Silky shark - Knowledge (XXG)

1550:, almost every tuna school has silky sharks trailing behind, and in the eastern Pacific, these sharks inflict such damage to tuna fishing gear and catches that fishery workers have given them the moniker "net-eating sharks". Silky sharks and bottlenose dolphins compete when both species target the same school of fish; the amount eaten by the dolphins decreases relative to the number of sharks present. If a large number of sharks is present, they tend to remain inside the prey school, while the dolphins consign themselves to the periphery, possibly to avoid incidental injury from the sharks' slashing attacks. Conversely, if a large enough group of dolphins gathers, they become able to chase the sharks away from the prey school. Regardless of which one dominates, the two predators do not engage in any overtly aggressive behavior against each other. 1299:. Each dermal denticle is diamond-shaped and bears horizontal ridges leading to posterior marginal teeth, which increase in number as the shark grows. The back is metallic golden-brown to dark gray and the belly is snowy white, which extends onto the flank as a faint lighter stripe. The fins (except for the first dorsal) darken at the tips; this is more obvious in young sharks. The coloration quickly fades to a dull gray after death. One of the largest members of its genus, the silky shark commonly reaches a length of 2.5 m (8.2 ft), with a maximum recorded length and weight of 3.5 m (11 ft) and 346 kg (763 lb), respectively. Females grow larger than males. 249: 1171:

in the Alboran Sea, subsequently in Algerian waters, the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia) and more recently in the Ligurian Sea. It occurs throughout the Indian Ocean, as far south as Mozambique in the west and Western Australia in the east, including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. In the Pacific Ocean, the northern extent of its range runs from southern China and Japan to southern Baja California and the Gulf of California, while the southern extent runs from Sydney, Australia, to northern New Zealand to northern Chile. Based on life history differences, four distinct populations of silky sharks have been identified in

1252: 1750: 1531:), irregular pulses. Experiments in which these sounds were played underwater attracted sharks from hundreds of meters away. Silky sharks likely orient to these sounds because they are similar to the noise generated by feeding animals such as birds or dolphins, thus indicating promising sources of food. These studies have also demonstrated that a silky shark attracted by one sound will quickly withdraw if that sound abruptly changes in amplitude or character; this change need not be a sound produced by a predator to evoke the reaction. Over repeated exposures, silky sharks 42: 1241: 1228: 1220: 1182:, the silky shark is most common from the surface to a depth of 200 m (660 ft), but may dive to 500 m (1,600 ft) or more. Tracking studies in the tropical eastern Pacific and northern Gulf of Mexico have found that cruising silky sharks spend 99% of their time within 50 m (160 ft) of the surface, and 80–85% of their time in water with a temperature of 26–30 °C (79–86 °F); the pattern was constant regardless of day or night. This species favors the edges of 1559: 1159: 1428: 103: 1268:(protective third eyelids). Short, shallow furrows are present at the corners of the mouth. 14-16 and 13–17 tooth rows are found on either side of the upper and lower jaws, respectively (typically 15 for both). The upper teeth are triangular and strongly serrated, with a notch in the posterior edge; they are erect at the center and become more oblique towards the sides. The lower teeth are narrow, erect, and smooth-edged. The five pairs of 573: 1828:

without effect on the total population. Fishery data on this shark are often confounded by under-reporting, lack of species-level separation, and problematic identification. Nevertheless, mounting evidence indicates the silky shark has, in fact, declined substantially worldwide, a consequence of its modest reproductive rate which is unable to sustain such high levels of exploitation. The total annual catch reported to the

1323:, though it will defer to the slower but more powerful oceanic whitetip shark in competitive situations. When approaching something of interest, it may seem inattentive, sedately circling and sometimes swinging its head from side to side. However, it can respond with startling swiftness to any shift in its immediate surroundings. This shark is often found around floating objects such as logs or tethered naval buoys. 61: 1195:, though the details of their movements are little-known. Tagging data have recorded individual sharks moving up to 60 km (37 mi) per day, and covering distances up to 1,339 km (832 mi). Larger sharks generally move longer distances than smaller ones. In the Pacific Ocean and possibly elsewhere, it spends the summer at slightly higher latitudes, particularly during warmer 1319:, and counts among the most numerous large oceanic animals in the world with a population of at least tens of millions. Compared to the other two species, it is less strictly pelagic with the greatest numbers found in offshore waters associated with land, where food is more readily obtained than farther out in the truly open ocean. The silky shark is an active, inquisitive, and aggressive 1327:

to "tilt", presenting their full lateral profile towards each other, as well as gape their jaws or puff out their gills. On occasion, sharks have also been seen suddenly charging straight up, veering away just before reaching the surface and gliding back down to deeper water. The significance of these behaviors is unknown. When confronted, the silky shark may perform a

1288:, with a drawn-out free rear tip up to three times as long as the fin is tall. A narrow dorsal ridge runs between the dorsal fins. The pectoral fins are narrow and sickle-shaped, and particularly long in adults. The anal fin originates slightly ahead of the second dorsal fin and has a deep notch in the posterior margin. The 1832:

fell steadily from 11,680 tons in 2000 to 4,358 tons in 2004. Regional assessments have found similar trends, estimating declines of some 90% in the central Pacific from the 1950s to the 1990s, 60% off Costa Rica from 1991 to 2000, 91% in the Gulf of Mexico from the 1950s to the

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The overall growth rate of the silky shark is moderate compared to other shark species and similar for both sexes, though it varies significantly between individuals. One central Pacific study has found females growing much slower than males, but the results may have been skewed by missing data from

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of 12 months, either every year or every other year. The litter size ranges from one to 16 and increases with female size, with six to 12 being typical. The pups are born in reef nursery areas on the outer continental shelf, where ample food supplies and protection from large pelagic

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Younger silky sharks are known to form large, loosely organized aggregations, possibly for mutual defense. During migrations, over a thousand individuals may gather. These groups are generally segregated by size, and in the Pacific perhaps also by sex. Silky sharks within a group have been observed

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are distinctive and help to distinguish the silky shark from similar species. The first dorsal fin is relatively small, measuring less than a tenth as high as the shark is long, and originates behind the free rear tips of the pectoral fins. It has a rounded apex, an S-shaped rear margin, and a free

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in marine waters warmer than 23 °C (73 °F). In the Atlantic Ocean, it is found from Massachusetts (USA) to Spain in the north, and from southern Brazil to northern Angola in the south, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. In the Mediterranean Sea, it has been recorded first

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As one of the most abundant and widely distributed sharks on Earth, the silky shark was once thought to be mostly immune to depletion despite heavy fishing mortality. In 1989 alone, some 900,000 individuals were taken as bycatch in the southern and central Pacific tuna longline fishery, seemingly

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The life history characteristics of the silky shark differ across its range (see table). Northwestern Atlantic sharks tend to be larger than those in the western-central Pacific at all ages, while eastern Pacific sharks tend to be smaller than sharks in other regions. Eastern Atlantic and Indian

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Given its formidable size and dentition, the silky shark is regarded as potentially dangerous to humans. However, it only rarely comes into contact with people due to its oceanic habits. Its natural curiosity and boldness may lead it to repeatedly and closely approach divers, and it can become

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in tuna fisheries. Although slow-reproducing like most other sharks, the wide distribution and large population of the silky shark was once thought to buffer the species against fishing pressures. However, data suggest that silky shark numbers are declining around the world, which prompted the

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have also taken steps to improve fishery monitoring, with the ultimate goal of reducing shark bycatch. However, given the highly migratory nature of the silky shark and its association with tuna, no simple way is known to reduce bycatch without also affecting the economics of the fishery.

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collapse. However, Japanese fisheries in the Pacific and Indian Oceans have recorded no change in catch rate between the 1970s and the 1990s, and the validity of the methodologies used to assess declines in the Gulf of Mexico and the northwestern Atlantic have come under much debate.

524:, where it follows a seasonal cycle. Females give birth to litters of up to 16 pups annually or biennially. The newborn sharks spend their first months in relatively sheltered reef nurseries on the outer continental shelf, growing substantially before moving into the open ocean. 1758:

dangerously excited in the presence of food. The silky shark tends to be more aggressive if encountered on a reef than in open water. Cases of individual sharks persistently harassing divers and even forcing them out of the water have been reported. As of May 2009, the

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for fast growth in young sharks, which add 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) to their length within their first year of life. After a few months (or by the first winter in the Gulf of Mexico), the now-subadult sharks migrate out from the nursery into the open ocean.

1857:, though this has yet to result in any management schemes. The species should benefit from bans on shark finning, which are being increasingly implemented by nations and supranational entities, including the United States, Australia, and the 1609:

and birthing in the Gulf of Mexico take place in late spring or early summer (May to August). However, in some cases, the presence of reproductive seasonality may have been obscured by biases in data collection. Females give birth after a

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down to 50 m (164 ft). The silky shark has a slender, streamlined body and typically grows to a length of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). It can be distinguished from other large requiem sharks by its relatively small first

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and around islands. Its range extends farther north and south along continental margins than in oceanic waters. On occasion, it may venture into coastal waters as shallow as 18 m (59 ft). Silky sharks are highly mobile and

1331:, in which it arches its back, drops its tail and pectoral fins, and elevates its head. The shark then proceeds to swim in tight loops with a stiff, jerky motion, often turning broadside towards the perceived threat. 1837:) in the northwestern Atlantic from 1986 to 2005. The silky shark fishery off Sri Lanka reported a drop from a peak catch of 25,400 tons in 1994 to only 1,960 tons in 2006, indicative of a local 4645: 1515:

on whale carcasses. Good feeding opportunities can draw silky sharks in large numbers; one such feeding aggregation in the Pacific has been documented "herding" a school of small fishes into a compact mass (a

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at sea and the rest of the body discarded. Fins from an estimated one-half to one and a half million silky sharks are traded globally per year; it is the second- or third-most common species auctioned on the

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multispecies shark fisheries operating off Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, the United States, Ecuador, Spain, Portugal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Yemen, and Côte d'Ivoire. Even greater numbers are

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Watson, J. T.; Essington, T. E.; Lennert-Cody, C. E. & Hall, M. A. (2009). "Trade-Offs in the Design of Fishery Closures: Management of Silky Shark Bycatch in the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fishery".

1862: 504:, a favored prey. Its sense of hearing is extremely acute, allowing it to localize the low-frequency noises generated by other feeding animals, and, by extension, sources of food. The silky shark is 1520:) and trapping it against the surface, whereupon the sharks consumed the entire school. When attacking tightly packed fish, silky sharks charge through the ball and slash open-mouthed, catching the 1264:

Slim and streamlined, the silky shark has a fairly long, rounded snout with barely developed flaps of skin in front of the nostrils. The circular, medium-sized eyes are equipped with

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Myrberg, A. A. (Jr.); Ha, S. J.; Walewski, S. & Banbury, J. C. (October 1972). "Effectiveness of Acoustic Signals in Attracting Epipelagic Sharks to an Underwater Sound Source".

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large females. The highest reported growth rates are from sharks in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and the lowest from sharks off northeastern Taiwan. Males and females reach

1790:. It is the most common shark caught as bycatch in the eastern Pacific and Gulf of Mexico tuna fisheries, and the second-most common shark caught as bycatch (next to the 2048: 1078:

sequence data, found that the silky shark is part of a group containing large sharks with a ridge between the dorsal fins. One branch within this group contains the

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at ages of 6–10 years and 7–12+ years, respectively. Sharks from more temperate waters may grow slower and mature later than those in warmer regions. The

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Ocean sharks seem to match or exceed the size of northwestern Atlantic sharks, but the figures are based on relatively few individuals and more data are needed.

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connection through which the mother delivers nourishment. Relative to other viviparous sharks, the placenta of the silky shark is less similar to the analogous

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Wilson, 1932 (Siphonostomatoida: Kroyeriidae), copepods parasitic on chondrichthyans, with descriptions of four new species and the erection of a new genus,

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Studies conducted off the Florida coast and the Bahamas have shown that silky sharks are highly sensitive to sound, in particular low-frequency (10–20

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Stevens, J. D. & McLouhlin, K. J. (1991). "Distribution, size and sex composition, reproductive biology and diet of sharks from northern Australia".

3724: 4935: 4905: 4875: 2333: 4910: 4684: 3774: 678:), grey whaler shark, olive shark, reef shark, ridgeback shark, sickle shark, sickle silk shark, sickle-shaped shark, silk shark, and silky whaler. 4915: 4723: 2234:"The phylogenetic relationships among requiem and hammerhead sharks: inferring phylogeny when thousands of equally most parsimonious trees result" 1866: 4930: 4900: 1815:

may also be used, as well as the jaws: this species is the predominant source of dried shark jaw curios sold to tourists in the tropics. Some

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Burgess, G. H.; et al. (October 2005). "Is the collapse of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico real?".

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The large size and cutting teeth of the silky shark make it potentially dangerous, and it has behaved aggressively towards divers. However,

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Whittaker, F. H.; Apkarian, R. P.; Curless, B. & Carvajal, G. J. (1985). "Scanning electron microscopy of the scolices of the cestodes

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Cadenat, J. & Blache, J. (1981). "Requins de Méditerranée et d'Atlantique (plus particulièrement de la côte occidentale d'Afrique)".

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Hoffmayer, E. R., Franks, J. S., Driggers, W. B. (III) and Grace, M. A. (March 26, 2009). "Movements and Habitat Preferences of Dusky (

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With prey often scarce in its oceanic environment, the silky shark is a swift, inquisitive, and persistent hunter. It feeds mainly on

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to the sound change and stop withdrawing, though it takes them much longer to do so compared to the bolder oceanic whitetip shark.

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are much smaller than maternal blood cells, which is opposite the pattern seen in mammals. Adult females have a single functional

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Kohin, S.; Arauz, R.; Holts D. & Vetter, R. (2006). "Preliminary Results: Behavior and habitat preferences of silky sharks (

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Cicimurri, D. J. & Knight, J. L. (2009). "Two Shark-bitten Whale Skeletons from Coastal Plain Deposits of South Carolina".

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worldwide: in the northwestern Atlantic, in the western and central Pacific, in the eastern Pacific, and in the Indian Ocean.

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The Conservation Status of Pelagic Sharks and Rays: Report of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop

2427: 4728: 2233: 3767: 585: 238: 4571: 102: 4619: 4593: 2592: 2515:) Sharks in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Preliminary Results". 2009 MTI Bird and Fish Tracking Conference Proceedings. 1524:

at the corners of their jaws. Although multiple individuals may feed at once, each launches its attack independently.

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Joung, S. J.; Chen, C. T.; Lee H. H. & Liu, K. M. (April 2008). "Age, growth, and reproduction of silky sharks,

2959:"A review of shark agonistic displays: comparison of display features and implications for shark-human interactions" 2529:

Bonfil, R., Mena R. and de Anda, D. (September 1993). Biological parameters of commercially exploited silky sharks,

4767: 4611: 4446: 4007: 3668:"Reply to 'Robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico'" 4885: 4437: 4410: 4124: 2547: 1167: 810: 625: 1590:

structure in that no interdigitation exists between the tissues of the fetus and mother. Furthermore, the fetal

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analysis, which included the silky, blue, and bignose sharks, confirmed the closeness of those three species.

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with a curving rear margin, its tiny second dorsal fin with a long free rear tip, and its long, sickle-shaped

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is Latin for "sickle-shaped", which refers to the outline of the dorsal and pectoral fins. The silky shark's

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Stevens, J. D. (1984). "Biological observations on sharks caught by sport fishermen off New South Wales".

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Initial efforts to resolve the evolutionary relationships of the silky shark were inconclusive; based on

4880: 4811: 4624: 4344: 4272: 4215: 3642:"Robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico" 3228:) measured under field conditions". Naval Undersea Research and Development Center, San Diego. pp. 1–12. 827: 729: 662:

comes from the fine texture of its skin compared to other sharks, a product of its tiny, densely packed

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Gilbert, P. W. & Schlernitzauer, D. A. (September 7, 1966). "The Placenta and Gravid Uterus of

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Distinctive features of the silky shark include its small first dorsal fin and large pectoral fins.

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in many countries. Furthermore, their association with tuna results in many sharks being taken as

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Müller and Henle's illustration of a silky shark, accompanying their original species description

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rear tip about half as long as the fin is tall. The second dorsal fin is tiny, smaller than the

4816: 4715: 3561: 4798: 4632: 3989: 3827: 3590: 3542: 3205: 3046:(Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae), ectoparasites of elasmobranchs from Okinawan coastal waters" 2889: 2883: 2838: 2781: 2701: 2674: 2638: 2451: 2406: 2266: 2089: 2029: 2025: 1616: 1183: 1095: 473: 174: 3568:. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida. Retrieved on September 12, 2009. 3199: 2695: 2668: 4839: 4803: 4239: 4230: 4206: 3953: 3682: 3619: 3509: 3471: 3433: 3406: 3360: 3343:

Stevens, J. D. (1984). "Life-history and ecology of sharks at Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean".

3292: 3259: 3169: 3126: 3095: 3060: 3010: 2978: 2931: 2739: 2630: 2493:) tagged in the Eastern Tropical Pacific". In Rojas M.; R. Zanella & I. Zanella (eds.). 2443: 2362: 2304: 2256: 2248: 2146: 2017: 1918: 1779: 1762:

lists six attacks attributable to the silky shark, three of them unprovoked and none fatal.

1738: 1611: 1587: 1020: 629: 458: 4741: 3589:. Newbury: IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group. pp. 24–25, 55–56. 3240:"Interactions between marine predators: dolphin food intake is related to number of sharks" 2349:

Carnevale, G.; Marsili, S.; Caputo, D. & Egisti, L. (December 2006). "The Silky Shark,

4650: 4479: 4320: 4311: 4115: 4097: 4088: 3998: 3980: 3883: 3856: 3847: 3728: 3573: 2780:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. pp. 288–290. 2548:"NMFS Cooperative Shark Tagging Program 1962–63: An atlas of shark tag and recapture data" 2086:

Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date

1812: 1770: 1734: 1400: 1392: 1296: 1204: 1115: 1028: 1012: 861: 673: 667: 663: 572: 548: 540: 2188:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on August 12, 2009. 580:

A scientific description of the silky shark was first published by the German biologists

464:, named for the smooth texture of its skin. It is one of the most abundant sharks in the 3356: 3255: 3037: 2974: 1431:

Tuna are a favored prey of the silky shark, which is often found trailing their schools.

1419:, which snatch scraps of food and rub against the shark's skin to scrape off parasites. 17: 4392: 4263: 4043: 4025: 3874: 3815: 3809: 3784: 2914:

Branstetter, S. (July 1987). "Age, growth and reproductive biology of the silky shark,

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Primer Seminario-Taller del Estado del Conocimiento de la Condrictiofauna de Costa Rica

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A silky shark caught by a sport angler – this shark is heavily fished in many regions.

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before launching open-mouthed, slashing attacks. This species often trails schools of

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Camhi, M. D.; Valenti, S. V.; Fordham, S. V.; Fowler, S. L. & Gibson, C. (2009).

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Silky sharks in most parts of the world are thought to reproduce year-round, whereas

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are rare, as few humans enter its oceanic habitat. Silky sharks are valued for their

461: 454: 184: 70: 3523: 3380: 3022: 2943: 2650: 2593:"Distribution, abundance, and habits of pelagic sharks in the central Pacific Ocean" 2316: 2278: 2018: 4188: 3971: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3838: 3138: 2834: 2827: 2110: 1440: 1427: 1335: 1308: 1280: 1208: 1071: 1052: 1008: 929: 633: 528: 482: 465: 194: 4637: 3475: 3117:

Pintner (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), parasitic in elasmobranch and teleost fishes".

980:, an earlier representative of its lineage with smooth-edged teeth, is known from 4829: 3001:

Myrberg, A. A. (Jr.) (February 2001). "The Acoustical Biology of Elasmobranchs".

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Evans, W. R. and P. W. Gilbert. (1971). "The force of bites by the Silky Shark (

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A juvenile silky shark – this species gives birth to live, fully formed young.

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connection to their mother. Significant geographical variation is seen in its

505: 493: 478: 4663: 4556: 3715: 4470: 4335: 4254: 1804: 1546:). A well-established association exists between this species and tuna: off 1521: 1517: 1512: 1436: 1269: 981: 489: 114: 3364: 2642: 2455: 2270: 1945: 1602:, which are divided lengthwise into separate compartments for each embryo. 915:

Phylogenetic relationships of the silky shark, based on allozyme sequences

468:, and can be found around the world in tropical waters. Highly mobile and 256:

Confirmed (dark blue) and suspected (light blue) range of the silky shark

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Garrick, J. A. F.; Backus, R. H. & Gibbs, R. H. Jr (June 30, 1964). "

1853:. The silky shark is listed on Annex I, Highly Migratory Species, of the 1583: 1579: 1488: 1472: 1448: 1357: 1320: 1285: 1075: 1024: 985: 937: 513: 134: 1158: 4689: 3304: 3264: 3239: 3181: 3130: 2935: 2872:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on September 12, 2009. 2751: 2533:, from the Campeche Bank, Mexico. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 115:73–86. 2474:

https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Carcharhinus_falciformis.pdf

2158: 1775: 1476: 1460: 1452: 1380: 1350: 996:(56–34 Mya) teeth resembling those of this species are known from 969: 961: 957: 944:

12,000 years ago) and the other in Goose Creek Limestone dating to the

552: 543:, and jaws. Because of their abundance, they form a major component of 450: 4676: 3437: 3410: 2562: 2353:(Bibron, 1841), in the Pliocene of Cava Serredi (Fine Basin, Italy)". 2339:. The Life and Times of Long Dead Sharks. Retrieved on April 18, 2010. 4702: 4606: 3797: 3709: 3372: 2726:

Bane, G. W. (Jr.) (June 21, 1966). "Observations on the Silky shark,

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Rigby, C.L.; Sherman, C.S.; Chin, A. & Simpfendorfer, C. (2017).

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Sharks of Florida, the Bahamas, the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico

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Beveridge, I. & Campbell, R. A. (February 1993). "A revision of

3099: 2743: 2150: 1415:), which "ride" the pressure wave ahead of the shark, as well as by 2777:

Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes

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The bite force of a 2-m-long silky shark has been measured at 890

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Potential predators of the silky shark include larger sharks and

960:(23–5.3 Mya). Fossil teeth have also been found in Pliocene 4790: 2012:

Bonfil, R. (2008). "The Biology and Ecology of the Silky Shark,

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The silky shark is an opportunistic predator, feeding mainly on

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Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes

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International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas

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Sharks of the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation

2016:". In Camhi, M.; Pikitch, E. K. & Babcock, E. A. (eds.). 1807:

fin market, which represents over half the global trade. The

596:. Subsequent authors have assigned this species to the genus 3078:

Deets, G. B. (1987). "Phylogenetic analysis and revision of

2472:). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco. 485:. It is a deep, metallic bronze-gray above and white below. 2355:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

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fisheries throughout its range, particularly those using

984:(34–23 Mya) deposits in the Old Church formation of 612:, adult silky sharks were historically not recognized as 3733:

Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department

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10.1577/1548-8446(2005)30[19:ITCOSP]2.0.CO;2

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10.1577/1548-8446(2005)30[19:ITCOSP]2.0.CO;2

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Kohler, N. E.; Casey, J. G. & Turner, P. A. (1998).

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describes 25 silky sharks following a large pod of

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sp. Silky sharks frequently intermingle with schools of

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years. In the northern Atlantic, most sharks follow the

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to an informal "transitional group" also containing the

2290: 2288: 2088:. Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 470–472. 1407:). Silky sharks are themselves accompanied by juvenile 1162:

The silky shark is typically encountered in open water.

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Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen (volume 2)

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teeth belonging to the silky shark have been found in

520:

details. Reproduction occurs year-round except in the

472:, this shark is most often found over the edge of the 1566:

Like other members of its family, the silky shark is

3426:

Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

3399:

Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

4540: 4501: 4468: 4390: 4366: 4333: 4309: 4285: 4252: 4228: 4168: 4144: 3836: 3193: 3191: 1794:) overall. The fins are valued as an ingredient in 1295:The skin is densely covered by minute, overlapping 3492:Oshitani, S.; Nakano, S. & Tanaka, S. (2003). 2826: 952:3.5 million years ago – Mya), as well as from the 496:, and has been known to drive them into compacted 3487: 3485: 2468:Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea ( 1845:As of 2017, the silky shark is classified by the 1292:is fairly high with a well-developed lower lobe. 2801: 2799: 2797: 2428:"The phylogenetic relationship within the genus 2405:. Princeton University Press. pp. 319–320. 2391:". NOAA Technical Report, NMFS Circ. 445: 1–194. 1307:The silky shark is one of the three most common 3747:Species Description of Carcharhinus falciformis 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2615: 2613: 2541: 2539: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2387:Garrick, J. A .F. (1982). "Sharks of the genus 2124: 2122: 1924:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T39370A117721799.en 1855:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1211:, it is most common in late spring and summer. 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 2963:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 2909: 2907: 2905: 2700:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 30–31. 1847:International Union for Conservation of Nature 3768: 3562:ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark 2667:McEachran, J.D. & Fechhelm, J.D. (1998). 1342:). Known parasites of this shark include the 8: 3666:Burgess, G. H.; et al. (October 2005). 3345:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 2586: 2584: 2582: 1811:(sold fresh or dried and salted), skin, and 1765:Large numbers of silky sharks are caught by 3640:; Kehler, R. A. & Myers, R. A. (2005). 3392: 3390: 2694:Randall, J. E. & Hoover, J. P. (1995). 1624:Life history parameters of the silky shark 594:Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen 4528: 3775: 3761: 3753: 3338: 3336: 2996: 2994: 2328: 2326: 2196: 2194: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 1622: 1098:member of the other branch and the sister 616:and were described as a separate species, 247: 59: 40: 31: 3513: 3263: 3036:Ota, Y. & Euichi, H. (May 22, 2009). 2982: 2922:, from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico". 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2673:. University of Texas Press. p. 77. 2260: 2227: 2225: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2109:Müller, J. & Henle, F. G. J. (1839). 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1922: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1615:sharks occur. The risk of predation has 421:), also known by numerous names such as 386:Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer, 1943 2721: 2719: 2717: 1878: 1867:Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1598:(on the right side) and two functional 4896:Near threatened fauna of North America 3204:. Trident Press. pp. 24, 34, 49. 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 2882:Villegas, B. & L. Sesana (2007). 2403:Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes 1708:2.00–2.18 m (6.56–7.15 ft) 672:), grey reef shark (usually used for 7: 4778:302e9db1-37e0-40a9-9b72-33f4ce089827 3160:sp. Beneden 1849 (Tetraphyllidea)". 1019:) as its closest relative. In 1988, 3742:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research 3494:"Age and growth of the silky shark 2888:. Villegas Asociados. p. 335. 2774:Fowler, S. L.; et al. (2005). 1910:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1722:1.80–1.82 m (5.9–6.0 ft) 1694:2.02–2.20 m (6.6–7.2 ft) 1680:2.16–2.60 m (7.1–8.5 ft) 1666:2.38–2.50 m (7.8–8.2 ft) 1652:2.32–2.46 m (7.6–8.1 ft) 1511:, and fossil evidence indicates it 1070:More recently, Gavin Naylor's 1992 802: 778: 754: 704: 697: 690: 2253:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1992.tb00073.x 1719:1.80–1.82 m (5.9–6.0 ft) 1691:2.10–2.14 m (6.9–7.0 ft) 1677:2.39–2.40 m (7.8–7.9 ft) 1649:2.15–2.25 m (7.1–7.4 ft) 590:Carcharias (Prionodon) falciformis 25: 1830:Food and Agriculture Organization 1375:), and have been known to follow 4936:Extant Miocene first appearances 4906:Near threatened biota of Oceania 4876:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 3722:Biological Profiles: Silky Shark 3515:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00645.x 3462:in northeastern Taiwan waters". 3156:Kruse 1959 (Trypanorhyncha) and 3154:Parachristianella monomegacantha 2918:, and the scalloped hammerhead, 2635:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01121.x 2489:) and a big eye thresher shark ( 2186:Biological Profiles: Silky Shark 2133:, the Silky Shark, a Synonym of 1250: 1239: 1094:), while the silky shark is the 101: 4911:Near threatened biota of Mexico 3566:International Shark Attack File 3003:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2924:Environmental Biology of Fishes 1760:International Shark Attack File 1184:continental and insular shelves 1178:Primarily an inhabitant of the 535:, and to a lesser extent their 370:Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1899 4916:Fish of the Dominican Republic 3244:Marine Ecology Progress Series 3238:Acevedo-Gutiérrez, A. (2002). 2024:. Blackwell Science. pp. 1833:1990s, and 85% (for all large 988:, and the Ashley formation of 508:, meaning that the developing 1: 4931:Miocene fish of North America 4901:Near threatened biota of Asia 3541:. Trident Press. p. 72. 3537:Stafford-Deitsch, J. (2000). 3476:10.1016/j.fishres.2007.09.025 3198:Stafford-Deitsch, J. (1999). 1798:, with captured sharks often 1702:65–81 cm (26–32 in) 1674:56–87 cm (22–34 in) 1646:68–84 cm (27–33 in) 1146:). Mine Dosay-Abkulut's 2008 992:. A set of poorly described, 600:. Because Müller and Henle's 402:Deng, Xiong & Zhan, 1981 4447:Australian sharpnose shark ( 4008:Smoothtooth blacktip shark ( 2957:Martin, R. A. (March 2007). 2204:& Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2115:. Veit und Comp. p. 47. 1861:. Organizations such as the 4438:Caribbean sharpnose shark ( 4411:Brazilian sharpnose shark ( 4125:Australian blacktip shark ( 3749:at www.shark-references.com 3088:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2401:Compagno, L. J. V. (1988). 2084:Compagno, L. J. V. (1984). 1741:is at least 22 years. 1361:Dasyrhynchus variouncinatus 932:, one in mud dating to the 928:: from the vicinity of two 4957: 4921:Vulnerable biota of Africa 4456:Atlantic sharpnose shark ( 2808:Bulletin of Marine Science 2730:, in the Gulf of Guinea". 2448:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.04.001 2426:Dosay-Akbulut, M. (2008). 2367:10.1127/njgpa/242/2006/357 2053:(Müller & Henle, 1839) 1638:Female length at maturity 330:(Müller & Henle, 1839) 322:(Müller & Henle, 1839) 314:(Müller & Henle, 1839) 282:(Müller & Henle, 1839) 4489:Pacific spadenose shark ( 4420:Pacific sharpnose shark ( 3938:Pacific smalltail shark ( 3792: 3065:10.11646/zootaxa.2114.1.2 2984:10.1080/10236240601154872 2833:. Voyager Press. p. 2591:Strasburg, D. W. (1958). 2561:(2): 1–87. Archived from 2232:Naylor, G. J. P. (1992). 1705:1.86 m (6.1 ft) 1663:2.20 m (7.2 ft) 1391:sp.), along with 25 1168:cosmopolitan distribution 858: 841: 824: 811:Carcharhinus galapagensis 807: 800: 783: 776: 759: 752: 726: 709: 702: 695: 549:artisanal shark fisheries 375:Aprionodon sitankaiensis 279:Carcharhinus falciformes 267: 260: 255: 246: 223: 216: 98:Scientific classification 96: 79: 57: 48: 39: 34: 4651:carcharhinus-falciformis 4612:carcharhinus-falciformis 4599:Carcharhinus_falciformis 4586:Carcharhinus_falciformis 4572:Carcharhinus falciformis 4542:Carcharhinus falciformis 4035:Oceanic whitetip shark ( 3704:Carcharhinus falciformis 3572:August 31, 2012, at the 3496:Carcharhinus falciformis 3460:Carcharhinus falciformis 3281:Carcharhinus falciformis 3226:Carcharhinus falciformis 2916:Carcharhinus falciformis 2728:Carcharhinus falciformis 2531:Carcharhinus falciformis 2513:Carcharhinus falciformis 2497:. INBIO. pp. 17–19. 2487:Carcharhinus falciformis 2470:Carcharhinus falciformis 2436:Comptes Rendus Biologies 2351:Carcharhinus falciformis 2332:Bourdon, J. (May 2009). 2208:Carcharhinus falciformis 2051:Carcharhinus falciformis 2014:Carcharhinus falciformis 1903:Carcharhinus falciformis 1788:fish aggregating devices 1272:are moderate in length. 1154:Distribution and habitat 763:Carcharhinus falciformis 604:was a 53-cm-long female 418:Carcharhinus falciformis 399:Carcharhinus atrodorsus 383:Carcharhinus floridanus 346:Müller & Henle, 1839 338:Müller & Henle, 1839 327:Carcharhinus menisorrah 311:Carcharhinus menisorrah 306:Müller & Henle, 1839 274:Müller & Henle, 1839 227:Carcharhinus falciformis 18:Carcharhinus falciformis 4891:Near threatened animals 4345:Sicklefin lemon shark ( 4273:Borneo broadfin shark ( 4216:Irrawaddy river shark ( 3738:Open Ocean: Silky Shark 3498:from the Pacific Ocean" 3162:Journal of Parasitology 3119:Systematic Parasitology 3015:10.1023/A:1007647021634 2870:Open Ocean: Silky Shark 2555:Marine Fisheries Review 2297:Southeastern Naturalist 2131:Carcharhinus floridanus 1716:70 cm (28 in) 1635:Male length at maturity 1574:exhausts its supply of 1439:from all levels of the 1379:. One account from the 1317:oceanic whitetip sharks 1186:, often over deepwater 845:Carcharhinus longimanus 682:Phylogeny and evolution 618:Carcharhinus floridanus 564:to Vulnerable in 2017. 287:Carcharius falcipinnis 4926:Fish described in 1839 4429:Grey sharpnose shark ( 4198:Northern river shark ( 4071:Caribbean reef shark ( 3365:10.1098/rspb.1984.0050 2885:Colombia Natural Parks 2697:Coastal Fishes of Oman 2218:. August 2009 version. 1917:: e.T39370A117721799. 1754: 1570:: once the developing 1563: 1432: 1405:C. albimarginatus 1354:Kroeyerina cortezensis 1311:sharks along with the 1232: 1224: 1166:The silky shark has a 1163: 1124:oceanic whitetip shark 1011:in 1982 suggested the 978:Carcharhinus elongatus 636:, Richard Backus, and 577: 343:Carcharius menisorrah 335:Carcharins menisorrah 295:Carcharias falcipinnis 271:Carcharias falciformis 4812:Paleobiology Database 4513:Whitetip reef shark ( 4053:Blacktip reef shark ( 3718:on Sealife Collection 2509:Carcharhinus obscurus 2491:Alopias superciliosus 1752: 1643:Northwestern Atlantic 1561: 1430: 1397:C. amblyrhynchos 1369:scalloped hammerheads 1266:nictitating membranes 1230: 1222: 1161: 828:Carcharhinus obscurus 730:Carcharhinus plumbeus 675:C. amblyrhynchos 575: 391:Eulamia malpeloensis 367:Gymnorhinus pharaonis 303:Carcharias menisorrah 4180:Borneo river shark ( 3042:and a new record of 2825:Perrine, D. (2002). 2623:Conservation Biology 2309:10.1656/058.008.0107 1946:"Appendices | CITES" 1819:catch silky sharks. 1582:is converted into a 1203:northward along the 1120:C. galapagensis 1108:Caribbean reef shark 1041:C. melanopterus 964:at the Cava Serredi 713:Carcharhinus altimus 3990:Pondicherry shark ( 3877:C. amblyrhynchoides 3357:1984RSPSB.222...79S 3256:2002MEPS..240..267A 3044:Gnathia trimaculata 2975:2007MFBP...40....3M 1776:caught incidentally 1625: 1499:. It may also take 1385:bottlenose dolphins 1347:Gnathia trimaculata 1303:Biology and ecology 1074:analysis, based on 1037:blacktip reef shark 787:Carcharhinus perezi 646:C. falciformis 614:C. falciformis 562:conservation status 512:are sustained by a 443:sickle-shaped shark 319:Eulamia menisorrah 209:C. falciformis 51:Conservation status 4240:Daggernose shark ( 4207:Speartooth shark ( 3954:Whitecheek shark ( 3727:2014-10-18 at the 3464:Fisheries Research 3265:10.3354/meps240267 3131:10.1007/BF00009597 2936:10.1007/BF00005346 1851:vulnerable species 1755: 1745:Human interactions 1623: 1564: 1433: 1233: 1225: 1164: 1128:C. longimanus 1057:C. brachyurus 642:C. floridanus 578: 4863: 4862: 4799:Open Tree of Life 4534:Taxon identifiers 4525: 4524: 4480:Spadenose shark ( 4321:Whitenose shark ( 4116:Spot-tail shark ( 4098:Blackspot shark ( 4089:Smalltail shark ( 3999:Finetooth shark ( 3981:Galapagos shark ( 3884:Grey reef shark ( 3859:C. albimarginatus 3857:Silvertip shark ( 3848:Blacknose shark ( 3828:Carcharhiniformes 3596:978-0-9561063-1-5 3548:978-1-900724-45-6 3502:Fisheries Science 3438:10.1071/MF9910151 3411:10.1071/MF9840573 3211:978-1-900724-28-9 2895:978-958-8156-87-3 2844:978-0-89658-604-8 2787:978-2-8317-0700-6 2707:978-0-8248-1808-1 2680:978-0-292-75206-1 2412:978-0-691-08453-4 2095:978-92-5-101384-7 2035:978-0-632-05995-9 1726: 1725: 1033:C. acronotus 919: 918: 909: 908: 900: 899: 891: 890: 882: 881: 873: 872: 741: 740: 626:William Schroeder 474:continental shelf 447:sickle silk shark 427:gray whaler shark 409: 408: 403: 395: 387: 379: 371: 363: 355: 347: 339: 331: 323: 315: 307: 299: 291: 283: 275: 175:Carcharhiniformes 91: 74: 16:(Redirected from 4948: 4886:Pantropical fish 4856: 4855: 4843: 4842: 4833: 4832: 4820: 4819: 4807: 4806: 4794: 4793: 4781: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4758: 4757: 4745: 4744: 4732: 4731: 4719: 4718: 4706: 4705: 4693: 4692: 4680: 4679: 4667: 4666: 4654: 4653: 4641: 4640: 4628: 4627: 4615: 4614: 4602: 4601: 4589: 4588: 4576: 4575: 4574: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4529: 4491:S. macrorhynchos 4264:Broadfin shark ( 4044:Hardnose shark ( 4026:Blacktip shark ( 3983:C. galapagenisis 3886:C. amblyrhynchos 3875:Graceful shark ( 3777: 3770: 3763: 3754: 3691: 3690: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3646: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3582: 3576: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3517: 3489: 3480: 3479: 3455: 3442: 3441: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3351:(1226): 79–106. 3340: 3331: 3330: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3235: 3229: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3094:(9): 2121–2148. 3075: 3069: 3068: 3050: 3040:Gnathia maculosa 3038:"Description of 3033: 3027: 3026: 2998: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2911: 2900: 2899: 2879: 2873: 2866: 2849: 2848: 2832: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2803: 2792: 2791: 2771: 2756: 2755: 2723: 2712: 2711: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2600:Fishery Bulletin 2597: 2588: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2573: 2567: 2552: 2543: 2534: 2527: 2516: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2482: 2476: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2398: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2361:(2–3): 357–370. 2346: 2340: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2264: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2219: 2198: 2189: 2182: 2163: 2162: 2126: 2117: 2116: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2081: 2056: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2023: 2009: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1896: 1739:maximum lifespan 1657:Eastern Atlantic 1626: 1612:gestation period 1413:Naucrates ductor 1393:grey reef sharks 1297:dermal denticles 1254: 1243: 1136:C. obscurus 1084:C. plumbeus 1065:C. signatus 1021:Leonard Compagno 956:, dating to the 803: 779: 755: 705: 698: 691: 686: 685: 664:dermal denticles 653:specific epithet 638:Robert Gibbs Jr. 630:Stewart Springer 592:, in their 1839 560:to reassess its 401: 393: 385: 377: 369: 361: 359:Prionodon tiburo 353: 345: 337: 329: 321: 313: 305: 297: 289: 281: 273: 251: 229: 106: 105: 85: 68: 63: 62: 44: 32: 21: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4851: 4846: 4838: 4836: 4828: 4823: 4815: 4810: 4802: 4797: 4789: 4784: 4776: 4774: 4766: 4761: 4753: 4748: 4740: 4735: 4727: 4722: 4714: 4709: 4701: 4696: 4688: 4683: 4675: 4670: 4662: 4657: 4649: 4644: 4636: 4631: 4623: 4618: 4610: 4605: 4597: 4592: 4584: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4536: 4526: 4521: 4497: 4464: 4386: 4362: 4356:N. brevirostris 4329: 4305: 4297:Sliteye shark ( 4281: 4248: 4224: 4164: 4140: 4080:Sandbar shark ( 4055:C. melanopterus 3974:C. fitzroyensis 3929:Nervous shark ( 3920:Spinner shark ( 3866:Bignose shark ( 3832: 3788: 3781: 3729:Wayback Machine 3699: 3694: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3644: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3574:Wayback Machine 3560: 3556: 3549: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3491: 3490: 3483: 3457: 3456: 3445: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3396: 3395: 3388: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3320: 3319: 3312: 3297:10.2307/1441064 3278: 3277: 3273: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3197: 3196: 3189: 3174:10.2307/3282025 3151: 3150: 3146: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3100:10.1139/z87-327 3077: 3076: 3072: 3048: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3000: 2999: 2992: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2913: 2912: 2903: 2896: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2852: 2845: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2805: 2804: 2795: 2788: 2773: 2772: 2759: 2744:10.2307/1441150 2725: 2724: 2715: 2708: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2595: 2590: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2506: 2502: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2467: 2463: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2334:Fossil Genera: 2331: 2324: 2294: 2293: 2286: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2200: 2199: 2192: 2183: 2166: 2151:10.2307/1441029 2128: 2127: 2120: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2083: 2082: 2059: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2011: 2010: 1963: 1954: 1952: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1898: 1897: 1880: 1876: 1825: 1747: 1735:sexual maturity 1713:Eastern Pacific 1699:Central Pacific 1685:Western Pacific 1632:Length at birth 1592:red blood cells 1578:, the depleted 1556: 1497:porcupinefishes 1425: 1401:silvertip shark 1305: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1217: 1205:U.S. East Coast 1156: 1144:Prionace glauca 1116:Galapagos shark 1106:containing the 1092:C. altimus 1029:blacknose shark 1013:blackspot shark 910: 901: 892: 883: 874: 862:Prionace glauca 742: 684: 588:under the name 582:Johannes Müller 570: 435:ridgeback shark 423:blackspot shark 351:Squalus tiburo 242: 231: 225: 212: 100: 92: 75: 64: 60: 53: 28: 27:Species of fish 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4844: 4834: 4821: 4808: 4795: 4782: 4772: 4759: 4746: 4733: 4720: 4707: 4694: 4681: 4668: 4655: 4642: 4629: 4616: 4603: 4590: 4577: 4562: 4546: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4458:R. terraenovae 4453: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4393:Rhizoprionodon 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4299:L. macrorhinus 4293: 4291: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4242:I. oxyrhynchus 4236: 4234: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4189:Ganges shark ( 4186: 4176: 4174: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3972:Creek whaler ( 3969: 3965:C. falciformis 3960: 3951: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3911:Copper shark ( 3908: 3902:Borneo shark ( 3899: 3895:C. amboinensis 3893:Pigeye shark ( 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3816:Elasmobranchii 3812: 3810:Chondrichthyes 3806: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3719: 3712: 3698: 3697:External links 3695: 3693: 3692: 3658: 3629: 3602: 3595: 3577: 3554: 3547: 3529: 3508:(3): 456–464. 3481: 3470:(1–3): 78–85. 3443: 3432:(2): 151–199. 3416: 3405:(5): 573–590. 3386: 3332: 3310: 3291:(3): 451–457. 3271: 3230: 3217: 3210: 3201:Red Sea Sharks 3187: 3168:(3): 376–381. 3158:Phyllobothrium 3144: 3125:(2): 129–157. 3105: 3070: 3028: 3009:(1–3): 31–46. 2990: 2949: 2930:(3): 161–173. 2920:Sphyrna lewini 2901: 2894: 2874: 2868:Martin, R. A. 2850: 2843: 2817: 2793: 2786: 2757: 2738:(2): 354–356. 2713: 2706: 2686: 2679: 2656: 2629:(3): 626–635. 2609: 2578: 2535: 2517: 2500: 2477: 2461: 2442:(7): 500–509. 2418: 2411: 2393: 2380: 2341: 2322: 2284: 2247:(4): 295–318. 2221: 2202:Froese, Rainer 2190: 2164: 2145:(2): 369–375. 2135:C. falciformis 2118: 2101: 2094: 2057: 2055:. fishbase.org 2041: 2034: 1961: 1937: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1859:European Union 1835:requiem sharks 1824: 1821: 1796:shark fin soup 1746: 1743: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1555: 1552: 1509:swimming crabs 1505:paper nautilus 1469:mackerel scads 1424: 1421: 1377:marine mammals 1373:Sphyrna lewini 1365:Phyllobothrium 1329:threat display 1304: 1301: 1256: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1216: 1213: 1155: 1152: 1112:C. perezi 1049:C. cautus 1017:C. sealei 990:South Carolina 926:North Carolina 917: 916: 912: 911: 907: 906: 903: 902: 898: 897: 894: 893: 889: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 875: 871: 870: 867: 866: 857: 854: 853: 850: 849: 840: 837: 836: 833: 832: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 806: 801: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 782: 777: 775: 772: 771: 768: 767: 758: 753: 751: 748: 747: 744: 743: 739: 738: 735: 734: 725: 722: 721: 718: 717: 708: 703: 701: 696: 694: 689: 683: 680: 669:C. sealei 569: 566: 522:Gulf of Mexico 462:Carcharhinidae 407: 406: 405: 404: 396: 388: 380: 372: 364: 356: 348: 340: 332: 324: 316: 308: 300: 292: 284: 276: 265: 264: 258: 257: 253: 252: 244: 243: 232: 221: 220: 214: 213: 206: 204: 200: 199: 192: 188: 187: 185:Carcharhinidae 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 155:Elasmobranchii 152: 148: 147: 145:Chondrichthyes 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 94: 93: 80: 77: 76: 58: 55: 54: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4953: 4942: 4941:Fish of Aruba 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4482:S. laticaudus 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4381: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4354:Lemon shark ( 4352: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4266:L. temminckii 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4191:G. gangeticus 4187: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4156:Tiger shark ( 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4107:Night shark ( 4105: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4062:Dusky shark ( 4060: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4037:C. longimanus 4033: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3963:Silky shark ( 3961: 3959: 3957: 3956:C. dussumieri 3952: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3922:C. brevipinna 3918: 3916: 3914: 3913:C. brachyurus 3909: 3907: 3905: 3904:C. borneensis 3900: 3898: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3785:requiem shark 3778: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3706:, Silky shark 3705: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3681:(10): 30–31. 3680: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3618:(10): 19–26. 3617: 3613: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3032: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2821: 2818: 2814:(4): 926–949. 2813: 2809: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2568:on 2016-04-09 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2511:) and Silky ( 2510: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2262:2027.42/73088 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2235: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2113: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1817:sport fishers 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1751: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493:triggerfishes 1490: 1486: 1485:lanternfishes 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1399:) and a lone 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:killer whales 1332: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1281:pectoral fins 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1253: 1242: 1229: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1169: 1160: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1148:ribosomal DNA 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088:bignose shark 1085: 1081: 1080:sandbar shark 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:nervous shark 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 946:Late Pliocene 943: 939: 935: 931: 930:baleen whales 927: 923: 914: 913: 905: 904: 896: 895: 887: 886: 878: 877: 869: 868: 865: 864: 863: 856: 855: 852: 851: 848: 847: 846: 839: 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 829: 822: 821: 818: 817: 814: 813: 812: 805: 804: 798: 797: 794: 793: 790: 789: 788: 781: 780: 774: 773: 770: 769: 766: 765: 764: 757: 756: 750: 749: 746: 745: 737: 736: 733: 732: 731: 724: 723: 720: 719: 716: 715: 714: 707: 706: 700: 699: 693: 692: 688: 687: 681: 679: 677: 676: 671: 670: 665: 661: 657: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 622:Henry Bigelow 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602:type specimen 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 574: 567: 565: 563: 559: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 483:pectoral fins 480: 475: 471: 467: 463: 460: 456: 455:requiem shark 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419: 414: 400: 397: 394:Fowler, 1944 392: 389: 384: 381: 376: 373: 368: 365: 362:(Poey, 1860 ) 360: 357: 352: 349: 344: 341: 336: 333: 328: 325: 320: 317: 312: 309: 304: 301: 296: 293: 288: 285: 280: 277: 272: 269: 268: 266: 263: 259: 254: 250: 245: 240: 236: 230: 228: 222: 219: 218:Binomial name 215: 211: 210: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 193: 190: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165:Selachimorpha 163: 161:Subdivision: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 116: 113: 110: 109: 104: 99: 95: 89: 83: 78: 72: 67: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4881:Carcharhinus 4541: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4448: 4439: 4431:R. oligolinx 4430: 4421: 4412: 4403: 4402:Milk shark ( 4391: 4379: 4378:Blue shark ( 4367: 4355: 4347:N. acutidens 4346: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4275:L. tephrodes 4274: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4231:Isogomphodon 4229: 4218:G. siamensis 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4134: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4017:Bull shark ( 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3850:C. acronotus 3849: 3839:Carcharhinus 3837: 3820:Subdivision 3703: 3678: 3674: 3661: 3655:(10): 27–30. 3652: 3648: 3632: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3586: 3580: 3565: 3557: 3538: 3532: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3429: 3425: 3419: 3402: 3398: 3348: 3344: 3326: 3322: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3225: 3220: 3200: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3122: 3118: 3115:Dasyrhynchus 3114: 3108: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3006: 3002: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2884: 2877: 2828: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2776: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2696: 2689: 2669: 2626: 2622: 2603: 2599: 2570:. Retrieved 2563:the original 2558: 2554: 2530: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2469: 2464: 2439: 2435: 2430:Carcharhinus 2429: 2421: 2402: 2396: 2389:Carcharhinus 2388: 2383: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2336:Carcharhinus 2335: 2303:(1): 71–82. 2300: 2296: 2244: 2240: 2213: 2207: 2184:Knickle, C. 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2111: 2104: 2085: 2050: 2049:Synonyms of 2044: 2019: 2013: 1953:. Retrieved 1949: 1940: 1928:. Retrieved 1914: 1908: 1902: 1844: 1826: 1823:Conservation 1764: 1756: 1731: 1727: 1604: 1565: 1554:Life history 1537: 1526: 1443:, including 1441:water column 1434: 1412: 1404: 1396: 1388: 1372: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1340:Orcinus orca 1339: 1333: 1325: 1306: 1294: 1274: 1263: 1209:Gulf of Aden 1177: 1173:ocean basins 1165: 1143: 1135: 1127: 1119: 1111: 1091: 1083: 1072:phylogenetic 1069: 1064: 1056: 1053:copper shark 1048: 1040: 1032: 1025:phenetically 1023:assigned it 1016: 1009:Jack Garrick 1002: 977: 949: 941: 920: 860: 859: 843: 842: 826: 825: 809: 808: 785: 784: 762: 761: 760: 728: 727: 711: 710: 674: 668: 655: 650: 645: 641: 640:synonymized 634:Jack Garrick 617: 613: 598:Carcharhinus 597: 593: 589: 579: 526: 518:life history 487: 466:pelagic zone 446: 442: 439:sickle shark 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 416: 412: 410: 398: 390: 382: 378:Herre, 1934 374: 366: 358: 350: 342: 334: 326: 318: 310: 302: 294: 286: 278: 270: 235:J. P. Müller 226: 224: 208: 207: 196:Carcharhinus 195: 35:Silky shark 29: 4750:NatureServe 4698:iNaturalist 4566:Wikispecies 4422:R. longurio 4413:R. lalandii 4200:G. garricki 4182:G. fowlerae 4127:C. tilstoni 4109:C. signatus 4082:C. plumbeus 4064:C. obscurus 4028:C. limbatus 3992:C. hemiodon 3716:Silky shark 3638:Baum, J. K. 3250:: 267–271. 3084:Prokroyeria 2969:(1): 3–34. 1784:purse seine 1477:sea catfish 1437:bony fishes 1231:Lower teeth 1223:Upper teeth 1215:Description 1201:Gulf Stream 1132:dusky shark 1061:night shark 1059:), and the 954:Pungo River 934:Pleistocene 660:common name 656:falciformis 586:Jakob Henle 494:cephalopods 490:bony fishes 431:olive shark 413:silky shark 354:Poey, 1860 298:Lowe, 1839 290:Lowe, 1839 84:Appendix II 4870:Categories 4504:Triaenodon 4449:R. taylori 4440:R. porosus 4209:G. glyphis 4147:Galeocerdo 4135:C. tjutjot 4091:C. porosus 4046:C. macloti 4010:C. leiodon 3948:C. coatesi 3940:C. cerdale 3868:C. altimus 3714:Photos of 3080:Kroeyerina 2606:: 335–361. 2572:2016-03-01 2241:Cladistics 1955:2022-01-14 1930:10 January 1874:References 1792:blue shark 1767:commercial 1568:viviparous 1542:(200 1489:filefishes 1409:pilot fish 1356:, and the 1290:caudal fin 1270:gill slits 1180:open ocean 1140:blue shark 1086:) and the 1005:morphology 922:Fossilized 545:commercial 506:viviparous 479:dorsal fin 151:Subclass: 66:Vulnerable 4515:T. obesus 4471:Scoliodon 4404:R. acutus 4380:P. glauca 4336:Negaprion 4312:Nasolamia 4255:Lamiopsis 4158:G. cuvier 4118:C. sorrah 4100:C. sealei 4073:C. perezi 4019:C. leucas 4001:C. isodon 3931:C. cautus 3814:Subclass 3675:Fisheries 3649:Fisheries 3612:Fisheries 3059:: 50–60. 2375:132221450 1950:cites.org 1813:liver oil 1805:Hong Kong 1771:artisanal 1588:mammalian 1584:placental 1533:habituate 1522:prey fish 1518:bait ball 1513:scavenged 1473:sea chubs 1358:tapeworms 1207:. In the 1193:migratory 982:Oligocene 648:in 1964. 632:in 1943. 541:liver oil 514:placental 470:migratory 457:, in the 203:Species: 121:Kingdom: 115:Eukaryota 4825:Species+ 4755:2.104899 4716:10580003 4672:FishBase 4551:Wikidata 4369:Prionace 4323:N. velox 3822:Selachii 3804:Chordata 3798:Animalia 3796:Kingdom 3725:Archived 3710:FishBase 3570:Archived 3524:52257818 3381:85954905 3329:: 1–330. 3023:19488903 2944:41048341 2651:24343550 2643:19040650 2456:18558373 2317:86113934 2279:39697113 2271:34929961 2215:FishBase 1865:and the 1780:longline 1778:by tuna 1617:selected 1580:yolk sac 1465:snappers 1461:groupers 1453:sardines 1449:mackerel 1389:Tursiops 1321:predator 1286:anal fin 1076:allozyme 986:Virginia 938:Holocene 568:Taxonomy 539:, hide, 262:Synonyms 181:Family: 135:Chordata 131:Phylum: 125:Animalia 111:Domain: 71:IUCN 3.1 4690:2418095 4557:Q252029 4288:Loxodon 4171:Glyphis 3802:Phylum 3787:species 3783:Extant 3353:Bibcode 3305:1441064 3252:Bibcode 3182:3282025 3139:6769785 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