31:
211:
n and the ability to form different kinds of covalent bonds. For carbon, the sigma overlap between adjacent atoms is sufficiently strong that perfectly stable chains can be formed. With other elements this was once thought to be extremely difficult in spite of plenty of evidence to the contrary.
124:
with other carbon atoms to form longer chains and structures. This is the reason for the presence of the vast number of organic compounds in nature. Carbon is most well known for its properties of catenation, with
746:
Xia, Y. Abibat; Yang, B.; Jin, F.; Ma, Y.; Liu, X.; Zhao, M. (2019). "Hydrogen confined in a single wall carbon nanotube becomes a metallic and superconductive nanowire under high pressure".
692:
Morris, D.G. Abibat; Ryder, K.S.; Walker, A.; Muir, K.W; Hix, G.B; Maclean, E.J (2001). "Unusual synthesis and crystal structure of 4-tricyclanol".
398:, unlike its neighbor carbon, is much less likely to form chains that are stable at room temperature. Some examples of which are solid nitrogen,
448:
molecules. On heating these rings open and link together giving rise to increasingly long chains, as evidenced by the progressive increase in
1128:
199:
chains of atoms than heavier elements which bond via higher valence shell orbitals. Catenation ability is also influenced by a range of
273:
is expected to become metallic at a relatively low pressure of 163.5 GPa. This is about 40% of the ~400 GPa thought to be required to
250:
O, for example, shows catenated hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups, leading to the formation of helical chains; crystalline
340:
661:
Salaudeen, A. Abibat; Kilnera, C.A.; Halcrow, M.A. (2008). "A crystalline hydrogen-bonded network with a poly-catenate topology".
375:
atoms covalently link to each other to form an icosahedral structure. Various other similar motifs are also well studied, such as
308:
decreases with increases in the number of silicon atoms. Silanes higher in molecular weight than disilane decompose to polymeric
1055:"Structure and spectroscopy of phosphorus cluster anions: Theory (simulated annealing) and experiment (photoelectron detachment)"
992:
Forstel, Maksyutenko, Jones, Sun, Chen, Chang, & Kaiser. "Detection of the
Elusive Triazane Molecule () in the Gas Phase",
476:
In recent years a variety of double and triple bonds between the semi-metallic elements have been reported, including silicon,
932:"Polynitrogen Chemistry. Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of Surprisingly Stable Fluoroantimonate Salts of
931:
879:
Akira
Sekiguchi; Rei Kinjo; Masaaki Ichinohe (September 2004). "A Stable Compound Containing a Silicon-Silicon Triple Bond".
231:
A polycatenated network, with rings formed from metal-templated hemispheres linked by hydrogen bonds, was reported in 2008.
411:
1152:
526:
504:
that can only form unstable polyfluorides at low temperature, all other stable halogens (Cl, Br, I) can form several
1147:
844:
Karni, M.; Apeloig, Y. (January 2002). "The quest for a stable silyne, RSi≡CR′. The effect of bulky substituents".
316:. But with a suitable pair of organic substituents in place of hydrogen on each silicon it is possible to prepare
581:
414:, have been synthesized. These compounds have potential use as a convenient way to store large amount of energy.
425:
chains (with organic substituents) have been prepared, although these tend to be quite fragile. Small rings or
188:
930:
Vij, Ashwani; William W. Wilson; Vandana Vij; Fook S. Tham; Jeffrey A. Sheehy; Karl O. Christe (9 Jun 2001).
488:
and so on. The ability of certain main group elements to catenate is currently the subject of research into
335:
Even silicon–silicon pi bonds are possible. However, these bonds are less stable than the carbon analogues.
325:
1093:
Shriver, Atkins. Inorganic
Chemistry, Fifth Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, 2010; pp 416
888:
755:
442:
796:
W. W. Porterfield, Inorganic
Chemistry: A Unified Approach, 2nd Ed.", Academic Press (1993), p. 219.
457:
309:
239:
221:
152:
However, carbon is by no means the only element capable of forming such catenae, and several other
83:
269:
In unusual conditions, a 1-dimensional series of hydrogen molecules confined within a single wall
912:
861:
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771:
674:
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235:
208:
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126:
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is the parent of this class of compounds). However, it is difficult to prepare and isolate Si
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1019:
955:
896:
853:
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763:
728:
701:
666:
625:
615:
541:
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225:
75:
67:
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91:
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of the element to itself, which decreases with more diffuse orbitals (those with higher
630:
521:
329:
705:
1141:
1008:"1,1′-Azobis(tetrazole): A Highly Energetic Nitrogen-Rich Compound with a N 10 Chain"
561:
531:
192:
121:
59:
916:
865:
783:
647:
603:
426:
384:
134:
30:
971:
512:. In all these anions, the halogen atoms of the same element bond to each other.
224:
involve three-dimensional networks of tetrahedra and chains and rings, linked via
767:
266:
is built up from molecules connected by hydrogen bonds, forming infinite chains.
546:
536:
453:
301:
184:
508:
that are stable at room temperature, of which the most prominent example being
857:
732:
422:
196:
169:
104:
1080:
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1007:
238:, hydrogen bonding is known to facilitate the formation of chain structures.
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477:
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449:
380:
51:
17:
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967:
908:
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ordinary hydrogen, a pressure which is difficult to access experimentally.
805:
Inorganic
Chemistry, Holleman-Wiberg, John Wiley & Sons (2001) p. 844.
324:. These long chain compounds have surprising electronic properties - high
501:
461:
407:
399:
395:
360:
348:
336:
313:
289:
157:
138:
129:
essentially being the study of catenated carbon structures (and known as
43:
1053:
Jones, R. O.; Ganteför, G.; Hunsicker, S.; Pieperhoff, P. (1995-12-08).
830:
363:, long thought to be too unstable to be isolated were reported in 2004.
485:
481:
376:
317:
285:
191:) overlapping to form the bond. Hence, carbon, with the least diffuse
177:
165:
1023:
959:
586:
1071:
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670:
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as the chains lengthen. Also, sulfur polycations, sulfur polyanions (
438:
356:
352:
344:
321:
200:
173:
142:
117:
39:
35:
441:
is largely due to catenation. In the native state, sulfur exists as
719:
Derissen, JL (1974). "The crystal structure of isophthalic acid".
403:
372:
320:(sometimes, erroneously called polysilenes) that are analogues of
161:
29:
410:. Even longer series with eight nitrogen atoms or more, such as
183:
The ability of an element to catenate is primarily based on the
156:
are capable of forming an expansive range of catenae, including
63:
1119:
Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold
Frederick (2001).
815:
Miller, R. D.; Michl, J. (1989). "Polysilane high polymers".
27:
Bonding of atoms of the same element into chains or rings
602:
Head-Gordon, Teresa; Johnson, Margaret E. (June 2006).
1006:
Klapötke, Thomas M.; Piercey, Davin G. (2011-04-04).
1102:
604:"Tetrahedral structure or chains for liquid water"
288:can form sigma bonds to other silicon atoms (and
608:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
137:combine any of various other elements, such as
82:if its ends are not bonded to each other (an
8:
468:show variants of these structural motifs.
195:p orbital is capable of forming longer p-p
1070:
629:
619:
304:) with n greater than about 8, as their
573:
203:and electronic factors, including the
437:The versatile chemistry of elemental
351:and disilynes are quite rare, unlike
7:
116:Catenation occurs most readily with
587:http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/30197
328:, for example - arising from sigma
300:(analogous to the saturated alkane
1103:Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001
371:In dodecaborate(12) anion, twelve
25:
207:of the element in question, the
90:if they are bonded in a ring (a
1059:The Journal of Chemical Physics
343:are quite reactive compared to
332:of the electrons in the chain.
149:, onto the backbone of carbon.
1:
1123:. San Diego: Academic Press.
706:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)01903-1
38:molecule, consisting of nine
768:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00258
460:are all known. Furthermore,
527:Chain-growth polymerization
1169:
412:1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole
733:10.1107/S0567740872004844
582:Oxford English Dictionary
189:azimuthal quantum number
70:into a series, called a
901:10.1126/science.1102209
858:10.1023/A:1016091614005
621:10.1073/pnas.0510593103
326:electrical conductivity
102:reflect the Latin root
592:'chain', definition 4g
585:, 1st edition (1889) [
47:
42:atoms in a chain with
506:isopolyhalogen anions
472:Semimetallic elements
33:
974:on 23 September 2017
133:). Carbon chains in
46:atoms surrounding it
1153:Inorganic chemistry
1121:Inorganic Chemistry
1012:Inorganic Chemistry
893:2004Sci...305.1755S
887:(5691): 1755–1757.
831:10.1021/cr00096a006
760:2019NanoL..19.2537X
694:Tetrahedron Letters
458:lower sulfur oxides
385:metal dicarbollides
310:polysilicon hydride
154:main-group elements
84:open-chain compound
490:inorganic polymers
222:structure of water
48:
1148:Organic chemistry
1130:978-0-12-352651-9
1065:(22): 9549–9562.
1024:10.1021/ic200071q
996:, 2015, 16, 3139.
960:10.1021/ja010141g
954:(26): 6308–6313.
846:Silicon Chemistry
665:(41): 5200–5202.
614:(21): 7973–7977.
557:Inorganic polymer
429:are more common.
306:thermal stability
236:organic chemistry
209:molecular orbital
205:electronegativity
127:organic chemistry
16:(Redirected from
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1018:(7): 2732–2734.
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970:. Archived from
948:J. Am. Chem. Soc
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818:Chemical Reviews
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754:(4): 2537–2542.
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721:Acta Crystallogr
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671:10.1039/B810393C
658:
652:
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542:Polyhalogen ions
496:Halogen elements
252:isophthalic acid
226:hydrogen bonding
220:Theories of the
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271:carbon nanotube
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92:cyclic compound
74:. A chain or a
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359:. Examples of
341:longer silanes
330:delocalization
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122:covalent bonds
120:, which forms
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562:Self-assembly
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240:4-tricyclanol
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193:valence shell
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97:
94:). The words
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89:
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78:shape may be
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53:
45:
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37:
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19:
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1113:Bibliography
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1089:
1062:
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1048:
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1001:
994:ChemPhysChem
993:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:the original
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947:
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884:
880:
874:
852:(1): 59–65.
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611:
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589:
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547:Polysulfides
499:
475:
454:polysulfides
436:
421:
394:
370:
334:
302:hydrocarbons
284:
268:
233:
230:
219:
197:sigma bonded
182:
151:
135:biochemistry
130:
115:
103:
99:
95:
87:
79:
71:
66:of the same
55:
49:
18:Carbon chain
825:(6): 1359.
537:Aromaticity
500:Except for
404:azide anion
318:polysilanes
185:bond energy
108:, "chain".
96:to catenate
1142:Categories
568:References
423:Phosphorus
418:Phosphorus
381:carboranes
170:phosphorus
100:catenation
56:catenation
1081:0021-9606
1032:0020-1669
978:21 August
748:Nano Lett
552:Superatom
510:triiodide
478:germanium
466:tellurium
450:viscosity
408:triazoles
361:disilynes
275:metallize
147:biometals
52:chemistry
1040:21384800
968:11427055
917:24416825
909:15375262
866:97098444
784:83460656
776:30884943
679:18956068
648:20023418
640:16698934
516:See also
502:fluorine
462:selenium
427:clusters
400:triazane
396:Nitrogen
391:Nitrogen
349:Disilene
337:Disilane
314:hydrogen
290:disilane
216:Hydrogen
178:halogens
158:hydrogen
139:hydrogen
44:hydrogen
889:Bibcode
881:Science
756:Bibcode
631:1472414
486:bismuth
482:arsenic
377:boranes
357:alkynes
353:alkenes
345:alkanes
322:alkanes
286:Silicon
281:Silicon
166:silicon
131:catenae
68:element
60:bonding
58:is the
1127:
1079:
1038:
1030:
966:
915:
907:
864:
782:
774:
677:
646:
638:
628:
456:) and
439:sulfur
433:Sulfur
201:steric
174:sulfur
145:, and
143:oxygen
118:carbon
112:Carbon
105:catena
88:closed
86:), or
40:carbon
36:nonane
913:S2CID
862:S2CID
780:S2CID
644:S2CID
373:boron
367:Boron
162:boron
72:chain
64:atoms
1125:ISBN
1077:ISSN
1036:PMID
1028:ISSN
980:2022
964:PMID
905:PMID
772:PMID
675:PMID
636:PMID
590:s.v.
464:and
406:and
383:and
355:and
339:and
312:and
298:2n+2
176:and
98:and
80:open
76:ring
1067:doi
1063:103
1020:doi
956:doi
952:123
897:doi
885:305
854:doi
827:doi
764:doi
729:doi
725:B30
702:doi
667:doi
626:PMC
616:doi
612:103
234:In
172:,
62:of
50:In
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296:H
294:n
264:4
262:O
260:6
258:H
256:8
254:C
246:H
242:C
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