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631:, Churchill continued to speak her mind, even if it was against the general practices of many women campaigning for the vote - she was insistent that she would not "curry favor" to the larger majority. While she remained an outsider of the movement, she continued to vocalize her thoughts and often, pioneering support for immigrants who were continually mistreated or abused.
265:. She believed, as many physicians did at the time, that "outdoor life was the only means in which even fair health could be obtained," and she and her daughter moved west to California to seek a milder climate. Churchill most certainly used her allergies to leave a traditional and rigid domestic setting in order to lead a life outside of traditional means.
624:, considered a major force behind suffrage, was rocky because Churchill was wary of women working on behalf of the male-dominated Church. This distrust in the church led to many more critical articles regarding the church, including her harshly unsympathetic views towards Mexican immigrants, on which she blamed a negative Catholic influence.
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527:, with whom she carried on a friendly and satirical correspondence. However, the Colorado Press Association as of 1881 refused to admit Churchill as an editor of distinction. While initially confident that she would reapply, her autobiography years later noted that she refused to have anything to do with them after.
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tribe. While traveling in
Yosemite National Park, she witnessed a white trail guide beating a Chinese worker, whom she confronted. While many westerners held negative views of Chinese immigrants, Churchill remained a defender of their rights in her writings throughout her life. Her writing reflected
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Her works included essays, poems, and general sketches of the area. She also consistently lectured on manners and morals, often relating to women's rights as citizens. In her sketches of the area, she also took industries to task that did not treat women fairly. In one short essay, she created a set
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Aside from her public persona and writings, little is known about
Churchill's personal life in Colorado or elsewhere. Historians are unclear about many facts in her later life. However, according to Find a Grave, she died in Colorado Springs, Colorado on January 14, 1926, and is buried in Evergreen
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One man said to me not long since, 'You must not champion the
Chinaman, if you want help here'. Said I, 'Brother, I should be an American citizen if I were not a woman, and a slave to the trousers of the country, but I am partially free, and struggling for my freedom, and I shall take the liberty to
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circles, Churchill was met with mixed reviews from many other journalistic agencies in the west. She did not shy away from challenging many male editors and their political positions from papers across the
American West. These challenges varied from scathing reports to humorous adversaries, such as
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Churchill was willing to not only question the racial subtext which underlay the women's suffrage movement, but to constantly question, challenge, and applaud the actions of men in the state of
Colorado. While she did not challenge any individual's right to suffrage, Churchill was critical of many
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Each paper consisted of many of the same types of writings featured in her travel literature, and also included stories relating to women from other newspapers. Churchill consistently used her platform to editorialize her experience as a female traveler and specifically female journalist; she
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marked the emergence of
Churchill as a public persona and literary figure, an area usually restricted to women. Her works and opinions broadened the public opinion of social ideas of what women of a certain social class could accomplish. As one of the first female travelers, she pioneered and
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by describing a small animal that was hard to catch. The motto of the paper, "Come let us reason together," showed
Churchill's attitudes on women's rights in the nineteenth century, and expressed her dedication to the "interests of humanity, woman's political equality and individually."
220:. Not much is known about her immediate family apart from the fact that her parents were Americans. Her father was a prosperous tradesman who was nearly 50 at the time of her birth. Her formal schooling was very limited, amounting to several months to one year at most. She was mainly a
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Her travels further exposed her to the lives and conditions of other races and ethnic groups in the West. Her legacy as a writer and editor is not only in pursuit of suffrage for women, but as an early voice of equal treatment for many immigrant and minority groups, including the
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racial groups - often targeting men's actions. While she was sympathetic to the hardships of many immigrant populations - most vocally the
Chinese - she routinely challenged Anglo-American men for their drinking and violence, as well as their involvement against female
368:
During her time in
California, Churchill's ideologies of equal treatment and feminist suffrage first began to take a political turn. She began to understand the effectiveness, as well as importance, of direct political action. She worked to overturn an 1872
620:. While her support of immigrant populations was groundbreaking, many women's suffrage groups thought she was too outspoken, and that criticizing different male groups hurt the overall chances of state suffrage. Her relationship with the Colorado
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Bless your heart my dear sir, do you not know that all this stuff about woman's sphere is local twaddle ... A woman's sphere is to seek every good place and good thing in life and to shun the evil and bad. A man's sphere is no more nor no less.
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of rules regulating boarding houses in response to their poor treatment of women traveling alone - largely in response to injustices suffered by women traveling alone, including charging more for a room or sleeping in a bed-bug infested bed.
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The popularity of her paper prevented her from writing more books, although
Churchill still traveled extensively in the Colorado area to promote her paper, seek advertisers, and even deliver papers herself to remote corners of the state.
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The paper was - as declared by Churchill - an instant success, after selling twenty-five hundred copies in the first three months and thus was able to reduce the subscription price from one dollar and fifty cents to one dollar a year.
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was first written and enfranchisement to women denied - and sought to align their politics with the voting body of men - keeping quite on any individual racial sentiments regarding the vast number of ethnic populations in the state.
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In 1869, Churchill left her daughter with her sister and moved to California to seek a profession as a travel writer and a milder climate that might relieve her health problems. Her writings from this period covered travels in
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a name that represented her as much as her publication, as the editor and majority voice of the newspaper. The paper had grown in circulation, and Churchill was able to increase publications from monthly to weekly editions.
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but excluded any consequences for their male clientele. Churchill wrote and presented a counter-bill that overturned the previous ruling page. She became well known in the area, and was offered a permanent position at
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practiced a "domestic ideology", or maintain that there were separate spheres of influence and importance for men and women. These clubs recognized the failings of the first suffrage referendum in 1887 - when the
566:. However, what was most influential in regards to Churchill was the fact that by 1890 in Colorado, most women met in cities and were able to meet and discuss the incendiary topics she frequently discussed in
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raids and warfare. Once while teaching in a rural school, she and others took shelter from an Indian attack. During the long months, she became an avid reader of the editor and Washington Correspondent
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In the early 1850s, she married a man she referred to only as "Mr. Churchill". In 1857, Churchill and her young family moved to Minnesota for what she called the five longest years of her life. Outside
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but turned down the job. Through her writing and its application to politics, Churchill realized that she could promote reforms for women, and could move other women to action through her writing.
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declined. Churchill ceased to be a public presence or persona, and the last of her known efforts are pleas for more readers in 1895, when she announced a brief hiatus of the publication.
1051:: created 30 January 2011), Caroline Maria Nichols Churchill; Burial, Colorado Springs, El Paso, Colorado, United States, Evergreen Cemetery; citing record ID 64941231, Find a Grave,
152:. As a travel writer and editor, Churchill aimed to promote female independence in the post Civil War West, culminating ultimately in the right to vote in the state of
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345:, which detailed her life in Minnesota, her travels in the west, and her work in Colorado. Not much is known about her personal life, other than what is divulged in
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Churchill decided after her years of travel that she would permanently settle in California. However, traveling back from Chicago in 1879 to arrange publication of
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ideas on women's issues, which prompted her to begin her newspaper the same year. She used the byline "C.M. Churchill" for all her articles in this newspaper.
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Cemetery. Today, Churchill is celebrated by western historians as a key figure in the western suffrage movement and a pioneer as a female journalist.
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Churchill and her writings that demanded equal suffrage were similar, but far more critical than most of the sentiments expressed by many of the
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Churchill's fame was most noted up to the suffrage amendment in Colorado in 1893. After women gained the right to vote, subscriptions for
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574:, and populism - such as the Farmer's Alliance - in which Churchill consistently challenged, questioned, and at times affirmed.
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1187:"From Travel Writer to Newspaper Editor: Caroline Churchill and the Development of Political Ideology within the Public Sphere"
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294:. For Churchill, this profession allowed her to make a cultural contribution to a mainly male-dominated literary world.
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1120:"'A Higher Step for the Race': Caroline Nichols Churchill, The "Queen Bee" and Women's suffrage in Colorado, 1879-1893"
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The late nineteenth century in Colorado was host to a number of forces that ultimately led to suffrage - including the
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was the place for her to live. In Denver, she found a population – both male and female - who showed interest in
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a belief that all peoples should have an equal opportunity to lead a life free from bodily harm and repression.
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champion whom and what I please, and your royal highness will be obliged to stand it, and with no back talk
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Mr. Churchill died in 1862, leaving her in poor health with a young daughter. In her 1909 autobiography,
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322:(1883) give illustrations of her experiences travel as an unaccompanied woman in the post-
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who spent the long winters reading or sewing and mending for families in the nearby area.
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believed that most publications were specific to the needs and rights of men, not women.
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Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the Unived States, 1820 - 1920
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Before her work as an editor, Churchill was known as a travel writer and roving
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750:(Public domain ed.). Colorado Springs: Mrs. C. N. Churchill. p. 13.
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vocalized freedoms for women before her work on legal enfranchisement began.
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Equal to the occasion : women editors of the nineteenth-century West
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In 1882, Churchill changed the title of her newspaper to the moniker
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570:. Social democratic politics in the west was focused on suffrage,
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Women Vote in the West: the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1869-1896
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Emigrants from pre-Confederation Ontario to the United States
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in Colorado at the time. Many of these clubs who aimed for
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Over the Purple Hills, or Sketches from Travel in California
1118:
Grimshaw, Patricia; Ellinghaus, Katherine (December 2001).
627:
Throughout the entire suffrage movement, leading up to the
1149:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 124–159.
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and a strong influence on the Colorado suffrage movement
1221:
Women of Consequence: The Colorado Women's Hall of Fame
1076:. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. pp. 104–116.
148:, a feminist publication prominent during the Colorado
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Jane Grey Swisshelm: An Unconventional Life, 1815-1884
711:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 196–.
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being the outspoken editor of the feminist newspaper
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261:, but it may have been another condition such as
341:Her final published book was her autobiography,
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301:Title page of Churchill's 1884 essay collection
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1099:. Reno: University of Nevada Press. pp.
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1056:https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/64941231
1049:https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/64941231
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669:Works by or about Caroline Nichols Churchill
208:, "Kate") Maria Nichols was born in 1833 in
1218:Varnell, Jeanne; Hanson, Marvin L. (1999).
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534:Colorado Women Crusading for Equal Rights
138:-born writer and newspaper editor in the
1224:. Big Earth Publishing. pp. 28–32.
1124:Australasian Journal of American Studies
904:Grimshaw & Ellinghause (2001), p. 32
2697:19th-century American newspaper editors
2682:19th-century American women journalists
2482:Frances Xavier Cabrini (Mother Cabrini)
1020:Grimshaw & Ellinghause (2001), p 41
1011:Grimshaw & Ellinghause (2001), p 35
1002:Grimshaw & Ellinghause (2001), p 40
993:Grimshaw & Ellinghause (2001), p 38
688:
789:Grimshaw & Ellinghaus (2001), p.31
763:Grimshaw & Ellinghaus (2001), p.30
705:Hoffert, Sylvia D. (20 January 2011).
2512:Julie Villiers Lewis McMillan Penrose
1191:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
479:Women's suffrage in the United States
192:. In 1988, she was inducted into the
7:
1170:. Globe Pequot Press. p. 70.
622:Women's Christian Temperance Union
545:Women's Christian Temperance Union
142:, best known as the editor of the
25:
2687:19th-century American journalists
2552:Elizabeth Georgiana Barratt Wells
1047:"Find A Grave Index," database, (
829:Elizabeth Duncan (9 April 2020).
134:(December 23, 1833 – 1926) was a
2737:American women newspaper editors
46:Caroline Churchill (ca. 1873-74)
744:Churchill, Caroline M. (1909).
554:political party, the merger of
2742:American women autobiographers
2727:People from Pickering, Ontario
1507:Elizabeth Hickok Robbins Stone
1185:Thompson, Jennifer A. (1999).
1091:Bennion, Sherilyn Cox (1990).
512:While extremely popular among
216:, located about 40 miles from
172:as well as her experiences in
1:
2717:American women travel writers
1270:Colorado Women's Hall of Fame
1143:Marilley, Suzanne M. (1996).
655:did not print another issue.
424:Settling in Colorado and the
246:, whom she later credited in
194:Colorado Women's Hall of Fame
831:"Caroline Nichols Churchill"
228:Move to Minnesota (1857-62)
2768:
2532:Minnie Reynolds Scalabrino
1164:Shirley, Gayle C. (2002).
415:
132:Caroline Nichols Churchill
34:Caroline Nichols Churchill
2707:Suffragists from Colorado
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2229:Elizabeth Wright Ingraham
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1762:
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1167:Remarkable Colorado Women
1070:Beenton, Beverly (1986).
1053:http://www.findagrave.com
734:Shirley (2002), pp. 72-73
643:Caroline Churchill (1909)
435:, she stopped to rest in
39:
2722:American autobiographers
2628:Lula Lubchenco Josephson
2446:Velveta Golightly-Howell
2209:Morley Cowles Ballantine
269:Travel writing (1869-79)
162:Over the Evergreen Hills
2712:American travel writers
2441:Rosalind Juanita Harris
2219:Penny Rafferty Hamilton
2043:Babe Didrikson Zaharias
1674:Frances McConnell-Mills
1466:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
1409:Hannah Marie Wormington
314:. Her published works,
168:detailed the growth of
2527:Patricia Barela Rivera
2507:Katharine Stegner Odum
2497:Zipporah Parks Hammond
2472:Theodosia Grace Ammons
2431:Elizabeth Piper Ensley
2224:Julia Archibald Holmes
2163:Erinea Garcia Gallegos
1947:Clarissa Pinkola Estés
1794:Pauline Short Robinson
1669:Mary Hauck Elitch Long
859:Thompson (1999), p. 47
807:Thompson (1999), p. 45
644:
599:
535:
455:
419:and women's newspapers
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302:
2732:Writers from Colorado
2296:Anna Jo Garcia Haynes
1649:Dana Hudkins Crawford
1592:Jane Silverstein Ries
1471:Mary Florence Lathrop
1435:Helen Louise Peterson
1299:Lena Lovato Archuleta
886:Thompson (1999) p. 51
877:Thompson (1999) p. 50
819:Varnell (1999), p. 29
695:Varnell (1999), p. 30
642:
588:Colorado Constitution
533:
358:Over the Purple Hills
355:
335:Over the Purple Hills
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158:Over the Purple Hills
2588:Gail Benjamin Colvin
2547:Olibama Lopez Tushar
2421:Alida Cornelia Avery
2311:Sandra I. Rothenberg
2214:Lauren Young Casteel
1993:Sue Anschutz-Rodgers
1689:Mildred Pitts Walter
1679:Rachel Bassette Noel
1582:Hendrika B. Cantwell
1538:Cleo Parker Robinson
1038:Bennion (1990), p.93
1029:Bennion (1990), p.91
968:Marriley (1996), 128
959:Marriley (1996), 124
925:Thompson (1999) p 53
913:Bennion,(1990), p 87
895:Thompson (1999) p.52
850:Bennion (1990), p 86
777:Bennion (2001), p 89
471:She named her paper
2643:Jacqueline St. Joan
2568:Judith E. N. Albino
2542:Agnes Wright Spring
2522:Agnes Ludwig Riddle
2416:Katherine Archuleta
2301:Arlene Vigil Kramer
2244:Helen Ring Robinson
2117:Bartley Marie Scott
1855:Emily Howell Warner
1789:J. Virginia Lincoln
1445:Eudochia Bell Smith
1389:May Bonfils Stanton
950:Bennion (1990) p.90
539:Suffrage activities
407:, specifically the
384:Emily Pitts-Stevens
373:bill that punished
364:Travels in the West
356:Artist sketch from
329:The publication of
244:Jane Grey Swisshelm
222:self-taught learner
156:. Her publications
56:Caroline M. Nichols
27:American journalist
2702:American essayists
2593:Linda Seitz Fowler
2502:Susanne E. Jalbert
2204:Christine Arguello
2122:Alice Bemis Taylor
2082:Madeleine Albright
2018:Mary Lou Makepeace
1684:Marilyn Van Derbur
1664:Elnora M. Gilfoyle
1587:Sarah Platt-Decker
1528:Edwina Hume Fallis
1492:Caroline Churchill
1344:Helen Hunt Jackson
1213:– via JSTOR.
1138:– via JSTOR.
645:
604:Caroline Churchill
536:
521:Dave Day from the
464:Colorado Antelope,
460:Caroline Churchill
361:
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18:Caroline Churchill
2752:Colorado pioneers
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2618:Elizabeth Hoffman
2613:Gloria J. Higgins
2487:Vicki Jane Cowart
2436:Carolina Gonzalez
2426:Guadalupe Briseño
2411:Mary Lou Anderson
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2275:Laura Ann Hershey
2239:Joanne M. Maguire
2153:Fannie Mae Duncan
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2013:Katherine Keating
1952:Arlene Hirschfeld
1916:Arie Parks Taylor
1886:Patricia A. Gabow
1799:Martha M. Urioste
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1654:Margaret L. Curry
1644:Elise M. Boulding
1608:Helen Marie Black
1577:Caroline Bancroft
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1502:B. LaRae Orullian
1177:978-0-7627-1269-4
977:Bennion (1990) 88
941:Beeton (1986), 65
718:978-0-8078-7588-9
549:Farmer's Alliance
474:Colorado Antelope
439:and decided that
426:Colorado Antelope
290:, and especially
150:Suffrage movement
129:
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102:travel literature
66:December 23, 1833
16:(Redirected from
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2608:Margaret Hansson
2573:Christine Benero
2451:Marianne Neifert
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2347:Geraldine Grimes
2321:Judith B. Wagner
2280:Elizabeth Pellet
2234:Kristina Johnson
2143:Kristi S. Anseth
2097:Philippa Marrack
2087:Elinor Greenberg
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1906:Antoinette Perry
1896:Portia Mansfield
1876:Louie Croft Boyd
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1329:Mamie Eisenhower
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2477:Libby Bortz
2456:Gale Norton
2352:Susan Helms
2316:Shari Shink
2033:Eliza Routt
2003:Evie Dennis
1840:Mary Miller
1784:Josie Heath
1725:Swanee Hunt
1523:Clara Brown
1497:Oleta Crain
1414:Jean Yancey
1369:Mary Rippon
1349:Dottie Lamm
1314:Molly Brown
445:progressive
380:The Pioneer
375:prostitutes
318:(1874) and
89:Occupations
2666:Categories
2492:Ruth Denny
2306:Lydia Peña
2265:Anne Evans
2249:Diana Wall
1957:Jean Jones
1845:Sue Miller
1774:Polly Baca
1715:Ceal Barry
1623:Wilma Webb
1359:Golda Meir
679:References
635:Later life
572:temperance
382:by editor
292:California
204:Caroline (
200:Early life
188:and later
170:California
107:suffragist
100:writer of
62:1833-12-23
2747:Clubwomen
1364:Owl Woman
684:Citations
324:Civil War
263:allergies
235:St. Cloud
210:Pickering
145:Queen Bee
70:Pickering
2023:Lily Nie
1136:41053866
583:suffrage
552:populist
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441:Colorado
312:essayist
280:Missouri
206:nickname
190:Colorado
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154:Colorado
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1211:3347220
1064:Sources
671:at the
518:liberal
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284:Kansas
239:Indian
182:Kansas
164:, and
96:Editor
2394:2020s
2065:2010s
1757:2000s
1560:1990s
1282:1980s
1207:JSTOR
1132:JSTOR
564:NAWSA
562:into
560:AWSAA
276:Texas
174:Texas
2561:2024
2465:2022
2404:2020
2335:2018
2289:2016
2258:2015
2197:2014
2136:2012
2075:2010
1986:2008
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