793:), heart disease, or heart muscle injury such as after a myocardial infarction. A healthy adult cardiomyocyte has a cylindrical shape that is approximately 100μm long and 10–25μm in diameter. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy occurs through sarcomerogenesis, the creation of new sarcomere units in the cell. During heart volume overload, cardiomyocytes grow through eccentric hypertrophy. The cardiomyocytes extend lengthwise but have the same diameter, resulting in ventricular dilation. During heart pressure overload, cardiomyocytes grow through concentric hypertrophy. The cardiomyocytes grow larger in diameter but have the same length, resulting in heart wall thickening.
681:, intercalated discs appear as thin, typically dark-staining lines dividing adjacent cardiac muscle cells. The intercalated discs run perpendicular to the direction of muscle fibers. Under electron microscopy, an intercalated disc's path appears more complex. At low magnification, this may appear as a convoluted electron dense structure overlying the location of the obscured Z-line. At high magnification, the intercalated disc's path appears even more convoluted, with both longitudinal and transverse areas appearing in longitudinal section.
299:
378:
885:. In contrast, in skeletal muscle, minimal calcium flows into the cell during action potential and instead the sarcoplasmic reticulum in these cells is directly coupled to the surface membrane. This difference can be illustrated by the observation that cardiac muscle fibers require calcium to be present in the solution surrounding the cell to contract, while skeletal muscle fibers will contract without extracellular calcium.
968:
283:
275:
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604:
49:
873:. This is the direct result of a membrane which allows sodium ions to slowly enter the cell until the threshold is reached for depolarization. Calcium ions follow and extend the depolarization even further. Once calcium stops moving inward, potassium ions move out slowly to produce repolarization. The very slow repolarization of the CMC membrane is responsible for the long refractory period.
916:, calcium ions bind to the protein troponin, which along with tropomyosin then uncover key binding sites on actin. Myosin, in the thick filament, can then bind to actin, pulling the thick filaments along the thin filaments. When the concentration of calcium within the cell falls, troponin and tropomyosin once again cover the binding sites on actin, causing the cell to relax.
291:
370:
40:
2954:"2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: the Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI)"
441:. They also must be able to receive and respond to electrical impulses from the brain. Lastly, they must be able to transfer electrical impulses from cell to cell. Pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node, and atrioventricular node are smaller and conduct at a relatively slow rate between the cells. Specialized conductive cells in the
334:
allow the ventricle to squeeze in several directions simultaneously – longitudinally (becoming shorter from apex to base), radially (becoming narrower from side to side), and with a twisting motion (similar to wringing out a damp cloth) to squeeze the maximum possible amount of blood out of the heart with each heartbeat.
380:
379:
862:. After emptying, the heart immediately relaxes and expands to receive another influx of blood returning from the lungs and other systems of the body, before again contracting to pump blood to the lungs and those systems. A normally performing heart must be fully expanded before it can efficiently pump again.
3511:"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC"
940:
tested samples of heart muscle from people born before 1955 who had very little cardiac muscle around their heart, many showing with disabilities from this abnormality. By using DNA samples from many hearts, the researchers estimated that a 4-year-old renews about 20% of heart muscle cells per year,
975:
Cardiac muscle forms both the atria and the ventricles of the heart. Although this muscle tissue is very similar between cardiac chambers, some differences exist. The myocardium found in the ventricles is thick to allow forceful contractions, while the myocardium in the atria is much thinner. The
788:
Humans are born with a set number of heart muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, which increase in size as the heart grows larger during childhood development. Evidence suggests that cardiomyocytes are slowly turned over during aging, but less than 50% of the cardiomyocytes present at birth are replaced
642:
that are connected by cardiac connection fibres. Electrical resistance through intercalated discs is very low, thus allowing free diffusion of ions. The ease of ion movement along cardiac muscle fibers axes is such that action potentials are able to travel from one cardiac muscle cell to the next,
333:
Within the myocardium, there are several sheets of cardiac muscle cells or cardiomyocytes. The sheets of muscle that wrap around the left ventricle closest to the endocardium are oriented perpendicularly to those closest to the epicardium. When these sheets contract in a coordinated manner they
3052:"2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)"
714:
Fibroblasts are smaller but more numerous than cardiomyocytes, and several fibroblasts can be attached to a cardiomyocyte at once. When attached to a cardiomyocyte they can influence the electrical currents passing across the muscle cell's surface membrane, and in the context are referred to as
876:
However, the mechanism by which calcium concentrations within the cytosol rise differ between skeletal and cardiac muscle. In cardiac muscle, the action potential comprises an inward flow of both sodium and calcium ions. The flow of sodium ions is rapid but very short-lived, while the flow of
382:
1887:
Franke WW, Borrmann CM, Grund C, Pieperhoff S (February 2006). "The area composita of adhering junctions connecting heart muscle cells of vertebrates. I. Molecular definition in intercalated disks of cardiomyocytes by immunoelectron microscopy of desmosomal proteins".
1038:
pectoris may occur. This typically causes chest pain during exertion that is relieved by rest. If a coronary artery suddenly becomes very narrowed or completely blocked, interrupting or severely reducing blood flow through the vessel, a
715:
being electrically coupled, as originally shown in vitro in the 1960s, and ultimately confirmed in native cardiac tissue with the help of optogenetic techniques. Other potential roles for fibroblasts include electrical insulation of the
980:
network. Although the fundamental mechanisms of calcium handling are similar between ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, the calcium transient is smaller and decays more rapidly in atrial myocytes, with a corresponding increase in
589:. They are also involved in mechano-electric feedback, as evident from cell contraction induced T-tubular content exchange (advection-assisted diffusion), which was confirmed by confocal and 3D electron tomography observations.
1090:. Many of these conditions, if severe enough, can damage the heart so much that the pumping function of the heart is reduced. If the heart is no longer able to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, this is described as
432:
Pacemaker cells carry the impulses that are responsible for the beating of the heart. They are distributed throughout the heart and are responsible for several functions. First, they are responsible for being able to
1674:
Rog-Zielinska, Eva A.; Scardigli, Marina; Peyronnet, Remi; Zgierski-Johnston, Callum M.; Greiner, Joachim; Madl, Josef; O’Toole, Eileen T.; Morphew, Mary; Hoenger, Andreas; Sacconi, Leonardo; Kohl, Peter (2021-01-22).
670:. They allow action potentials to spread between cardiac cells by permitting the passage of ions between cells, producing depolarization of the heart muscle. The three types of junction act together as a single
853:
is the performance of the human heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. It consists of two periods: one during which the heart muscle relaxes and refills with blood, called
381:
570:, but fewer in number. In the centre of the cell they join, running into and along the cell as a transverse-axial network. Inside the cell they lie close to the cell's internal calcium store, the
699:, but instead are largely responsible for creating and maintaining the extracellular matrix which surrounds the cardiomyocytes. Fibroblasts play a crucial role in responding to injury, such as a
3509:
Ponikowski, Piotr; Voors, Adriaan A.; Anker, Stefan D.; Bueno, Héctor; Cleland, John G. F.; Coats, Andrew J. S.; Falk, Volkmar; González-Juanatey, José Ramón; Harjola, Veli-Pekka (August 2016).
985:
capacity. The complement of ion channels differs between chambers, leading to longer action potential durations and effective refractory periods in the ventricles. Certain ion currents such as
658:). The discs are responsible mainly for force transmission during muscle contraction. Intercalated discs consist of three different types of cell-cell junctions: the actin filament anchoring
471:- working to efficiently pump blood from the heart, and if this coordination breaks down then – despite individual cells contracting – the heart may not pump at all, such as may occur during
2570:
Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S, Jakoniuk I, Anderson SM, Li B, Pickel K, McKay R, Nadal-Ginard B, Bodine DM, Anversa P (April 2001). "Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium".
2952:
Kolh, Philippe; Windecker, Stephan; Alfonso, Fernando; Collet, Jean-Philippe; Cremer, Jochen; Falk, Volkmar; Filippatos, Gerasimos; Hamm, Christian; Head, Stuart J. (October 2014).
2321:
Bergmann, O.; Bhardwaj, R. D.; Bernard, S.; Zdunek, S.; Barnabe-Heider, F.; Walsh, S.; Zupicich, J.; Alkass, K.; Buchholz, B. A.; Druid, H.; Jovinge, S.; Frisen, J. (3 April 2009).
3050:
Roffi, Marco; Patrono, Carlo; Collet, Jean-Philippe; Mueller, Christian; Valgimigli, Marco; Andreotti, Felicita; Bax, Jeroen J.; Borger, Michael A.; Brotons, Carlos (2016-01-14).
932:
It was commonly believed that cardiac muscle cells could not be regenerated. However, this was contradicted by a report published in 2009. Olaf
Bergmann and his colleagues at the
757:. Together, these substances give support and strength to the muscle cells, create elasticity in cardiac muscle, and keep the muscle cells hydrated by binding water molecules.
1141:
467:
Cardiac muscle cells are the contracting cells that allow the heart to pump. Each cardiomyocyte needs to contract in coordination with its neighboring cells - known as a
306:
Cardiac muscle tissue or myocardium forms the bulk of the heart. The heart wall is a three-layered structure with a thick layer of myocardium sandwiched between the inner
711:(ability to contract). In this capacity, fibroblasts can repair an injury by creating collagen while gently contracting to pull the edges of the injured area together.
634:
that enable the rapid transmission of electrical impulses through the network, enabling the syncytium to act in a coordinated contraction of the myocardium. There is an
2197:
Quinn, T. Alexander; Camelliti, Patrizia; Rog-Zielinska, Eva A.; Siedlecka, Urszula; Poggioli, Tommaso; O'Toole, Eileen T.; Knöpfel, Thomas; Kohl, Peter (2016-12-20).
1546:
1446:
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482:
Viewed through a microscope, cardiac muscle cells are roughly rectangular, measuring 100–150μm by 30–40μm. Individual cardiac muscle cells are joined at their ends by
413:, set the rhythm of the heart contractions. The pacemaker cells are only weakly contractile without sarcomeres, and are connected to neighboring contractile cells via
789:
during a normal life span. The growth of individual cardiomyocytes not only occurs during normal heart development, it also occurs in response to extensive exercise (
1926:"A unique and specific interaction between alphaT-catenin and plakophilin-2 in the area composita, the mixed-type junctional structure of cardiac intercalated discs"
947:
In the 2000s, the discovery of adult endogenous cardiac stem cells was reported, and studies were published that claimed that various stem cell lineages, including
1390:
2679:
2876:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
2874:
Lozano, Rafael; Naghavi, Mohsen; Foreman, Kyle; Lim, Stephen; Shibuya, Kenji; Aboyans, Victor; Abraham, Jerry; Adair, Timothy; Aggarwal, Rakesh (2012-12-15).
1212:"Left ventricular twist mechanics in the context of normal physiology and cardiovascular disease: a review of studies using speckle tracking echocardiography"
869:
during this phase of the beat separates the ions such as sodium, potassium, and calcium. Myocardial cells possess the property of automaticity or spontaneous
130:
1463:. Camm, A. John., Lüscher, Thomas F. (Thomas Felix), Serruys, P. W., European Society of Cardiology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009.
877:
calcium is sustained and gives the plateau phase characteristic of cardiac muscle action potentials. The comparatively small flow of calcium through the
525:
that run from the cell surface to the cell's interior which help to improve the efficiency of contraction. The majority of these cells contain only one
4896:
3657:
2782:
Walden, A. P.; Dibb, K. M.; Trafford, A. W. (April 2009). "Differences in intracellular calcium homeostasis between atrial and ventricular myocytes".
976:
individual myocytes that make up the myocardium also differ between cardiac chambers. Ventricular cardiomyocytes are longer and wider, with a denser
716:
2381:
Göktepe, S; Abilez, OJ; Parker, KK; Kuhl, E (2010-08-07). "A multiscale model for eccentric and concentric cardiac growth through sarcomerogenesis".
502:, the fundamental contractile units of muscle cells. The regular organization of myofibrils into sarcomeres gives cardiac muscle cells a striped or
558:
are microscopic tubes that run from the cell surface to deep within the cell. They are continuous with the cell membrane, are composed of the same
4511:
3859:
802:
3928:
3464:
1825:
1798:
1172:
106:
4245:
4276:
1121:
2162:
Goshima, K.; Tonomura, Y. (1969). "Synchronized beating of embryonic mouse myocardial cells mediated by FL cells in monolayer culture".
1844:
Zhao, G; Qiu, Y; Zhang, HM; Yang, D (January 2019). "Intercalated discs: cellular adhesion and signaling in heart health and diseases".
944:
One way that cardiomyocyte regeneration occurs is through the division of pre-existing cardiomyocytes during the normal aging process.
5054:
2043:
1522:
1422:
1087:
1048:
956:
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from the cell surface to the cell's core, and helping to regulate the concentration of calcium within the cell in a process known as
4572:
3821:
3612:
3585:
1468:
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821:. The primary function of both muscle types is to contract, and in both cases, a contraction begins with a characteristic flow of
4567:
1890:
3734:
1074:
Heart muscle can also become damaged despite a normal blood supply. The heart muscle may become inflamed in a condition called
882:
586:
574:. Here, a single tubule pairs with part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called a terminal cisterna in a combination known as a
2513:
Senyo SE, Steinhauser ML, Pizzimenti CL, Yang VK, Cai L, Wang M, Wu TD, Guerguin-Kern JL, Lechene CP, Lee RT (January 2013).
1136:
1052:
695:
Cardiac fibroblasts are vital supporting cells within cardiac muscle. They are unable to provide forceful contractions like
3602:
3946:
3739:
3650:
125:
912:. As the thick and thin filaments slide past each other the cell becomes shorter and fatter. In a mechanism known as
4974:
4751:
4504:
3852:
3744:
3729:
2623:"Cardiac stem cells in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (SCIPIO): initial results of a randomised phase 1 trial"
1060:
1055:, then a heart muscle region may become permanently scarred and damaged. Specific cardiomyopathies include: increased
2764:
1977:"Desmosomes and Desmosomal Cadherin Function in Skin and Heart Diseases-Advancements in Basic and Clinical Research"
4281:
3804:
1492:
1068:
506:
appearance when looked at through a microscope, similar to skeletal muscle. These striations are caused by lighter
4775:
3575:
650:
Intercalated discs are complex adhering structures that connect the single cardiomyocytes to an electrochemical
5049:
5044:
3912:
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834:
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476:
438:
224:
89:
4755:
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2035:
1019:
955:. However, other teams were unable to replicate these findings, and many of the original studies were later
948:
893:
790:
188:. The cardiac muscle (myocardium) forms a thick middle layer between the outer layer of the heart wall (the
5059:
4993:
4771:
4743:
4735:
4497:
4432:
4261:
3901:
3891:
3845:
3001:
Smith, Jennifer N.; Negrelli, Jenna M.; Manek, Megha B.; Hawes, Emily M.; Viera, Anthony J. (March 2015).
1114:
1064:
878:
571:
538:
503:
337:
Contracting heart muscle uses a lot of energy, and therefore requires a constant flow of blood to provide
228:
137:
113:
101:
1787:
Jahangir Moini; Professor of Allied Health
Everest University Indialantic Florida Jahangir Moini (2011).
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4789:
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1324:
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1040:
700:
655:
252:
707:– cells which exhibit behaviour somewhere between a fibroblast (generating extracellular matrix) and a
314:(also known as the visceral pericardium). The inner endocardium lines the cardiac chambers, covers the
3577:
The
Etiopathogenesis of Coronary Heart Disease: A Heretical Theory Based on Morphology, Second Edition
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2390:
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Rohr, Stephan (June 2009). "Myofibroblasts in diseased hearts: new players in cardiac arrhythmias?".
1619:"Cardiac Mechano-Electric Coupling: Acute Effects of Mechanical Stimulation on Heart Rate and Rhythm"
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that lines the blood vessels that connect to the heart. On the outer aspect of the myocardium is the
209:
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881:
triggers a much larger release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in a phenomenon known as
4969:
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3724:
993:
696:
563:
1082:. Heart muscle can also be damaged by drugs such as alcohol, long standing high blood pressure or
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5013:
4981:
4641:
4614:
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3707:
3556:
3168:
Japp, Alan G.; Gulati, Ankur; Cook, Stuart A.; Cowie, Martin R.; Prasad, Sanjay K. (2016-06-28).
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2199:"Electrotonic coupling of excitable and nonexcitable cells in the heart revealed by optogenetics"
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are highly specific to atrial cardiomyocytes, making them a potential target for treatments for
2716:"Undeniable Evidence That the Adult Mammalian Heart Lacks an Endogenous Regenerative Stem Cell"
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Liew, Alphonsus C.; Vassiliou, Vassilios S.; Cooper, Robert; Raphael, Claire E. (2017-12-12).
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2008:
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and about 69% of the heart muscle cells of a 50-year-old were generated after they were born.
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761:
754:
741:(ECM) surrounds the cardiomyocyte and fibroblasts. The ECM is composed of proteins including
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298:
201:
1034:. If these narrowings become severe enough to partially restrict blood flow, the syndrome of
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and lie on the outer or epicardial surface of the heart. Blood is then drained away by the
1975:
Pieperhoff S, Barth M, Rickelt S, Franke WW (2010). Mahoney MG, Müller EJ, Koch PJ (eds.).
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Bracamonte-Baran, William; Čiháková, Daniela (2017). "Cardiac
Autoimmunity: Myocarditis".
1417:. Lowe, J. S. (James Steven), Stevens, Alan (Pathologist). (2nd ed.). London: Mosby.
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1167:. Last, R. J. (Raymond Jack) (11th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone.
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that surrounds the cell. T-tubules in cardiac muscle are bigger and wider than those in
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2003:
1976:
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1005:
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2891:
2827:"Ultra-rapid delayed rectifier channels: molecular basis and therapeutic implications"
2731:
2667:
2638:
2621:
Bolli R, Chugh AR, D'Amario D, Loughran JH, Stoddard MF, Ikram S, et al. (2011).
429:. Other pacemaker cells are found in the atrioventricular node (secondary pacemaker).
5038:
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952:
850:
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The functions of T-tubules include rapidly transmitting electrical impulses known as
534:
530:
442:
223:, although with some important differences. Electrical stimulation in the form of a
177:
169:
1873:
892:
oriented along the length of the cell slide over each other in what is known as the
654:(in contrast to the skeletal muscle, which becomes a multicellular syncytium during
4837:
4833:
4825:
4731:
4039:
3992:
3451:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 1003. pp. 187–221.
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1078:, most commonly caused by a viral infection but sometimes caused by the body's own
1044:
924:
773:
719:, and the ability to transform into other cell types including cardiomyocytes and
615:
603:
526:
422:
414:
358:
1692:
1071:). Some of these conditions are caused by genetic mutations and can be inherited.
48:
3456:
3407:
3019:
3002:
2765:"He Promised to Restore Damaged Hearts. Harvard Says His Lab Fabricated Research"
1677:"Beat-by-Beat Cardiomyocyte T-Tubule Deformation Drives Tubular Content Exchange"
94:
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2795:
2281:
2266:"Aging and the cardiac collagen matrix: Novel mediators of fibrotic remodelling"
2132:
1301:
1228:
1211:
1210:
Stöhr, Eric J.; Shave, Rob E.; Baggish, Aaron L.; Weiner, Rory B. (2016-09-01).
1075:
909:
896:. There are two kinds of myofilaments, thick filaments composed of the protein
889:
690:
323:
319:
315:
307:
232:
193:
189:
3245:
3228:
3186:
3169:
3068:
3051:
3003:"Diagnosis and management of acute coronary syndrome: an evidence-based update"
2402:
1902:
1749:
1635:
1618:
1577:
529:(some may have two central nuclei), unlike skeletal muscle cells which contain
4986:
4801:
4459:
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4415:
4305:
4266:
4240:
4235:
4205:
4200:
4195:
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311:
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118:
17:
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4005:
3923:
2481:
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2223:
1532:
1432:
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937:
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subsequently triggers muscle contraction by increasing the concentration of
760:
The matrix in immediate contact with the muscle cells is referred to as the
720:
651:
627:
619:
550:
511:
499:
487:
468:
461:
290:
227:
triggers the release of calcium from the cell's internal calcium store, the
3552:
3510:
3492:
3433:
3376:
3319:
3262:
3213:
3196:
3154:
3095:
3036:
2987:
2970:
2953:
2927:
2860:
2811:
2749:
2675:
2656:
2599:
2556:
2499:
2410:
2364:
2307:
2250:
2148:
2105:
2012:
1961:
1910:
1865:
1765:
1718:
1652:
1603:
1309:
1253:
951:
were able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, and could be used to treat
369:
39:
3350:
2685:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
2183:
1993:
1952:
4454:
4425:
4385:
4190:
2843:
2826:
1102:
1023:
977:
971:
The swirling musculature of the heart ensures effective pumping of blood.
905:
855:
777:
742:
555:
518:
244:
2538:
2439:
1734:"Electron microscopy of cardiac 3D nanodynamics: form, function, future"
858:, following a period of robust contraction and pumping of blood, dubbed
4489:
4469:
4174:
4098:
3535:
3127:
1942:
1925:
859:
838:
817:
The physiology of cardiac muscle shares many similarities with that of
769:
746:
507:
398:
1237:
772:. Cardiomyocytes are linked to the basement membrane via specialised
4410:
4164:
3751:
3702:
3526:
2591:
1035:
897:
495:
338:
248:
247:
conditions caused by a restricted blood supply to the muscle such as
2875:
1043:
or heart attack occurs. If the blockage is not relieved promptly by
703:. Following injury, fibroblasts can become activated and turn into
143:
1732:
Kohl, Peter; Greiner, Joachim; Rog-Zielinska, Eva A. (2022-04-08).
1351:
1275:(5th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. pp.
4843:
4521:
4169:
4159:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
3635:
966:
901:
491:
350:
342:
269:
185:
77:
65:
4118:
4049:
4044:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3837:
1216:
American
Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
575:
4493:
3841:
3639:
1367:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
200:. It is composed of individual cardiac muscle cells joined by
3229:"Constrictive Pericarditis Versus Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?"
2456:
Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, et al. (April 2009).
888:
During contraction of a cardiac muscle cell, the long protein
822:
1515:
Excitation-contraction coupling and cardiac contractile force
1097:
Significant damage to cardiac muscle cells is referred to as
537:
which provide the energy needed for the cell in the form of
278:
3D rendering showing thick myocardium within the heart wall.
449:
are larger in diameter and conduct signals at a fast rate.
3449:
The
Immunology of Cardiovascular Homeostasis and Pathology
1924:
Goossens S, Janssens B, Bonné S, et al. (June 2007).
3170:"The Diagnosis and Evaluation of Dilated Cardiomyopathy"
2515:"Mammalian heart renewal by pre-existing cardiomyocytes"
643:
facing only slight resistance. Each syncytium obeys the
452:
The
Purkinje fibers rapidly conduct electrical signals;
1517:(2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
3111:"Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy-Past, Present and Future"
2062:
Ivey, Malina J.; Tallquist, Michelle D. (2016-10-25).
498:
that slide past each other. These are organized into
421:(the primary pacemaker) positioned on the wall of the
401:
of the cardiac muscle. The cells are surrounded by an
3607:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 48.
2264:
Horn, Margaux A.; Trafford, Andrew W. (April 2016).
409:
cells. Specialised modified cardiomyocytes known as
330:
that surrounds, protects, and lubricates the heart.
5006:
4960:
4942:
4887:
4869:
4862:
4800:
4710:
4703:
4598:
4535:
4528:
4445:
4403:
4378:
4331:
4324:
4294:
4254:
4216:
4140:
4107:
4023:
3945:
3936:
3922:
3911:
3900:
3875:
3797:
3764:
3673:
2426:"Cardiovascular Physiology= Cardiac muscle Concept"
1142:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
124:
112:
100:
88:
76:
71:
60:
55:
32:
1793:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 213–.
3007:Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
2032:A Learning System in Histology: CD-ROM and Guide
541:(ATP), making them highly resistant to fatigue.
2203:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1790:Anatomy and Physiology for Health Professionals
1617:Quinn, T. Alexander; Kohl, Peter (2021-01-01).
1560:Hong, TingTing; Shaw, Robin M. (January 2017).
1105:defined as either coagulative or colliquative.
2458:"Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans"
2376:
2374:
2323:"Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans"
1300:Kashou AH, Basit H, Chhabra L (January 2020).
900:, and thin filaments composed of the proteins
4505:
3853:
3651:
3233:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
3174:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2825:Ravens, Ursula; Wettwer, Erich (2011-03-01).
235:to slide past each other in a process called
8:
2784:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
2270:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
1562:"Cardiac T-Tubule Microanatomy and Function"
1545:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1445:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1195:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1010:Diseases affecting cardiac muscle, known as
865:The rest phase is considered polarized. The
630:is a network of cardiomyocytes connected by
490:, specialized protein contractile fibers of
456:to bring nutrients to the muscle cells, and
2958:European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
2451:
2449:
1461:The ESC textbook of cardiovascular medicine
286:Differently oriented cardiac muscle fibers.
4866:
4707:
4602:
4532:
4512:
4498:
4490:
4328:
4027:
3942:
3933:
3919:
3908:
3860:
3846:
3838:
3658:
3644:
3636:
2699:|...|intentional=yes}}
1389:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1165:Last's anatomy : regional and applied
562:, and are open at the cell surface to the
47:
38:
3534:
3482:
3423:
3366:
3309:
3244:
3195:
3185:
3144:
3126:
3077:
3067:
3018:
2969:
2917:
2899:
2842:
2739:
2646:
2546:
2489:
2354:
2297:
2240:
2222:
2095:
2002:
1992:
1951:
1941:
1708:
1634:
1593:
1271:Biology : concepts & connections
1227:
486:to form long fibers. Each cell contains
231:. The rise in calcium causes the cell's
1032:the formation of atherosclerotic plaques
963:Differences between atria and ventricles
923:
602:
386:An isolated cardiac muscle cell, beating
376:
368:
297:
289:
281:
273:
243:are of major importance. These include
239:. Diseases of the heart muscle known as
184:that constitutes the main tissue of the
1839:
1837:
1369:(Forty-first ed.). . p. 139.
1302:"Physiology, Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)"
1152:
1101:which is considered a type of cellular
803:Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling
27:Muscular tissue of heart in vertebrates
4772:moderator band/septomarginal trabecula
1538:
1484:
1438:
1382:
1333:
1322:
1267:Neil A. Campbell; et al. (2006).
1188:
662:, the intermediate filament anchoring
373:Illustration of a cardiac muscle cell.
141:
29:
3504:
3502:
2947:
2945:
2057:
2055:
1413:(Pathologist), Stevens, Alan (1997).
1352:"Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart"
510:composed mainly of actin, and darker
464:network to take away waste products.
7:
4246:Connective tissue in skeletal muscle
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1158:
1156:
1024:blood supply to the heart is reduced
1014:, are the leading cause of death in
610:are part of the cardiac muscle cell
533:. Cardiac muscle cells contain many
345:is brought to the myocardium by the
83:textus muscularis striatus cardiacus
3339:The New England Journal of Medicine
208:and other substances that form the
1049:percutaneous coronary intervention
25:
3822:List of muscles of the human body
3604:Atlas of Cardiovascular Pathology
3515:European Journal of Heart Failure
2732:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035186
2064:"Defining the Cardiac Fibroblast"
3333:Cooper, Leslie T. (2009-04-09).
4277:Excitation–contraction coupling
3396:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
3227:Garcia, Mario J. (2016-05-03).
2714:Maliken B, Molkentin J (2018).
2440:"Cells Alive: Pumping Myocytes"
1820:. Elsevier India. p. 247.
1163:S., Sinnatamby, Chummy (2006).
1122:Frank–Starling law of the heart
1018:. The most common condition is
883:calcium-induced calcium release
587:excitation-contraction coupling
237:excitation-contraction coupling
196:), with blood supplied via the
2383:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1817:Textbook Of Medical Physiology
1137:Regional function of the heart
1:
2892:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
2668:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30542-2
2639:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61590-0
1693:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317266
3457:10.1007/978-3-319-57613-8_10
3408:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303
3278:"Inherited cardiomyopathies"
3115:Journal of Clinical Medicine
3020:10.3122/jabfm.2015.02.140189
2176:10.1016/0014-4827(69)90029-9
514:composed mainly of myosin.
349:. These originate from the
302:Cardiac sarcomere structure
4975:sternopericardial ligaments
4752:valve of inferior vena cava
3390:Rose, Noel R. (July 2016).
3276:Towbin, Jeffrey A. (2014).
2796:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.11.003
2763:Kolata, Gina (2018-10-29).
2282:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.005
2133:10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.02.038
1229:10.1152/ajpheart.00104.2016
1061:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
425:, near the entrance of the
192:) and the inner layer (the
165:) is one of three types of
5081:
4573:posterior interventricular
4282:Sliding filament mechanism
3805:Anatomical terms of muscle
3246:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.076
3187:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.590
2403:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.04.023
2164:Experimental Cell Research
1903:10.1016/j.ejcb.2005.11.003
1750:10.1038/s41569-022-00677-x
1636:10.1152/physrev.00036.2019
1578:10.1152/physrev.00037.2015
1112:
1069:restrictive cardiomyopathy
1003:
806:
800:
730:
688:
596:
548:
417:. They are located in the
267:
5055:Cardiac electrophysiology
4987:epicardium/visceral layer
4776:crista supraventricularis
4677:
4605:
4568:anterior interventricular
4030:
4001:
3580:. CRC Press. p. 88.
3574:Baroldi, Giorgio (2004).
3079:10067/1526940151162165141
2030:Vaughan, Deborah (2002).
1858:10.1007/s10741-018-9743-7
1738:Nature Reviews Cardiology
1365:Standring, Susan (2016).
1086:, or persistent abnormal
928:Dog cardiac muscle (400X)
717:cardiac conduction system
660:fascia adherens junctions
136:
46:
37:
3631:Cardiac muscle histology
3294:10.1253/circj.CJ-14-0893
3069:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv320
2080:10.1253/circj.CJ-16-1003
2026:Histology image:22501loa
1067:), or abnormally stiff (
835:cardiac action potential
813:Myocardial contractility
753:(sugar chains) known as
477:ventricular fibrillation
326:which forms part of the
225:cardiac action potential
180:. It is an involuntary,
4756:valve of coronary sinus
4669:atrioventricular septum
4637:interventricular septum
4475:Fukutin-related protein
2831:Cardiovascular Research
2482:10.1126/science.1164680
2347:10.1126/science.1164680
2224:10.1073/pnas.1611184114
2036:Oxford University Press
1020:coronary artery disease
894:sliding filament theory
879:L-type calcium channels
791:athletic heart syndrome
517:Cardiomyocytes contain
405:produced by supporting
219:in a similar manner to
4994:fold of left vena cava
4744:limbus of fossa ovalis
4433:Sarcoplasmic reticulum
4262:Neuromuscular junction
4170:elastic filament/titin
3892:Vascular smooth muscle
3056:European Heart Journal
1491:: CS1 maint: others (
1332:Cite journal requires
1115:anatomical terminology
1065:dilated cardiomyopathy
972:
959:for scientific fraud.
949:bone marrow stem cells
929:
623:
572:sarcoplasmic reticulum
539:adenosine triphosphate
473:abnormal heart rhythms
435:spontaneously generate
397:) are the contractile
387:
374:
303:
295:
287:
279:
270:Heart § Structure
229:sarcoplasmic reticulum
138:Anatomical terminology
4790:pulmonary circulation
4165:thick filament/myosin
3601:Olsen, E. G. (2012).
3351:10.1056/NEJMra0800028
2901:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
2691:|...}}
2662:(Retracted, see
1846:Heart Failure Reviews
1623:Physiological Reviews
1566:Physiological Reviews
1513:M., Bers, D. (2001).
1063:), abnormally large (
1057:left ventricular mass
1041:myocardial infarction
1004:Further information:
1000:Clinical significance
970:
927:
807:Further information:
764:, mainly composed of
701:myocardial infarction
656:embryonic development
640:ventricular syncytium
606:
385:
372:
318:, and joins with the
301:
293:
285:
277:
268:Further information:
253:myocardial infarction
5019:Coronary circulation
4848:systemic circulation
4687:intervenous tubercle
2971:10.1093/ejcts/ezu366
1936:(Pt 12): 2126–2136.
1681:Circulation Research
934:Karolinska Institute
914:cross-bridge cycling
841:within the cytosol.
739:extracellular matrix
733:Extracellular matrix
727:Extracellular matrix
560:phospholipid bilayer
469:functional syncytium
403:extracellular matrix
391:Cardiac muscle cells
210:extracellular matrix
198:coronary circulation
4970:fibrous pericardium
4160:thin filament/actin
4146:(a, i, and h bands;
3725:Fascial compartment
3392:"Viral myocarditis"
3282:Circulation Journal
2886:(9859): 2095–2128.
2633:(9806): 1847–1857.
2584:2001Natur.410..701O
2539:10.1038/nature11682
2531:2013Natur.493..433S
2474:2009Sci...324...98B
2424:Klabunde, Richard.
2395:2010JThBi.265..433G
2339:2009Sci...324...98B
2215:2016PNAS..11314852Q
2209:(51): 14852–14857.
2068:Circulation Journal
1994:10.1155/2010/725647
1030:become narrowed by
1016:developed countries
994:atrial fibrillation
564:extracellular fluid
439:electrical impulses
172:, the others being
5014:Circulatory system
4982:serous pericardium
4944:Pericardial cavity
4642:trabeculae carneae
4615:interatrial septum
3128:10.3390/jcm6120118
2844:10.1093/cvr/cvq398
2769:The New York Times
1981:Dermatol Res Pract
1943:10.1242/jcs.004713
1891:Eur. J. Cell Biol.
1113:This article uses
973:
930:
755:glycosaminoglycans
709:smooth muscle cell
632:intercalated discs
624:
608:Intercalated discs
593:Intercalated discs
484:intercalated discs
427:superior vena cava
388:
375:
304:
296:
288:
280:
202:intercalated discs
5032:
5031:
5024:Coronary arteries
5002:
5001:
4952:pericardial sinus
4912:Bachmann's bundle
4902:cardiac pacemaker
4897:Conduction system
4858:
4857:
4748:crista terminalis
4699:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4647:chordae tendineae
4620:pectinate muscles
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4441:
4440:
4395:Myosatellite cell
4311:Intercalated disc
4290:
4289:
4218:Connective tissue
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4099:Synemin/desmuslin
4019:
4018:
3835:
3834:
3466:978-3-319-57611-4
3345:(15): 1526–1538.
3288:(10): 2347–2356.
3239:(17): 2061–2076.
3180:(25): 2996–3010.
2578:(6829): 701–705.
2525:(7432): 433–436.
2074:(11): 2269–2276.
1827:978-81-8147-850-4
1800:978-1-4496-3414-8
1174:978-0-443-10032-1
1028:coronary arteries
983:calcium buffering
867:resting potential
762:basement membrane
628:cardiac syncytium
614:and they contain
599:Intercalated disc
583:action potentials
454:coronary arteries
383:
347:coronary arteries
204:, and encased by
186:wall of the heart
152:
151:
147:
16:(Redirected from
5072:
4867:
4822:atrial appendage
4786:pulmonary artery
4736:atrial appendage
4708:
4682:cardiac skeleton
4652:papillary muscle
4603:
4533:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4491:
4329:
4112:
4028:
4011:Laminin, alpha 2
3943:
3934:
3920:
3909:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3839:
3827:Composite muscle
3660:
3653:
3646:
3637:
3619:
3618:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3538:
3527:10.1002/ejhf.592
3506:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3248:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3199:
3189:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3130:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3081:
3071:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3022:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2973:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2921:
2903:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2846:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2743:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2681:Retraction Watch
2660:
2650:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2592:10.1038/35070587
2567:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2468:(5923): 98–102.
2453:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2333:(5923): 98–102.
2318:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2226:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2170:(2–3): 387–392.
2159:
2153:
2152:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1814:Khurana (2005).
1811:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1638:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1410:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1380:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1231:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1160:
1012:cardiomyopathies
831:action potential
766:type IV collagen
679:light microscopy
636:atrial syncytium
384:
341:and nutrients.
241:cardiomyopathies
144:edit on Wikidata
51:
42:
30:
21:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5050:Muscular system
5045:Cardiac anatomy
5035:
5034:
5033:
5028:
4998:
4956:
4938:
4932:Purkinje fibers
4927:bundle branches
4883:
4854:
4812:pulmonary veins
4796:
4780:pulmonary valve
4764:right ventricle
4760:tricuspid valve
4691:
4673:
4625:terminal sulcus
4594:
4524:
4520:Anatomy of the
4518:
4488:
4479:
4447:
4437:
4399:
4374:
4320:
4297:
4286:
4250:
4212:
4147:
4145:
4128:
4108:
4103:
4015:
3997:
3938:
3927:
3914:
3903:
3896:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3836:
3831:
3793:
3760:
3691:Skeletal muscle
3669:
3667:Muscular system
3664:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3508:
3507:
3500:
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3270:
3226:
3225:
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3167:
3166:
3162:
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3107:
3103:
3049:
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3000:
2999:
2995:
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2943:
2873:
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2713:
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2684:
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2615:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2029:
2024:
2020:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1537:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1500:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1437:
1425:
1415:Human histology
1412:
1411:
1398:
1381:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1331:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1222:(3): H633–644.
1209:
1208:
1204:
1187:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1132:Protein S100-A1
1118:
1111:
1022:, in which the
1008:
1002:
991:
965:
922:
847:
819:skeletal muscle
815:
809:Autorhythmicity
805:
799:
786:
751:polysaccharides
735:
729:
693:
687:
645:all or none law
601:
595:
568:skeletal muscle
553:
547:
447:Purkinje fibers
419:sinoatrial node
411:pacemaker cells
377:
367:
328:pericardial sac
272:
266:
261:
221:skeletal muscle
215:Cardiac muscle
206:collagen fibers
182:striated muscle
174:skeletal muscle
148:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5078:
5076:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5037:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4830:left ventricle
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4726:coronary sinus
4716:
4714:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4606:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4413:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4335:
4333:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4272:Muscle spindle
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4151:
4149:
4148:z and m lines)
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3952:
3950:
3940:
3931:
3917:
3906:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3777:Pennate muscle
3774:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3686:Cardiac muscle
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3626:
3625:External links
3623:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3593:
3586:
3566:
3521:(8): 891–975.
3498:
3465:
3439:
3402:(4): 383–389.
3382:
3325:
3268:
3219:
3160:
3101:
3062:(3): 267–315.
3042:
3013:(2): 283–293.
2993:
2964:(4): 517–592.
2941:
2866:
2837:(4): 776–785.
2817:
2790:(4): 463–473.
2774:
2755:
2726:(8): 806–808.
2706:
2613:
2562:
2505:
2445:
2431:
2416:
2389:(3): 433–442.
2370:
2313:
2256:
2189:
2154:
2127:(6): 848–856.
2111:
2051:
2045:978-0195151732
2044:
2018:
1967:
1953:1854/LU-374870
1916:
1879:
1852:(1): 115–132.
1833:
1826:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1744:(9): 607–619.
1724:
1687:(2): 203–215.
1666:
1609:
1572:(1): 227–252.
1552:
1524:978-0792371588
1523:
1498:
1469:
1452:
1424:978-0723424857
1423:
1396:
1375:
1357:
1343:
1334:|journal=
1304:. StatPearls.
1292:
1285:
1259:
1202:
1173:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1110:
1107:
1006:Cardiomyopathy
1001:
998:
989:
964:
961:
921:
918:
871:depolarization
846:
843:
801:Main article:
798:
795:
785:
782:
731:Main article:
728:
725:
705:myofibroblasts
697:cardiomyocytes
689:Main article:
686:
683:
672:area composita
597:Main article:
594:
591:
549:Main article:
546:
543:
395:cardiomyocytes
366:
363:
355:coronary veins
316:cardiac valves
310:and the outer
294:Cardiac muscle
265:
262:
260:
257:
170:muscle tissues
155:Cardiac muscle
150:
149:
140:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
69:
68:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
33:Cardiac muscle
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5077:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:Muscle tissue
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:bundle of His
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:Microfilament
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4143:
4139:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4024:Intracellular
4022:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:extracellular
3935:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3869:Muscle tissue
3863:
3858:
3856:
3851:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:Smooth muscle
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:Muscle tissue
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3614:9789400932098
3610:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3594:
3589:
3587:9781498712811
3583:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:"Myocarditis"
3329:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3197:10044/1/45801
3193:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1791:
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1499:
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1480:
1476:
1472:
1470:9780199566990
1466:
1462:
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1376:9780702052309
1372:
1368:
1361:
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1353:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
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1286:0-13-193480-5
1282:
1278:
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1263:
1260:
1255:
1251:
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1239:
1235:
1230:
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1206:
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1198:
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1184:
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1166:
1159:
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1153:
1147:
1143:
1140:
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1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1092:heart failure
1089:
1085:
1081:
1080:immune system
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
999:
997:
995:
988:
984:
979:
969:
962:
960:
958:
954:
953:heart failure
950:
945:
942:
939:
935:
926:
919:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
852:
851:cardiac cycle
845:Cardiac cycle
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:cell membrane
824:
820:
814:
810:
804:
796:
794:
792:
783:
781:
779:
775:
774:glycoproteins
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
734:
726:
724:
722:
718:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
692:
684:
682:
680:
675:
673:
669:
668:gap junctions
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
621:
617:
616:gap junctions
613:
609:
605:
600:
592:
590:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:cell membrane
521:, pouches of
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
443:bundle of His
440:
437:and send out
436:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:gap junctions
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:(also called
392:
371:
364:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
300:
292:
284:
276:
271:
264:Gross anatomy
263:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:smooth muscle
175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
157:(also called
156:
145:
139:
135:
132:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
70:
67:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
18:Cardiomyocyte
5007:Blood supply
4888:
4879:heart valves
4841:
4838:aortic sinus
4834:aortic valve
4826:mitral valve
4809:
4783:
4768:infundibulum
4740:fossa ovalis
4732:right atrium
4719:
4339:Muscle fiber
4295:
4109:
4040:Dystrobrevin
3993:Dystroglycan
3685:
3603:
3596:
3576:
3569:
3518:
3514:
3448:
3442:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2961:
2957:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2758:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2695:{{
2687:{{
2680:
2678:,
2630:
2626:
2616:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2465:
2461:
2434:
2419:
2386:
2382:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2124:
2121:Heart Rhythm
2120:
2114:
2071:
2067:
2031:
2021:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1897:(2): 69–82.
1894:
1889:
1882:
1849:
1845:
1816:
1809:
1789:
1782:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1684:
1680:
1669:
1629:(1): 37–92.
1626:
1622:
1612:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1514:
1460:
1455:
1414:
1366:
1360:
1346:
1325:cite journal
1313:. Retrieved
1295:
1270:
1262:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1164:
1099:myocytolysis
1096:
1088:heart racing
1084:hypertension
1073:
1009:
986:
974:
946:
943:
931:
920:Regeneration
890:myofilaments
887:
875:
864:
848:
829:known as an
816:
787:
759:
736:
713:
694:
676:
649:
639:
635:
625:
580:
554:
535:mitochondria
516:
481:
466:
451:
431:
423:right atrium
394:
390:
389:
365:Microanatomy
359:right atrium
336:
332:
305:
233:myofilaments
214:
162:
159:heart muscle
158:
154:
153:
107:A12.1.06.001
82:
4962:Pericardium
4871:Endocardium
4818:left atrium
4722:venae cavae
4712:Right heart
4563:interatrial
4390:Muscle cell
4365:Myofilament
4184:Tropomyosin
4155:Myofilament
3956:Sarcoglycan
3756:Aponeurosis
3708:Superficial
3536:2434/427148
3121:(12): 118.
2720:Circulation
2276:: 175–185.
1930:J. Cell Sci
1076:myocarditis
910:tropomyosin
825:across the
784:Development
749:along with
691:Fibroblasts
685:Fibroblasts
531:many nuclei
351:aortic root
320:endothelium
308:endocardium
194:endocardium
190:pericardium
72:Identifiers
5039:Categories
4889:Myocardium
4802:Left heart
4632:ventricles
4460:Telethonin
4421:Sarcolemma
4416:Sarcoplasm
4349:extrafusal
4344:intrafusal
4306:Myocardium
4267:Motor unit
4241:Endomysium
4236:Perimysium
4124:Caveolin 3
4057:Syntrophin
4035:Dystrophin
3887:Calmodulin
3782:Unipennate
2627:The Lancet
1238:10369/9408
1148:References
1045:medication
797:Physiology
721:adipocytes
664:desmosomes
620:desmosomes
612:sarcolemma
500:sarcomeres
488:myofibrils
445:, and the
407:fibroblast
324:epicardium
312:epicardium
167:vertebrate
163:myocardium
66:heart wall
5065:Histology
4465:Dysferlin
4448:ungrouped
4370:Sarcomere
4356:Myofibril
4316:Nebulette
4226:Epimysium
4142:Sarcomere
4094:Dysbindin
4089:Syncoilin
4006:Sarcospan
3937:Membrane/
3924:Costamere
3815:Insertion
3787:Bipennate
3561:221675744
3545:1879-0844
3475:0065-2598
3416:1531-6963
3359:1533-4406
3302:1347-4820
3255:1558-3597
3206:1558-3597
3137:2077-0383
3088:1522-9645
3029:1558-7118
2980:1873-734X
2910:1474-547X
2853:1755-3245
2804:1095-8584
2697:retracted
2689:retracted
2290:1095-8584
2233:0027-8424
2141:1556-3871
2088:1347-4820
1774:248004338
1758:1759-5010
1701:0009-7330
1661:218554597
1645:0031-9333
1586:1522-1210
1541:cite book
1487:cite book
1479:321015206
1441:cite book
1385:cite book
1246:1522-1539
1191:cite book
1127:Nebulette
957:retracted
938:Stockholm
778:integrins
652:syncytium
556:T-tubules
551:T-tubules
545:T-tubules
519:T-tubules
462:capillary
357:into the
259:Structure
217:contracts
4704:Chambers
4599:Internal
4579:borders
4558:coronary
4455:Myotilin
4426:T-tubule
4386:Myoblast
4231:Fascicle
4191:Troponin
4110:related:
3913:Skeletal
3902:Striated
3772:Fusiform
3718:Visceral
3553:27207191
3493:28667560
3434:27166925
3377:19357408
3320:25186923
3263:27126534
3214:27339497
3155:29231893
3096:26320110
3037:25748771
2988:25173601
2928:23245604
2919:10790329
2861:21159668
2812:19059414
2750:30359129
2676:30894259
2657:22088800
2600:11287958
2557:23222518
2500:19342590
2411:20447409
2365:19342590
2308:26578393
2251:27930302
2149:19467515
2106:27746422
2013:20885972
1962:17535849
1911:16406610
1874:52919432
1866:30288656
1766:35396547
1719:33228470
1653:32380895
1604:27881552
1533:47659382
1433:35652355
1310:29083608
1254:27402663
1183:61692701
1109:See also
1103:necrosis
978:T-tubule
906:troponin
856:diastole
743:collagen
504:striated
475:such as
399:myocytes
245:ischemic
4917:AV node
4907:SA node
4536:Surface
4529:General
4470:Fukutin
4296:Cardiac
4255:General
4175:nebulin
3735:Forearm
3484:5706653
3425:4948180
3368:5814110
3311:4467885
3146:5742807
2936:1541253
2741:6205190
2648:3614010
2608:4424399
2580:Bibcode
2548:3548046
2527:Bibcode
2491:2991140
2470:Bibcode
2462:Science
2391:Bibcode
2356:2991140
2335:Bibcode
2327:Science
2299:4945757
2242:5187735
2211:Bibcode
2184:5387911
2097:5588900
2004:2946574
1987:: 1–3.
1710:7834912
1595:6151489
1053:surgery
860:systole
839:calcium
833:. The
776:called
770:laminin
747:elastin
527:nucleus
512:A bands
508:I bands
95:D009206
61:Part of
56:Details
4863:Layers
4778:), →
4659:valves
4446:Other/
4411:Desmin
4298:muscle
3915:muscle
3904:muscle
3879:muscle
3877:Smooth
3810:Origin
3752:Tendon
3703:Fascia
3674:Tissue
3611:
3584:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3491:
3481:
3473:
3463:
3432:
3422:
3414:
3375:
3365:
3357:
3318:
3308:
3300:
3261:
3253:
3212:
3204:
3153:
3143:
3135:
3094:
3086:
3035:
3027:
2986:
2978:
2934:
2926:
2916:
2908:
2880:Lancet
2859:
2851:
2810:
2802:
2748:
2738:
2674:
2670:,
2655:
2645:
2606:
2598:
2572:Nature
2555:
2545:
2519:Nature
2498:
2488:
2409:
2363:
2353:
2306:
2296:
2288:
2249:
2239:
2231:
2182:
2147:
2139:
2104:
2094:
2086:
2042:
2011:
2001:
1960:
1909:
1872:
1864:
1824:
1797:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1717:
1707:
1699:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1602:
1592:
1584:
1531:
1521:
1477:
1467:
1431:
1421:
1373:
1315:10 May
1308:
1283:
1252:
1244:
1181:
1171:
1036:angina
1026:. The
898:myosin
677:Under
666:, and
638:and a
496:myosin
460:and a
339:oxygen
251:, and
249:angina
4844:aorta
4824:) →
4664:cusps
4610:atria
4583:right
4553:sulci
4522:heart
4404:Other
4379:Cells
4332:Fiber
3798:Other
3765:Shape
3740:Thigh
3557:S2CID
2932:S2CID
2693:with
2604:S2CID
2028:from
1870:S2CID
1770:S2CID
1657:S2CID
1051:, or
990:K(UR)
902:actin
492:actin
458:veins
343:Blood
142:[
78:Latin
4846:and
4840:) →
4788:and
4758:) →
4588:left
4548:apex
4543:base
4325:Both
4119:NOS1
3986:SGCZ
3981:SGCG
3976:SGCE
3971:SGCD
3966:SGCB
3961:SGCA
3929:DAPC
3713:Deep
3609:ISBN
3582:ISBN
3549:PMID
3541:ISSN
3489:PMID
3471:ISSN
3461:ISBN
3430:PMID
3412:ISSN
3373:PMID
3355:ISSN
3316:PMID
3298:ISSN
3259:PMID
3251:ISSN
3210:PMID
3202:ISSN
3151:PMID
3133:ISSN
3092:PMID
3084:ISSN
3033:PMID
3025:ISSN
2984:PMID
2976:ISSN
2924:PMID
2906:ISSN
2857:PMID
2849:ISSN
2808:PMID
2800:ISSN
2746:PMID
2672:PMID
2653:PMID
2596:PMID
2553:PMID
2496:PMID
2407:PMID
2361:PMID
2304:PMID
2286:ISSN
2247:PMID
2229:ISSN
2180:PMID
2145:PMID
2137:ISSN
2102:PMID
2084:ISSN
2040:ISBN
2009:PMID
1985:2010
1958:PMID
1907:PMID
1862:PMID
1822:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1762:PMID
1754:ISSN
1715:PMID
1697:ISSN
1649:PMID
1641:ISSN
1600:PMID
1582:ISSN
1547:link
1529:OCLC
1519:ISBN
1493:link
1475:OCLC
1465:ISBN
1447:link
1429:OCLC
1419:ISBN
1391:link
1371:ISBN
1338:help
1317:2020
1306:PMID
1281:ISBN
1250:PMID
1242:ISSN
1197:link
1179:OCLC
1169:ISBN
908:and
849:The
823:ions
811:and
768:and
745:and
737:The
626:The
618:and
576:diad
494:and
176:and
131:9462
119:3950
102:TA98
90:MeSH
64:The
3947:DAP
3745:Leg
3730:Arm
3531:hdl
3523:doi
3479:PMC
3453:doi
3420:PMC
3404:doi
3363:PMC
3347:doi
3343:360
3306:PMC
3290:doi
3241:doi
3192:hdl
3182:doi
3141:PMC
3123:doi
3074:hdl
3064:doi
3015:doi
2966:doi
2914:PMC
2896:hdl
2888:doi
2884:380
2839:doi
2792:doi
2736:PMC
2728:doi
2724:138
2664:doi
2643:PMC
2635:doi
2631:378
2588:doi
2576:410
2543:PMC
2535:doi
2523:493
2486:PMC
2478:doi
2466:324
2399:doi
2387:265
2351:PMC
2343:doi
2331:324
2294:PMC
2278:doi
2237:PMC
2219:doi
2207:113
2172:doi
2129:doi
2092:PMC
2076:doi
1999:PMC
1989:doi
1948:hdl
1938:doi
1934:120
1899:doi
1854:doi
1746:doi
1705:PMC
1689:doi
1685:128
1631:doi
1627:101
1590:PMC
1574:doi
1277:473
1234:hdl
1224:doi
1220:311
936:in
161:or
126:FMA
114:TA2
5041::
4832:→
4828:→
4816:→
4782:→
4774:,
4770:,
4762:→
4754:,
4750:,
4746:,
4742:,
4738:,
4730:→
4724:,
4082:G2
4077:G1
4072:B2
4067:B1
3555:.
3547:.
3539:.
3529:.
3519:18
3517:.
3513:.
3501:^
3487:.
3477:.
3469:.
3459:.
3428:.
3418:.
3410:.
3400:28
3398:.
3394:.
3371:.
3361:.
3353:.
3341:.
3337:.
3314:.
3304:.
3296:.
3286:78
3284:.
3280:.
3257:.
3249:.
3237:67
3235:.
3231:.
3208:.
3200:.
3190:.
3178:67
3176:.
3172:.
3149:.
3139:.
3131:.
3117:.
3113:.
3090:.
3082:.
3072:.
3060:37
3058:.
3054:.
3031:.
3023:.
3011:28
3009:.
3005:.
2982:.
2974:.
2962:46
2960:.
2956:.
2944:^
2930:.
2922:.
2912:.
2904:.
2894:.
2882:.
2878:.
2855:.
2847:.
2835:89
2833:.
2829:.
2806:.
2798:.
2788:46
2786:.
2767:.
2744:.
2734:.
2722:.
2718:.
2651:.
2641:.
2629:.
2625:.
2602:.
2594:.
2586:.
2574:.
2551:.
2541:.
2533:.
2521:.
2517:.
2494:.
2484:.
2476:.
2464:.
2460:.
2448:^
2405:.
2397:.
2385:.
2373:^
2359:.
2349:.
2341:.
2329:.
2325:.
2302:.
2292:.
2284:.
2274:93
2272:.
2268:.
2245:.
2235:.
2227:.
2217:.
2205:.
2201:.
2178:.
2168:56
2166:.
2143:.
2135:.
2123:.
2100:.
2090:.
2082:.
2072:80
2070:.
2066:.
2054:^
2038:.
2034:.
2007:.
1997:.
1983:.
1979:.
1956:.
1946:.
1932:.
1928:.
1905:.
1895:85
1868:.
1860:.
1850:24
1848:.
1836:^
1768:.
1760:.
1752:.
1742:19
1740:.
1736:.
1713:.
1703:.
1695:.
1683:.
1679:.
1655:.
1647:.
1639:.
1625:.
1621:.
1598:.
1588:.
1580:.
1570:97
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