234:
68:
271:
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258:. The Pope pronounced his verdict on 22 October 1885; as expected, he determined that the islands were Spanish. He also directed the Spanish government to set up a functioning administration as soon as possible, and granted Germany freedom to trade and settle in the Carolines as well as a possible coal and naval station on Yap. This however Germany never claimed. The Pope's verdict took no account of the wishes of the islanders themselves.
187:, which meant that his government wanted the matter resolved quickly. Bismarck, surprised by the scale of the protests, announced on August 23, 1885, that Germany had no intention of negating established historic rights and proposed to take the matter to arbitration. However Spain produced no evidence of prior ownership and Bismarck was in no hurry to conclude matters before receiving a report from the German navy.
60:
202:
at anchor. They had brought the future
Spanish governor as well as priests and soldiers to the island, and construction of a Spanish government post had already begun. Nevertheless, Hofmeier had the German flag raised, which prompted the Spaniards to raise their own flag. It seemed that a fight would
290:
even saw it as a sign of the early end of German colonialism. In Spain, discontent reigned over the concessions made to
Germany. This was expressed in a popular play in which the children named âHispaniaâ and âGermaniaâ argued over a doll named âCarolinaâ until their father came and declared that
224:
However, by now
Bismarck feared that in the event of war with Spain, France would side with her against Germany. At the same time, the dispute was having a damaging effect on German-Spanish trade relations (the volume of trade had increased around tenfold since 1879). This was of greater importance
175:
immediately rejected
Germany's right to take this step. The Spanish government sent Berlin a note, affirming that the Carolines had belonged to Spain since 1543. A few days later, however, Spain guaranteed freedom of trade for Germans in the Carolines. A hostile press campaign began in Spain, which
294:
The
Carolines Question brought the Micronesian islands into the light of international interests. Away from the areas over which Spain successfully asserted its sovereignty, on October 15, 1885, the commander of the German gunboat Nautilus declared the still independent Marshall Islands to be a
241:
weekly magazine from 27 December 1885: âPope Leo XIII. as arbiter in the
Carolines Question between Germany and Spain, felling a truly Solomonic verdict concerning the partition of the problem child, so that both sides call out in satisfaction: "So start
118:. These developments brought German interests more closely and assertively into contact with those of Spain. The Anglo-German agreement only defined the zones of influence of the two signatory powers and did not clarify any other limits on German power.
129:
asked the German government to take the
Caroline Islands under protection in order to secure its trading monopoly. The Colonial advisor in the Foreign Office, Friedrich Richard Krauel, endorsed this proposal and forwarded it to the Under-Secretary,
138:, believed that Spain was about to formally annexe the Caroline Islands in response to German expansion. In June 1885 the rumour spread that Spain would bring the Islands under effective occupation and had already named a governor. On 21 July 1885
261:
The existing trade agreement between
Germany and Spain was renewed on December 7, 1885, and on 17 December a new German-Spanish Treaty, was signed in Rome, giving effect to the Pope's decision. This brought the Carolines Question to a close.
225:
than the possession of the
Carolines' possession ever promised. Spain played upon German commercial concerns by promising an advantageous trade agreement for Germany in return for recognising Spanish sovereignty.
302:(1888), Germany had secured control of all the islands south and west of the Carolines. In 1887 Spain began to exercise effective control over the Carolines, meeting opposition from the inhabitants as it did so.
215:
also found itself the target for angry attacks. With the threat that the situation could get out of control, the
Spanish government urged Germany to find an early solution. Meanwhile, the gunboat
338:
172:
657:
720:
150:
Bismarck confirmed to the German Admiralty that the flag should be raised over the Carolines. On 31 July 1885 Lieutenant Commander Paul Hofmeier, in command of the gunboat
171:
On 4 August 1885, the German authorities informed the Spanish Government that they were extending the area of German protection to the Carolines. Spain's Foreign Minister
246:
Bismarck continued to insist on independent arbitration, as the only alternative was to recognise that Spain was in the right. On September 29, 1885, Bismarck proposed
705:
760:
99:. Nevertheless, Spain did not exercise effective control over the Islands, and in 1875 Spain agreed with Germany not to extend the customs jurisdiction of the
367:
Kanasa, Biama (June 2006). "Borders across rivers: Problems with the Creation of Anglo- German Border across Gira, Eia, Wuwu, and Waria Rivers, 1884-1909".
221:
under Corvette Captain Max PlĂŒddemann continued to raise the German flag and visited many of the Caroline Islands between 20 September and 18 October 1885.
745:
286:
German reactions to this outcome ranged from anger at a second defeat after the Kulturkampf to praise for peaceful arbitration. Indeed, the anti-colonial
211:
When news of the German flag-raising reached Madrid at the beginning of September 1885, riots broke out around the German embassy. The German consulate in
715:
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for 16.6 million marks. The islands became part of the German colonies in the Pacific, until they were occupied by Japan in 1914 and, after
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as arbitrator, as one whose authority Catholic Spain could scarcely deny. At the same time, Bismarck hoped to restore relations with the
663:
755:
750:
725:
506:
419:
314:
233:
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and the islands to its north as part of the German sphere of influence and in November 1884 the German flag was raised on
700:
438:
The Holstein Papers: Volume 2, Diaries: The Memoirs, Diaries and Correspondence of Friedrich Von Holstein 1837-1909
690:
274:
German possessions in the western Pacific after the Carolines Dispute (1888) and the German-Spanish treaty (1899)
348:
306:
730:
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The First Taint of Civilization: A History of the Caroline and Marshall Islands in Pre-colonial Days, 1521-1885
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67:
695:
376:
44:
551:
Wunsch und Wirklichkeit: deutsch-philippinische Beziehungen im Kontext globaler Verflechtungen 1860-1945
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84:
32:
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92:
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Strangers in Their Own Land: A Century of Colonial Rule in the Caroline and Marshall Islands
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139:
88:
80:
36:
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180:, where a rally attracted over 30,000 people, and around 80 other places in the country.
152:
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Transfer of the western Carolines and Palau from Spain to Germany, Yap, 3. November 1899
168:
and to secure treaties of protection with local chiefs to legitimise German occupation.
48:
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So kam das Meer zu uns â Die preuĂisch-deutsche Kriegsmarine in Ăbersee 1822 bis 1914
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over the Islands, thereby assuring free trade for German businesses in the Pacific.
111:
72:
318:
255:
184:
100:
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The Carolines Question allowed Spain's Republican opposition to embarrass King
662:. Vol. II. Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer. pp. 237ff. Archived from
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although the doll belonged to âHispaniaâ, âGermaniaâ was to play with her.
59:
390:
251:
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in the western Pacific. It took place in 1885, at the beginning of the
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steamed into the harbour at Yap, it found two Spanish warships, the
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269:
232:
165:
66:
58:
40:
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resulted in anti-German protests. There were demonstrations in
161:
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Anglo-German Declarations about the Western Pacific Ocean
190:
On the evening of 2 August 1885 when the German gunboat
203:
follow, but the Spanish withdrew and left the island.
160:, was ordered to carry out the raising of the flag on
106:
The Anglo-German agreement of April 1884 recognised
309:Spain sold the Carolines, Palau and the northern
142:approved the German occupation of the Carolines.
501:. Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Vienna: Ullstein.
473:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 308â12.
441:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 234â7.
16:19th-century Pacific island colonial conflict
8:
721:History of the foreign relations of Germany
578:The Evolutionary Interpretation of Treaties
462:
460:
458:
635:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 45.
435:Friedrich von Holstein (2 January 1957).
380:
95:had marked it out as part of the Spanish
554:. Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. p. 55.
492:
490:
605:Encyclopedia of Disputes Installment 10
359:
706:Military history of the Pacific Ocean
7:
761:Military campaigns involving Germany
410:. Dortmund: Chronik-Verlag. p.
629:Francis X. Hezel (September 2003).
63:1858 map of the Spanish East Indies
746:Military campaigns involving Spain
254:after the bitter divisions of the
14:
716:Wars involving the German Empire
741:1885 in the Spanish East Indies
711:German colonisation in Oceania
656:Schnee, Heinrich, ed. (1920).
369:Transforming Cultures eJournal
1:
602:Linda J Pike (28 June 2014).
575:Eirik Bjorge (17 July 2014).
523:"Annexation of the Carolines"
27:) was a conflict between the
315:GermanâSpanish Treaty (1899)
35:over the sovereignty of the
608:. Elsevier. pp. 505â.
581:. OUP Oxford. p. 149.
71:Raising the German flag on
47:and towards the end of the
777:
659:Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon
497:Boelcke, Willi A. (1981).
173:José de Elduayen y Gorriti
756:Military history of Palau
751:1885 in German New Guinea
467:Francis X. Hezel (1994).
407:Die Chronik der Deutschen
134:. His father, Chancellor
726:Naval history of Germany
288:German Free-minded Party
736:GermanyâSpain relations
404:Beier, Birgitt (1983).
121:On 23 January 1885 the
79:Spain had regarded the
548:Volker Schult (2008).
283:
275:
243:
76:
64:
45:German colonial empire
295:German protectorate.
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236:
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62:
527:The Brisbane Courier
391:10.5130/tfc.v1i2.273
307:SpanishâAmerican War
132:Herbert von Bismarck
116:Bismarck Archipelago
207:Commercial concerns
108:Kaiser-Wilhelmsland
97:sphere of influence
85:Spanish East Indies
529:. 17 November 1885
327:South Seas Mandate
321:were ruled by the
313:to Germany in the
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276:
244:
237:Caricature in the
127:Hernsheim & Co
93:Treaty of Zaragoza
77:
65:
21:Carolines Question
701:Conflicts in 1885
642:978-0-8248-2804-2
615:978-1-4832-9494-0
588:978-0-19-102576-1
561:978-3-8325-1898-1
480:978-0-8248-1643-8
448:978-0-521-05317-4
136:Otto von Bismarck
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691:Caroline Islands
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146:Raising the flag
140:Kaiser Wilhelm I
89:Age of Discovery
81:Caroline Islands
75:in November 1884
37:Caroline Islands
33:Kingdom of Spain
25:Carolines Crisis
776:
775:
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731:1885 in Oceania
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666:on 12 June 2012
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382:10.1.1.547.5968
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349:Manila Incident
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323:Empire of Japan
298:In also taking
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87:ever since the
83:as part of the
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239:Kladderadatsch
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114:in the future
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49:Spanish Empire
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508:3-550-07951-6
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668:. Retrieved
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531:. Retrieved
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112:Mioko Island
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670:23 February
533:23 February
319:World War I
256:kulturkampf
229:Arbitration
196:San Quentin
185:Alfonso XII
101:Philippines
91:, when the
685:Categories
375:(2): 160.
355:References
325:under the
55:Background
377:CiteSeerX
266:Aftermath
242:cutting!"
218:Albatross
333:See also
311:Marianas
252:Holy See
213:Valencia
198:and the
158:Shanghai
125:firm of
31:and the
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123:Hamburg
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200:Manila
178:Madrid
300:Nauru
192:Iltis
166:Palau
153:Iltis
41:Palau
672:2019
637:ISBN
610:ISBN
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556:ISBN
535:2019
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