338:
2343:
2373:
2383:
170:(cell death) and disproportionate thinning of the heart. This thin, weakened area is unable to withstand the pressure and volume load on the heart in the same manner as the other healthy tissue. As a result, there is dilatation of the chamber arising from the infarct region. The initial remodeling phase after a myocardial infarction results in repair of the necrotic area and
2363:
143:
2353:
221:
Besides, the cardiac interstitium which consisted of largely Type I and Type III collagen fibres are also involved in cardiac remodeling. Cardiac collagen is synthesized by fibroblasts and degraded by metalloproteinases. Fibroblasts are activated post MI, leading to increased collagen synthesis and
197:, leading to thinning of the cardiac wall. The surviving cardiac myocytes either arrange in parallel or in series to each other, contributing to ventricular dilatation or ventricular hypertrophy, depending on the loading stress on the ventricular wall. Besides, reduced expression of V1 myosin and
106:
Physiological remodeling is reversible while pathological remodeling is mostly irreversible. Remodeling of the ventricles under left/right pressure demand make mismatches inevitable. Pathologic pressure mismatches between the pulmonary and systemic circulation guide compensatory remodeling of the
297:
have been consistently shown to decrease remodeling in animal models or transmural infarction and chronic pressure overload. Clinical trials have shown that ACE inhibitor therapy after myocardial infarction leads to improved myocardial performance, improved
205:
accounts for 60 to 90% of the energy supply of the heart. Post MI, as fatty acid oxidation decreases, it leads to reduced energy supply for the cardiac myocytes, accumulation of fatty acids to toxic levels, and dysfunction of
178:. Over time, however, as the heart undergoes ongoing remodeling, it becomes less elliptical and more spherical. Ventricular mass and volume increase, which together adversely affect cardiac function. Eventually,
94:
and structural changes occur in the left ventricular myocardium that lead to progressive decline in left ventricular performance. Ultimately, ventricular remodeling may result in diminished contractile
318:(CRT) has shown the ability to reverse left ventricular remodeling in some patients. Early correction of congenital heart defects, if appropriate, may prevent remodeling, as will treatment of chronic
531:
Saavedra, W.Federico; Tunin, Richard S; Paolocci, Nazareno; Mishima, Takayuki; Suzuki, George; Emala, Charles W; Chaudhry, Pervaiz A; Anagnostopoulos, Petros; Gupta, Ramesh C (2002).
107:
left and right ventricles. The term "reverse remodeling" in cardiology implies an improvement in ventricular mechanics and function following a remote injury or pathological process.
441:
Yu, Cheuk-Man; Bleeker, Gabe B.; Fung, Jeffrey Wing-Hong; Schalij, Martin J.; Zhang, Qing; Wall, Ernst E. van der; Chan, Yat-Sun; Kong, Shun-Ling; Bax, Jeroen J. (2005-09-13).
574:"Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes Associated with Eccentric Versus Concentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction"
986:
714:
Pitt, Bertram; Remme, Willem; Zannad, Faiez; Neaton, James; Martinez, Felipe; Roniker, Barbara; Bittman, Richard; Hurley, Steve; Kleiman, Jay; Gatlin, Marjorie (2003).
831:
285:
Many factors influence the time course and extent of remodeling, including the severity of the injury, secondary events (recurrent ischemia or infarction),
1872:
2213:
1209:
218:, and induction of apoptosis, which would be explained below. Besides, inflammatory immune response after MI also contributes to the above changes.
1812:
979:
492:"Long-Term Prognosis After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Is Related to the Extent of Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling at Midterm Follow-Up"
490:
Ypenburg, Claudia; Bommel, Rutger J. van; Borleffs, C. Jan Willem; Bleeker, Gabe B.; Boersma, Eric; Schalij, Martin J.; Bax, Jeroen J. (2009).
2112:
2412:
2248:
1590:
972:
443:"Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling but Not Clinical Improvement Predicts Long-Term Survival After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy"
894:
St John Sutton, Martin G.; Plappert, Ted; Hilpisch, Kathryn E.; Abraham, William T.; Hayes, David L.; Chinchoy, Edward (2006-01-17).
315:
896:"Sustained Reverse Left Ventricular Structural Remodeling With Cardiac Resynchronization at One Year Is a Function of Etiology"
235:
755:
Khattar, R. S. (2003). "Effects of ACE-inhibitors and beta-blockers on left ventricular remodeling in chronic heart failure".
2366:
2238:
1672:
166:
to a lesser extent, also play a role. A common scenario for remodeling is after myocardial infarction. There is myocardial
1122:
1499:
250:
54:(physiological remodeling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodeling). The injury is typically due to
2218:
1254:
1232:
716:"Eplerenone, a Selective Aldosterone Blocker, in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction"
1862:
1494:
1239:
533:"Reverse remodeling and enhancedadrenergic reserve from passive externalsupport in experimental dilated heart failure"
174:
that may, to some extent, be considered beneficial since there is an improvement in or maintenance of LV function and
55:
58:(usually transmural or ST segment elevation infarction), but may be from a number of causes that result in increased
572:
Katz, Daniel H.; Beussink, Lauren; Sauer, Andrew J.; Freed, Benjamin H.; Burke, Michael A.; Shah, Sanjiv J. (2013).
314:, may actually reverse the remodeling process by reducing left ventricular volumes and improving systolic function.
1842:
1320:
262:
2271:
1524:
1481:
1471:
1347:
1327:
1291:
1214:
1174:
995:
230:
led to degradation of collagen fibres, and subsequently dilatation of the heart. Several signal pathways such as
2063:
1985:
1980:
1900:
1660:
1342:
1332:
1222:
428:
79:
210:. These consequences also led to the increase in oxidative stress on the heart, causing the proliferation of
182:
function, or the heart's ability to relax between contractions may become impaired, further causing decline.
2407:
2043:
2017:
1529:
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1406:
1307:
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1089:
356:
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111:
1069:
337:
1635:
1583:
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1116:
1074:
667:"Cardiac Remodeling: Concepts, Clinical Impact, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Pharmacologic Treatment"
323:
83:
2286:
2172:
2145:
2118:
2070:
2024:
1719:
1315:
948:"Left Ventricular Remodeling in Heart Failure: Current Concepts in Clinical Significance and Assessment"
825:
2306:
2266:
2133:
1947:
1942:
1922:
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1709:
1064:
1047:
632:
115:
2386:
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2012:
1965:
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1677:
1655:
1519:
1384:
1137:
378:"Cardiac remodelling: Concentric versus eccentric hypertrophy in strength and endurance athletes"
96:
43:
201:
on cardiac myocytes are also thought to cause cardiac remodeling. Under normal body conditions,
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2198:
2177:
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2123:
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2002:
1992:
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215:
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67:
326:. Often, reverse remodeling, or improvement in left ventricular function, will also be seen.
302:, and decreased mortality compared to patients treated with placebo. Likewise, inhibition of
2048:
2033:
1910:
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1504:
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686:
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Other factors such as high blood pressure, activation of sympathetic system which releases
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2150:
2090:
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2029:
2007:
1704:
1650:
1630:
1354:
1084:
964:
290:
277:. The size and function of the atria and ventricles can be characterized using this test.
163:
151:
131:
71:
2208:
2162:
1975:
1905:
1724:
1514:
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1025:
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402:
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175:
123:
91:
912:
895:
549:
532:
459:
442:
2401:
2291:
2080:
2075:
1937:
1877:
1780:
1132:
1042:
1035:
1020:
351:
294:
100:
2356:
2296:
2281:
2107:
1832:
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1613:
1546:
1536:
1509:
1398:
1389:
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319:
311:
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239:
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119:
75:
589:
17:
2155:
2100:
1997:
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1827:
1645:
1551:
1541:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1170:
863:
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303:
258:
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are known to trigger synthesis and degradation of collagen fibres in the heart.
231:
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508:
491:
2128:
2095:
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1817:
1802:
1797:
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1274:
1164:
1147:
1030:
333:
307:
211:
202:
185:
After a myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac myocyte death can be triggered by
155:
31:
921:
872:
468:
2316:
2058:
2053:
1917:
1895:
1770:
1734:
1421:
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1059:
194:
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179:
929:
880:
817:
784:"Reverse Cardiac Remodeling: A Marker of Better Prognosis in Heart Failure"
768:
741:
700:
607:
558:
517:
476:
411:
142:
665:
Azevedo, Paula S; Polegato, Bertha F; Minicucci, Marcos F (January 2016).
1822:
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159:
59:
51:
2301:
1761:
1729:
1622:
1444:
393:
1284:
1279:
306:, either directly or indirectly, leads to improvement in remodeling.
63:
782:
Reis Filho JR, Cardoso JN, Cardoso CM, Pereira-Barretto AC (2015).
1416:
1003:
254:
141:
126:, of which there are many types. Concentric hypertrophy is due to
47:
227:
223:
1572:
968:
261:
are important contributors of cardiac remodelling. However,
1568:
906:(2). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 266–272.
845:
Leyva, Francisco; Nisam, Seah; Auricchio, Angelo (2014).
293:, and treatment. Medications may attenuate remodeling.
42:) refers to changes in the size, shape, structure, and
273:
Remodeling of the heart is evaluated by performing an
2259:
2197:
1958:
1886:
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1002:
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376:Mihl, C.; Dassen, W. R. M.; Kuipers, H. (2008).
847:"20 Years of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy"
630:Cohn, Jay N; Colucci, Wilson S; Yeon, Susan B.
295:Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
222:fibrosis of the heart. Increase expression of
1584:
980:
851:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
660:
658:
656:
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537:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
496:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
8:
830:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1873:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
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1008:
987:
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625:
623:
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619:
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154:is the major cell involved in remodeling.
2214:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
911:
862:
807:
731:
690:
597:
548:
507:
458:
427:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
401:
130:, while eccentric hypertrophy is due to
122:, and other changes. It is an aspect of
74:(forms of strain) on the heart. Chronic
996:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
368:
86:may also lead to remodeling. After the
823:
27:Changes in the physiology of the heart
7:
2352:
2113:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
265:is thought to be cardio-protective.
2362:
788:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
671:Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia
633:"Cardiac remodeling: Basic aspects"
110:Ventricular remodeling may include
2249:Medical Scientist Training Program
578:The American Journal of Cardiology
25:
913:10.1161/circulationaha.104.520817
460:10.1161/circulationaha.105.538272
316:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
50:. This can happen as a result of
2381:
2371:
2361:
2351:
2342:
2341:
336:
289:activation, genetic factors and
82:with intracardiac shunting, and
2382:
720:New England Journal of Medicine
236:Transforming growth factor beta
2239:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1673:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
857:(10). Elsevier BV: 1047–1058.
1:
1123:Aortic valve area calculation
590:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.05.061
550:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01890-9
2219:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
1986:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
162:, the interstitium, and the
1240:Effective refractory period
1119:) / End-diastolic dimension
864:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1178
56:acute myocardial infarction
2429:
509:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.032
263:atrial natriuretic peptide
2413:Cardiovascular physiology
2337:
1525:Tubuloglomerular feedback
1472:Critical closing pressure
1292:Hexaxial reference system
1215:Cardiac electrophysiology
757:Minerva Cardioangiologica
382:Netherlands Heart Journal
2173:Transplantation medicine
2064:Clinical neurophysiology
1981:Obstetric anesthesiology
1901:Interventional radiology
1661:Digestive system surgery
1500:Renin–angiotensin system
429:Medical Subject Headings
251:renin–angiotensin system
80:congenital heart disease
2044:Intensive care medicine
2018:Mass gathering medicine
1863:Maternal–fetal medicine
1530:Cerebral autoregulation
1495:Kinin–kallikrein system
1462:Jugular venous pressure
1112:End-diastolic dimension
1090:Pressure volume diagram
199:L-type calcium channels
112:ventricular hypertrophy
99:) function and reduced
1636:Cardiothoracic surgery
1467:Portal venous pressure
1457:Mean arterial pressure
1371:Ventricular remodeling
1117:End-systolic dimension
1075:Cardiac function curve
952:imaging.onlinejacc.org
425:Ventricular+remodeling
324:valvular heart disease
259:anti-diuretic hormones
147:
84:valvular heart disease
36:ventricular remodeling
2287:Personalized medicine
2146:Reproductive medicine
2071:Occupational medicine
2025:Evolutionary medicine
1108:Fractional shortening
145:
2307:Traditional medicine
2267:Alternative medicine
2134:Addiction psychiatry
1948:Transfusion medicine
1943:Medical microbiology
1858:Gynecologic oncology
1710:Reproductive surgery
1048:End-diastolic volume
800:10.5935/abc.20150025
733:10.1056/NEJMoa030207
683:10.5935/abc.20160005
116:ventricular dilation
90:occurs, a series of
2329:History of medicine
2312:Veterinary medicine
2119:Preventive medicine
1971:Adolescent medicine
1813:Infectious diseases
1412:Vascular resistance
1250:Electrocardiography
1245:Pacemaker potential
1175:Conduction velocity
1080:Venous return curve
1053:End-systolic volume
310:, a 3rd generation
172:myocardial scarring
2277:Molecular oncology
2234:Doctor of Medicine
2224:Master of Medicine
2141:Radiation oncology
2013:Emergency medicine
1966:Addiction medicine
1933:Clinical chemistry
1928:Clinical pathology
1720:Transplant surgery
1678:Orthopedic surgery
1656:Colorectal surgery
1520:Myogenic mechanism
1138:Left atrial volume
1070:Frank–Starling law
394:10.1007/BF03086131
216:metalloproteinases
148:
40:cardiac remodeling
18:Cardiac remodeling
2395:
2394:
2229:Master of Surgery
2193:
2192:
2178:Tropical medicine
2124:Prison healthcare
2039:Hospital medicine
2003:Disaster medicine
1993:Aviation medicine
1808:Hospital medicine
1715:Surgical oncology
1700:Pediatric surgery
1694:
1641:Endocrine surgery
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1379:
1378:
1219:Action potential
1210:Conduction system
1156:Cardiac pacemaker
1128:Ejection fraction
300:ejection fraction
128:pressure overload
92:histopathological
68:pressure overload
16:(Redirected from
2420:
2385:
2384:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2049:Medical genetics
2034:General practice
1911:Nuclear medicine
1786:Gastroenterology
1742:Vascular surgery
1692:
1619:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1505:Vasoconstrictors
1482:Regulation of BP
1395:
1328:pulmonary artery
1301:Chamber pressure
1009:
989:
982:
975:
966:
961:
959:
958:
934:
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346:
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249:, activation of
238:(TGF-beta), and
214:, activation of
164:coronary vessels
21:
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2423:
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2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2333:
2322:Chief physician
2255:
2200:
2189:
2183:Travel medicine
2168:Sports medicine
2151:Sexual medicine
2091:Palliative care
2086:Pain management
2030:Family medicine
2008:Diving medicine
1954:
1882:
1844:
1837:
1753:
1746:
1705:Plastic surgery
1651:General surgery
1631:Cardiac surgery
1612:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1567:
1558:
1476:
1426:
1388:
1385:Vascular system
1375:
1359:
1296:
1198:
1183:(Contractility)
1142:
1094:
1085:Wiggers diagram
998:
993:
956:
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941:Further reading
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726:(14): 1309–21.
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712:
708:
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663:
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640:
629:
628:
615:
571:
570:
566:
543:(12): 2069–76.
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489:
488:
484:
453:(11): 1580–86.
440:
439:
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423:
419:
375:
374:
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365:
357:Athlete's heart
342:
335:
332:
291:gene expression
283:
271:
253:which releases
152:cardiac myocyte
140:
138:Pathophysiology
132:volume overload
72:volume overload
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2408:Cardiomyopathy
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2260:Related topics
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2209:Medical school
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1725:Trauma surgery
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1432:Blood pressure
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1190:
1189:(Excitability)
1184:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1026:Cardiac output
1023:
1017:
1015:
1013:Cardiac output
1006:
1000:
999:
994:
992:
991:
984:
977:
969:
963:
962:
942:
939:
936:
935:
886:
837:
774:
747:
706:
650:
613:
584:(8): 1158–64.
564:
523:
482:
433:
417:
367:
366:
364:
361:
360:
359:
354:
348:
347:
344:Anatomy portal
331:
328:
282:
279:
275:echocardiogram
270:
267:
247:norepinephrine
232:Angiotensin II
176:cardiac output
139:
136:
124:cardiomyopathy
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2425:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2388:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Public health
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Allied health
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Oral medicine
2079:
2077:
2076:Ophthalmology
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Cytopathology
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1878:Urogynecology
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Endocrinology
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Cardiac index
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:Stroke volume
1041:
1037:
1036:Stroke volume
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:Cardiac cycle
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
985:
983:
978:
976:
971:
970:
967:
953:
949:
945:
944:
940:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
890:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
838:
833:
827:
819:
815:
810:
805:
801:
797:
794:(6): 502–06.
793:
789:
785:
778:
775:
770:
766:
763:(2): 143–54.
762:
758:
751:
748:
743:
739:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
707:
702:
698:
693:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
661:
659:
657:
655:
651:
639:
634:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
614:
609:
605:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
568:
565:
560:
556:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
527:
524:
519:
515:
510:
505:
502:(6): 483–90.
501:
497:
493:
486:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
437:
434:
430:
426:
421:
418:
413:
409:
404:
399:
395:
391:
388:(4): 129–33.
387:
383:
379:
372:
369:
362:
358:
355:
353:
352:Dor procedure
350:
349:
345:
339:
334:
329:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
292:
288:
287:neurohormonal
280:
278:
276:
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
146:Myocardiocyte
144:
137:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
104:
102:
101:stroke volume
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2297:Rural health
2282:Nanomedicine
1833:Rheumatology
1764: /
1683:Hand surgery
1668:Neurosurgery
1547:Carotid body
1510:Vasodilators
1390:hemodynamics
1370:
1195:(Relaxation)
1187:Bathmotropic
1161:Chronotropic
955:. Retrieved
951:
903:
899:
889:
854:
850:
840:
826:cite journal
791:
787:
777:
760:
756:
750:
723:
719:
709:
677:(1): 62–69.
674:
670:
641:. Retrieved
638:UpToDate.com
637:
581:
577:
567:
540:
536:
526:
499:
495:
485:
450:
446:
436:
420:
385:
381:
371:
320:hypertension
312:beta blocker
284:
272:
244:
240:Endothelin 1
220:
208:mitochondria
184:
149:
120:cardiomegaly
109:
105:
76:hypertension
39:
35:
29:
2367:Wikiproject
2156:Venereology
2101:Neonatology
1998:Dermatology
1853:Gynaecology
1845:gynaecology
1828:Pulmonology
1646:Eye surgery
1608:Specialties
1552:Glomus cell
1542:Aortic body
1537:Paraganglia
1348:ventricular
1321:ventricular
1270:QT interval
1265:QRS complex
1260:PR interval
1233:ventricular
1171:Dromotropic
900:Circulation
447:Circulation
304:aldosterone
212:fibroblasts
156:Fibroblasts
2402:Categories
2129:Psychiatry
2115:(PM&R)
2108:Phlebology
2096:Pediatrics
1923:Anatomical
1888:Diagnostic
1868:Obstetrics
1818:Nephrology
1803:Hematology
1798:Geriatrics
1791:Hepatology
1776:Cardiology
1766:Immunology
1490:Baroreflex
1407:Compliance
1399:Blood flow
1275:ST segment
1203:Conduction
1193:Lusitropic
1165:Heart rate
1148:Heart rate
1100:Ultrasound
1031:Heart rate
957:2016-02-12
643:8 November
363:References
308:Carvedilol
269:Evaluation
203:fatty acid
66:, causing
32:cardiology
2317:Physician
2201:education
2059:Neurology
2054:Narcology
1918:Pathology
1896:Radiology
1771:Angiology
1735:Andrology
1450:Diastolic
1422:Perfusion
1181:Inotropic
1060:Afterload
922:0009-7322
873:0735-1097
469:0009-7322
281:Treatment
195:autophagy
191:apoptosis
180:diastolic
2347:Category
1823:Oncology
1754:medicine
1752:Internal
1600:Medicine
1445:Systolic
1223:cardiac
930:16401777
881:25190241
818:26131706
769:12783070
742:12668699
701:26647721
608:23810323
559:12084610
518:19195605
477:16144994
412:18427637
330:See also
187:necrosis
168:necrosis
160:collagen
97:systolic
60:pressure
52:exercise
44:function
2387:Outline
2357:Commons
2302:Therapy
2199:Medical
1762:Allergy
1730:Urology
1623:Surgery
1065:Preload
809:4484683
692:4728597
599:3788852
403:2300466
46:of the
2377:Portal
2244:MD–PhD
1355:Aortic
1343:atrial
1316:atrial
1312:Right
1285:U wave
1280:T wave
1255:P wave
1228:atrial
928:
920:
879:
871:
816:
806:
767:
740:
699:
689:
606:
596:
557:
516:
475:
467:
431:(MeSH)
410:
400:
88:insult
64:volume
1959:Other
1417:Pulse
1364:Other
1339:Left
1333:wedge
1004:Heart
255:renin
193:, or
48:heart
926:PMID
918:ISSN
877:PMID
869:ISSN
832:link
814:PMID
765:PMID
738:PMID
697:PMID
645:2017
604:PMID
555:PMID
514:PMID
473:PMID
465:ISSN
408:PMID
257:and
228:MMP9
226:and
224:MMP1
150:The
38:(or
1693:ENT
1611:and
1110:= (
908:doi
904:113
859:doi
804:PMC
796:doi
792:104
728:doi
724:348
687:PMC
679:doi
675:106
594:PMC
586:doi
582:112
545:doi
504:doi
455:doi
451:112
398:PMC
390:doi
322:or
70:or
62:or
30:In
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2032:/
950:.
924:.
916:.
902:.
898:.
875:.
867:.
855:64
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849:.
828:}}
824:{{
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786:.
761:51
759:.
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722:.
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673:.
669:.
653:^
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616:^
602:.
592:.
580:.
576:.
553:.
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535:.
512:.
500:53
498:.
494:.
471:.
463:.
449:.
445:.
406:.
396:.
386:16
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380:.
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1163:(
988:e
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932:.
910::
883:.
861::
834:)
820:.
798::
771:.
744:.
730::
703:.
681::
647:.
610:.
588::
561:.
547::
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506::
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457::
414:.
392::
95:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
