to steal their lands and rape young peasant girls. He was usually indicated as the sole source of outrage during the
5284:
1116:, where Carol told them about the secret treaty and shared his opinion with them. However, most of the Crown Council members strongly disagreed, opting for neutrality, with prime-minister
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1010:, linking the newly acquired province to the rest of the country. The bridge was, at that time, the longest in Europe and, although no longer in use, it is still intact as of 2023.
703:. Despite the otherwise liberal nature of the act, the constitution barred non-Christians from becoming citizens, a measure which heavily affected the country's Jewish population
5419:
3014:
1097:. Although the treaty was to be activated only if Russia attacked one of the signatories, Carol was convinced that the honourable thing to do was to enter the war supporting the
788:
Future republican projects were rare, especially since Brătianu became prime minister in 1876 and helped Liberals hold power until 1889, becoming loyal supporters of King Carol.
949:
that was used in the coronation of Carol was forged from steel of a melted Ottoman cannon that was captured by the Romanian Army at the Pleven. Since 2016 it is depicted on the
631:, through Switzerland. He received there a Swiss passport from a Swiss public clerk, friend of his family, under the name of Karl Hettingen. From Baziaș he travelled by boat to
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and turn the newly unified country into a "Belgium of the East". Wary of France's oppositions, Philip, who also turned down the throne of Greece a few years earlier, refused.
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This constitution allowed the development and modernization of the Romanian state. In a daring move, the Constitution chose to ignore the nominal suzerainty of the
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On 22 June 1884, the Parliament voted in favour of granting Carol and his successors a large royal estate, making the king the biggest landowner in the country.
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started a revolt and attempted coup by arresting the chief of police and the county Prefect, occupying several official buildings and proclaiming the so-called
6425:
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774:. Carol's alliance with the Conservatives which effectively blocked the Liberals out of government did little to quell Liberal animosity towards the prince.
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parties. During Carol's reign, Romania's industry and infrastructure were much improved, however this process also resulted in major scandals, including the
423:
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Carol I is seen as a towering figure of national history in contemporary Romania. He is often depicted in history books as a historical leader on par with
881:
surrendered the town on 28 November 1877. This victory sent ripples within Romanian society, elevating Carol's name among the pantheon of national heroes.
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The Eight International Conference "Bridges in Danube Basin": New Trends in Bridge Engineering and Efficient Solutions for Large and Medium Span Bridges
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554:, had been expelled from the country by the leading noblemen, leaving Romania in political chaos. Cuza's double election seven years earlier, both in
4192:
3853:. Vol. II: National Romanticism – The Formation of National Movements. Budapest & New York: Central European University Press. p. 373.
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699:, it guaranteed private propriety, freedom of speech, total freedom of the press, it abolished the death penalty during peace time, and established
4331:"Secretele podului de la Cernavodă, opera tânărului inginer Anghel Saligny. Episodul luptelor aeriene ale lui Horia Agarici, salvatorul Constanţei"
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Towards the end of Carol's life Carol and Elizabeth finally found a way to understand each other and were reported to have become good friends.
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During his reign, Carol I personally led Romanian troops during the Russo-Turkish War and assumed command of the Russo/Romanian army during the
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and invaded Bulgaria. The approach of Romanian troops towards Sofia determined the Bulgarians to negotiate an armistice which resulted in the
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Berger, Stefan; Lorenz, Chris; Melman, Billie (2012). "Introduction: Peleș Castle". In Berger, Stefan; Melman, Billie; Lorenz, Chris (eds.).
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in German style, which is considered one of Europe's most beautiful castles and is still one of Romania's most visited landmarks. After the
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The king's personal authority in military and foreign policy issues was unquestioned. In 1883 he entered into a crucial alliance with the
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they requested the Romanian army's urgent intervention. Carol obtained the command of the combined Russian and Romanian forces that were
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1131:, a British princess), was more willing to listen to public opinion and brought Romania into the war on the side of the Allies in 1916.
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National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements: Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770–1945
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As Romanian politicians searched for a successor, Karl was not their first choice. The authors of the anti-Cuza coup first approached
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4104:"O litografie document istoric: Actul de încoronare a Regelui Carol I – Actul proclamării Regatului României (10/22 Mai 1881) (II)"
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437:
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The Roots and Consequences of 20th-Century Warfare: Conflicts that Shaped the Modern World: Conflicts That Shaped the Modern World
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was the Romanian politician sent to negotiate with Karl and his family the possibility of installing him on the Romanian throne.
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recognized Romania as an independent country on 13 July 1878. In addition, Romania was granted the former Ottoman territory of
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of 1870–1871, the conflict nonetheless affected the early reign of Carol I. Since he was a German prince ruling a historically
646:. The news of his arrival had been transmitted by telegraph and he was welcomed by a huge crowd eager to see the new ruler. In
456:
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3789:"Ce a fost 'Republica de la Ploiești'. Farsa istorică de tot râsul l-a inspirat pe Caragiale să scrie "D'ale carnavalului""
3616:
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3424:"Cinci lucruri puţin ştiute despre regele Carol I. De ce le dădea suveranul doar un deget supuşilor care-i întindeau mâna"
2146:
2011:
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and the victory in the War of Independence making Carol a legendary personage in his own lifetime, according to historian
1194:
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After the proclamation of the Kingdom (1881), the succession was a very important matter of state. Since Carol's brother,
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The long rule of Carol helped the quick development of the Romanian state. Towards the end of his reign and the start of
1078:, expanding the territory obtained by the country under King Carol and confirming Romania's dominant role in the region.
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Article 82 made the throne a hereditary office of Carol's descendants "on the male line through the right of first-born,
4841:
4591:
4217:"104 ani de la moartea Regelui Carol I. Trei lucruri mai puțin știute despre "regele care își purta coroana și în somn""
3196:"Povestea regelui "ratat" de România. Cine este prinţul Filip, propus înainte de Carol I să conducă Principatele Române"
2719:
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Inside the Mechanisms of Romanian Modernization: The Transformation of Public Sphere Between Media and Political System
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Inside the Mechanisms of Romanian Modernization: The Transformation of Public Sphere Between Media and Political System
919:. This young state began a search for a new prince, and Carol I was among the candidates, although he was not elected.
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World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection : The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
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of Ottoman suzerainty that had existed since 1861. The declaration was put forward and voted on by the Parliament and
488:
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Year: 1880–1881; Weight: 25 gram; Composition: Silver 90%; Diameter: 37 mm; Amount of coins minted: 2,200,000 coin –
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411:. When World War I broke out he was unable to activate the alliance. Romania remained neutral and in 1916 joined the
4729:
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Between 1886 and 1887, there was a new proposal to make Carol I the ruler of Bulgaria. He was strongly supported by
695:, one of the most modern constitutions of its time. Carol signed it into law two days later. Modeled closely on the
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4193:"'Revenirea Coroanei de Oţel în stema de stat a României este un fapt cultural': Interviu cu Silviu Andrieș–Tabac"
691:
On 29 June – two months after Carol's arrival – the Romanian parliament adopted the
6315:
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3644:"Principesa Margareta, succesoare şi la tronul britanic. Viitorul monarhiei române după retragerea Regelui Mihai"
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165:
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3322:. Makers of the Modern World: The Peace Conferences of 1919–23 and their Aftermath. London: Haus Publishing.
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War in the Balkans: An Encyclopedic History from the Fall of the Ottoman Empire to the Breakup of Yugoslavia
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French influence on the Black Sea. Another factor was Karl's blood relation to the ruling Prussian family.
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next in line to the throne. In October 1880 Leopold renounced his right of succession in favour of his son
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in 2006, Carol I was voted the second greatest Romanian who has ever lived, after only Stephen the Great.
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Prince Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was born on 20 April 1839 in
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Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures: Proceedings of the 6th International Colloquium (SDSS'99)
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Dracula is Dead: How Romanians Survived Communism, Ended It, and Emerged Since 1989 as the New Italy
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The most well known such incident took place on 8 August 1870, when radical liberals in the city of
499:. Up to 1866, when he accepted the crown of Romania, he was a Prussian officer. He took part in the
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27 September] 1914), was the monarch of Romania from 1866 to his death in 1914, ruling as
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459:, who in turn surrendered his claim six years later in favour of his younger brother, the future
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being a particularly strong voice for preserving the peace obtained by the Treaty of Bucharest.
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Between 1875 and 1877 anti-Ottoman revolts took place in several Balkan countries, most notably
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Politică şi viaţă cotidiană în România: în secolul al XX-lea şi începutul celui de-al XXI-lea
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pillars of the Romanian people", along with other heroes of Wallachian history. The four are
364:. In May 1877, Romania was proclaimed an independent and sovereign nation. The defeat of the
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4308:. Amsterdam, Lausanne, New York, Oxford, Shannon, Singapore, Tokyo: Elsevier. p. 592.
451:, who died at the age of four. Carol never produced a male heir, leaving his elder brother
46:
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4363:. Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles, CA and London: University of California Press. p. 244.
3173:. The Oxford History of Modern Europe. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press. p. 19.
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27 September] 1914. The new king, Ferdinand (under the influence of his wife,
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785:. The revolt lasted less than 24 hours and lead to the arrest of many Liberal leaders.
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31:
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The Danube: The Dramatic History of the Great River and the People Touched by Its Flow
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3139:. Basingstoke, New York: Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 193–194.
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1089:; however, Romanian public opinion was overwhelmingly Francophile and sided with the
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4051:(2nd rev. ed.). Leiden & Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 406.
1058:. Carol I was interested in the offer, but had to reject it under Russian pressure.
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4774:. Bucharest: Editura Militară a Ministerului Forţelor Armate ale R.P.R. p. 48.
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Zirin, Mary; Livezeanu, Irina; Worobec, Christine D.; Farris, June Pachuta (2015).
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The Balkan Wars in the Eyes of the Warring Parties: Perceptions and Interpretations
3739:"'A Sort of Tropical Balmoral': King Carol and cultural transplant in Castle Peleș"
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1221:. This view emerged during the second half of his reign, with the founding of the
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The Piersall Collection of Orders, Decorations, and Medals From Around The World
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2961:. Vol. 3. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 754.
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Fountain in the palace of the Romanian King, Carol I of Romania, in Sinaia. 1907
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and access to the Black Sea. From 1878, Carol held the title of Royal Highness (
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372:
secured Romanian independence, and he was proclaimed King on 26 March [
161:
5481:
3676:(in Romanian). Timișoara, Romania: Presa Universitară Română. pp. 96–121.
3109:
Orthodox Christianity and Nationalism in Nineteenth-century Southeastern Europe
717:
6060:
5608:
3877:
War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin
3681:
2007:
1305:
was established in 1906 and was until 1947 the highest honour bestowed by the
1003:
647:
504:
492:
78:
5504:
4088:
3053:(Third ed.). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 118.
1093:. Carol had signed a secret treaty in 1883 which had linked Romania with the
904:, an immensely valuable territorial gain that gave Romania possession of the
5734:
4273:"Twenty Years Devoted to International Conferences on Bridges Across Danube"
4077:"Ideas of federation and personal union with regard to Bulgaria and Romania"
3228:
Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania, 1947–65
2927:
1206:
742:
643:
555:
4874:
4360:
History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century
3015:"Regele Carol I, așa cum l-au descris câțiva dintre cei care l-au cunoscut"
922:
663:
628:
508:
491:. After finishing his elementary studies, Karl entered the Cadet School in
820:, where the April Uprisings of 1876 were brutally suppressed by irregular
403:
in 1913. In 1883 the king entered a top-secret military alliance with the
5804:
5716:
4651:. Vol. 5: EAD-FUR. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications. p. 169.
4279:. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 13.
841:
817:
559:
344:
4680:. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 666–667.
3823:'Republica de la Ploiești' și începuturile parlamentarismului în România
3405:
A History of the Roumanians: From Roman Times to the Completion of Unity
3085:. Santa Barbara, Ca, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. 350–351.
5769:
1695:
1605:
1353:
1256:, who needed someone that blindly followed his orders to rule over the
1160:
969:(known as King Carol I Bridge during the monarchy) crossing the Danube.
616:
408:
391:. The country achieved internationally recognized independence via the
268:
17:
5417:
Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach
3561:"Semnificația și importanța istorică a Constituției române de la 1866"
3499:
Petre Andrei University Year-Book (Social Work, Sociology, Psychology)
5191:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1897
3743:
Centropa: A Journal of Central European Architecture and Related Arts
3565:
3457:
2271:
2264:
1903:
1763:
1467:
1253:
1235:
1047:
999:
496:
432:
which personally implicated Carol. Overall, the country still had an
339:
189:
5024:"Order of the Crown of Romania "Ordinul Coroana Romaniei" 1881–1947"
4925:
3992:
War in the East: A Military History of the Russo-Turkish War 1877–78
868:
Romanian troops returning to Bucharest after the war, 8 October 1878
585:, hoping that he would bring the institutions of his country to the
5602:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
4569:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 401.
4471:. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 241.
436:
and the situation of the peasantry failed to improve, leading to a
332:
Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
4022:. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 31.
3495:"The Romanian Constitution of 1866. Modernism and European Spirit"
1446:
1242:
1138:
1026:
960:
921:
863:
790:
716:
662:
599:
568:
495:. In 1857 he was attending the courses of the Artillery School in
470:
4734:. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 200–201.
4390:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 31.
2958:
Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
483:, in the Catholic branch of the family. He was the second son of
5122:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
4904:
4300:
Fierbințeanu, Virgil; Teodorescu, Dragoș; Băncilă, Radu (1999).
3938:
Heroes and Victims: Remembering War in Twentieth-Century Romania
106:
5738:
1112:
21 July] 1914, an emergency meeting was held with the
853:
On May 10, 1877, Romania declared its independence, ending the
511:, an experience which would be very useful to him later in the
2362:
1179:(in 1886), declined their rights, the second son of Leopold,
380:
dynasty, which ruled the country until the proclamation of a
5274:(1890), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 46
4387:
The Troubled Alliance: German-Austrian Relations, 1914--1917
3621:(in Romanian). București: Editura Mica Valahie. p. 10.
1337:
1050:
of the country after the abdication of the Bulgarian prince
930:
and the international recognition of Romania's independence.
5271:
Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
3716:. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press. p. 77.
3968:(in Romanian). Iași, Romania: Editura Lumen. p. 166.
3673:
Carol I și monarhia constituțională. Interpretări istorice
6411:
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
3453:
The Balkans: From the End of Byzantium to the Present Day
1197:
27 September] 1914, at the age of 75 years old.
1451:
Arms of Carol I as knight of the Austrian branch of the
5249:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 468.
5099:(1867) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" p.
4757:
Adevărata istorie a unei monarhii. Familia Hohenzollern
3349:. Garden City, New York: Greenwood Press. p. 451.
1977:
Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig
550:
The former Domnitor (ruling prince) of united Romania,
418:
Domestic political life was organized around the rival
376:
14 March] 1881. He was the first ruler of the
6396:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
4949:
4676:. In Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (eds.).
3941:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 110.
4816:"Lupta pentru modernizarea României. Cazul "Carol I""
4565:. In Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H. (eds.).
3826:. Societate & civilizație. Bucharest: Humanitas.
3408:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 317.
915:
The war had also made possible the appearance of the
6361:
Romanian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
5204:"Knights of the Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius"
5180:. Librairie polytechnique De Decq. 1870. p. 53.
4130:"10 mai. Sosirea lui Carol, Independenţa şi Regatul"
3375:"IV: Călătoria spre România și sosirea la București"
3289:
Carmen Sylva. Uimitoarea regina Elisabeta a Romaniei
877:
and following heavy fighting and a prolonged siege,
725:, 1872. Left panel: Alexandru Ioan Cuza betrayed by
6200:
6177:
6133:
6093:
6045:
6029:
5994:
5978:
5933:
5917:
5901:
5887:
5867:
5832:
5816:
5799:
5548:
Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg
4759:. Bucharest: Editura Cartea Românească. p. 93.
1359:
1347:
1323:
1085:, Carol wanted to enter the war on the side of the
527:, Joséphine's niece-in-law, and the other a Murat,
309:
299:
289:
279:
267:
253:
237:
212:
199:
175:
144:
140:
130:
120:
112:
105:
95:
87:
77:
69:
62:
39:
4302:"Seismic Behaviour of the Romanian Danube Bridges"
3231:. Basingstoke and New York: Springer. p. 29.
3112:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 116.
1034:Carol with his wife and their only daughter (1873)
934:On 15 March 1881, the constitution was amended to
6376:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
5311:(1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen"
5309:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen
4444:. Scotts Valley, CA: Florin Grancea. p. 25.
4417:. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. p. 796.
1675:Knight of Saints Cyril and Methodius, with Collar
743:perpetually excluding women and their descendants
447:on 15 November 1869. They only had one daughter,
440:in 1907, bloodily suppressed by the authorities.
30:"Carol I" redirects here. For the 2009 film, see
5142:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden
4498:. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. pp. 149–155.
4247:Popularizing National Pasts: 1800 to the Present
3880:. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press.
3591:"Full Text of the Romanian Constitution of 1866"
3482:https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces5742.html
2814:Claude de Beauharnais, comte des Roches-Baritaud
926:Romania and its surroundings in 1878, after the
753:Franco-Prussian War and the Republic of Ploiești
352:from 1881 to 1914. He was elected Prince of the
6436:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
6401:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)
5439:Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901
5084:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Preußen
4624:. New York and London: Routledge. p. 332.
2458:Anton Aloys, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
828:, which is known in Romanian historiography as
475:Prince Karl of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen, aged 6
6381:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
5162:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern
5078:
5076:
4596:. Baltimore, MD: Bancroft Press. p. 119.
4049:Sources of State Practice in International Law
3995:. Havertown: Helion and Company. p. 430.
6386:Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 1st class
5750:
5324:Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898).
5097:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt
4250:. New York and London: Routledge. p. 1.
2041:Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ
1056:a personal union between Bulgaria and Romania
535:), and they enjoyed very good relations with
485:Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
8:
5624:Newspaper clippings about Carol I of Romania
5387:"Carol I of Romania and the Award Confusion"
4950:"Biblioteca Centrala Universitara "Carol I""
4790:"Carol I, la judecata istoricilor comunişti"
3847:Trencsenyi, Balazs; Kopecek, Michal (2006).
994:) to build the first contemporary permanent
623:, Karl travelled incognito by railroad from
6431:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
4521:"Chapter Fourteen: War Aims and Neutrality"
4275:. In Petzek, Edward; Băncilă, Radu (eds.).
2397:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6042:
5898:
5813:
5757:
5743:
5735:
5636:
4772:Jefuirea poporului român de către monarhie
4731:History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness
4674:"Ferdinand I, King of Romania (1865–1927)"
4117:. V.A. Urechia County Library Galați: 4–5.
4047:. In Gaebler, Ralph; Shea, Alison (eds.).
3914:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 90–92.
2438:
2429:
1320:
45:
36:
6278:indicates incumbent/current officeholder.
5427:(1885), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 16
4304:. In Dubină, Dan; Iványi, Miklós (eds.).
3258:. Charleston, SC: BookSurge. p. 24.
2694:Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden
2516:Princess Amalie Zephyrine of Salm-Kyrburg
2417:Learn how and when to remove this message
1854:Grand Cross of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
1252:state, no more than a simple pawn of the
1143:King Carol I of Romania with his nephew (
1054:. Stambolov's intention was to establish
749:as a symbol of the nation and its unity.
6371:Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
6366:Romanian people of the Second Balkan War
6095:Presidium of the Great National Assembly
5457:"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III"
5381:
5379:
4645:Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah (2000).
4180:. Chicago: Scott, Foresman. p. 207.
4070:
4068:
2484:Karl, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
1123:King Carol died on 10 October [
1074:, which gained Romania the territory of
675:
667:Romania and its surroundings about 1866.
356:on 20 April 1866 after the overthrow of
6391:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
5330:. Unione tipografico-editrice. p.
3737:McArthur Kallestrup, Shona (May 2005).
2944:
2319:Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter
835:At the behest of then foreign minister
757:While Romania did not take part in the
573:Prince Karl of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen
334:; 20 April 1839 – 10 October [
5610:"Charles I., prince of Roumania"
5327:Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia
5112:
5110:
5108:
4842:"Cum și-l amintesc românii pe Carol I"
4556:
4554:
4271:Ivanyi, Miklos; Băncilă, Radu (2014).
4156:Hayes, Carlton Joseph Huntley (1958).
3965:Metodologia cercetarii etnopsihologice
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3417:
3415:
3368:
3366:
3311:
3309:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3220:
3218:
2793:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2557:
2447:
2443:
1062:Last years and the looming World War I
615:Due to the political conflict between
259:Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig
250:
6416:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter
6047:Provisional Presidium of the Republic
5591:Reminiscences of the King of Roumania
4783:
4781:
4723:
4721:
4590:Kast, Sheilah; Rosapepe, Jim (2009).
3815:
3813:
3811:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3585:
3583:
3554:
3552:
3514:
3512:
3402:Seton-Watson, Robert William (1934).
3042:
3040:
3008:
3006:
2869:
2859:
2855:
2843:
2837:
2827:
2811:
2801:
2797:
2781:
2775:
2765:
2749:
2739:
2735:
2723:
2717:
2707:
2691:
2681:
2677:
2653:
2643:
2630:
2620:
2616:
2604:
2598:
2588:
2575:
2565:
2561:
2545:
2539:
2529:
2513:
2503:
2499:
2487:
2481:
2471:
2455:
2451:
1309:. In 2005 it was reintroduced by the
729:; right panel: Carol I, supported by
7:
6421:Burials at Curtea de Argeş Cathedral
6356:Field marshals of the Russian Empire
5589:Online edition of Carol's 1899 book
5246:Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009
4329:Iancu, Mariana (14 September 2016).
3072:
3070:
3047:Kerr, Anne; Wright, Edmund (2015) .
2980:
2978:
2950:
2948:
2395:adding citations to reliable sources
2348:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown
2233:Grand Cross of the Star of Karađorđe
1520:Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen
1441:Princely House Order of Hohenzollern
1391:Sovereign Knight Grand Cross of the
1298:in Craiova are named in his honour.
986:and Carol ordered Romanian engineer
27:Monarch of Romania from 1866 to 1914
6426:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
6311:Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
5578:", Editura Porțile Orientului, Iași
5437:Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden".
5346:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste"
5177:Almanach royal officiel de Belgique
4678:World War I: A Student Encyclopedia
4162:. New York: Macmillan. p. 178.
3787:Borcea, Ștefan (1 September 2015).
3194:Ionescu, Sinziana (17 March 2016).
1960:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion
1288:Carol I National Defence University
1193:Carol died on 10 October [
721:Anti-dynasty cartoon, published in
608:May 8] 1866, Karl entered
6406:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
4974:"ODM of Romania: Order of Carol I"
4191:Hălălău, Florin (6 October 2016).
3642:Ionescu, Sinziana (3 March 2016).
3343:Lessner, Erwin Christian (1973) .
2752:Princess Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt
2542:Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern
2228:Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo
2046:Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword
1183:, was named prince of Romania and
1066:In 1913 Romania intervened in the
562:, had been the basis on which the
407:, despite popular demands against
284:Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern
25:
6336:Romanian people of German descent
6331:Romanian people of French descent
5646:House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
5509:(in Norwegian), 1890, p. 356
5372:, 1886 – via hathitrust.org
5230:"Knights of the Order of Bravery"
5193:. Braunschweig 1897. Meyer. p. 10
4102:Oneț, Valentina (December 2012).
3713:The Road to Romanian Independence
1943:Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau
1633:Grand Cross of the Southern Cross
1564:Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion
1437:House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
6274:indicate interim officeholders.
5801:United Principalities of Romania
5694:15 March 1881 – 10 October 1914
5571:(Oxford University Press, 1994).
5551:(1907), "Königliche Orden" p. 28
5144:(1873), "Großherzogliche Orden"
4814:Crăciun, Andrei (26 June 2017).
4173:Wallbank, Thomas Walter (1949).
2367:
2336:
2304:
2270:
2263:
2241:
2215:
2193:
2171:
2114:
2053:
2019:
2001:
1983:
1965:
1948:
1932:
1914:
1896:
1878:Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown
1865:
1830:
1801:
1779:
1762:
1744:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1688:
1660:
1638:
1620:
1598:
1576:
1540:
1486:
1466:
1430:
1377:
737:influence and economic privilege
687:, portrait of Prince Carol, 1881
313:
5486:(in Swedish), 1905, p. 440
5463:(in Spanish), 1887, p. 149
5208:Official Site of King Simeon II
5165:(1906), "Königliche Orden" p. 7
4788:Lupșor, Andreea (4 July 2017).
4563:"Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece"
4384:Silberstein, Gerard E. (1970).
3763:Trei ani in Romania (1870–1873)
3760:Ozanne, James William (2015) .
3522:Brief Romanian Military History
3493:Hriscu, Marius (January 2010).
3081:. In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.).
3013:Kaliani, Mira (19 April 2018).
2933:Commissions of the Danube River
2433:Ancestors of Carol I of Romania
2183:Grand Cross of the White Falcon
1370:National orders and decorations
1175:(in 1880), and his oldest son,
807:War of independence (1877–1878)
642:), Karl entered the capital of
523:(one of his grandmothers was a
503:, including the assault of the
227:
73:15 March 1881 – 10 October 1914
5721:20 April 1866 – 15 March 1881
4414:World Monarchies and Dynasties
4159:Contemporary Europe Since 1870
4128:Teică, Liliana (10 May 2014).
3559:Damean, Liviu (28 June 2016).
2924:King Carol I equestrian statue
2870:15. Adrienne de Lézay-Marnézia
2147:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
1979:, with Golden Crown and Collar
1459:Foreign orders and decorations
710:, which paved the way towards
685:Romanian United Principalities
354:Romanian United Principalities
1:
6326:20th-century kings of Romania
6321:19th-century kings of Romania
6036:Socialist Republic of Romania
5441:. Dresden: Heinrich. p.
4897:"Colegiul National "Carol I""
4770:Anescu, V.; Popa, M. (1958).
4519:Becker, Jean-Jacques (2012).
3911:Romania: Borderland of Europe
3050:A Dictionary of World History
2012:Order of the Lion and the Sun
1409:Order of the Crown of Romania
1273:collapse of Communism in 1989
116:20 April 1866 – 14 March 1881
52:
5393:(in Russian). Archived from
5391:militaire.vieux-grognard.net
5055:[Order of Carol I].
4755:Gârneaţă, Alexandru (1960).
4702:"Carol I | Encyclopedia.com"
4567:Decisions for War, 1914–1917
4075:Nyagulov, Blagovest (2012).
3505:(5). Iași, Romania: 346–354.
3422:Mihai, Dana (7 April 2016).
3286:Badea-Paun, Gabriel (2014).
3225:Leustean, Lucian N. (2009).
2720:Charles, Grand Duke of Baden
2080:Grand Cross of the Red Eagle
2065:Knight's Cross of the Royal
1393:Order of the Star of Romania
990:(a competitor and friend of
799:from the 4th edition of the
693:1866 Constitution of Romania
638:On 10 May 1866 (22 May 1866
348:) from 1866 to 1881, and as
6441:Children of prime ministers
5628:20th Century Press Archives
5445:– via hathitrust.org.
5124:, 1913, pp. 44, 49, 61
4081:Bulgarian Historical Review
4016:Tucker, Spencer C. (2016).
3710:Kellogg, Frederick (1995).
3460:: Phoenix. pp. 1–176.
3381:. Bucharest: Humanitas SA.
3077:Buenviaje, Dino E. (2014).
2778:Princess Josephine of Baden
2073:; Grand Commander's Cross,
2067:House Order of Hohenzollern
1773:Grand Cross of the Redeemer
1529:Knight of the Golden Fleece
801:Meyers Konversationslexikon
489:Princess Josephine of Baden
294:Princess Josephine of Baden
6462:
6031:Romanian People's Republic
5576:Regii și Reginele României
4525:A Companion to World War I
3962:Gârlan, Mictat A. (2011).
3597:(in Romanian). 1 June 1866
3379:Regele Carol I al României
3079:"Carol I, King of Romania"
2787:
2671:
2551:
2445:
1908:Grand Cross of St. Charles
1845:Knight of the Annunciation
1734:Saxe-Ernestine House Order
1453:Order of the Golden Fleece
1292:Central University Library
936:proclaim Romania a kingdom
733:and Brătianu, feeding off
135:Himself as King of Romania
29:
6351:Field marshals of Germany
6269:
5781:Heads of state of Romania
5776:
5723:
5714:
5706:
5696:
5687:
5679:
5674:
5639:
5058:Familia Regală a României
4672:Hall, Richard C. (2005).
4561:Hall, Richard C. (2003).
4465:Hall, Richard C. (2014).
3682:10.13140/RG.2.1.2160.0080
3373:Lindenberg, Paul (2016).
3136:Nineteenth-Century Europe
3133:Rapport, Michael (2005).
3106:Leuștean, Lucian (2014).
2857:
2849:
2821:
2799:
2795:
2759:
2737:
2729:
2701:
2679:
2675:
2637:
2618:
2610:
2582:
2563:
2559:
2523:
2501:
2493:
2465:
2449:
2152:Knight of the White Eagle
2098:Knight of the Black Eagle
1510:Imperial Order of Leopold
1439:: Cross of Honour of the
1399:Medal of Faithful Service
1336:
938:. Carol became the first
258:
249:
44:
6341:Romanian Roman Catholics
5598:Carol I, King of Romania
5516:– via runeberg.org
5493:– via runeberg.org
5350:Preussische Ordens-Liste
5243:Jørgen Pedersen (2009).
5061:(in Romanian). Bucharest
4523:. In Horne, John (ed.).
4438:Grancea, Florin (2006).
4411:Middleton, John (2015).
4357:Berend, Ivan T. (2003).
3874:Sluglett, Peter (2011).
3766:. Bucharest: Humanitas.
3316:Hitchins, Keith (2011).
3292:. Bucharest: Humanitas.
3252:Grancea, Florin (2006).
2955:Frucht, Richard (2005).
2840:Stéphanie de Beauharnais
2163:Knight of St. Stanislaus
1927:Order of Prince Danilo I
1477:Order of Albert the Bear
1296:Carol I National College
1187:to the throne, in 1886.
917:Principality of Bulgaria
672:The Constitution of 1866
434:agrarian-focused economy
378:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
274:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
166:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
6446:Sons of princes regnant
6346:Roman Catholic monarchs
6306:People from Sigmaringen
6179:President of SR Romania
5616:The American Cyclopædia
3989:Barry, Quintin (2012).
3820:Marton, Silvia (2016).
3450:Mazower, Mark (2002) .
3319:Ionel Brătianu: Romania
2292:Grand Cross of St. Olav
2206:Knight of the Rue Crown
2014:, 1st Class in Diamonds
1650:Order of Henry the Lion
1555:House Order of Fidelity
1502:, with War Decoration,
1443:, 1st Class with Swords
1330:King Carol I of Romania
1223:constitutional monarchy
1052:Alexander of Battenberg
830:the War of Independence
697:Constitution of Belgium
564:Romanian Principalities
405:Austro-Hungarian Empire
6144:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
5528:The Knights of England
5483:Sveriges Statskalender
5461:Guía Oficial de España
5087:(1908), Genealogy p. 6
4873:. 2006. Archived from
4728:Boia, Lucian (2001) .
4648:Women in World History
3670:Docea, Vasile (2001).
3519:Hentea, Călin (2007).
2601:Marie Antoinette Murat
2283:Knight of the Seraphim
2222:Principality of Serbia
2035:Sash of the Two Orders
1823:Military Service Cross
1700:Knight of the Elephant
1608:: Grand Cordon of the
1455:
1342:
1294:in Bucharest, and the
1279:show broadcast by the
1277:100 Greatest Romanians
1248:
1241:
1152:
1108:On 3 August [
1035:
970:
931:
869:
849:Romanian participation
803:
738:
688:
668:
612:
574:
537:Napoleon III of France
533:Marie Antoinette Murat
476:
393:Treaty of Berlin, 1878
6104:Constantin Ion Parhon
6056:Constantin Ion Parhon
6016:between 1940 and 1944
5786:Presidents of Romania
5654:House of Hohenzollern
5210:(in Bulgarian). Sofia
4492:Despot, Igor (2012).
4043:Neacșu, Dana (2014).
3935:Bucur, Maria (2010).
3908:Boia, Lucian (2001).
3615:Scurtu, Ioan (2011).
2329:Royal Victorian Chain
2252:: Grand Cross of the
1925:: Grand Cross of the
1792:Order of Kamehameha I
1790:: Grand Cross of the
1755:: Grand Cross of the
1732:: Grand Cross of the
1648:: Grand Cross of the
1475:: Grand Cross of the
1450:
1341:
1313:as a dynastic order.
1311:Romanian royal family
1246:
1231:
1142:
1030:
967:Anghel Saligny Bridge
964:
951:Romanian coat of arms
925:
886:Treaty of San Stefano
867:
794:
720:
679:
666:
610:Drobeta-Turnu Severin
603:
583:Leopold II of Belgium
572:
474:
6206:President of Romania
5961:Constantin Sărăţeanu
5834:Princely Lieutenancy
5651:Cadet branch of the
5526:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906)
5506:Norges Statskalender
4706:www.encyclopedia.com
4529:Blackwell Publishing
2391:improve this section
2254:Order of Charles III
2179:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
2138:Knight of St. Andrew
2129:Knight of St. George
1884:Military Merit Cross
1589:Knight of St. Hubert
1500:Military Merit Cross
1147:) and grand-nephew (
783:Republic of Ploiești
701:separation of powers
604:On May 20 [
501:Second Schleswig War
443:He married Princess
328:Charles I of Romania
170:German Confederation
91:Monarchy established
6220:Emil Constantinescu
6155:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
6125:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
5824:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
5717:Domnitor of Romania
5710:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
5683:Himself as Domnitor
5641:Carol I of Romania
4198:Observator Cultural
4135:Romanian Television
3019:Ediția de Dimineață
2631:11. Louise d'Astorg
2039:Grand Cross of the
2033:Grand Cross of the
1939:Nassau Ducal Family
1880:, with Crown in Ore
1813:Grand Cross of the
1518:Grand Cross of the
1508:Grand Cross of the
1281:national television
1262:1907 Peasant Revolt
1219:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
1072:Treaty of Bucharest
906:mouth of the Danube
896:After the war, the
837:Mihail Kogălniceanu
759:Franco-Prussian War
552:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
358:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
125:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
5889:Kingdom of Romania
5859:Nicolae Haralambie
5422:2020-09-06 at the
2656:Carol I of Romania
2157:Knight of St. Anna
1808:Hesse and by Rhine
1456:
1343:
1249:
1153:
1129:Marie of Edinburgh
1103:Emperor William II
1036:
971:
932:
875:surrounding Pleven
870:
804:
739:
689:
669:
613:
581:, brother of king
579:Philip of Flanders
575:
477:
382:socialist republic
194:Kingdom of Romania
158:Sigmaringen Castle
6283:
6282:
6202:Post–1989 Romania
6196:
6195:
6188:Nicolae Ceaușescu
6169:Nicolae Ceaușescu
6025:
6024:
5957:Gheorghe Buzdugan
5883:
5882:
5791:Romanian monarchs
5733:
5732:
5724:Succeeded by
5697:Succeeded by
5574:Boris Crăciun – "
5569:Rumania 1866–1947
5397:on 8 October 2017
5256:978-87-7674-434-2
5053:"Ordinul Carol I"
4998:"Ordinul Carol I"
4978:www.medals.org.uk
4840:Lupșor, Andreea.
4225:. 10 October 2018
3153:on June 10, 2021.
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2327:Recipient of the
1995:Order of Osmanieh
1730:Ernestine duchies
1614:28 September 1869
1367:
1366:
1215:Michael the Brave
1211:Stephen the Great
1157:Elizabeth of Wied
1068:Second Balkan War
982:, Romania gained
980:Russo-Turkish War
861:by Prince Carol.
826:Russo-Turkish War
731:Otto von Bismarck
513:Russo-Turkish war
445:Elisabeth of Wied
429:Strousberg Affair
370:Russo-Turkish War
321:
320:
263:
262:
219:Elisabeth of Wied
16:(Redirected from
6453:
6316:Kings of Romania
6236:Nicolae Văcăroiu
6115:Mihail Sadoveanu
6079:
6066:Mihail Sadoveanu
6043:
5969:
5899:
5842:
5814:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5736:
5707:Preceded by
5680:Preceded by
5670:
5663:
5637:
5620:
5612:
5552:
5544:
5538:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5434:
5428:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5383:
5374:
5373:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5321:
5315:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5287:. Archived from
5285:"Familia Regala"
5281:
5275:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5172:
5166:
5158:
5152:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5114:
5103:
5094:
5088:
5080:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5030:. Archived from
5022:Piersall, Mark.
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4903:. Archived from
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4785:
4776:
4775:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4725:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3905:
3892:
3891:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3817:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3707:
3696:
3695:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3283:
3270:
3269:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3149:. Archived from
3130:
3124:
3123:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3021:. Archived from
3010:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2986:"Regele Carol I"
2982:
2973:
2972:
2952:
2576:10. Pierre Murat
2439:
2430:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2371:
2363:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2142:29 November 1877
2133:5 September 1877
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2093:18 December 1877
2058:
2057:
2056:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1806:
1805:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1767:
1766:
1757:Legion of Honour
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1680:Order of Bravery
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1610:Order of Leopold
1604:
1602:
1601:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1471:
1470:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1419:Order of Carol I
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1307:Romanian Kingdom
1303:Order of Carol I
1185:heir-presumptive
1101:and his cousin,
1076:Southern Dobruja
1044:Stefan Stambolov
984:Northern Dobruja
928:Treaty of Berlin
902:Northern Dobruja
898:Treaty of Berlin
879:Osman Nuri Pasha
521:Bonaparte family
397:Southern Dobruja
317:
251:
231:
229:
182:
154:
152:
57:
54:
49:
37:
21:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6265:
6204:
6192:
6173:
6129:
6089:
6073:
6038:
6034:
6021:
5990:
5974:
5963:
5947:Prince Nicholas
5929:
5913:
5893:King of Romania
5891:
5879:
5863:
5854:Nicolae Golescu
5849:Lascăr Catargiu
5836:
5828:
5803:
5795:
5772:
5763:
5729:
5727:Himself as King
5720:
5712:
5702:
5693:
5690:King of Romania
5685:
5669:10 October 1914
5664:
5658:
5657:
5649:
5642:
5607:
5585:
5561:
5559:Further reading
5556:
5555:
5545:
5541:
5525:
5521:
5512:
5510:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5489:
5487:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5466:
5464:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5424:Wayback Machine
5414:
5410:
5400:
5398:
5385:
5384:
5377:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5307:
5303:
5294:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5232:(in Bulgarian).
5228:
5227:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5155:
5140:
5136:
5127:
5125:
5116:
5115:
5106:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5074:
5064:
5062:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5037:
5035:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5007:
5005:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4982:
4980:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4958:
4956:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4934:
4932:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4910:
4908:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4848:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4727:
4726:
4719:
4710:
4708:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4531:. p. 208.
4518:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3907:
3906:
3895:
3888:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3819:
3818:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3692:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3654:
3652:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3529:. p. 102.
3527:Scarecrow Press
3518:
3517:
3510:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3285:
3284:
3273:
3266:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3165:Hitchins, Keith
3163:
3162:
3158:
3147:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3025:on 10 June 2021
3012:
3011:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2920:
2915:
2423:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2388:
2372:
2361:
2356:
2337:
2335:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2269:
2262:
2256:, with Collar,
2242:
2240:
2239:
2216:
2214:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2172:
2170:
2140:, with Swords,
2115:
2113:
2112:
2104:; with Collar,
2069:, with Swords,
2054:
2052:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2002:
2000:
1984:
1982:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1947:
1931:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1897:
1895:
1866:
1864:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1819:8 November 1869
1800:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1761:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1736:, with Swords,
1722:
1715:
1708:
1689:
1687:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1639:
1637:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1599:
1597:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1541:
1539:
1494:Austrian Empire
1487:
1485:
1465:
1431:
1429:
1417:Founder of the
1407:Founder of the
1397:Founder of the
1378:
1376:
1375:
1349:Reference style
1329:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1203:
1151:). Circa 1905.
1137:
1135:Life and family
1095:Triple Alliance
1064:
959:
957:King of Romania
940:King of Romania
894:
851:
814:
809:
797:Siege of Plevna
768:Ion C. Brătianu
755:
747:moral authority
683:: 5 lei of the
674:
661:
621:Austrian Empire
548:
469:
389:siege of Plevna
233:
230: 1869)
225:
221:
208:
205:Curtea de Argeș
184:
180:
179:10 October 1914
156:
150:
148:
107:Domn of Romania
64:King of Romania
58:
55:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6459:
6457:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6288:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6263:
6260:Klaus Iohannis
6256:
6254:Traian Băsescu
6251:
6248:Crin Antonescu
6244:
6242:Traian Băsescu
6239:
6232:
6230:Traian Băsescu
6227:
6222:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6208:(1989–present)
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6151:
6146:
6140:
6138:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6119:Anton Moisescu
6111:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6071:Gheorghe Stere
6068:
6063:
6052:
6050:
6040:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6017:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5954:
5949:
5945:under regents
5937:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5905:
5903:
5896:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5811:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5766:Heads of state
5764:
5762:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5739:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5722:
5713:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5695:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5675:Regnal titles
5672:
5671:
5650:
5643:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5621:
5605:
5594:
5584:
5583:External links
5581:
5580:
5579:
5572:
5565:Keith Hitchins
5560:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5539:
5519:
5496:
5473:
5448:
5429:
5408:
5375:
5337:
5316:
5301:
5276:
5262:
5255:
5235:
5221:
5195:
5183:
5167:
5153:
5134:
5118:"Ritter-Orden"
5104:
5089:
5072:
5044:
5014:
5002:Familia Regala
4989:
4965:
4941:
4926:"UNAp – ACASA"
4917:
4888:
4877:on 16 May 2007
4858:
4832:
4806:
4777:
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4369:
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4314:
4292:
4285:
4263:
4256:
4236:
4208:
4183:
4165:
4148:
4120:
4094:
4083:(3–4): 36–61.
4064:
4057:
4035:
4028:
4008:
4001:
3981:
3974:
3954:
3947:
3927:
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3335:
3328:
3305:
3298:
3271:
3264:
3244:
3237:
3214:
3186:
3179:
3156:
3145:
3125:
3118:
3098:
3091:
3066:
3059:
3036:
3002:
2990:Familia Regala
2974:
2967:
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2522:
2519:
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2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2495:
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2480:
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2454:
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2435:
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2428:
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2424:
2375:
2373:
2366:
2360:
2357:
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2354:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2312:United Kingdom
2300:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2260:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2212:
2189:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2135:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2095:
2089:Pour le Mérite
2086:
2084:4 October 1869
2077:
2075:3 October 1867
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2015:
2008:Persian Empire
1998:
1991:Ottoman Empire
1980:
1962:
1945:
1929:
1910:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1851:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1798:
1775:
1759:
1740:
1706:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1656:
1635:
1616:
1595:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1553:Knight of the
1537:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1483:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1445:
1444:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1318:
1315:
1271:Following the
1202:
1199:
1166:Princess Maria
1136:
1133:
1091:Triple Entente
1087:Central Powers
1063:
1060:
1015:Central Powers
992:Gustave Eiffel
988:Anghel Saligny
958:
955:
893:
890:
850:
847:
813:
810:
808:
805:
754:
751:
714:independence.
708:Ottoman Empire
673:
670:
660:
657:
547:
541:
487:and his wife,
468:
465:
461:King Ferdinand
368:(1878) in the
366:Ottoman Empire
319:
318:
311:
307:
306:
304:Roman Catholic
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
286:
281:
277:
276:
271:
265:
264:
261:
260:
256:
255:
247:
246:
244:Princess Maria
241:
235:
234:
223:
217:
216:
214:
210:
209:
203:
201:
197:
196:
183:(aged 75)
177:
173:
172:
146:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
60:
59:
56: 1905-14
50:
42:
41:
32:Carol I (film)
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6458:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6163:Avram Bunaciu
6160:
6159:Ștefan Voitec
6156:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6135:State Council
6132:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6084:
6083:Ștefan Voitec
6081:
6077:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6015:
6014:
6009:
6008:Ion Antonescu
6005:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5952:Miron Cristea
5950:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5755:
5753:
5748:
5746:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5711:
5705:
5701:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5662:20 April 1839
5661:
5656:
5655:
5648:
5647:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5611:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5596:Daniel Cain:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5550:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5508:
5507:
5500:
5497:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5474:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5412:
5409:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5352:(in German),
5351:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5305:
5302:
5291:on 2020-06-10
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5239:
5236:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5135:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5034:on 2013-06-01
5033:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5015:
5004:(in Romanian)
5003:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4907:on 2018-05-20
4906:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4876:
4872:
4871:mariromani.ro
4868:
4867:"Mari Români"
4862:
4859:
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4791:
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4778:
4773:
4766:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4741:9789639116979
4737:
4733:
4732:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4687:9781851098798
4683:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4665:
4660:
4658:9780787640644
4654:
4650:
4649:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4631:9781317451976
4627:
4623:
4622:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4603:9781890862657
4599:
4595:
4594:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4576:9780521545303
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4540:
4538:9781405123860
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4505:9781475947038
4501:
4497:
4496:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4478:9781610690317
4474:
4470:
4469:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4451:9781419639692
4447:
4443:
4442:
4434:
4431:
4426:
4424:9781317451587
4420:
4416:
4415:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4397:9780813164618
4393:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4370:9780520245259
4366:
4362:
4361:
4353:
4350:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4315:9780080552927
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4286:9783658037147
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4264:
4259:
4257:9781136592881
4253:
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4223:
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4112:
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4090:
4086:
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4078:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4058:9789004272224
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4029:9781610698023
4025:
4021:
4020:
4012:
4009:
4004:
4002:9781907677113
3998:
3994:
3993:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3975:9789731662671
3971:
3967:
3966:
3958:
3955:
3950:
3948:9780253003911
3944:
3940:
3939:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3921:9781861891037
3917:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3887:9781607811503
3883:
3879:
3878:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3860:9789637326608
3856:
3852:
3851:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3833:9789735053345
3829:
3825:
3824:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3773:9789735049232
3769:
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3764:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3723:9781557530653
3719:
3715:
3714:
3706:
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3702:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3663:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3628:9786068304342
3624:
3620:
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3611:
3608:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3538:
3536:9780810858206
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3467:9781842125441
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3388:9789735053369
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3356:9780837164403
3352:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3329:9781907822186
3325:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3299:9789735047856
3295:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3265:9781419639692
3261:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3238:9780230594944
3234:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3180:9780198221265
3176:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3146:9780230204768
3142:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3119:9780823256068
3115:
3111:
3110:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3092:9781851099658
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3060:9780199685691
3056:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2992:(in Romanian)
2991:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2968:9781576078006
2964:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2418:
2410:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2376:This section
2374:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:10 April 1879
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:Sweden-Norway
2273:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2258:23 March 1880
2255:
2250:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:, 3rd Class,
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2016:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1894:
1889:
1886:, 1st Class (
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1484:
1482:
1481:29 April 1865
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:14 March 1881
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:Crown Council
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:German Empire
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
968:
963:
956:
954:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
929:
924:
920:
918:
913:
911:
910:Alteță Regală
907:
903:
899:
891:
889:
887:
882:
880:
876:
866:
862:
860:
856:
855:legal fiction
848:
846:
843:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
822:bashi-bazouks
819:
811:
806:
802:
798:
793:
789:
786:
784:
780:
775:
773:
772:C. A. Rosetti
769:
764:
760:
752:
750:
748:
744:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
715:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
686:
682:
678:
671:
665:
658:
656:
654:
651:this oath in
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
633:Turnu Severin
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
607:
602:
598:
596:
590:
588:
584:
580:
571:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
473:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:and acquired
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
316:
312:
308:
305:
302:
298:
295:
292:
288:
285:
282:
278:
275:
272:
270:
266:
257:
252:
248:
245:
242:
240:
236:
220:
215:
211:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
187:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:20 April 1839
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
6275:
6271:
6258:
6246:
6234:
6153:
6149:Chivu Stoica
6113:
6011:
5908:
5874:
5805:
5726:
5715:
5688:
5682:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5644:
5614:
5590:
5575:
5568:
5546:
5542:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5511:, retrieved
5505:
5499:
5488:, retrieved
5482:
5476:
5465:, retrieved
5460:
5451:
5438:
5432:
5415:
5411:
5399:. Retrieved
5395:the original
5390:
5353:
5349:
5340:
5326:
5319:
5308:
5304:
5293:. Retrieved
5289:the original
5279:
5269:
5265:
5245:
5238:
5224:
5212:. Retrieved
5207:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5170:
5160:
5156:
5141:
5137:
5126:, retrieved
5121:
5096:
5092:
5082:
5063:. Retrieved
5056:
5047:
5036:. Retrieved
5032:the original
5027:
5017:
5006:. Retrieved
5001:
4992:
4981:. Retrieved
4977:
4968:
4957:. Retrieved
4953:
4944:
4933:. Retrieved
4929:
4920:
4909:. Retrieved
4905:the original
4900:
4891:
4879:. Retrieved
4875:the original
4870:
4861:
4849:. Retrieved
4845:
4835:
4823:. Retrieved
4819:
4809:
4797:. Retrieved
4793:
4771:
4765:
4756:
4750:
4730:
4709:. Retrieved
4705:
4696:
4677:
4667:
4647:
4640:
4619:
4612:
4592:
4585:
4566:
4542:. Retrieved
4524:
4514:
4494:
4487:
4467:
4460:
4440:
4433:
4413:
4406:
4386:
4379:
4359:
4352:
4340:. Retrieved
4334:
4324:
4305:
4295:
4276:
4266:
4246:
4239:
4227:. Retrieved
4220:
4211:
4202:
4196:
4186:
4175:
4168:
4158:
4151:
4139:. Retrieved
4133:
4123:
4114:
4110:
4097:
4080:
4048:
4038:
4018:
4011:
3991:
3984:
3964:
3957:
3937:
3930:
3910:
3876:
3869:
3849:
3842:
3822:
3798:. Retrieved
3792:
3782:
3762:
3755:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3712:
3672:
3665:
3653:. Retrieved
3647:
3637:
3617:
3610:
3599:. Retrieved
3594:
3570:. Retrieved
3564:
3540:. Retrieved
3521:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3476:
3452:
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3427:
3404:
3397:
3378:
3345:
3338:
3318:
3288:
3254:
3247:
3227:
3205:. Retrieved
3199:
3189:
3169:
3159:
3151:the original
3135:
3128:
3108:
3101:
3082:
3049:
3027:. Retrieved
3023:the original
3018:
2994:. Retrieved
2989:
2957:
2655:
2413:
2404:
2389:Please help
2377:
2351:
2323:30 June 1892
2322:
2295:
2286:
2257:
2209:
2186:
2141:
2132:
2105:
2102:1 April 1880
2101:
2092:
2091:(military),
2083:
2074:
2070:
1857:
1848:
1818:
1815:Ludwig Order
1796:15 June 1882
1795:
1737:
1703:
1653:
1613:
1612:(military),
1592:
1567:
1558:
1532:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1480:
1422:
1412:
1403:9 April 1878
1402:
1363:Your Majesty
1360:Spoken style
1328:
1300:
1285:
1270:
1258:lower Danube
1250:
1239:foundations.
1232:
1204:
1192:
1189:
1170:
1154:
1122:
1107:
1080:
1065:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1012:
976:Peleș Castle
972:
944:
933:
914:
909:
895:
883:
871:
852:
834:
815:
787:
776:
756:
740:
727:Ion Brătianu
722:
711:
705:
690:
637:
614:
595:Ion Brătianu
591:
587:Lower Danube
576:
549:
543:
517:
507:citadel and
478:
442:
438:major revolt
427:
424:Conservative
417:
386:
360:by a palace
343:
331:
327:
323:
322:
186:Peleș Castle
181:(1914-10-10)
134:
6301:1914 deaths
6296:1839 births
6225:Ion Iliescu
6215:Ion Iliescu
6181:(1974–1989)
6137:(1961–1974)
6109:Petru Groza
6097:(1948–1961)
6074: [
6049:(1947–1948)
5964: [
5925:Ferdinand I
5895:(1881–1947)
5837: [
5810:(1862–1881)
5700:Ferdinand I
4954:www.bcub.ro
4930:www.unap.ro
3595:www.cdep.ro
2344:Württemberg
2296:3 June 1885
2165:, 1st Class
2159:, 1st Class
1997:, 1st Class
1956:Netherlands
1872:Mecklenburg
1858:4 June 1878
1849:4 June 1878
1704:10 May 1879
1682:, 1st Class
1423:10 May 1906
1354:His Majesty
1227:Lucian Boia
1083:World War I
1019:World War I
947:Steel Crown
859:promulgated
795:Map of the
763:Francophile
681:Silver coin
659:Early reign
525:Beauharnais
481:Sigmaringen
362:coup d'état
162:Sigmaringen
121:Predecessor
100:Ferdinand I
88:Predecessor
83:10 May 1881
6290:Categories
6061:Ion Niculi
6013:Conducător
5808:of Romania
5534:, London,
5513:2018-01-06
5490:2018-01-06
5356:, Berlin:
5295:2020-06-10
5214:17 October
5038:2017-12-16
5008:2019-03-14
4983:2019-03-14
4959:2019-03-14
4935:2019-03-14
4911:2019-03-14
4901:www.cnc.ro
4711:2022-03-05
4544:2014-03-02
4111:Axis Libri
3691:9738063760
3601:2019-03-14
3542:2014-03-02
2996:2019-03-15
2407:April 2019
1922:Montenegro
1002:, between
812:Background
625:Düsseldorf
546:to Romania
505:Fredericia
467:Early life
151:1839-04-20
79:Coronation
6039:(1965–89)
6033:(1947–65)
6002:Michael I
5995:1940–1947
5979:1930–1940
5941:Michael I
5934:1927–1930
5918:1914–1927
5902:1881–1914
5868:1866–1881
5817:1862–1866
4089:0204-8906
4045:"Romania"
2939:Citations
2928:Bucharest
2378:does not
1973:Oldenburg
1646:Brunswick
1325:Styles of
1207:Decebalus
1181:Ferdinand
1145:Ferdinand
1008:Cernavodă
998:over the
892:Aftermath
644:Bucharest
556:Wallachia
531:'s niece
384:in 1947.
310:Signature
207:, Romania
131:Successor
96:Successor
51:Carol I,
5986:Carol II
5806:Domnitor
5467:21 March
5420:Archived
4881:14 March
4851:14 March
4846:Historia
4825:14 March
4820:Historia
4799:14 March
4794:Historia
4342:25 March
4336:Adevărul
4229:25 March
4222:Antena 1
4177:Americas
4141:25 March
3800:15 March
3794:Adevărul
3655:14 March
3649:Adevărul
3572:14 March
3435:15 March
3429:Adevărul
3207:15 March
3201:Adevărul
3167:(1994).
3029:15 March
2918:See also
2359:Ancestry
2027:Portugal
1888:Schwerin
1668:Bulgaria
1118:Brătianu
1032:Domnitor
842:de facto
818:Bulgaria
779:Ploiești
723:Ghimpele
619:and the
560:Moldavia
544:En route
401:Bulgaria
345:Domnitor
300:Religion
6272:Italics
5909:Carol I
5875:Carol I
5770:Romania
5630:of the
5626:in the
5619:. 1879.
5065:16 June
4621:Russian
3170:Romania
2399:removed
2384:sources
2060:Prussia
1696:Denmark
1606:Belgium
1584:Bavaria
1385:Romania
1317:Honours
1177:William
1173:Leopold
1161:Neuwied
1004:Fetești
712:de jure
648:Băneasa
617:Prussia
558:and in
529:Joachim
493:Münster
457:William
453:Leopold
420:Liberal
409:Hungary
324:Carol I
232:
224:
40:Carol I
18:Carol I
6161:&
6117:&
5665:
5600:, in:
5401:8 June
5253:
5146:pp. 60
5128:8 June
4738:
4684:
4655:
4628:
4600:
4573:
4535:
4502:
4475:
4448:
4421:
4394:
4367:
4312:
4283:
4254:
4087:
4055:
4026:
3999:
3972:
3945:
3918:
3884:
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