109:, which was inserted between the sheet being written upon and the copy. Carbonless paper was used as business stationery requiring one or more copies of the original, such as invoices and receipts. The copies were often paper of different colors (e.g., white original for customer, yellow copy for supplier's records, and other colors for subsequent copies). Stationery with carbonless copy paper can be supplied collated either in pads or books bound into sets, or as loose sets, or as
20:
2003:
1161:
2013:
1173:
193:(PCBs) was banned due to health and environmental concerns, PCBs were used as a transfer agent in carbonless copy paper. PCBs are readily transferred to human skin during handling of such papers, and it is difficult to achieve decontamination by ordinary washing with soap and water. In Japan, carbonless copy paper is still treated as a PCB-contaminated waste.
197:
carbonless copy paper produced after 1987. In most cases, good industrial hygiene and work practices should be adequate to reduce or eliminate symptoms. These include adequate ventilation, humidity, and temperature controls; proper housekeeping; minimal hand-to-mouth and hand-to-eye contact; and periodic cleansing of hands.
196:
Exposure to certain types of carbonless copy paper or its components has resulted, under some conditions, in mild to moderate symptoms of skin irritation and irritation of the mucosal membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. A 2000 review found no irritation or sensitization on contact with
65:
dye or ink on the back side of the top sheet, and a clay coating on the front side of the bottom sheet. When pressure is applied (from writing or impact printing), the dye capsules rupture and react with the clay to duplicate the markings made to the top sheet. Intermediary sheets, with clay on the
82:
dye or ink or a reactive clay. The back of the first sheet is coated with micro-encapsulated dye (referred to as a Coated Back or CB sheet). The lowermost sheet is coated on the top surface with a clay that quickly reacts with the dye to form a permanent mark (Coated Front, CF). Any intermediate
204:
present in its air, whereas a well-ventilated office where little such paper was used did not. The study also found that there were higher rates of sick leave and illness complaints at the office using large amounts of carbonless copy paper. Another study, which was published in
227:
With the increasing adoption of inexpensive inkjet printers and laser printers on computer systems since the 1980s, the use of carbonless multipart forms in businesses has declined, as it is simpler to make copies of documents.
223:
In 2001, three employees of a medical center in San
Francisco filed a lawsuit against their employer, blaming exposure to carbonless copy paper and other chemicals for their inflammatory breast cancer.
323:
de Voogt P; Klamer J C; Brinkman U A Th (December 1984). "Identification and quantification of polychlorinated biphenyls in paper and paper board using fused silica capillary gas chromatography".
626:
Fukazawa h, H. K.; Hoshino, K.; Shiozawa, T.; Matsushita, H.; Terao, Y. (2001). "Identification and quantification of chlorinated bisphenol a in wastewater from wastepaper recycling plants".
864:
1146:
200:
In a 1997 study, the
University of Florida found that a poorly-ventilated office where large amounts of carbonless copy paper were used had significant levels of
50:
designed to transfer information written on the front onto sheets beneath. It was developed by chemists Lowell
Schleicher and Barry Green, as an alternative to
1913:
1136:
767:
Takemura; Ma, J.; Sayama, K.; Terao, Y.; Zhu, B.; Shimoi, K. (2005). "In vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A".
897:
308:
1121:
90:), the pressure causes the micro-capsules to break and release their dye. Since the capsules are so small, the resulting print is very accurate.
832:
542:
273:
93:
Carbonless copy paper was also available in a self-contained version that had both the ink and the clay on the same side of the paper.
2057:
1898:
1893:
855:
1908:
1903:
1070:
963:
842:
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434:
209:, connected chronic occupational exposure to paper dust and carbonless copy paper with an increased risk of adult-onset asthma.
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front and dye capsules on the back, can be used to create multiple copies; this may be referred to as multipart stationery.
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105:, applying for a patent on June 30, 1953. Formerly, the options were to write documents more than once or use
142:
1888:
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484:
138:
1802:
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720:"Bisphenol a data in NHANES suggest longer than expected half-life, substantial nonfood exposure, or both"
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130:
110:
304:
1590:
999:
635:
332:
482:
Graves CG, Matanoski GM, Tardiff RG (2000). "Carbonless copy paper and workplace safety: a review".
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79:
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When the sheets are written on with pressure (e.g., ball-point pen) or impact (e.g., typewriter,
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461:"Invitation of proposals concerning to PCB contaminated solid wastes treatment technologies"
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sheets are coated with clay on top and dye on the bottom (Coated Front and Back, CFB).
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463:. Hyogo Prefectural Environment Create Center Public Corporation. January 27, 2003
125:, which is widely used today. Other dyes and supporting chemicals used are PTSMH (
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520:"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Carbonless Copy Paper"
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582:(7). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: 1007–1011.
522:. United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
693:
394:
212:
The average carbonless copy paper contains a high concentration of
1751:
1670:
1665:
1371:
1221:
543:"Scientists Test Carbonless Copy Paper For Sickening Side Effects"
18:
1194:
879:
437:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
871:
Scientist Test
Carbonless Copy Paper for Sickening Side Effect
42:(No Carbon Required, taken from the initials of its creator,
875:
177:, and others. The dyes in carbonless copy papers may cause
74:
Carbonless copy paper consists of sheets of paper that are
57:
Carbonless copying provides an alternative to the use of
1190:
121:
The first dye used commercially in this application was
567:
Jaakkola, Maritta S.; Jouni J.K. Jaakkola (July 2007).
325:
865:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
435:"NPL Site Narrative for Fox River NRDA/PCB Releases"
389:. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 1: 61–62.
379:"Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Non-carbon Copy Paper"
1936:
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1324:
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274:"Carbonless Paper Pioneer Lowell Schleicher Dies"
101:Carbonless copy paper was first produced by the
372:
370:
569:"Office Work Exposures and Adult-Onset Asthma"
129:-toluene sulfinate of Michler's hydrol), TMA (
1206:
891:
8:
1321:
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1199:
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898:
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856:Patent: Pressure-sensitive record material
671:"Concerned About BPA: Check Your Receipts"
743:
718:Stahlhut; Welshons, W.; Swan, S. (2009).
595:
410:
313: Pressure responsive record materials
54:and is sometimes misidentified as such.
265:
7:
2012:
1172:
861:Hazard Review: Carbonless Copy Paper
673:. Society for Science and the Public
377:Kuratsune M, Masuda Y (April 1972).
804:"Co-workers' rare cancer a mystery"
802:Lee, Henry K. (December 14, 2001).
279:. Appletonideas.com. Archived from
14:
724:Environmental Health Perspectives
669:Raloff, Janet (October 7, 2009).
576:Environmental Health Perspectives
383:Environmental Health Perspectives
207:Environmental Health Perspectives
189:Until the 1970s, when the use of
185:Health and environmental concerns
113:for printers designed to use it.
2011:
2002:
2001:
1171:
1160:
1159:
692:Begley, Sharon (June 29, 2009).
155:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
133:), phenol-formaldehyde resins,
1:
1828:Environmental impact of paper
648:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00507-5
254:List of duplicating processes
16:Coated paper used for copying
61:. Carbonless copy paper has
808:The San Francisco Chronicle
2074:
1775:Surface chemistry of paper
1278:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ”-yi)
547:University of Florida News
202:volatile organic compounds
1997:
1228:
1155:
1020:Teradata Data Warehousing
781:10.1016/j.tox.2004.09.015
191:polychlorinated biphenyls
2058:NCR Corporation products
1307:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
159:polyoxypropylene diamine
143:formaldehyde isocyanates
1823:Elemental chlorine free
1780:Units of paper quantity
485:Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
139:diisopropylnaphthalenes
1803:Bleaching of wood pulp
1010:Netkey Digital Signage
838:Business Weeks Expose'
694:"When Studies Collide"
498:10.1006/rtph.2000.1408
181:in sensitive persons.
123:crystal violet lactone
44:National Cash Register
24:
1722:Corrugated fiberboard
1479:Electrical insulation
1332:Thomas Francis Carter
946:Carbonless Copy Paper
914:Products and services
541:Meisenheimer, Karen.
131:trimellitic anhydride
111:continuous stationery
36:non-carbon copy paper
28:Carbonless copy paper
23:Carbonless copy paper
22:
1000:Copient Technologies
2053:American inventions
736:10.1289/ehp.0800376
640:2001Chmsp..44..973F
337:1984BuECT..32...45D
218:endocrine disruptor
175:diethylene triamine
1142:Wright Bros. House
345:10.1007/BF01607463
179:contact dermatitis
117:Dyes and chemicals
88:dot-matrix printer
80:micro-encapsulated
63:micro-encapsulated
25:
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1342:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
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1233:Paper engineering
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250:AKA Ditto machine
248:Spirit duplicator
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2048:Chemical hazards
2015:
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2005:
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1989:Beverage cartons
1979:Watercolor paper
1838:Hollander beater
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775:(2): 215–221.
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615:on 2009-01-20.
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1015:Symbios Logic
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492:(1): 99–117.
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441:on 2015-02-14
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286:on 2013-11-12
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41:
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33:
29:
21:
2038:Coated paper
1954:Papier-mâché
1949:Paper towels
1868:Soda pulping
1785:Wet strength
1586:Photographic
1459:Cotton (rag)
1446:
1432:Construction
1177:
1164:
1117:Country Club
945:
813:November 29,
811:. Retrieved
807:
797:
772:
768:
762:
727:
723:
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701:. Retrieved
697:
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664:
631:
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610:the original
579:
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550:. Retrieved
546:
536:
524:. Retrieved
514:
489:
483:
477:
467:February 20,
465:. Retrieved
455:
443:. Retrieved
439:the original
429:
386:
382:
331:(1): 45–52.
328:
324:
318:
299:
288:. Retrieved
281:the original
268:
243:Carbon paper
226:
222:
211:
206:
199:
195:
188:
165:, aliphatic
163:epoxy resins
126:
120:
107:carbon paper
100:
92:
85:
73:
56:
52:carbon paper
48:coated paper
39:
35:
31:
27:
26:
1984:Paper money
1944:Lined paper
1863:Papermaking
1796:and process
1794:Manufacture
1770:Paper sizes
1499:Greaseproof
1484:GenkĹŤ yĹŤshi
1337:Dard Hunter
1269:Originators
1237:Papermaking
1076:James Ritty
1056:Lars Nyberg
995:4Front UNIX
951:Century 100
863:, from the
628:Chemosphere
526:October 13,
238:Carbon copy
214:bisphenol A
171:bisphenol A
167:isocyanates
147:hydrocarbon
2032:Categories
1921:Paper mill
1848:Organosolv
1727:Fiber crop
1717:China clay
1676:Waterproof
1576:Paperboard
1454:Correction
1447:Carbonless
1295:Developers
1137:Slidertown
1102:Book Award
1081:Tom Watson
1061:Bob Oelman
826:References
769:Toxicology
703:October 9,
677:October 7,
552:3 November
305:US 2730457
290:2013-11-12
216:(BPA), an
1974:Notebooks
1959:Cardboard
1742:Wood pulp
1710:Materials
1686:Wood-free
1661:Wallpaper
1656:Tree-free
1596:Red rosin
1581:Parchment
1566:Onionskin
1561:Newsprint
1422:Cartridge
1417:Cardstock
1412:Cardboard
1362:Acid-free
1122:Institute
1046:Joe Desch
988:Divisions
907:NCR Voyix
70:Operation
40:NCR paper
2007:Category
1964:Clothing
1882:Industry
1818:Deinking
1808:Calender
1765:Grammage
1651:Transfer
1616:Security
1489:Glassine
1392:Blotting
1367:Air-laid
1325:Scholars
1166:Category
1107:Building
1041:Ed Deeds
789:15596252
754:19479022
698:Newsweek
656:11513431
606:17637914
506:11029273
445:June 24,
421:17539088
361:23290658
232:See also
151:solvents
137:, DIPN (
135:azo dyes
2017:Commons
1969:Tissues
1760:Density
1737:Papyrus
1696:Writing
1646:Tracing
1636:Thermal
1611:Scritta
1606:Rolling
1571:Origami
1534:Butcher
1469:Display
1437:Contact
1402:Bristol
1377:Asphalt
1282:Damjing
1276:Cai Lun
1247:History
1179:Commons
1097:Babbitt
979:WaveLAN
969:Voyager
745:2685842
636:Bibcode
597:1913573
412:1474878
403:3428153
353:6421348
333:Bibcode
149:-based
1899:Europe
1894:Canada
1641:Tissue
1551:Manila
1524:Korean
1519:Ingres
1514:Inkjet
1427:Coated
1407:Carbon
1382:Banana
1176:
1029:People
787:
752:
742:
654:
604:
594:
504:
419:
409:
401:
359:
351:
310:
76:coated
2043:Paper
1909:Japan
1904:India
1671:Wasli
1666:Washi
1626:Stone
1556:Mummy
1546:Lokta
1529:Kraft
1509:India
1494:Graph
1464:CrĂŞpe
1387:Bible
1372:Amate
1355:Types
1222:Paper
1090:Other
941:53C9x
613:(PDF)
572:(PDF)
399:JSTOR
357:S2CID
284:(PDF)
277:(PDF)
260:Notes
78:with
38:, or
1937:Uses
1926:List
1701:Xuan
1691:Wove
1621:Seed
1601:Rice
1541:Laid
1504:Hemp
1442:Copy
1397:Bond
1132:Slab
956:CRAM
936:5380
815:2009
785:PMID
750:PMID
705:2009
679:2009
652:PMID
602:PMID
554:2015
528:2007
502:PMID
469:2008
447:2009
417:PMID
349:PMID
97:Uses
1681:Wax
1631:Tar
974:VRX
964:TMX
960:SLU
931:340
926:315
921:304
777:doi
773:207
740:PMC
732:doi
728:117
644:doi
592:PMC
584:doi
580:115
494:doi
407:PMC
391:doi
341:doi
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