752:
69:
713:
736:
88:
56:
769:
757:
1151:
Crucially, a similar buffer operates in the oceans. It is a major factor in climate change and the long-term carbon cycle, due to the large number of marine organisms (especially coral) which are made of calcium carbonate. Increased solubility of carbonate through increased temperatures results in
900:
In solution the equilibrium between carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide and carbonic acid is sensitive to pH, temperature, and pressure. Although di- and trivalent carbonates have low solubility, bicarbonate salts are far more soluble. This difference is related to the disparate
2934:
970:
within a larger molecule that contains a carbon atom bound to three oxygen atoms, one of which is double bonded. These compounds are also known as organocarbonates or carbonate esters, and have the general formula
2893:
719:
This structure is incompatible with the observed symmetry of the ion, which implies that the three bonds are the same length and that the three oxygen atoms are equivalent. As in the case of the
2567:
Milewski, Jarosław; Wejrzanowski, Tomasz; Fung, Kuan-Zong; Szczśniak, Arkadiusz; Ćwieka, Karol; Tsai, Shu-Yi; Dybiński, Olaf; Skibiński, Jakub; Tang, Jhih-Yu; Szabłowski, Łukasz (2021-04-21).
3510:
751:
610:, and more. New applications of alkali metal carbonates include: thermal energy storage, catalysis and electrolyte both in fuel cell technology as well as in electrosynthesis of
814:
2265:
show evidence for carbonates in space, where aqueous alteration similar to that on Earth is unlikely. Other minerals have been proposed which would fit the observations.
2361:
2347:
2955:
Carbonate/bicarbonate/carbonic acid equilibrium in water: pH of solutions, buffer capacity, titration and species distribution vs. pH computed with a free spreadsheet
302:
3503:
2399:
712:
3293:
3000:
1101:, causing the equilibrium of the first reaction to try to restore the level of carbonic acid by reacting bicarbonate with a hydrogen ion, an example of
2682:
3335:
1168:
available is on a geological scale and substantial quantities may eventually be redissolved into the sea and released to the atmosphere, increasing
3321:
2745:
Kemper, F., Molster, F.J., Jager, C. and Waters, L.B.F.M. (2001) The mineral composition and spatial distribution of the dust ejecta of NGC 6302.
3496:
735:
2705:
2636:
1105:. The result is to make the blood more alkaline (raise pH). By the same principle, when the pH is too high, the kidneys excrete bicarbonate (
2473:"Temperature dependence of high-temperature corrosion on nickel-based alloy in molten carbonates for concentrated solar power applications"
1215:
843:
carbonates are water-soluble salts, but carbonates of 2+ and 3+ ions are often poorly soluble in water. Of the insoluble metal carbonates,
3287:
2875:
2352:
776:
Metal carbonates generally decompose on heating, liberating carbon dioxide leaving behind an oxide of the metal. This process is called
2653:
2369:
267:
2471:
Lambrecht, Mickaël; García-Martín, Gustavo; de Miguel, María Teresa; Lasanta, María Isabel; Pérez, Francisco Javier (2023-08-01).
3707:
3463:
3307:
2272:
have been found on Mars via spectral imaging and
Martian meteorites also contain small amounts. Groundwater may have existed at
756:
707:
of the carbonate ion has two (long) single bonds to negative oxygen atoms, and one short double bond to a neutral oxygen atom.
3377:
2993:
1102:
244:
2569:"Supporting ionic conductivity of Li2CO3/K2CO3 molten carbonate electrolyte by using yttria stabilized zirconia matrix"
2416:"K2CO3–Li2CO3 molten carbonate mixtures and their nanofluids for thermal energy storage: An overview of the literature"
3519:
1987:
1156:
and increased concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. This, in turn, increases Earth temperature. The amount of
188:
68:
3349:
2357:
940:, is in equilibrium with carbonic acid – the equilibrium lies strongly towards carbon dioxide. Thus
380:
2894:"Overview of the Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Meridiani Planum: Eagle Crater to Purgatory Ripple"
2986:
2762:
Fairén, Alberto G.; Fernández-Remolar, David; Dohm, James M.; Baker, Victor R.; Amils, Ricardo (September 2004).
2725:
3407:
2094:
2062:
2003:
1208:
3424:
2613:
Anodic generation of hydrogen peroxide in continuous flow, DOI: 10.1039/D2GC02575B (Paper) Green Chem., 2022,
2158:
2022:
1781:
1702:
1532:
2142:
2110:
2078:
2046:
2038:
1861:
1548:
1524:
2182:
2126:
1821:
1572:
2522:"Simple methods for the synthesis of N -substituted acryl amides using Na 2 CO 3 /SiO 2 or NaHSO 4 /SiO 2"
1615:
1384:
1596:
1971:
1829:
1485:
1408:
727:
136:
74:
2568:
2415:
916:. In strongly basic conditions, the carbonate ion predominates, while in weakly basic conditions, the
3188:
2908:
2833:
2775:
2521:
2484:
1849:
1608:
1588:
1564:
1331:
1145:
913:
124:
3774:
3537:
3258:
3244:
3230:
3202:
2373:
2328:
1955:
1762:
1671:
1501:
1473:
1420:
1400:
1283:
1275:
1201:
1184:
991:
828:
580:
154:
35:
2627:
594:, have been used since antiquity for cleaning and preservation, as well as for the manufacture of
3779:
3592:
3488:
3363:
3216:
3174:
3149:
3143:
3139:
2867:
2596:
2549:
2453:
2294:
2269:
1659:
1556:
1463:
1444:
1376:
1354:
1315:
987:
983:
945:
840:
832:
654:
550:
531:
480:
768:
3637:
3617:
3477:
3283:
3089:
2859:
2818:
2799:
2791:
2701:
2588:
2541:
2502:
2445:
2365:
1750:
1722:
1493:
1455:
1436:
1343:
1303:
1263:
963:
844:
836:
820:
611:
508:
3609:
3587:
3571:
3563:
3114:
3069:
3059:
2926:
2916:
2849:
2841:
2783:
2580:
2533:
2492:
2435:
2427:
2277:
2259:
2197:
1884:
1770:
1710:
1364:
1291:
967:
941:
909:
824:
565:
500:
487:(which is made of chiefly carbonate minerals), and both are dominated by the carbonate ion,
461:
397:
325:
55:
1193:
253:
208:
3649:
3625:
3579:
3555:
3542:
3160:
3079:
3049:
3023:
2393:
2323:
1299:
1011:
957:
861:
704:
644:
632:
599:
598:. Carbonates are widely used in industry, such as in iron smelting, as a raw material for
436:
164:
42:
31:
2657:
2912:
2837:
2779:
2488:
3738:
3733:
3597:
3547:
3443:
3402:
3100:
3028:
2255:
1841:
1631:
921:
902:
868:
743:
666:
603:
484:
465:
420:
374:
360:
3768:
3743:
3448:
2600:
2553:
2457:
2388:
2289:
1240:
785:
720:
697:
662:
607:
401:
2954:
2677:
2575:. International Workshop of Molten Carbonates & Related Topics 2019 (IWMC2019).
499:. Carbonate minerals are extremely varied and ubiquitous in chemically precipitated
3471:
3419:
2960:
2871:
2584:
2273:
468:
gas under pressure or by dissolving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into the water.
2537:
2520:
Hayakawa, Mamiko; Tashiro, Kenshiro; Sumiya, Daiki; Aoyama, Tadashi (2023-06-18).
233:
87:
3691:
2700:(Seventh, Global ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson. pp. 607–608, 666–673.
2497:
2472:
2431:
817:
feature metal ions covalently bonded to carbonate in a variety of bonding modes.
3748:
3681:
3467:
3453:
2258:
is strong evidence for the presence of liquid water. Recent observations of the
995:
917:
777:
670:
457:
453:
365:
2763:
2414:
Navarrete, N.; Nithiyanantham, U.; Hernández, L.; Mondragón, R. (2022-03-01).
1118:
857:
658:
476:
347:
199:
2795:
2592:
2545:
2506:
2449:
912:, carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide, and carbonic acid participate in a
17:
3728:
3712:
3686:
3009:
2854:
2845:
853:
789:
519:
2863:
2803:
464:
and other carbonated beverages – either by the addition of
2921:
2262:
561:
546:
2787:
2440:
1121:(or Krebs–Henseleit ornithine cycle). By removing the bicarbonate, more
905:
of solids composed of mono- vs dianions, as well as mono- vs dications.
3676:
3671:
3665:
2318:
1153:
723:
523:
504:
472:
220:
2930:
860:
is rich in this material, giving rise to the need for infrastructural
742:
This resonance can be summarized by a model with fractional bonds and
3522:
2733:
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and
Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
640:
636:
109:
99:
373:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2764:"Inhibition of carbonate synthesis in acidic oceans on early Mars"
767:
595:
527:
187:
177:
78:
2392:
2721:
3492:
2982:
1197:
2629:
Nomenclature of
Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005
2978:
948:
is weakly basic, while carbon dioxide itself is a weak acid.
456:: the process of raising the concentrations of carbonate and
2254:
It is generally thought that the presence of carbonates in
1007:
2819:"Pyroclastic Activity at Home Plate in Gusev Crater, Mars"
856:, it accumulates in and impedes flow through pipes.
815:
Transition metal carbonate and bicarbonate complexes
788:, CaO, which is obtained by roasting limestone in a
3721:
3700:
3658:
3530:
3436:
3395:
3042:
3016:
920:ion is prevalent. In more acid conditions, aqueous
772:
Stalactites and stalagmites are carbonate minerals.
2348:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
867:Acidification of carbonates generally liberates
813:, carbonate is a ligand for many metal cations.
232:
163:
2356:(IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK):
3504:
2994:
1209:
452:The term is also used as a verb, to describe
8:
2654:"Chemical of the Week -- Biological Buffers"
2403:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
435:. The word "carbonate" may also refer to a
3511:
3497:
3489:
3001:
2987:
2979:
1216:
1202:
1194:
207:
47:
2920:
2853:
2683:The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
2496:
2439:
479:, the term "carbonate" can refer both to
252:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3296:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3163:
3152:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3103:
3092:
3082:
3072:
3062:
3052:
3031:
2901:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
2698:Human physiology. An integrated approach
2573:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
2383:
2381:
2311:
2304:
2300:
1171:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1014:to stabilise it in the range 7.37–7.43:
978:
935:
927:
889:
885:
881:
877:
847:
802:
798:
692:
688:
657:. It has a molecular mass of 60.01
618:
614:
590:
586:
575:
571:
556:
541:
537:
514:
445:
411:
407:
2340:
1006:Three reversible reactions control the
932:, is the main form, which, with water,
726:ion, the symmetry can be achieved by a
415:, characterized by the presence of the
307:
276:InChI=1S/CH2O3/c2-1(3)4/h(H2,2,3,4)/p-2
272:
2420:Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells
1253:
897:Thus, scale can be removed with acid.
286:InChI=1/CH2O3/c2-1(3)4/h(H2,2,3,4)/p-2
1944:
982:. Important organocarbonates include
852:is important because, in the form of
439:, an organic compound containing the
279:Key: BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L
7:
2892:Squyres, S. W.; et al. (2006).
2817:Squyres, S. W.; et al. (2007).
1236:
3288:Ethylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride
2353:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
809:As illustrated by its affinity for
606:manufacture, in the composition of
289:Key: BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-NUQVWONBAE
223:
2678:Acid–Base Regulation and Disorders
631:The carbonate ion is the simplest
522:(as well as the main component of
25:
2696:Silverthorn, Dee Unglaub (2016).
1125:is generated from carbonic acid (
784:, the Latin name of quicklime or
685:, which is the conjugate base of
3708:Graphite intercalation compounds
2940:from the original on 2017-08-08.
2881:from the original on 2017-09-22.
2315:, a hypothetic unstable molecule
994:, and the phosgene replacement,
966:a carbonate can also refer to a
755:
750:
734:
711:
534:, a calcium-magnesium carbonate
86:
67:
54:
34:. For the town in Colorado, see
2642:from the original on 2017-05-18
671:hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate)
377:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
2585:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.12.073
1010:balance of blood and act as a
27:Salt or ester of carbonic acid
1:
3437:Compounds derived from oxides
2538:10.1080/00397911.2023.2201454
1117:) into urine as urea via the
2747:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2498:10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111262
2432:10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111525
30:For organic carbonates, see
1152:lower production of marine
518:, the chief constituent of
77:structure of the carbonate
3796:
2726:"Summary for Policymakers"
1946:
1182:
955:
40:
29:
1255:
1233:
1224:Compounds containing the
1090:, which in turn consumes
639:atom surrounded by three
460:ions in water to produce
371:
318:
298:
263:
147:
135:
123:
118:
85:
66:
53:
2526:Synthetic Communications
1103:Le Châtelier's principle
730:among three structures:
41:Not to be confused with
2846:10.1126/science.1139045
2400:Encyclopædia Britannica
986:, the cyclic compounds
3520:Inorganic compounds of
2635:, IUPAC, p. 137,
2250:Presence outside Earth
773:
568:("soda" or "natron"),
503:. The most common are
771:
635:. It consists of one
627:Structure and bonding
137:Systematic IUPAC name
2922:10.1029/2006JE002771
2686:Professional Edition
1146:cellular respiration
1136:), which comes from
661:and carries a total
125:Preferred IUPAC name
2913:2006JGRE..11112S12S
2838:2007Sci...316..738S
2788:10.1038/nature02911
2780:2004Natur.431..423F
2579:(28): 14977–14987.
2489:2023Corro.22011262L
2374:Electronic version.
2329:Sodium percarbonate
1190:Carbonate overview:
1185:Category:Carbonates
992:propylene carbonate
914:dynamic equilibrium
764:Chemical properties
581:potassium carbonate
355: g·mol
50:
36:Carbonate, Colorado
3722:Oxides and related
3478:Peroxydicarbonates
3144:1,3-Dioxetanedione
3140:1,2-Dioxetanedione
2394:"Carbonates"
2295:Orthocarbonic acid
2270:carbonate deposits
1175:levels even more.
988:ethylene carbonate
984:dimethyl carbonate
952:Organic carbonates
946:sodium bicarbonate
774:
655:molecular symmetry
647:arrangement, with
623:in aqueous media.
551:iron(II) carbonate
481:carbonate minerals
381:Infobox references
48:
3762:
3761:
3486:
3485:
3284:Cyclohexanehexone
2832:(5825): 738–742.
2774:(7007): 423–426.
2707:978-1-292-09493-9
2477:Corrosion Science
2268:Small amounts of
2246:
2245:
2240:
2239:
964:organic chemistry
665:of −2. It is the
509:calcium carbonate
423:with the formula
389:Chemical compound
387:
386:
189:Interactive image
141:Trioxidocarbonate
16:(Redirected from
3787:
3525:and related ions
3513:
3506:
3499:
3490:
3387:
3373:
3359:
3345:
3331:
3317:
3303:
3281:
3268:
3254:
3240:
3226:
3212:
3198:
3184:
3170:
3156:
3137:
3124:
3110:
3096:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3034:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2924:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2857:
2855:2060/20070016011
2823:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2759:
2753:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2735:. pp. 3–35.
2730:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2693:
2687:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2656:. Archived from
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2385:
2376:
2345:
2314:
2307:
2278:Meridiani Planum
2260:planetary nebula
1237:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1143:
1135:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1100:
1089:
1081:
1070:
1057:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1023:
981:
974:
968:functional group
942:sodium carbonate
939:
931:
910:aqueous solution
903:lattice energies
893:
850:
812:
805:
759:
754:
738:
715:
695:
684:
683:
682:
679:
621:
593:
578:
566:Sodium carbonate
559:
544:
517:
501:sedimentary rock
498:
497:
496:
493:
462:carbonated water
448:
434:
433:
432:
429:
414:
354:
341:
340:
339:
336:
326:Chemical formula
256:
236:
225:
211:
191:
167:
107:
97:
90:
71:
58:
51:
21:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3739:Metal carbonyls
3717:
3696:
3654:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3601:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3526:
3517:
3487:
3482:
3444:Metal carbonyls
3432:
3428:
3415:
3411:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3150:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3012:
3007:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2744:
2740:
2728:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2532:(12): 883–892.
2519:
2518:
2514:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2324:Peroxocarbonate
2313:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2286:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2205:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1888:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1459:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1248:
1244:
1229:
1222:
1187:
1181:
1179:Carbonate salts
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1004:
980:
976:
972:
960:
958:Carbonate ester
954:
937:
933:
929:
925:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
862:water softening
849:
845:
810:
804:
800:
796:
766:
705:Lewis structure
694:
690:
686:
680:
677:
676:
674:
653:
645:trigonal planar
633:oxocarbon anion
629:
620:
616:
612:
600:Portland cement
592:
588:
584:
577:
573:
569:
560:, an important
558:
554:
543:
539:
535:
516:
512:
494:
491:
490:
488:
447:
443:
441:carbonate group
437:carbonate ester
430:
427:
426:
424:
413:
409:
405:
390:
383:
378:
352:
337:
334:
333:
331:
328:
314:
311:
306:
305:
294:
291:
290:
287:
281:
280:
277:
271:
270:
259:
239:
226:
214:
194:
181:
170:
157:
143:
142:
131:
130:
114:
113:
105:
103:
95:
93:Carbonate anion
91:
81:
72:
62:
61:Carbonate anion
59:
46:
43:Carbon trioxide
39:
32:Carbonate ester
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3793:
3791:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3701:Nanostructures
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3464:Polycarbonates
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3403:Graphite oxide
3399:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3375:
3361:
3347:
3333:
3319:
3305:
3291:
3270:
3256:
3242:
3228:
3214:
3200:
3186:
3172:
3158:
3147:
3126:
3112:
3098:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3057:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2965:Dictionary.com
2957:
2950:
2949:External links
2947:
2944:
2943:
2884:
2809:
2754:
2738:
2713:
2706:
2688:
2670:
2645:
2619:
2606:
2559:
2512:
2463:
2406:
2391:, ed. (1911).
2389:Chisholm, Hugh
2377:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2292:
2290:Cap carbonates
2285:
2282:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1177:
1072:
1071:
1058:
1037:
1003:
1000:
973:R−O−C(=O)−O−R′
956:Main article:
953:
950:
922:carbon dioxide
895:
894:
880:+ 2 HCl → CaCl
869:carbon dioxide
807:
806:
765:
762:
761:
760:
740:
739:
717:
716:
667:conjugate base
651:
628:
625:
608:ceramic glazes
485:carbonate rock
466:carbon dioxide
421:polyatomic ion
388:
385:
384:
379:
375:standard state
372:
369:
368:
363:
361:Conjugate acid
357:
356:
350:
344:
343:
329:
324:
321:
320:
316:
315:
313:
312:
309:
301:
300:
299:
296:
295:
293:
292:
288:
285:
284:
282:
278:
275:
274:
266:
265:
264:
261:
260:
258:
257:
249:
247:
241:
240:
238:
237:
229:
227:
219:
216:
215:
213:
212:
204:
202:
196:
195:
193:
192:
184:
182:
175:
172:
171:
169:
168:
160:
158:
153:
150:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
133:
132:
128:
127:
121:
120:
116:
115:
104:
94:
92:
83:
82:
73:
64:
63:
60:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3792:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3744:Carbonic acid
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3692:Thiofulminate
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3472:Tricarbonates
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Carbonic acid
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3376:
3374:
3362:
3360:
3348:
3346:
3334:
3332:
3320:
3318:
3306:
3304:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3271:
3269:
3257:
3255:
3243:
3241:
3229:
3227:
3215:
3213:
3201:
3199:
3187:
3185:
3173:
3171:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3127:
3125:
3113:
3111:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3076:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:Exotic oxides
3041:
3035:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:Common oxides
3015:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2660:on 2011-07-21
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2370:0-85404-438-8
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2157:
2155:
2141:
2139:
2125:
2123:
2109:
2107:
2093:
2091:
2077:
2075:
2061:
2059:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2002:
2000:
1986:
1984:
1970:
1968:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1613:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1419:
1417:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1381:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1328:
1314:
1312:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1120:
1104:
1059:
1038:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
969:
965:
959:
951:
949:
947:
943:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
898:
874:
873:
872:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
816:
795:
794:
793:
791:
787:
786:calcium oxide
783:
779:
770:
763:
758:
753:
749:
748:
747:
745:
737:
733:
732:
731:
729:
725:
722:
721:isoelectronic
714:
710:
709:
708:
706:
701:
699:
698:carbonic acid
672:
668:
664:
663:formal charge
660:
656:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
626:
624:
622:
609:
605:
601:
597:
582:
567:
563:
552:
548:
533:
529:
525:
521:
510:
506:
502:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
442:
438:
422:
418:
417:carbonate ion
403:
402:carbonic acid
399:
395:
382:
376:
370:
367:
364:
362:
359:
358:
351:
349:
346:
345:
330:
327:
323:
322:
317:
308:
304:
297:
283:
273:
269:
262:
255:
251:
250:
248:
246:
243:
242:
235:
231:
230:
228:
222:
218:
217:
210:
206:
205:
203:
201:
198:
197:
190:
186:
185:
183:
179:
174:
173:
166:
162:
161:
159:
156:
152:
151:
146:
138:
134:
126:
122:
117:
111:
101:
89:
84:
80:
76:
70:
65:
57:
52:
44:
37:
33:
19:
18:Carbonate ion
3753:
3749:Bicarbonates
3468:Dicarbonates
3458:
3454:Bicarbonates
2968:. Retrieved
2964:
2907:(E12): n/a.
2904:
2900:
2887:
2829:
2825:
2812:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2732:
2716:
2697:
2691:
2681:
2673:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:the original
2648:
2628:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2441:10234/196651
2423:
2419:
2409:
2398:
2351:
2343:
2267:
2253:
1225:
1150:
1144:produced by
1073:
1005:
961:
907:
899:
896:
866:
819:
808:
781:
775:
741:
718:
702:
648:
643:atoms, in a
630:
583:("potash"),
530:skeletons);
470:
451:
440:
416:
393:
391:
148:Identifiers
3682:Thiocyanate
3659:Carbon ions
2961:"Carbonate"
2617:, 7931-7940
1300:(RO)(R'O)CO
996:triphosgene
918:bicarbonate
778:calcination
744:delocalized
526:shells and
458:bicarbonate
454:carbonation
366:Bicarbonate
319:Properties
3775:Carbonates
3769:Categories
3754:Carbonates
3713:Fullerides
3459:Carbonates
3010:Oxocarbons
2931:1893/17165
2752:, 679–690.
2664:2010-09-05
2483:: 111262.
2426:: 111525.
2335:References
1183:See also:
1119:urea cycle
944:is basic,
858:Hard water
801:→ CaO + CO
477:mineralogy
348:Molar mass
254:7UJQ5OPE7D
200:ChemSpider
176:3D model (
155:CAS Number
49:Carbonate
3780:Oxyanions
3687:Fulminate
3531:Compounds
2796:1476-4687
2601:234180559
2593:0360-3199
2554:258197818
2546:0039-7911
2507:0010-938X
2458:245455194
2450:0927-0248
1226:carbonate
1082:depletes
1065:(aq) ⇌ CO
829:potassium
790:lime kiln
746:charges:
728:resonance
520:limestone
394:carbonate
165:3812-32-6
129:Carbonate
3734:Nitrides
3666:Carbides
3396:Polymers
2935:Archived
2876:Archived
2864:17478719
2804:15386004
2724:(2019).
2637:archived
2350:(2005).
2284:See also
2263:NGC 6302
1074:Exhaled
1052:(aq) + H
841:ammonium
833:rubidium
780:, after
562:iron ore
547:siderite
532:dolomite
444:O=C(−O−)
75:Resonant
3677:Cyanate
3672:Cyanide
2970:5 April
2909:Bibcode
2872:9687521
2834:Bibcode
2826:Science
2776:Bibcode
2485:Bibcode
2319:Oxalate
1947:
1154:calcite
1019:H + HCO
837:caesium
821:Lithium
724:nitrate
669:of the
536:CaMg(CO
524:mollusc
505:calcite
473:geology
342:
310:C(=O)()
221:PubChem
3729:Oxides
3523:carbon
2870:
2862:
2802:
2794:
2768:Nature
2704:
2599:
2591:
2552:
2544:
2505:
2456:
2448:
2368:
1502:Ca(HCO
1409:Mg(HCO
1012:buffer
1002:Buffer
839:, and
825:sodium
641:oxygen
637:carbon
579:, and
545:; and
353:60.008
303:SMILES
119:Names
110:Oxygen
108:
106:
100:Carbon
98:
96:
2938:(PDF)
2897:(PDF)
2879:(PDF)
2868:S2CID
2822:(PDF)
2729:(PDF)
2640:(PDF)
2633:(PDF)
2597:S2CID
2550:S2CID
2454:S2CID
2362:IUPAC
2310:C(OH)
2308:, or
2274:Gusev
2183:Th(CO
1862:Po(CO
1850:(BiO)
1763:CsHCO
1377:NaHCO
1276:LiHCO
1228:group
977:RR′CO
975:, or
854:scale
673:ion,
659:g/mol
596:glass
549:, or
528:coral
396:is a
268:InChI
234:19660
209:18519
178:JSmol
79:anion
3668:, ,
3470:and
3286:and
3142:and
2972:2014
2860:PMID
2800:PMID
2792:ISSN
2722:IPCC
2702:ISBN
2589:ISSN
2542:ISSN
2503:ISSN
2446:ISSN
2366:ISBN
2276:and
2256:rock
2039:EuCO
1885:RaCO
1842:PbCO
1822:HgCO
1771:BaCO
1723:CdCO
1703:PdCO
1672:SrCO
1632:ZnCO
1624:(OH)
1609:CuCO
1589:NiCO
1565:CoCO
1557:FeCO
1549:MnCO
1525:CrCO
1494:CaCO
1486:KHCO
1445:+SiO
1437:SiCO
1401:MgCO
1389:H(CO
1284:BeCO
1088:(aq)
1048:⇌ CO
990:and
930:(aq)
884:+ CO
876:CaCO
846:CaCO
797:CaCO
782:calx
703:The
604:lime
602:and
555:FeCO
513:CaCO
483:and
475:and
419:, a
398:salt
245:UNII
3650:SiC
3618:CSe
3588:COS
2927:hdl
2917:doi
2905:111
2850:hdl
2842:doi
2830:316
2784:doi
2772:431
2750:394
2680:at
2581:doi
2534:doi
2493:doi
2481:220
2436:hdl
2428:doi
2424:236
2372:.
2358:RSC
2236:No
2233:Md
2230:Fm
2227:Es
2224:Cf
2221:Bk
2218:Cm
2215:Am
2212:Pu
2209:Np
2194:Pa
2179:Ac
2176:**
2163:(CO
2147:(CO
2131:(CO
2115:(CO
2099:(CO
2083:(CO
2067:(CO
2051:(CO
2027:(CO
2019:Pm
2008:(CO
1992:(CO
1976:(CO
1960:(CO
1940:Og
1937:Ts
1934:Lv
1931:Mc
1928:Fl
1925:Nh
1922:Cn
1919:Rg
1916:Ds
1913:Mt
1910:Hs
1907:Bh
1904:Sg
1901:Db
1898:Rf
1895:Lr
1892:**
1881:Fr
1876:Rn
1873:At
1818:Au
1815:Pt
1812:Ir
1809:Os
1806:Re
1800:Ta
1797:Hf
1786:(CO
1745:Xe
1739:Te
1736:Sb
1733:Sn
1730:In
1699:Rh
1696:Ru
1693:Tc
1690:Mo
1687:Nb
1684:Zr
1654:Kr
1651:Br
1648:Se
1645:As
1642:Ge
1639:Ga
1577:(CO
1537:(CO
1518:Ti
1515:Sc
1468:Ar
1464:+Cl
1456:+SO
1425:(CO
1359:Ne
1344:+NO
1336:HCO
1316:(NH
1292:+BO
1258:He
1142:(g)
1107:HCO
1080:(g)
1069:(g)
1028:⇌ H
962:In
908:In
888:+ H
675:HCO
507:or
471:In
400:of
224:CID
112:, O
102:, C
3771::
3610:CS
3593:CS
3580:CO
3572:CO
3564:CO
3556:CO
3548:CO
3543:CO
3538:CF
3425:CO
3420:CO
3385:12
3381:12
3367:12
3353:12
3343:10
3339:10
3325:10
3081:CO
3071:CO
3061:CO
3051:CO
3030:CO
3024:CO
2963:.
2933:.
2925:.
2915:.
2903:.
2899:.
2874:.
2866:.
2858:.
2848:.
2840:.
2828:.
2824:.
2798:.
2790:.
2782:.
2770:.
2766:.
2731:.
2615:24
2595:.
2587:.
2577:46
2571:.
2548:.
2540:.
2530:53
2528:.
2524:.
2501:.
2491:.
2479:.
2475:.
2452:.
2444:.
2434:.
2422:.
2418:.
2397:.
2380:^
2364:.
2303:CO
2297:,
2280:.
2202:CO
2198:UO
2159:Yb
2143:Tm
2127:Er
2111:Ho
2095:Dy
2079:Tb
2063:Gd
2047:Eu
2023:Sm
2004:Nd
1988:Pr
1972:Ce
1956:La
1952:*
1854:CO
1834:CO
1830:Tl
1803:W
1782:Lu
1778:*
1755:CO
1751:Cs
1742:I
1715:CO
1711:Ag
1681:Y
1664:CO
1660:Rb
1620:CO
1616:Cu
1614:,
1601:CO
1597:Cu
1573:Co
1533:Cr
1521:V
1478:CO
1452:P
1421:Al
1385:Na
1369:CO
1365:Na
1355:+F
1351:O
1332:NH
1324:CO
1304:+C
1268:CO
1264:Li
1245:CO
1170:CO
1161:2−
1158:CO
1148:.
1138:CO
1131:CO
1096:CO
1084:CO
1076:CO
1061:CO
1044:CO
1032:CO
1008:pH
998:.
926:CO
924:,
871::
864:.
835:,
831:,
827:,
823:,
811:Ca
792::
700:.
696:,
691:CO
652:3h
589:CO
574:CO
570:Na
564:.
553:,
511:,
492:2−
489:CO
449:.
428:2−
425:CO
410:CO
404:,
392:A
335:2−
332:CO
3644:2
3642:S
3640:3
3638:C
3632:2
3630:O
3628:3
3626:C
3620:2
3612:2
3604:2
3602:S
3600:2
3598:C
3582:6
3574:5
3566:4
3558:3
3550:2
3512:e
3505:t
3498:v
3474:)
3466:(
3427:2
3414:2
3412:O
3410:3
3408:C
3383:O
3379:C
3371:9
3369:O
3365:C
3357:6
3355:O
3351:C
3341:O
3337:C
3329:8
3327:O
3323:C
3315:9
3313:O
3311:9
3309:C
3301:8
3299:O
3297:8
3295:C
3290:)
3282:(
3279:6
3277:O
3275:6
3273:C
3266:5
3264:O
3262:5
3260:C
3252:2
3250:O
3248:5
3246:C
3238:6
3236:O
3234:4
3232:C
3224:4
3222:O
3220:4
3218:C
3210:2
3208:O
3206:4
3204:C
3196:6
3194:O
3192:3
3190:C
3182:3
3180:O
3178:3
3176:C
3168:2
3166:O
3164:3
3162:C
3155:O
3153:3
3151:C
3146:)
3138:(
3135:4
3133:O
3131:2
3129:C
3122:3
3120:O
3118:2
3116:C
3108:2
3106:O
3104:2
3102:C
3095:O
3093:2
3091:C
3083:6
3073:5
3063:4
3053:3
3032:2
3002:e
2995:t
2988:v
2974:.
2929::
2919::
2911::
2852::
2844::
2836::
2806:.
2786::
2778::
2710:.
2667:.
2603:.
2583::
2556:.
2536::
2509:.
2495::
2487::
2460:.
2438::
2430::
2360:–
2312:4
2305:4
2301:4
2299:H
2204:3
2200:2
2189:2
2187:)
2185:3
2169:3
2167:)
2165:3
2161:2
2153:3
2151:)
2149:3
2145:2
2137:3
2135:)
2133:3
2129:2
2121:3
2119:)
2117:3
2113:2
2105:3
2103:)
2101:3
2097:2
2089:3
2087:)
2085:3
2081:2
2073:3
2071:)
2069:3
2065:2
2057:3
2055:)
2053:3
2049:2
2044:,
2041:3
2033:3
2031:)
2029:3
2025:2
2014:3
2012:)
2010:3
2006:2
1998:3
1996:)
1994:3
1990:2
1982:3
1980:)
1978:3
1974:2
1966:3
1964:)
1962:3
1958:2
1887:3
1868:2
1866:)
1864:3
1856:3
1852:2
1844:3
1836:3
1832:2
1824:3
1792:3
1790:)
1788:3
1784:2
1773:3
1765:3
1760:,
1757:3
1753:2
1725:3
1717:3
1713:2
1705:3
1674:3
1666:3
1662:2
1634:3
1626:2
1622:3
1618:2
1611:3
1606:,
1603:3
1599:2
1591:3
1583:3
1581:)
1579:3
1575:2
1570:,
1567:3
1559:3
1551:3
1543:3
1541:)
1539:3
1535:2
1530:,
1527:3
1508:2
1506:)
1504:3
1499:,
1496:3
1488:3
1483:,
1480:3
1476:2
1474:K
1458:4
1447:4
1442:,
1439:4
1431:3
1429:)
1427:3
1423:2
1415:2
1413:)
1411:3
1406:,
1403:3
1395:2
1393:)
1391:3
1387:3
1382:,
1379:3
1374:,
1371:3
1367:2
1346:3
1341:,
1338:3
1334:4
1329:,
1326:3
1322:2
1320:)
1318:4
1310:4
1308:O
1306:2
1294:3
1286:3
1278:3
1273:,
1270:3
1266:2
1247:3
1243:2
1241:H
1217:e
1210:t
1203:v
1172:2
1164:3
1140:2
1133:3
1129:2
1127:H
1123:H
1113:3
1110:−
1098:3
1094:2
1092:H
1086:2
1078:2
1067:2
1063:2
1056:O
1054:2
1050:2
1046:3
1042:2
1040:H
1034:3
1030:2
1025:3
1022:−
979:3
938:O
936:2
934:H
928:2
892:O
890:2
886:2
882:2
878:3
848:3
803:2
799:3
693:3
689:2
687:H
681:3
678:−
649:D
619:2
617:O
615:2
613:H
591:3
587:2
585:K
576:3
572:2
557:3
542:2
540:)
538:3
515:3
495:3
446:2
431:3
412:3
408:2
406:H
338:3
180:)
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.