928:
504:
608:
81:
36:
1224:
Guzmics, Tibor; Mitchell, Roger H.; Szabó, Csaba; Berkesi, Márta; Milke, Ralf; Ratter, Kitti (2012). "Liquid immiscibility between silicate, carbonate and sulfide melts in melt inclusions hosted in co-precipitated minerals from
Kerimasi volcano (Tanzania): evolution of carbonated nephelinitic magma".
622:
Overall, 527 carbonatite localities are known on Earth, and they are found on all continents and also on oceanic islands. Most of the carbonatites are shallow intrusive bodies of calcite-rich igneous rocks in form of volcanic necks, dykes, and cone-sheets. These generally occur in association with
214:
flows, being composed largely of soluble carbonates, are easily weathered and are therefore unlikely to be preserved in the geologic record. Carbonatite eruptions as lava may therefore not be as uncommon as thought, but they have been poorly preserved throughout the
1321:
Shavers, Ethan J.; Ghulam, Abduwasit; Encarnacion, John; Bridges, David L.; Luetkemeyer, P. Benjamin (2016-04-01). "Carbonatite associated with ultramafic diatremes in the Avon
Volcanic District, Missouri, USA: Field, petrographic, and geochemical constraints".
708:
carbonatite is unassociated with a belt or suite of alkaline igneous rocks, although calc-alkaline magmas are known in the region. The genesis of this
Archaean carbonatite remains contentious as it is the sole example of an Archaean carbonatite in Australia.
1569:
Xie, Y., Hou, Z., Yin, S., Dominy, S.C., Xu, J., Tian, S. & Xu, W. 2009. Continuous carbonatitic melt-fluid evolution of a REE mineralization system: Evidence from inclusions in the
Maoniuping REE Deposit, Western Sichuan, China. Ore Geology Reviews 36,
542:
Geochemically, carbonatites are dominated by incompatible elements (Ba, Cs, Rb) and depletions in compatible elements (Hf, Zr, Ti). This together with their silica-undersaturated composition supports inferences that carbonatites are formed by low degrees of
495:, and when they come into contact with the moisture in the atmosphere, they begin to react extremely quickly. The black or dark brown lava and ash erupted begins to turn white within a few hours, then grey after a few days, then brown after a few weeks.
623:
larger intrusions of alkali-rich silicate igneous rocks. The extrusive carbonatites are particularly rare, only 49 are known, and they appear to be restricted to a few continental rift zones, such as the Rhine valley and the East
African rift system.
1009:
Trace elements are extremely enriched in carbonatites, and they have the highest concentration of lanthanides of any known rock type. The largest REE-carbonatite deposits are Bayan Obo, Mountain Pass, Maoniuping, and Mount Weld.
519:. Most carbonatites tend to include some silicate mineral fraction; by definition an igneous rock containing >50% carbonate minerals is classified as a carbonatite. Silicate minerals associated with such compositions are
1551:
Yang, X.Y., Sun, W.D., Zhang, Y.X. & Zheng Y.F. 2009. Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit in Inner
Mongolia, China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 1417–1435
365:
group minerals, and other rare minerals not found in more common igneous rocks. Recognition of carbonatites may be difficult, especially as their mineralogy and texture may not differ much from
329:
The age of carbonatites ranges from
Archean to present: the oldest carbonatite, Tupertalik in Greenland, is 3007 Ma old, while Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania is presently active.
1542:
Woolley, A.R. ja Kempe, D.R.C. 1989. Nomenclature, Average
Chemical Compositions, and Element Distribution. In: Bell, K. (Eds.) Carbonatites, Genesis and Evolution, Unwin Hyman, 1–14.
739:
carbonatites take the form of multi-stage cylindrical intrusive bodies with several distinct phases of carbonatite intrusion. Smaller carbonatite sills and dikes are present in other
1486:
Shavers, Ethan J. (2016). "Carbonatite associated with ultramafic diatremes in the Avon
Volcanic District, Missouri, USA: Field, petrographic, and geochemical constraints".
222:
Carbonatite liquid compositions are significantly more alkaline than what is preserved in the fossil carbonatite rock record as composition of the melt inclusions shows.
326:, but geochemical and mineralogical data discount this. For example, the carbon isotopic composition of carbonatites is mantle-like and not like sedimentary limestone.
1673:
1716:
1227:
1691:
1748:
1187:
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Evidence for each process exists, but the key is that these are unusual phenomena. Historically, carbonatites were thought to form by melting of
927:
1560:
Castor, S.B. 2008. The
Mountain Pass Rare Earth carbonatite and associated ultrapotassic rocks, California. Canadian Mineralogist 46, 779–806.
1305:
717:
Carbonatite is known to form in association with concentrically zoned complexes of alkaline-igneous rocks, the typical example of this being
1706:
1579:
Lottermoser, B.G. 1990. Rare-earth element mineralisation within the Mt. Weld carbonatite laterite, Western Australia. Lithos 24, 151–167
1988:
1183:"Nyerereite from carbonatite rocks at Vulture volcano: implications for mantle metasomatism and petrogenesis of alkali carbonate melts"
1423:
1368:
1354:
Downes, H., Wall, F., Demy, A. & Szabo, C. 2012. Continuing the Carbonatite Controversy. Mineralogical Magazine 76, 255–257.
1701:
1112:
Andersson, Magnus; Malehmir, Alireza; Troll, Valentin R.; Dehghannejad, Mahdieh; Juhlin, Christopher; Ask, Maria (2013-04-17).
901:
503:
915:
is the world's only active carbonatite volcano. Other older carbonatite volcanoes are located in the same region, including
558:
is typically associated with carbonatite intrusions. This alteration assemblage produces a unique rock mineralogy termed a
793:
1741:
1696:
783:
935:
269:
in Tanzania that led to geological investigations that finally confirmed the view that carbonatite is derived from
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284:
igneous rocks formed by unusual processes and from unusual source rocks. Three models of their formation exist:
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237:. It erupts with the coolest lava in the world, at 500–600 °C (932–1,112 °F). The lava is
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258:
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1974:
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1206:
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943:
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432:
408:
1664:"Rare earth minerals in carbonatites of Basal Complex of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain)"
698:
192:-related tectonic settings. It seems that there has been a steady increase in the carbonatitic
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1592:
Duncan R. K., Willett G. C. (1990) – Mount Weld Carbonatite: in Hughes F. E. (Ed.), 1990
1366:
M. J. Le Bas, Sovite and alvikite; two chemically distinct calciocarbonatites C1 and C2,
262:
1495:
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The Alnö alkaline and carbonatitic complex, east central Sweden – a petrogenetic study
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of apatite-rich carbonatite in cross polarised transmitted light. The sample is from
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2003:
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are among the industrially important minerals associated with some carbonatites.
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2192:
2147:
2105:
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2026:
1390:, International Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 72, Number 1 / February, 1983.
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1025:
may be associated with carbonatites and may be hosted internal to or within the
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900:
In 2017, the discovery of a new carbonatite deposit was confirmed north-west of
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The magmatic origin of carbonatite was argued in detail by Swedish geologist
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53:
1722:
Video of molten carbonatite lava flow eruptions at Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano
1527:"German Geologist Discovers a Rare Carbonatite Complex in British Columbia"
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mobile belts in Australia, typically as dikes and discontinuous pods.
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except the presence of igneous minerals. They may also be sources of
366:
354:
319:
162:
45:
1594:
Geology of the Mineral Deposits of Australia & Papua New Guinea
415:-rich occurrences respectively. The alkali-carbonatites are termed
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Magnesiocarbonatite, from Verity-Paradise Carbonatite Complex of
502:
323:
270:
79:
1966:
1181:
Stoppa, Francesco; Jones, Adrian P.; Sharygin, Victor V. (2009).
1114:"Carbonatite ring-complexes explained by caldera-style volcanism"
942:
Carbonatites may contain economic or anomalous concentrations of
515:
Carbonatites are unusual igneous rocks composed predominantly of
2601:
2546:
2461:
2393:
1608:
1476:
Woolley & Church 2005, Woolley & Kjarsgaard 2008a, 2008b
1061:
971:
370:
211:
189:
1970:
1730:
669:
Carbonatites are typically associated with undersaturated (low
1364:
http://sajg.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/102/2/109
107:
904:, in a region termed the "Rocky Mountain Rare Metal Belt".
615:
found near the carbonatite of the Oka Carbonatite Complex,
131:
122:
697:
rocks or alkali-poor, FeO-CaO-MgO-rich and zirconium-poor
288:
direct generation by very low-degree partial melts in the
188:. They are almost exclusively associated with continental
116:
423:. Additionally, carbonatites may be either enriched in
229:
is known to have erupted in historical time, the active
1707:
Phosphate deposits of Australia, Mount Weld Carbonatite
337:
Primary mineralogy is highly variable, but may include
1596:
The AusIMM, Melbourne Mono 14, v. 1 pp. 591–597.
1048:), apatite, vermiculate along with lesser magnetite,
419:. Examples with 50–70% carbonate minerals are termed
206:
Nearly all carbonatite occurrences are intrusives or
125:
119:
104:
134:
128:
113:
2787:
2625:
2412:
2002:
110:
65:
1516:Ore Geology Reviews, Volume 146, July 2022, 104953
1414:Guilbert, John M. and Charles F. Park, Jr., 1986,
16:Igneous rock with more than 50% carbonate minerals
1717:Blue River Carbonatites, British Columbia, Canada
1702:List of alkaline rock occurrences in the Americas
491:are present in significant quantities. Both are
172:within zoned alkalic intrusive complexes, or as
1300:. GeoGuide. Springer International Publishing.
196:activity through the Earth's history, from the
1630:USGS Descriptive Model of Carbonatite Deposits
395:. The two are also distinguished by minor and
1982:
1742:
8:
1297:The Alnö Carbonatite Complex, Central Sweden
1268:
1266:
751:Dozens of carbonatites are known including:
19:
1626:"Descriptive Model of Carbonatite Deposits"
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1294:Kresten, Peter; Troll, Valentin R. (2018).
994:, and other rare or incompatible elements.
626:Associated igneous rocks typically include
471:, one of the first geologists to study the
157:composition consisting of greater than 50%
1989:
1975:
1967:
1772:
1749:
1735:
1727:
1380:
1378:
673:) igneous rocks that are either alkali (Na
165:and may require geochemical verification.
34:
1712:Description of the Mount Weld Carbonatite
1228:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1200:
1157:
1139:
896:the Elk Creek Carbonatite, Nebraska, USA.
310:peculiar, extreme crystal fractionation.
210:intrusives. This is because carbonatite
1372:; June 1999; v. 102; no. 2; p. 109–121.
1188:Central European Journal of Geosciences
1085:
1032:As an example, the Palabora complex of
1697:Ol Doinyo Lengai – The Mountain of God
265:. It was however the 1960 eruption of
18:
893:the Avon Volcanic District, Missouri;
654:, silica undersaturated foid-bearing
459:, the first president of independent
7:
1060:(zirconium–hafnium), and by-product
1036:has produced significant copper (as
599:and other iron and titanium oxides.
451:is made up largely of two minerals,
168:Carbonatites usually occur as small
161:. Carbonatites may be confused with
1645:"World's Coolest Lava is in Africa"
1095:Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution
728:and rare dikes are reported in the
724:Carbonatites in the form of sills,
14:
1674:Bolivian carbonatite occurrences
1369:South African Journal of Geology
576:halos consisting of sodium rich
100:
1687:Photos of natrocarbonatite lava
1418:, Freeman, pp. 188 and 352–361
902:Prince George, British Columbia
303:between a carbonate melt and a
1437:"Preserving carbonatite lavas"
391:(finer textured) varieties or
261:in 1948 based on his study of
1:
1273:Hode Vuorinen, Jaana (2005).
882:part of the basal complex of
854:Amba Dongar and Newania from
572:. The alteration consists of
564:after its type locality, the
1649:Volcano Watch April 17, 2003
1504:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.02.005
1435:Allington-Jones, L. (2014).
1342:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.02.005
380:Carbonatites are classed as
48:. This rock is a mixture of
1416:The Geology of Ore Deposits
784:Magnet Cove igneous complex
479:). These minerals are both
3002:
1692:Ol Doinyo Lengai, Tanzania
1029:aureole of a carbonatite.
1770:
1249:10.1007/s00410-012-0728-6
1202:10.2478/v10085-009-0012-9
1093:Bell, Keith, ed. (1989).
794:Mountain Pass, California
511:. Specimen is 75 mm wide.
70:
33:
24:
1387:Carbonatite nomenclature
936:Siilinjärvi apatite mine
719:Phalaborwa, South Africa
399:composition. The terms
2042:Basaltic trachyandesite
2022:Alkali feldspar granite
552:hydrothermal alteration
475:and author of the book
1601:"Carbonatite Deposits"
1444:The Geological Curator
939:
619:
512:
387:(coarse textured) and
92:
2432:Banded iron formation
930:
610:
506:
477:The Great Rift Valley
225:Only one carbonatite
83:
1611:Carbonatite Deposits
1490:. 248–251: 506–516.
1328:. 248–251: 506–516.
1281:Stockholm University
768:Saint-Honoré, Quebec
713:Intrusive morphology
84:Carbonatite lava at
1496:2016Litho.248..506S
1334:2016Litho.248..506S
1241:2012CoMP..164..101G
1132:2013NatSR...3E1677A
1023:rare-earth elements
944:rare-earth elements
923:Economic importance
778:Iron Hill, Colorado
681:O), ferric iron (Fe
550:A specific type of
469:John Walter Gregory
433:rare-earth elements
421:silico-carbonatites
259:Harry von Eckermann
21:
2788:Specific varieties
1897:Diabase (Dolerite)
1119:Scientific Reports
940:
620:
517:carbonate minerals
513:
159:carbonate minerals
93:
72:Carbonate minerals
2973:
2972:
2218:Nepheline syenite
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1931:Microgranodiorite
1861:Subvolcanic rocks
1307:978-3-319-90223-4
1141:10.1038/srep01677
1013:Vein deposits of
913:East African Rift
757:Bearpaw Mountains
735:The Mud Tank and
664:nepheline syenite
531:minerals such as
473:East African Rift
276:Carbonatites are
78:
77:
40:Carbonatite from
2993:
2915:Rapakivi granite
2627:Metamorphic rock
2414:Sedimentary rock
2283:Quartz monzonite
1991:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1773:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1621:
1619:
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1605:
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1577:
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1373:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1283:. pp. 1–28.
1270:
1261:
1260:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1204:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1143:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1090:
909:Ol Doinyo Lengai
825:Ayopaya, Bolivia
801:Palabora Complex
509:British Columbia
448:Natrocarbonatite
322:by intrusion of
267:Ol Doinyo Lengai
239:natrocarbonatite
231:Ol Doinyo Lengai
203:to the present.
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
86:Ol Doinyo Lengai
38:
22:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2783:
2727:Pseudotachylite
2621:
2408:
2340:Tephriphonolite
1998:
1995:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
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1933:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1899:
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1858:
1844:
1838:
1831:
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1814:
1808:
1801:
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1766:
1763:silicon dioxide
1755:
1683:
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1511:
1485:
1484:
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1475:
1471:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1413:
1394:
1384:Peter Kresten,
1383:
1376:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
925:
861:Maz, Argentina;
749:
715:
688:
684:
680:
676:
613:ultramafic rock
605:
545:partial melting
501:
335:
294:differentiation
255:
217:Earth's history
142:) is a type of
103:
99:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2999:
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2989:
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2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
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2922:
2920:Rhomb porphyry
2917:
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2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2762:Talc carbonate
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2355:Trachyandesite
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Quartz diorite
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:Types of rocks
1996:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1941:
1939:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1905:
1890:
1888:
1879:Picrite basalt
1876:
1874:
1868:Plutonic rocks
1854:Volcanic rocks
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1761:classified by
1756:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1681:External links
1679:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1660:
1641:
1622:
1597:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1518:
1509:
1478:
1469:
1427:
1392:
1374:
1356:
1347:
1313:
1306:
1286:
1262:
1216:
1173:
1104:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
924:
921:
898:
897:
894:
891:
880:
873:
862:
859:
852:
845:Vischnevogorsk
838:
828:
822:
812:
797:
791:
781:
771:
760:
748:
747:Known examples
745:
714:
711:
686:
682:
678:
674:
604:
601:
529:undersaturated
500:
497:
457:Julius Nyerere
334:
331:
312:
311:
308:
297:
254:
251:
76:
75:
68:
67:
63:
62:
39:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2998:
2987:
2986:Igneous rocks
2984:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Litchfieldite
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:Hyaloclastite
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Litchfieldite
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Phonotephrite
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Hyaloclastite
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1759:igneous rocks
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:10.55468/GC29
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:0-7167-1456-6
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:(1): 101–22.
1234:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1195:(2): 131–51.
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1027:metasomatized
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
937:
933:
929:
922:
920:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
895:
892:
889:
885:
884:Fuerteventura
881:
878:
874:
871:
867:
863:
860:
857:
853:
850:
846:
842:
839:
836:
832:
831:Cerro Impacto
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
795:
792:
789:
785:
782:
779:
775:
772:
769:
765:
761:
758:
754:
753:
752:
746:
744:
742:
738:
733:
731:
730:Guyana Shield
727:
722:
720:
712:
710:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
618:
614:
609:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:
557:
553:
548:
546:
540:
538:
537:feldspathoids
534:
530:
527:, and silica-
526:
522:
518:
510:
505:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:(named after
466:
462:
458:
455:(named after
454:
450:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:trace element
394:
390:
386:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
330:
327:
325:
321:
317:
309:
306:
302:
301:immiscibility
298:
295:
291:
287:
286:
285:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
241:dominated by
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
220:
218:
213:
209:
204:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
139:
97:
91:
87:
82:
73:
69:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
29:
28:
23:
2890:Luxullianite
2870:Lapis lazuli
2815:Blue Granite
2742:Serpentinite
2717:Metapsammite
2467:Conglomerate
2389:Trondhjemite
2367:Trachybasalt
2308:Pantellerite
2208:Monzogranite
2153:Hornblendite
2138:Granodiorite
2073:
2004:Igneous rock
1948:Microgranite
1942:
1935:Granodiorite
1925:
1914:Microdiorite
1908:
1891:
1877:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1819:Intermediate
1806:Intermediate
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:
1614:. Retrieved
1607:
1593:
1575:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1521:
1512:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1447:
1443:
1430:
1415:
1386:
1367:
1359:
1350:
1323:
1316:
1296:
1289:
1275:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1192:
1186:
1176:
1123:
1117:
1107:
1094:
1088:
1038:chalcopyrite
1034:South Africa
1031:
1012:
1008:
941:
932:Thin section
907:The volcano
906:
899:
872:, Australia;
809:South Africa
750:
734:
723:
716:
703:
668:
640:lamprophyres
625:
621:
581:arfvedsonite
559:
556:fenitization
555:
549:
541:
514:
499:Geochemistry
476:
446:
445:
420:
416:
404:
400:
379:
336:
328:
313:
281:
277:
275:
263:Alnö Complex
256:
224:
221:
205:
167:
151:igneous rock
95:
94:
27:Igneous rock
25:
2779:Whiteschist
2670:Greenschist
2650:Cataclasite
2640:Amphibolite
2567:Phosphorite
2517:Itacolumite
2442:Calcarenite
2288:Quartzolite
2223:Nephelinite
2193:Lamprophyre
2148:Harzburgite
2106:Napoleonite
2079:Charnockite
2074:Carbonatite
2064:Blairmorite
2027:Anorthosite
1654:January 31,
1635:January 31,
1616:January 31,
1126:(1): 1677.
1099:Unwin Hyman
1058:baddeleyite
1004:vermiculite
877:Fen Complex
815:Jacupiranga
741:Proterozoic
617:Oka, Quebec
611:Okaite, an
591:along with
589:glaucophane
585:barkevikite
574:metasomatic
566:Fen Complex
375:vermiculite
233:volcano in
208:subvolcanic
155:mineralogic
153:defined by
96:Carbonatite
66:Composition
42:Jacupiranga
20:Carbonatite
2945:Teschenite
2930:Shonkinite
2905:Pietersite
2900:Novaculite
2810:Borolanite
2795:Adamellite
2712:Metapelite
2680:Calcflinta
2645:Blueschist
2635:Anthracite
2617:Wackestone
2597:Travertine
2542:Lumachelle
2522:Jaspillite
2477:Diamictite
2399:Websterite
2384:Troctolite
2360:Benmoreite
2320:Shonkinite
2293:Rhyodacite
2273:Pyroxenite
2243:Peridotite
2203:Lherzolite
2178:Kimberlite
2168:Ignimbrite
2163:Icelandite
2143:Granophyre
2052:Shoshonite
1884:Peridotite
1780:Ultramafic
1450:(1): 3–8.
1097:. London:
1080:References
1046:chalcocite
948:phosphorus
917:Mount Homa
870:Mount Weld
805:Phalaborwa
759:, Montana;
737:Mount Weld
706:Mount Weld
656:pyroxenite
652:shonkinite
636:teschenite
632:melteigite
603:Occurrence
593:phosphates
535:and other
481:carbonates
465:gregoryite
453:nyerereite
401:rauhaugite
333:Mineralogy
247:gregoryite
243:nyerereite
2960:Variolite
2950:Theralite
2940:Tachylite
2925:Rodingite
2895:Mangerite
2875:Larvikite
2860:Jasperoid
2855:Jadeitite
2820:Epidosite
2774:Tectonite
2767:Soapstone
2732:Quartzite
2702:Migmatite
2687:Itabirite
2665:Granulite
2607:Turbidite
2587:Sylvinite
2582:Siltstone
2572:Sandstone
2557:Oil shale
2537:Limestone
2512:Gritstone
2507:Greywacke
2502:Geyserite
2492:Evaporite
2482:Diatomite
2457:Claystone
2422:Argillite
2335:Tachylyte
2303:Comendite
2248:Phonolite
2238:Pegmatite
2213:Monzonite
2188:Lamproite
2183:Komatiite
2123:Foidolite
2084:Enderbite
2047:Mugearite
1464:248340401
1279:(Ph.D.).
1257:129035814
1211:130277058
1150:2045-2322
1050:linnaeite
992:zirconium
911:, in the
879:, Norway;
835:Venezuela
726:lopoliths
699:miaskitic
691:zirconium
644:phonolite
578:silicates
533:nepheline
493:anhydrous
489:potassium
483:in which
425:magnetite
407:refer to
405:beforsite
351:magnetite
339:natrolite
316:limestone
292:and melt
148:extrusive
144:intrusive
88:volcano,
74:(>50%)
54:magnetite
2980:Category
2935:Taconite
2910:Pyrolite
2835:Ganister
2805:Aphanite
2800:Appinite
2722:Phyllite
2707:Mylonite
2675:Hornfels
2655:Eclogite
2552:Mudstone
2527:Laterite
2487:Dolomite
2404:Wehrlite
2379:Trachyte
2372:Hawaiite
2350:Tonalite
2345:Tephrite
2298:Rhyolite
2263:Porphyry
2233:Obsidian
2118:Essexite
2069:Boninite
2059:Basanite
2017:Andesite
1944:Rhyolite
1910:Andesite
1839:>69%
1783:<45%
1168:23591904
1074:platinum
1019:fluorite
988:fluorine
980:vanadium
976:titanium
956:tantalum
866:Mud Tank
788:Arkansas
774:Gem Park
695:agpaitic
660:essexite
597:hematite
521:pyroxene
461:Tanzania
437:fluorine
417:lengaite
413:ankerite
409:dolomite
389:alvikite
382:calcitic
363:ancylite
359:fluorite
343:sodalite
305:silicate
282:peculiar
235:Tanzania
182:breccias
90:Tanzania
2955:Unakite
2885:Llanite
2850:Ijolite
2825:Felsite
2757:Suevite
2592:Tillite
2532:Lignite
2472:Coquina
2437:Breccia
2330:Syenite
2258:Picrite
2173:Ijolite
2133:Granite
2101:Diorite
2096:Diabase
2012:Adakite
1952:Granite
1918:Diorite
1826:63–69%
1809:52–63%
1796:45–52%
1765:content
1757:Common
1587:Sources
1570:90–105.
1492:Bibcode
1330:Bibcode
1237:Bibcode
1159:3628075
1128:Bibcode
1042:bornite
1015:thorium
996:Apatite
964:thorium
960:uranium
952:niobium
701:rocks.
677:O and K
662:), and
648:foyaite
628:ijolite
554:termed
525:olivine
429:apatite
347:apatite
299:liquid
253:Genesis
227:volcano
198:Archean
194:igneous
58:olivine
50:calcite
2865:Kenyte
2840:Gossan
2737:Schist
2697:Marble
2660:Gneiss
2562:Oolite
2427:Arkose
2325:Sovite
2315:Scoria
2268:Pumice
2228:Norite
2198:Latite
2128:Gabbro
2113:Dunite
2091:Dacite
2037:Basalt
2032:Aplite
1927:Dacite
1901:Gabbro
1893:Basalt
1836:Felsic
1823:felsic
1488:Lithos
1462:
1422:
1325:Lithos
1304:
1255:
1209:
1166:
1156:
1148:
1070:nickel
1066:silver
1054:cobalt
1000:barite
984:barium
968:copper
849:Russia
841:Kovdor
819:Brazil
693:-rich
689:) and
671:silica
570:Norway
561:fenite
485:sodium
463:) and
441:barium
411:- and
393:facies
385:sovite
367:marble
355:baryte
320:marble
290:mantle
184:, and
163:marble
56:, and
46:Brazil
2830:Flint
2752:Slate
2747:Skarn
2612:Varve
2577:Shale
2497:Flint
2452:Chert
2447:Chalk
1793:Mafic
1667:(PDF)
1604:(PDF)
1530:(PDF)
1460:S2CID
1440:(PDF)
1253:S2CID
1207:S2CID
1021:, or
888:Spain
856:India
803:near
324:magma
307:melt,
271:magma
186:veins
178:sills
174:dikes
170:plugs
2602:Tufa
2547:Marl
2462:Coal
2394:Tuff
1776:Type
1656:2005
1637:2005
1618:2005
1609:USGS
1420:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1164:PMID
1146:ISSN
1072:and
1062:gold
1044:and
1002:and
972:iron
875:the
868:and
864:the
843:and
799:the
776:and
766:and
762:the
755:the
704:The
587:and
487:and
439:and
427:and
403:and
371:mica
278:rare
245:and
212:lava
190:rift
2965:Wad
1841:SiO
1828:SiO
1811:SiO
1798:SiO
1785:SiO
1500:doi
1452:doi
1338:doi
1245:doi
1233:164
1197:doi
1154:PMC
1136:doi
1056:),
764:Oka
568:in
431:or
373:or
318:or
201:eon
146:or
108:ɑːr
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1064:,
1040:,
1017:,
998:,
990:,
986:,
982:,
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970:,
966:,
962:,
958:,
950:,
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886:,
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650:,
646:,
642:,
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