390:
42:
424:, females are about 30.5–31.5 cm (12.0–12.4 in) long, including a tail that is about 16.5–19 cm (6.5–7.5 in), and their carapace (prosoma) is about 16–17.5 cm (6.3–6.9 in) wide. In comparison, the average for males is about 28–30.5 cm (11.0–12.0 in) long, including a tail that is about 15–17.5 cm (5.9–6.9 in), and their carapace is about 14.5–15 cm (5.7–5.9 in) wide. There are significant geographic variations in the size, but this does not follow a clear north–south or east–west pattern. Those from
586:
474:. This is the habitat for which it gains its common name: mangrove horseshoe crab. Scientists have studied the distribution of mangrove horseshoe crabs in Hong Kong specifically. The researchers noted their abundance on the beaches of Hong Kong before the sharp decline in population over the past ten years. In the study, they found an uneven distribution of the horseshoe crabs throughout Hong Kong, with a greater abundance found in the western waters. They predict this unevenness is due to the
86:
61:
449:. The main function of these compound eyes is to find a mate. In addition, they have two median eyes, two rudimentary lateral eyes, and an endoparietal eye on their carapace and two ventral eyes located on the underside by the mouth. Scientists believe the two ventral eyes aid in the orientation of the horseshoe crab when swimming. Each individual has six pairs of appendages. The first pair, the
417:. The smaller rear carapace with spines on the edge is the opisthosoma. The rear extension that looks like a spike is the telson, which is commonly described as the tail. Uniquely among the horseshoe crabs, the cross section of the tail of the mangrove horseshoe crab is rounded. It is essentially triangular in the other species. The tail is used to turn itself right side up when overturned.
1346:
469:
This species occurs only in Asia around the Indo-West
Pacific region where the climate is tropical or subtropical. These horseshoe crabs can be found to exist throughout southeast Asia in shallow waters with soft, sandy bottoms or extensive mud flats. The mangrove horseshoe crab is benthopelagic,
457:(first pair) and the pusher legs (remaining four pairs). Most of the appendages have straight, scissor-like claws, but in males the first and second pair of walking legs have strongly hooked "scissors", which are used for grasping the female during mating. Located behind their legs are
366:
look almost identical to those species that are still alive today. The long existence of this body plan suggests its success. The three Asian species of horseshoe crabs form their own clade, and it is estimated that they diverged from the
American species between
428:
in India average somewhat smaller than those from
Peninsular Malaysia, with a carapace width of about 16 cm (6.3 in) and 14 cm (5.5 in) in females and males respectively. Elsewhere it averages even smaller, with the smallest reported from the
553:. During the mating period, the males will follow and cling to the backs of their potential mates using modified prosomal appendages for long periods of time before the egg-laying has occurred. Horseshoe crab species with low spawning densities and 1:1
569:
them. Once the eggs are laid, the male and female go back to the ocean, and the eggs develop on their own. Their eggs are large, and after a couple weeks, the eggs hatch into miniature versions of the adults. The females lay about 3500 of them.
981:
Koichi
Sekiguchi; Carl N. Shuster Jr (2009). "Limits on the Global Distribution of Horseshoe Crabs (Limulacea): Lessons Learned from Two Lifetimes of Observations: Asia and America". In Tanacredi, John T.; Botton, Mark L.; Smith, David (eds.).
533:. The crop can expand to fit the ingested food, while the gizzard grinds the food into a pulp. Studies have found that mangrove horseshoe crabs have a strong preference for insect larvae over the other organisms on which it also feeds.
437:
regions in
Indonesia where the carapace width of females is about 13 cm (5.1 in) and in males 11 cm (4.3 in). The largest females of the species may reach up to 40 cm (16 in) in length, including the tail.
453:, are relatively small and placed in front of the mouth. They are used to place food in it. The remaining five pairs of legs are placed on either side of the mouth and are used for walking/pushing. These are the
1017:"A New Record on the Morphometric Variations in the Populations of Horseshoe Crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Latreille) Obtained from Two Different Ecological Habitats of Peninsular Malaysia"
886:
Prashant
Shingate; Vydianathan Ravi; Aravind Prasad; Boon Hui Tay & Byrappa Venkatesh (2020). "Chromosome-level genome assembly of the coastal Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus gigas)".
863:
Kelvin K. P. Lim; Dennis H. Murphy; T. Morgany; N. Sivasothi; Peter K. L. Ng; B. C. Soong; Hugh T. W. Tan; K. S. Tan & T. K. Tan (2001). Peter K. L. Ng & N. Sivasothi (eds.).
525:, it grinds up the food with bristles on its legs and places it in its mouth using its chelicerae. The ingested food then enters the cuticle-lined oesophagus and then the
1307:
Kanchanapongkul, J.; Krittayapoositpot, P. (June 1995). "An epidemic of tetrodotoxin poisoning following ingestion of the horseshoe crab
Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda".
1267:
1489:
420:
The mangrove horseshoe crab is the smallest of the four living species of horseshoe crabs. Like the other species, females grow larger than males. On average in
1608:
1528:
612:
There have occasionally been cases of food poisonings or even deaths after consuming the crabs as they were misidentified as another horseshoe crab species,
1463:
819:
Rudkin, D. M.; Young, G. A. (2009). "Horseshoe Crabs – an
Ancient Ancestry Revealed". In Tanacredi, John T.; Botton, Mark L.; Smith, David (eds.).
389:
1502:
1176:
1541:
1350:
1108:
999:
844:
1628:
541:
In the spring, horseshoe crabs migrate from the deeper water to the shallow, muddy areas. Nesting usually follows the cycle of the
41:
1580:
1402:
1271:
1507:
85:
1618:
749:
1623:
1424:
1137:
1100:
939:
335:
because they have remained practically unchanged in terms of shape and size for millions of years. Although their
1533:
573:
Mangrove horseshoe crabs in
Singapore breed from August to April. Juveniles grow about 33% bigger each time they
597:
Thousands of the horseshoe crabs are caught by local fishermen. While the crabs have very little flesh, their
470:
spending most of its life close to or at the bottom of a body of their brackish, swampy water habitat, such as
929:
Helen M. C. Chiu & Brian Morton (2003). "The morphological differentiation of two horseshoe crab species,
585:
1293:
561:. In addition, the female does not choose her mate. Males find their female mates with the use of visual and
1364:
1094:
715:
Vestbo, Stine; Obst, Matthias; Fernandez, Francisco J. Quevedo; Intanai, Itsara; Funch, Peter (May 2018).
566:
305:
1429:
187:
164:
577:, and it takes the juveniles about five molts to grow from 2 centimetres (0.79 in) to adult size.
717:"Present and Potential Future Distributions of Asian Horseshoe Crabs Determine Areas for Conservation"
1585:
1450:
1411:
1237:
1203:
693:
558:
482:
421:
50:
319:
is considerably smaller than the others and the only species where the cross section of the tail (
1613:
1154:
956:
911:
394:
311:
209:
80:
671:
1494:
1572:
1554:
1437:
1324:
1316:
1104:
1082:
1051:
995:
991:
903:
840:
828:
590:
1559:
1246:
1193:
1146:
1028:
983:
948:
895:
832:
820:
748:
Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A., eds. (2023).
728:
666:
614:
299:
17:
1520:
1184:
1416:
565:
signals. Once a mate is found, the female digs a hole and lays the eggs while the male
562:
526:
269:
246:
147:
65:
864:
1602:
1515:
984:
915:
821:
657:
446:
332:
70:
1158:
1015:
T.C. Srijaya; P.J. Pradeep; S. Mithun; A. Hassan; F. Shaharom; A. Chatterji (2010).
960:
648:
628:
1442:
461:. These gills are used for propulsion to swim and to exchange respiratory gases.
1567:
1476:
1396:
1150:
1059:
836:
602:
510:
478:
442:
425:
406:
348:
340:
315:. All four extant species of horseshoe crabs are anatomically very similar, but
281:
250:
127:
1387:
794:
1198:
952:
450:
430:
336:
265:
1320:
1175:
Jennifer H. Mattei; Mark A. Beekey; Adam Rudman & Alyssa
Woronik (2010).
733:
716:
899:
554:
546:
542:
471:
458:
356:
273:
253:
137:
117:
97:
1135:(Xiphosura), from nursery beaches proposed for conservation in Hong Kong".
1127:
H. Zhou & Brian Morton (2004). "The diets of juvenile horseshoe crabs,
907:
1345:
1328:
1229:"Population structure and breeding pattern of the mangrove horseshoe crab
309:, have not been as well documented as those of the North American species
1381:
1033:
1016:
550:
518:
454:
414:
284:, but confirmed records are lacking. It is the only species in the genus
257:
1468:
530:
498:
475:
434:
402:
344:
331:
Horseshoe crabs are commonly known by biologists around the world as a
277:
1481:
410:
401:
The basic body plan of a horseshoe crab consists of three parts: the
376:
369:
361:
352:
320:
107:
1358:
1251:
1228:
1309:
The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health
584:
502:
388:
261:
1546:
1227:
Lesley Cartwright-Taylor; Julian Lee & Chia Chi Hsu (2019).
1177:"Reproductive behavior in horseshoe crabs: does density matter?"
875:. Guide to the Mangroves of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre.
574:
514:
506:
489:
can coexist in the same habitat as the mangrove horseshoe crab.
1455:
1362:
601:
is prized as a delicacy, in Thailand most commonly served as a
598:
522:
937:(Xiphosura), in Hong Kong with a regional Asian comparison".
413:). The prosoma is the large, dome-shaped frontal part at the
359:
era. Fossils of horseshoe crabs that have been dated to over
557:, such as the mangrove horseshoe crab, are found to be
339:
has changed over the years, their typical three piece
1371:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
976:
974:
972:
970:
529:. The proventriculus is made up of a crop and a
323:) is rounded instead of essentially triangular.
297:and the two other Asian horseshoe crab species,
1294:"~Horseshoe Crab Egg Salad Recipe, ยำไข่แมงดา~"
1268:"Horseshoe crabs galloping towards extinction"
1046:
1044:
293:The biology, ecology and breeding patterns of
647:World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996).
8:
1081:Helen M. C. Chiu & Brian Morton (1999).
986:Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs
823:Biology and Conservation of Horseshoe Crabs
814:
812:
672:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3856A10123044.en
1359:
760:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
59:
40:
31:
1250:
1197:
1170:
1168:
1032:
732:
670:
481:in the western waters, influenced by the
1122:
1120:
639:
497:Mangrove horseshoe crabs are selective
1083:"The distribution of horseshoe crabs (
858:
856:
7:
1609:IUCN Red List data deficient species
873:A Guide to Mangroves of Singapore 1
658:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
589:Mangrove horseshoe crabs caught in
501:feeders, feeding mainly on insect
25:
627:is known to often contain lethal
1344:
696:. Horseshoe Crab monitoring site
84:
1266:Bibhuti Pati (June 24, 2008).
894:(6). Wiley Online: 1748–1760.
1:
355:, has remained since the mid-
256:found in tropical marine and
1403:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
1373:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
1352:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
1231:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
1133:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
1089:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
1054:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
935:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
867:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
651:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
238:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
197:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
18:Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
1151:10.1080/0022293031000155377
888:Molecular Ecology Resources
837:10.1007/978-0-387-89959-6_2
721:Frontiers in Marine Science
445:, horseshoe crabs have two
393:Mangrove horseshoe crab in
243:round-tailed horseshoe crab
1645:
1270:. Merinews. Archived from
1138:Journal of Natural History
1101:Hong Kong University Press
1056:, mangrove horseshoe crab"
940:Journal of Natural History
865:"Mangrove horseshoe crab,
1629:Animals described in 1985
1093:. In Brian Morton (ed.).
953:10.1080/00222930210149753
215:
208:
193:
186:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
734:10.3389/fmars.2018.00164
465:Distribution and habitat
35:Mangrove horseshoe crab
1199:10.1093/czoolo/56.5.634
900:10.1111/1755-0998.13233
485:. They also found that
379: million years ago
372: million years ago
364: million years ago
272:. It may also occur in
233:mangrove horseshoe crab
1129:Tachypleus tridentatus
1085:Tachypleus tridentatus
931:Tachypleus tridentatus
694:"Identification guide"
594:
398:
306:Tachypleus tridentatus
990:. Springer. pp.
588:
567:externally fertilizes
392:
241:), also known as the
1355:at Wikimedia Commons
1103:. pp. 185–196.
1096:Asian Marine Biology
1034:10.3126/on.v8i1.4329
797:. The Horseshoe Crab
758:Animal Diversity Web
665:: e.T3856A10123044.
327:Evolutionary history
219:Limulus rotundicauda
179:C. rotundicauda
27:Species of arthropod
1619:Arthropods of China
869:, family Limulidae"
795:"About the Species"
422:Peninsular Malaysia
51:Conservation status
1624:Fauna of Hong Kong
1274:on October 5, 2012
595:
399:
395:Bako National Park
343:, consisting of a
312:Limulus polyphemus
245:, is a species of
1596:
1595:
1555:Open Tree of Life
1365:Taxon identifiers
1349:Media related to
1145:(15): 1915–1925.
1110:978-962-209-520-5
1001:978-0-387-89959-6
947:(19): 2369–2382.
846:978-0-387-89958-9
607:yam khai maeng da
517:and thin-shelled
229:
228:
223:
203:(Latreille, 1802)
168:
74:
16:(Redirected from
1636:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1575:
1563:
1562:
1550:
1549:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1510:
1498:
1497:
1485:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1446:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1360:
1348:
1333:
1332:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1202:. Archived from
1201:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1099:. Vol. 16.
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1012:
1006:
1005:
989:
978:
965:
964:
926:
920:
919:
883:
877:
876:
860:
851:
850:
826:
816:
807:
806:
804:
802:
791:
770:
769:
767:
765:
745:
739:
738:
736:
712:
706:
705:
703:
701:
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
674:
644:
615:Tachypleus gigas
380:
373:
365:
300:Tachypleus gigas
221:
199:
163:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1417:Carcinoscorpius
1415:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1367:
1341:
1336:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1252:10.3354/ab00206
1238:Aquatic Biology
1226:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1185:Current Zoology
1179:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1091:) in Hong Kong"
1080:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1002:
980:
979:
968:
928:
927:
923:
885:
884:
880:
862:
861:
854:
847:
818:
817:
810:
800:
798:
793:
792:
773:
763:
761:
752:Carcinoscorpius
747:
746:
742:
714:
713:
709:
699:
697:
692:
691:
687:
677:
675:
646:
645:
641:
637:
625:C. rotundicauda
583:
539:
495:
467:
387:
375:
368:
360:
329:
317:C. rotundicauda
295:C. rotundicauda
287:Carcinoscorpius
222:Latreille, 1802
204:
201:
195:
182:
162:
159:Carcinoscorpius
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1486:
1473:
1460:
1447:
1434:
1421:
1408:
1393:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1340:
1339:External links
1337:
1335:
1334:
1315:(2): 364–367.
1299:
1285:
1258:
1219:
1192:(5): 634–642.
1164:
1116:
1109:
1073:
1040:
1027:(1): 204–211.
1007:
1000:
966:
921:
878:
852:
845:
808:
771:
740:
707:
685:
638:
636:
633:
619:Unlike larger
609:(ยำไข่แมงดา).
582:
579:
563:chemoreceptive
538:
537:Mating biology
535:
527:proventriculus
494:
491:
487:T. tridentatus
466:
463:
409:and the tail (
386:
383:
328:
325:
270:Southeast Asia
247:horseshoe crab
227:
226:
225:
224:
213:
212:
206:
205:
202:
191:
190:
184:
183:
176:
174:
170:
169:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
66:Data Deficient
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1641:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1296:. 2013-01-28.
1295:
1289:
1286:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:in Singapore"
1232:
1223:
1220:
1209:on 2011-09-27
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1003:
997:
993:
988:
987:
977:
975:
973:
971:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:
936:
932:
925:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
879:
874:
870:
868:
859:
857:
853:
848:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
824:
815:
813:
809:
796:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
772:
759:
755:
753:
744:
741:
735:
730:
727:(164): 1–16.
726:
722:
718:
711:
708:
695:
689:
686:
673:
668:
664:
660:
659:
654:
652:
643:
640:
634:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
616:
610:
608:
604:
600:
592:
587:
581:Use by humans
580:
578:
576:
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
477:
473:
464:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:compound eyes
444:
441:Uncommon for
439:
436:
432:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
396:
391:
384:
382:
378:
371:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:living fossil
326:
324:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
307:
302:
301:
296:
291:
289:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:
234:
220:
217:
216:
214:
211:
207:
200:
198:
192:
189:
188:Binomial name
185:
181:
180:
175:
172:
171:
166:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1372:
1351:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:the original
1261:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1222:
1211:. Retrieved
1204:the original
1189:
1183:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1053:
1024:
1020:
1010:
985:
944:
938:
934:
930:
924:
891:
887:
881:
872:
866:
822:
799:. Retrieved
762:. Retrieved
757:
751:
743:
724:
720:
710:
698:. Retrieved
688:
676:. Retrieved
662:
656:
650:
642:
629:tetrodotoxin
624:
620:
613:
611:
606:
596:
572:
540:
511:oligochaetes
496:
486:
468:
443:chelicerates
440:
419:
400:
330:
316:
310:
304:
298:
294:
292:
286:
285:
242:
237:
236:
232:
230:
218:
196:
194:
178:
177:
158:
157:
29:
1568:SeaLifeBase
1477:iNaturalist
1397:Wikispecies
1060:SeaLifeBase
827:. pp.
678:15 November
483:Pearl River
479:hydrography
426:West Bengal
407:opisthosoma
349:opisthosoma
341:exoskeleton
282:Philippines
251:chelicerate
128:Chelicerata
124:Subphylum:
1603:Categories
1213:2011-06-01
1021:Our Nature
764:21 January
635:References
593:, Thailand
559:monogamous
555:sex ratios
521:. Lacking
459:book gills
451:chelicerae
431:Balikpapan
397:, Malaysia
337:physiology
266:Bangladesh
260:waters of
118:Arthropoda
1614:Xiphosura
1321:0125-1562
1245:: 61–69.
1066:April 23,
916:220853600
551:new moons
543:high tide
476:estuarine
472:mangroves
455:pedipalps
357:Paleozoic
274:Sri Lanka
254:arthropod
173:Species:
148:Limulidae
138:Xiphosura
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1495:10002424
1388:Q2673503
1382:Wikidata
1159:84518612
961:84286729
908:32725950
621:T. gigas
591:Chonburi
519:bivalves
513:, small
505:, small
415:carapace
280:and the
258:brackish
210:Synonyms
144:Family:
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 2.3
1560:1089003
1469:1010612
1329:8629077
1278:June 1,
801:26 June
700:27 June
605:called
545:of the
531:gizzard
499:benthic
435:Belawan
403:prosoma
385:Anatomy
345:prosoma
278:Myanmar
154:Genus:
134:Order:
69: (
1586:238267
1547:238267
1482:362577
1456:393281
1430:235649
1327:
1319:
1157:
1107:
1062:. 2010
998:
959:
914:
906:
843:
503:larvae
411:telson
405:, the
353:telson
351:, and
321:telson
268:, and
167:, 1902
165:Pocock
1581:WoRMS
1508:82707
1490:IRMNG
1207:(PDF)
1180:(PDF)
1155:S2CID
994:–24.
957:S2CID
912:S2CID
831:–44.
603:salad
515:crabs
262:India
1542:OBIS
1534:6848
1529:NCBI
1521:3856
1516:IUCN
1503:ITIS
1464:GBIF
1443:R48H
1425:BOLD
1325:PMID
1317:ISSN
1280:2011
1131:and
1105:ISBN
1087:and
1068:2011
996:ISBN
933:and
904:PMID
841:ISBN
803:2018
766:2023
702:2018
680:2021
663:1996
575:molt
549:and
547:full
523:jaws
507:fish
493:Diet
433:and
303:and
249:, a
231:The
1451:EoL
1438:CoL
1412:ADW
1247:doi
1194:doi
1147:doi
1029:doi
949:doi
896:doi
833:doi
729:doi
667:doi
599:roe
381:.
377:436
374:to
370:135
362:400
1605::
1583::
1573:25
1570::
1557::
1544::
1531::
1518::
1505::
1492::
1479::
1466::
1453::
1440::
1427::
1414::
1399::
1384::
1323:.
1313:26
1311:.
1241:.
1235:.
1190:56
1188:.
1182:.
1167:^
1153:.
1143:38
1141:.
1119:^
1058:.
1043:^
1023:.
1019:.
969:^
955:.
945:37
943:.
910:.
902:.
892:20
890:.
871:.
855:^
839:.
829:25
811:^
774:^
756:.
723:.
719:.
661:.
655:.
631:.
623:,
509:,
347:,
290:.
276:,
264:,
1331:.
1282:.
1255:.
1249::
1243:8
1216:.
1196::
1161:.
1149::
1113:.
1070:.
1052:"
1037:.
1031::
1025:8
1004:.
992:5
963:.
951::
918:.
898::
849:.
835::
805:.
768:.
754:"
750:"
737:.
731::
725:5
704:.
682:.
669::
653:"
649:"
617:.
235:(
73:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
