939:
515:
619:
92:
47:
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Guzmics, Tibor; Mitchell, Roger H.; Szabó, Csaba; Berkesi, Márta; Milke, Ralf; Ratter, Kitti (2012). "Liquid immiscibility between silicate, carbonate and sulfide melts in melt inclusions hosted in co-precipitated minerals from
Kerimasi volcano (Tanzania): evolution of carbonated nephelinitic magma".
633:
Overall, 527 carbonatite localities are known on Earth, and they are found on all continents and also on oceanic islands. Most of the carbonatites are shallow intrusive bodies of calcite-rich igneous rocks in form of volcanic necks, dykes, and cone-sheets. These generally occur in association with
225:
flows, being composed largely of soluble carbonates, are easily weathered and are therefore unlikely to be preserved in the geologic record. Carbonatite eruptions as lava may therefore not be as uncommon as thought, but they have been poorly preserved throughout the
1332:
Shavers, Ethan J.; Ghulam, Abduwasit; Encarnacion, John; Bridges, David L.; Luetkemeyer, P. Benjamin (2016-04-01). "Carbonatite associated with ultramafic diatremes in the Avon
Volcanic District, Missouri, USA: Field, petrographic, and geochemical constraints".
719:
carbonatite is unassociated with a belt or suite of alkaline igneous rocks, although calc-alkaline magmas are known in the region. The genesis of this
Archaean carbonatite remains contentious as it is the sole example of an Archaean carbonatite in Australia.
1580:
Xie, Y., Hou, Z., Yin, S., Dominy, S.C., Xu, J., Tian, S. & Xu, W. 2009. Continuous carbonatitic melt-fluid evolution of a REE mineralization system: Evidence from inclusions in the
Maoniuping REE Deposit, Western Sichuan, China. Ore Geology Reviews 36,
553:
Geochemically, carbonatites are dominated by incompatible elements (Ba, Cs, Rb) and depletions in compatible elements (Hf, Zr, Ti). This together with their silica-undersaturated composition supports inferences that carbonatites are formed by low degrees of
506:, and when they come into contact with the moisture in the atmosphere, they begin to react extremely quickly. The black or dark brown lava and ash erupted begins to turn white within a few hours, then grey after a few days, then brown after a few weeks.
634:
larger intrusions of alkali-rich silicate igneous rocks. The extrusive carbonatites are particularly rare, only 49 are known, and they appear to be restricted to a few continental rift zones, such as the Rhine valley and the East
African rift system.
1020:
Trace elements are extremely enriched in carbonatites, and they have the highest concentration of lanthanides of any known rock type. The largest REE-carbonatite deposits are Bayan Obo, Mountain Pass, Maoniuping, and Mount Weld.
530:. Most carbonatites tend to include some silicate mineral fraction; by definition an igneous rock containing >50% carbonate minerals is classified as a carbonatite. Silicate minerals associated with such compositions are
1562:
Yang, X.Y., Sun, W.D., Zhang, Y.X. & Zheng Y.F. 2009. Geochemical constraints on the genesis of the Bayan Obo Fe-Nb-REE deposit in Inner
Mongolia, China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 1417–1435
376:
group minerals, and other rare minerals not found in more common igneous rocks. Recognition of carbonatites may be difficult, especially as their mineralogy and texture may not differ much from
340:
The age of carbonatites ranges from
Archean to present: the oldest carbonatite, Tupertalik in Greenland, is 3007 Ma old, while Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano in Tanzania is presently active.
1553:
Woolley, A.R. ja Kempe, D.R.C. 1989. Nomenclature, Average
Chemical Compositions, and Element Distribution. In: Bell, K. (Eds.) Carbonatites, Genesis and Evolution, Unwin Hyman, 1–14.
750:
carbonatites take the form of multi-stage cylindrical intrusive bodies with several distinct phases of carbonatite intrusion. Smaller carbonatite sills and dikes are present in other
1497:
Shavers, Ethan J. (2016). "Carbonatite associated with ultramafic diatremes in the Avon
Volcanic District, Missouri, USA: Field, petrographic, and geochemical constraints".
233:
Carbonatite liquid compositions are significantly more alkaline than what is preserved in the fossil carbonatite rock record as composition of the melt inclusions shows.
337:, but geochemical and mineralogical data discount this. For example, the carbon isotopic composition of carbonatites is mantle-like and not like sedimentary limestone.
1684:
1727:
1238:
1702:
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1198:
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Evidence for each process exists, but the key is that these are unusual phenomena. Historically, carbonatites were thought to form by melting of
938:
1571:
Castor, S.B. 2008. The
Mountain Pass Rare Earth carbonatite and associated ultrapotassic rocks, California. Canadian Mineralogist 46, 779–806.
1316:
728:
Carbonatite is known to form in association with concentrically zoned complexes of alkaline-igneous rocks, the typical example of this being
1717:
1590:
Lottermoser, B.G. 1990. Rare-earth element mineralisation within the Mt. Weld carbonatite laterite, Western Australia. Lithos 24, 151–167
1999:
1194:"Nyerereite from carbonatite rocks at Vulture volcano: implications for mantle metasomatism and petrogenesis of alkali carbonate melts"
1434:
1379:
1365:
Downes, H., Wall, F., Demy, A. & Szabo, C. 2012. Continuing the Carbonatite Controversy. Mineralogical Magazine 76, 255–257.
1712:
1123:
Andersson, Magnus; Malehmir, Alireza; Troll, Valentin R.; Dehghannejad, Mahdieh; Juhlin, Christopher; Ask, Maria (2013-04-17).
912:
514:
926:
is the world's only active carbonatite volcano. Other older carbonatite volcanoes are located in the same region, including
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is typically associated with carbonatite intrusions. This alteration assemblage produces a unique rock mineralogy termed a
804:
1752:
1707:
794:
946:
280:
in Tanzania that led to geological investigations that finally confirmed the view that carbonatite is derived from
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igneous rocks formed by unusual processes and from unusual source rocks. Three models of their formation exist:
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248:. It erupts with the coolest lava in the world, at 500–600 °C (932–1,112 °F). The lava is
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1985:
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1675:"Rare earth minerals in carbonatites of Basal Complex of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain)"
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203:-related tectonic settings. It seems that there has been a steady increase in the carbonatitic
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Duncan R. K., Willett G. C. (1990) – Mount Weld Carbonatite: in Hughes F. E. (Ed.), 1990
1377:
M. J. Le Bas, Sovite and alvikite; two chemically distinct calciocarbonatites C1 and C2,
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The Alnö alkaline and carbonatitic complex, east central Sweden – a petrogenetic study
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of apatite-rich carbonatite in cross polarised transmitted light. The sample is from
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2014:
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are among the industrially important minerals associated with some carbonatites.
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2158:
2116:
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1401:, International Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 72, Number 1 / February, 1983.
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may be associated with carbonatites and may be hosted internal to or within the
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In 2017, the discovery of a new carbonatite deposit was confirmed north-west of
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The magmatic origin of carbonatite was argued in detail by Swedish geologist
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Video of molten carbonatite lava flow eruptions at Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano
1538:"German Geologist Discovers a Rare Carbonatite Complex in British Columbia"
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mobile belts in Australia, typically as dikes and discontinuous pods.
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except the presence of igneous minerals. They may also be sources of
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330:
173:
56:
1605:
Geology of the Mineral Deposits of Australia & Papua New Guinea
426:-rich occurrences respectively. The alkali-carbonatites are termed
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Magnesiocarbonatite, from Verity-Paradise Carbonatite Complex of
513:
334:
281:
90:
1977:
1192:
Stoppa, Francesco; Jones, Adrian P.; Sharygin, Victor V. (2009).
1125:"Carbonatite ring-complexes explained by caldera-style volcanism"
953:
Carbonatites may contain economic or anomalous concentrations of
526:
Carbonatites are unusual igneous rocks composed predominantly of
2612:
2557:
2472:
2404:
1619:
1487:
Woolley & Church 2005, Woolley & Kjarsgaard 2008a, 2008b
1072:
982:
381:
222:
200:
1981:
1741:
680:
Carbonatites are typically associated with undersaturated (low
1375:
http://sajg.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/102/2/109
118:
915:, in a region termed the "Rocky Mountain Rare Metal Belt".
626:
found near the carbonatite of the Oka Carbonatite Complex,
142:
133:
708:
rocks or alkali-poor, FeO-CaO-MgO-rich and zirconium-poor
299:
direct generation by very low-degree partial melts in the
199:. They are almost exclusively associated with continental
127:
434:. Additionally, carbonatites may be either enriched in
240:
is known to have erupted in historical time, the active
1718:
Phosphate deposits of Australia, Mount Weld Carbonatite
348:
Primary mineralogy is highly variable, but may include
1607:
The AusIMM, Melbourne Mono 14, v. 1 pp. 591–597.
1059:), apatite, vermiculate along with lesser magnetite,
430:. Examples with 50–70% carbonate minerals are termed
217:
Nearly all carbonatite occurrences are intrusives or
136:
130:
115:
145:
139:
124:
2798:
2636:
2423:
2013:
121:
76:
1527:Ore Geology Reviews, Volume 146, July 2022, 104953
1425:Guilbert, John M. and Charles F. Park, Jr., 1986,
27:Igneous rock with more than 50% carbonate minerals
1728:Blue River Carbonatites, British Columbia, Canada
1713:List of alkaline rock occurrences in the Americas
502:are present in significant quantities. Both are
183:within zoned alkalic intrusive complexes, or as
1311:. GeoGuide. Springer International Publishing.
207:activity through the Earth's history, from the
1641:USGS Descriptive Model of Carbonatite Deposits
406:. The two are also distinguished by minor and
1993:
1753:
8:
1308:The Alnö Carbonatite Complex, Central Sweden
1279:
1277:
762:Dozens of carbonatites are known including:
30:
1637:"Descriptive Model of Carbonatite Deposits"
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1305:Kresten, Peter; Troll, Valentin R. (2018).
1005:, and other rare or incompatible elements.
637:Associated igneous rocks typically include
482:, one of the first geologists to study the
168:composition consisting of greater than 50%
2000:
1986:
1978:
1783:
1760:
1746:
1738:
1391:
1389:
684:) igneous rocks that are either alkali (Na
176:and may require geochemical verification.
45:
1723:Description of the Mount Weld Carbonatite
1239:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
1211:
1168:
1150:
907:the Elk Creek Carbonatite, Nebraska, USA.
321:peculiar, extreme crystal fractionation.
221:intrusives. This is because carbonatite
1383:; June 1999; v. 102; no. 2; p. 109–121.
1199:Central European Journal of Geosciences
1096:
1043:As an example, the Palabora complex of
1708:Ol Doinyo Lengai – The Mountain of God
276:. It was however the 1960 eruption of
29:
904:the Avon Volcanic District, Missouri;
665:, silica undersaturated foid-bearing
470:, the first president of independent
7:
1071:(zirconium–hafnium), and by-product
1047:has produced significant copper (as
610:and other iron and titanium oxides.
462:is made up largely of two minerals,
179:Carbonatites usually occur as small
172:. Carbonatites may be confused with
1656:"World's Coolest Lava is in Africa"
1106:Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution
739:and rare dikes are reported in the
735:Carbonatites in the form of sills,
25:
1685:Bolivian carbonatite occurrences
1380:South African Journal of Geology
587:halos consisting of sodium rich
111:
1698:Photos of natrocarbonatite lava
1429:, Freeman, pp. 188 and 352–361
913:Prince George, British Columbia
314:between a carbonate melt and a
1448:"Preserving carbonatite lavas"
402:(finer textured) varieties or
272:in 1948 based on his study of
1:
1284:Hode Vuorinen, Jaana (2005).
893:part of the basal complex of
865:Amba Dongar and Newania from
583:. The alteration consists of
575:after its type locality, the
1660:Volcano Watch April 17, 2003
1515:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.02.005
1446:Allington-Jones, L. (2014).
1353:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.02.005
391:Carbonatites are classed as
59:. This rock is a mixture of
1427:The Geology of Ore Deposits
795:Magnet Cove igneous complex
490:). These minerals are both
3013:
1703:Ol Doinyo Lengai, Tanzania
1040:aureole of a carbonatite.
1781:
1260:10.1007/s00410-012-0728-6
1213:10.2478/v10085-009-0012-9
1104:Bell, Keith, ed. (1989).
805:Mountain Pass, California
522:. Specimen is 75 mm wide.
81:
44:
35:
1398:Carbonatite nomenclature
947:Siilinjärvi apatite mine
730:Phalaborwa, South Africa
410:composition. The terms
2053:Basaltic trachyandesite
2033:Alkali feldspar granite
563:hydrothermal alteration
486:and author of the book
1612:"Carbonatite Deposits"
1455:The Geological Curator
950:
630:
523:
398:(coarse textured) and
103:
2443:Banded iron formation
941:
621:
517:
488:The Great Rift Valley
236:Only one carbonatite
94:
1622:Carbonatite Deposits
1501:. 248–251: 506–516.
1339:. 248–251: 506–516.
1292:Stockholm University
779:Saint-Honoré, Quebec
724:Intrusive morphology
95:Carbonatite lava at
1507:2016Litho.248..506S
1345:2016Litho.248..506S
1252:2012CoMP..164..101G
1143:2013NatSR...3E1677A
1034:rare-earth elements
955:rare-earth elements
934:Economic importance
789:Iron Hill, Colorado
692:O), ferric iron (Fe
561:A specific type of
480:John Walter Gregory
444:rare-earth elements
432:silico-carbonatites
270:Harry von Eckermann
32:
2799:Specific varieties
1908:Diabase (Dolerite)
1130:Scientific Reports
951:
631:
528:carbonate minerals
524:
170:carbonate minerals
104:
83:Carbonate minerals
2984:
2983:
2229:Nepheline syenite
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1942:Microgranodiorite
1872:Subvolcanic rocks
1318:978-3-319-90223-4
1152:10.1038/srep01677
1024:Vein deposits of
924:East African Rift
768:Bearpaw Mountains
746:The Mud Tank and
675:nepheline syenite
542:minerals such as
484:East African Rift
287:Carbonatites are
89:
88:
51:Carbonatite from
16:(Redirected from
3004:
2926:Rapakivi granite
2638:Metamorphic rock
2425:Sedimentary rock
2294:Quartz monzonite
2002:
1995:
1988:
1979:
1784:
1762:
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1294:. pp. 1–28.
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1226:
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1215:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1154:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1101:
920:Ol Doinyo Lengai
836:Ayopaya, Bolivia
812:Palabora Complex
520:British Columbia
459:Natrocarbonatite
333:by intrusion of
278:Ol Doinyo Lengai
250:natrocarbonatite
242:Ol Doinyo Lengai
214:to the present.
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
97:Ol Doinyo Lengai
49:
33:
21:
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3011:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2794:
2738:Pseudotachylite
2632:
2419:
2351:Tephriphonolite
2009:
2006:
1976:
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1966:
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1855:
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1774:silicon dioxide
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1496:
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1440:
1424:
1405:
1395:Peter Kresten,
1394:
1387:
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1360:
1331:
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1319:
1304:
1303:
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1191:
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1103:
1102:
1098:
1093:
936:
872:Maz, Argentina;
760:
726:
699:
695:
691:
687:
624:ultramafic rock
616:
556:partial melting
512:
346:
305:differentiation
266:
228:Earth's history
153:) is a type of
114:
110:
72:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2931:Rhomb porphyry
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2773:Talc carbonate
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2366:Trachyandesite
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2289:Quartz diorite
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:Types of rocks
2007:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1952:
1950:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1916:
1901:
1899:
1890:Picrite basalt
1887:
1885:
1879:Plutonic rocks
1865:Volcanic rocks
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1772:classified by
1767:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1692:External links
1690:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1671:
1652:
1633:
1608:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1583:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1529:
1520:
1489:
1480:
1438:
1403:
1385:
1367:
1358:
1324:
1317:
1297:
1273:
1227:
1184:
1115:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
935:
932:
909:
908:
905:
902:
891:
884:
873:
870:
863:
856:Vischnevogorsk
849:
839:
833:
823:
808:
802:
792:
782:
771:
759:
758:Known examples
756:
725:
722:
697:
693:
689:
685:
615:
612:
540:undersaturated
511:
508:
468:Julius Nyerere
345:
342:
323:
322:
319:
308:
265:
262:
87:
86:
79:
78:
74:
73:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3009:
2998:
2997:Igneous rocks
2995:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Litchfieldite
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Hyaloclastite
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Litchfieldite
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Phonotephrite
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Hyaloclastite
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1770:igneous rocks
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1676:
1672:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:10.55468/GC29
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:0-7167-1456-6
1432:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:(1): 101–22.
1245:
1241:
1240:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1206:(2): 131–51.
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1038:metasomatized
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
944:
940:
933:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
906:
903:
900:
896:
895:Fuerteventura
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
874:
871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
853:
850:
847:
843:
842:Cerro Impacto
840:
837:
834:
831:
827:
824:
821:
817:
813:
809:
806:
803:
800:
796:
793:
790:
786:
783:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
764:
763:
757:
755:
753:
749:
744:
742:
741:Guyana Shield
738:
733:
731:
723:
721:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
629:
625:
620:
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:
568:
564:
559:
557:
551:
549:
548:feldspathoids
545:
541:
538:, and silica-
537:
533:
529:
521:
516:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:(named after
477:
473:
469:
466:(named after
465:
461:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:trace element
405:
401:
397:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
341:
338:
336:
332:
328:
320:
317:
313:
312:immiscibility
309:
306:
302:
298:
297:
296:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
263:
261:
259:
255:
252:dominated by
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
231:
229:
224:
220:
215:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
150:
108:
102:
98:
93:
84:
80:
75:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
43:
40:
39:
34:
19:
2901:Luxullianite
2881:Lapis lazuli
2826:Blue Granite
2753:Serpentinite
2728:Metapsammite
2478:Conglomerate
2400:Trondhjemite
2378:Trachybasalt
2319:Pantellerite
2219:Monzogranite
2164:Hornblendite
2149:Granodiorite
2084:
2015:Igneous rock
1959:Microgranite
1953:
1946:Granodiorite
1936:
1925:Microdiorite
1919:
1902:
1888:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1862:
1830:Intermediate
1817:Intermediate
1663:. Retrieved
1659:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:
1625:. Retrieved
1618:
1604:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1532:
1523:
1498:
1492:
1483:
1458:
1454:
1441:
1426:
1397:
1378:
1370:
1361:
1334:
1327:
1307:
1300:
1286:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1203:
1197:
1187:
1134:
1128:
1118:
1105:
1099:
1049:chalcopyrite
1045:South Africa
1042:
1023:
1019:
952:
943:Thin section
918:The volcano
917:
910:
883:, Australia;
820:South Africa
761:
745:
734:
727:
714:
679:
651:lamprophyres
636:
632:
592:arfvedsonite
570:
567:fenitization
566:
560:
552:
525:
510:Geochemistry
487:
457:
456:
431:
427:
415:
411:
390:
347:
339:
324:
292:
288:
286:
274:Alnö Complex
267:
235:
232:
216:
178:
162:igneous rock
106:
105:
38:Igneous rock
36:
18:Carbonatites
2790:Whiteschist
2681:Greenschist
2661:Cataclasite
2651:Amphibolite
2578:Phosphorite
2528:Itacolumite
2453:Calcarenite
2299:Quartzolite
2234:Nephelinite
2204:Lamprophyre
2159:Harzburgite
2117:Napoleonite
2090:Charnockite
2085:Carbonatite
2075:Blairmorite
2038:Anorthosite
1665:January 31,
1646:January 31,
1627:January 31,
1137:(1): 1677.
1110:Unwin Hyman
1069:baddeleyite
1015:vermiculite
888:Fen Complex
826:Jacupiranga
752:Proterozoic
628:Oka, Quebec
622:Okaite, an
602:along with
600:glaucophane
596:barkevikite
585:metasomatic
577:Fen Complex
386:vermiculite
244:volcano in
219:subvolcanic
166:mineralogic
164:defined by
107:Carbonatite
77:Composition
53:Jacupiranga
31:Carbonatite
2956:Teschenite
2941:Shonkinite
2916:Pietersite
2911:Novaculite
2821:Borolanite
2806:Adamellite
2723:Metapelite
2691:Calcflinta
2656:Blueschist
2646:Anthracite
2628:Wackestone
2608:Travertine
2553:Lumachelle
2533:Jaspillite
2488:Diamictite
2410:Websterite
2395:Troctolite
2371:Benmoreite
2331:Shonkinite
2304:Rhyodacite
2284:Pyroxenite
2254:Peridotite
2214:Lherzolite
2189:Kimberlite
2179:Ignimbrite
2174:Icelandite
2154:Granophyre
2063:Shoshonite
1895:Peridotite
1791:Ultramafic
1461:(1): 3–8.
1108:. London:
1091:References
1057:chalcocite
959:phosphorus
928:Mount Homa
881:Mount Weld
816:Phalaborwa
770:, Montana;
748:Mount Weld
717:Mount Weld
667:pyroxenite
663:shonkinite
647:teschenite
643:melteigite
614:Occurrence
604:phosphates
546:and other
492:carbonates
476:gregoryite
464:nyerereite
412:rauhaugite
344:Mineralogy
258:gregoryite
254:nyerereite
2971:Variolite
2961:Theralite
2951:Tachylite
2936:Rodingite
2906:Mangerite
2886:Larvikite
2871:Jasperoid
2866:Jadeitite
2831:Epidosite
2785:Tectonite
2778:Soapstone
2743:Quartzite
2713:Migmatite
2698:Itabirite
2676:Granulite
2618:Turbidite
2598:Sylvinite
2593:Siltstone
2583:Sandstone
2568:Oil shale
2548:Limestone
2523:Gritstone
2518:Greywacke
2513:Geyserite
2503:Evaporite
2493:Diatomite
2468:Claystone
2433:Argillite
2346:Tachylyte
2314:Comendite
2259:Phonolite
2249:Pegmatite
2224:Monzonite
2199:Lamproite
2194:Komatiite
2134:Foidolite
2095:Enderbite
2058:Mugearite
1475:248340401
1290:(Ph.D.).
1268:129035814
1222:130277058
1161:2045-2322
1061:linnaeite
1003:zirconium
922:, in the
890:, Norway;
846:Venezuela
737:lopoliths
710:miaskitic
702:zirconium
655:phonolite
589:silicates
544:nepheline
504:anhydrous
500:potassium
494:in which
436:magnetite
418:refer to
416:beforsite
362:magnetite
350:natrolite
327:limestone
303:and melt
159:extrusive
155:intrusive
99:volcano,
85:(>50%)
65:magnetite
2991:Category
2946:Taconite
2921:Pyrolite
2846:Ganister
2816:Aphanite
2811:Appinite
2733:Phyllite
2718:Mylonite
2686:Hornfels
2666:Eclogite
2563:Mudstone
2538:Laterite
2498:Dolomite
2415:Wehrlite
2390:Trachyte
2383:Hawaiite
2361:Tonalite
2356:Tephrite
2309:Rhyolite
2274:Porphyry
2244:Obsidian
2129:Essexite
2080:Boninite
2070:Basanite
2028:Andesite
1955:Rhyolite
1921:Andesite
1850:>69%
1794:<45%
1179:23591904
1085:platinum
1030:fluorite
999:fluorine
991:vanadium
987:titanium
967:tantalum
877:Mud Tank
799:Arkansas
785:Gem Park
706:agpaitic
671:essexite
608:hematite
532:pyroxene
472:Tanzania
448:fluorine
428:lengaite
424:ankerite
420:dolomite
400:alvikite
393:calcitic
374:ancylite
370:fluorite
354:sodalite
316:silicate
293:peculiar
246:Tanzania
193:breccias
101:Tanzania
2966:Unakite
2896:Llanite
2861:Ijolite
2836:Felsite
2768:Suevite
2603:Tillite
2543:Lignite
2483:Coquina
2448:Breccia
2341:Syenite
2269:Picrite
2184:Ijolite
2144:Granite
2112:Diorite
2107:Diabase
2023:Adakite
1963:Granite
1929:Diorite
1837:63–69%
1820:52–63%
1807:45–52%
1776:content
1768:Common
1598:Sources
1581:90–105.
1503:Bibcode
1341:Bibcode
1248:Bibcode
1170:3628075
1139:Bibcode
1053:bornite
1026:thorium
1007:Apatite
975:thorium
971:uranium
963:niobium
712:rocks.
688:O and K
673:), and
659:foyaite
639:ijolite
565:termed
536:olivine
440:apatite
358:apatite
310:liquid
264:Genesis
238:volcano
209:Archean
205:igneous
69:olivine
61:calcite
2876:Kenyte
2851:Gossan
2748:Schist
2708:Marble
2671:Gneiss
2573:Oolite
2438:Arkose
2336:Sovite
2326:Scoria
2279:Pumice
2239:Norite
2209:Latite
2139:Gabbro
2124:Dunite
2102:Dacite
2048:Basalt
2043:Aplite
1938:Dacite
1912:Gabbro
1904:Basalt
1847:Felsic
1834:felsic
1499:Lithos
1473:
1433:
1336:Lithos
1315:
1266:
1220:
1177:
1167:
1159:
1081:nickel
1077:silver
1065:cobalt
1011:barite
995:barium
979:copper
860:Russia
852:Kovdor
830:Brazil
704:-rich
700:) and
682:silica
581:Norway
572:fenite
496:sodium
474:) and
452:barium
422:- and
404:facies
396:sovite
378:marble
366:baryte
331:marble
301:mantle
195:, and
174:marble
67:, and
57:Brazil
2841:Flint
2763:Slate
2758:Skarn
2623:Varve
2588:Shale
2508:Flint
2463:Chert
2458:Chalk
1804:Mafic
1678:(PDF)
1615:(PDF)
1541:(PDF)
1471:S2CID
1451:(PDF)
1264:S2CID
1218:S2CID
1032:, or
899:Spain
867:India
814:near
335:magma
318:melt,
282:magma
197:veins
189:sills
185:dikes
181:plugs
2613:Tufa
2558:Marl
2473:Coal
2405:Tuff
1787:Type
1667:2005
1648:2005
1629:2005
1620:USGS
1431:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1175:PMID
1157:ISSN
1083:and
1073:gold
1055:and
1013:and
983:iron
886:the
879:and
875:the
854:and
810:the
787:and
777:and
773:the
766:the
715:The
598:and
498:and
450:and
438:and
414:and
382:mica
289:rare
256:and
223:lava
201:rift
2976:Wad
1852:SiO
1839:SiO
1822:SiO
1809:SiO
1796:SiO
1511:doi
1463:doi
1349:doi
1256:doi
1244:164
1208:doi
1165:PMC
1147:doi
1067:),
775:Oka
579:in
442:or
384:or
329:or
212:eon
157:or
119:ɑːr
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1469:.
1459:10
1457:.
1453:.
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1388:^
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1276:^
1262:.
1254:.
1242:.
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1196:.
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1145:.
1133:.
1127:.
1087:.
1079:,
1075:,
1051:,
1028:,
1009:,
1001:,
997:,
993:,
989:,
985:,
981:,
977:,
973:,
969:,
961:,
957:,
930:.
897:,
858:,
844:,
828:,
818:,
797:,
743:.
732:.
677:.
661:,
657:,
653:,
649:,
645:,
641:,
606:,
594:,
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534:,
454:.
446:,
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368:,
364:,
360:,
356:,
352:,
291:,
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191:,
187:,
143:aɪ
63:,
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2001:e
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1987:v
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781:;
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696:O
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690:2
686:2
669:(
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137:ˌ
134:ə
131:n
128:ɒ
125:b
122:ˈ
116:k
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