474:
3310:
877:, act to restore the heart’s pumping function. To prevent further harm to the organs, cardiotonic agents are typically administered alongside oxygen, ventilatory support, and mechanical circulatory support (MCS). As hypoperfusion and organ dysfunction improve, it is recommended to gradually reduce the administration of these agents. However, certain patients who are unable to discontinue cardiotonic agents without experiencing recurrent heart failure symptoms, known as inotropic-dependent patients, may require prolonged usage. This serves as a bridge towards more invasive management approaches, such as
258:
649:
85:
814:
4295:
John G; de Boer, Rudolf A; Dietl, Alexander; Fischmeister, Rodolphe; Harjola, Veli-Pekka; Heymans, Stephane; Hilfiker-Kleiner, Denise; Holzmeister, Johannes; de
Keulenaer, Gilles; Limongelli, Giuseppe; Linke, Wolfgang A; Lund, Lars H; Masip, Josep; Metra, Marco; Mueller, Christian; Pieske, Burkert; Ponikowski, Piotr; Ristić, Arsen; Ruschitzka, Frank; Seferović, Petar M; Skouri, Hadi; Zimmermann, Wolfram H; Mebazaa, Alexandre (2019-11-21).
810:, and low blood pressure, placing them at risk of inadequate organ perfusion. While these agents assist in promoting perfusion, their potential for increased mortality and adverse side effects necessitates cautious administration at initially low doses, with careful adjustments under close monitoring. Given the diverse presentations of heart failure and individual patient characteristics, cardiotonic medication uses and preferences vary.
129:, which explains muscle contraction. With increased Ca2+ levels, interactions between Ca2+ and TnC intensify, leading to stronger contractions of the myocardiocytes. Therapeutic doses of cardiac glycosides have been shown to enhance cardiac contractility, benefiting patients with impaired cardiac function, such as those with
4801:"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC"
4696:"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC"
4027:"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC"
4294:
Maack, Christoph; Eschenhagen, Thomas; Hamdani, Nazha; Heinzel, Frank R; Lyon, Alexander R; Manstein, Dietmar J; Metzger, Joseph; Papp, Zoltán; Tocchetti, Carlo G; Yilmaz, M Birhan; Anker, Stefan D; Balligand, Jean-Luc; Bauersachs, Johann; Brutsaert, Dirk; Carrier, Lucie; Chlopicki, Stefan; Cleland,
1195:
Bavendiek, Udo; Berliner, Dominik; Dávila, Lukas
Aguirre; Schwab, Johannes; Maier, Lars; Philipp, Sebastian A.; Rieth, Andreas; Westenfeld, Ralf; Piorkowski, Christopher; Weber, Kristina; Hänselmann, Anja; Oldhafer, Maximiliane; Schallhorn, Sven; von der Leyen, Heiko; Schröder, Christoph (May 2019).
656:
Calcium is a vital element for regulating the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle. Calcium sensitizers are medications that increase the responsiveness of heart muscle cells to calcium, enabling more forceful contractions while conserving energy. Contraction of the heart muscle relies on
4798:
Authors/Task Force
Members; McDonagh, Theresa A.; Metra, Marco; Adamo, Marianna; Gardner, Roy S.; Baumbach, Andreas; Böhm, Michael; Burri, Haran; Butler, Javed; Čelutkienė, Jelena; Chioncel, Ovidiu; Cleland, John G.F.; Coats, Andrew J.S.; Crespo-Leiro, Maria G.; Farmakis, Dimitrios (January 2022).
4693:
Authors/Task Force
Members; McDonagh, Theresa A.; Metra, Marco; Adamo, Marianna; Gardner, Roy S.; Baumbach, Andreas; Böhm, Michael; Burri, Haran; Butler, Javed; Čelutkienė, Jelena; Chioncel, Ovidiu; Cleland, John G.F.; Coats, Andrew J.S.; Crespo-Leiro, Maria G.; Farmakis, Dimitrios (January 2022).
4024:
Authors/Task Force
Members; McDonagh, Theresa A.; Metra, Marco; Adamo, Marianna; Gardner, Roy S.; Baumbach, Andreas; Böhm, Michael; Burri, Haran; Butler, Javed; Čelutkienė, Jelena; Chioncel, Ovidiu; Cleland, John G.F.; Coats, Andrew J.S.; Crespo-Leiro, Maria G.; Farmakis, Dimitrios (January 2022).
900:
is specifically recommended as a second-line option for patients with an abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction (≤40%). Digoxin helps alleviate symptoms and reduce hospitalizations related to heart failure, but it does not offer any mortality-reducing benefits. Digoxin may be considered in
1842:
Nystoriak, Matthew A.; Nieves-Cintrón, Madeline; Patriarchi, Tommaso; Buonarati, Olivia R.; Prada, Maria Paz; Morotti, Stefano; Grandi, Eleonora; Fernandes, Julia Dos Santos; Forbush, Katherine; Hofmann, Franz; Sasse, Kent C.; Scott, John D.; Ward, Sean M.; Hell, Johannes W.; Navedo, Manuel F.
925:(the upper chambers of the heart). This abnormal electrical activity causes the atria to contract erratically, resulting in an irregular heartbeat. Treatment primarily focuses on restoring normal heart rhythm and controlling the heart rate to minimise the risk of complications, including
4611:
Gustafsson, Finn; Damman, Kevin; Nalbantgil, Sanem; Van Laake, Linda W.; Tops, Laurens F.; Thum, Thomas; Adamopoulos, Stamatis; Bonios, Michael; Coats, Andrew JS; Crespo-Leiro, Maria G.; Mehra, Mandeep R.; Filippatos, Gerasimos; Hill, Loreena; Metra, Marco; Jankowska, Ewa (April 2023).
929:. According to the ACC/AHA guidelines, intravenous digoxin (cardiac glycoside) can be used in atrial fibrillation (Afib) to assist heartbeats. In multicenter randomised controlled trials, intravenous digoxin was shown to be effective in controlling the heart rate compared to a placebo.
4905:
Joglar, José A.; Chung, Mina K.; Armbruster, Anastasia L.; Benjamin, Emelia J.; Chyou, Janice Y.; Cronin, Edmond M.; Deswal, Anita; Eckhardt, Lee L.; Goldberger, Zachary D.; Gopinathannair, Rakesh; Gorenek, Bulent; Hess, Paul L.; Hlatky, Mark; Hogan, Gail; Ibeh, Chinwe (2024-01-02).
522:, which are small cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Increased levels of cAMP in platelets prevent their activation and reduce their ability to form blood clots. By inhibiting platelet aggregation, PDE3 inhibitors contribute to maintaining healthy and smooth blood flow.
668:, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of heart muscle cells to naturally occurring calcium ions. This heightened sensitivity fosters a more efficient interaction between calcium and the contractile apparatus of the heart muscle. Consequently, calcium can more effectively bind to
30:(muscular layer of the heart) by enhancing its contractility. Unlike general inotropes, these agents exhibit a higher level of specificity as they selectively target the myocardium. They can be categorised into four distinct groups based on their unique mechanisms of action:
277:
can be collectively regarded as beta-agonists. Specifically, dobutamine selectively binds to β1 receptors located on the surface of specialised cardiac muscle cells. Relative to β2 receptors, β1 is the predominant type in terms of quantity and function within the heart.
111:(the cell’s energy currency), this protein facilitates the transport of extracellular potassium ions (K+) into the cell while exporting sodium ions (Na+) out, maintaining a balanced 1:1 exchange. Thus, when this protein is blocked, Na+ accumulates within cardiomyocytes.
1659:
Navarro, Gemma; Cordomí, Arnau; Brugarolas, Marc; Moreno, Estefanía; Aguinaga, David; Pérez-Benito, Laura; Ferre, Sergi; Cortés, Antoni; Casadó, Vicent; Mallol, Josefa; Canela, Enric I.; Lluís, Carme; Pardo, Leonardo; McCormick, Peter J.; Franco, Rafael (2018-02-28).
4236:
Nagao, Kazuya; Kato, Takao; Yaku, Hidenori; Morimoto, Takeshi; Inuzuka, Yasutaka; Tamaki, Yodo; Yamamoto, Erika; Yoshikawa, Yusuke; Kitai, Takeshi; Taniguchi, Ryoji; Iguchi, Moritake; Kato, Masashi; Takahashi, Mamoru; Jinnai, Toshikazu; Ikeda, Tomoyuki (2022-01-01).
4963:
Dieleman, Joseph L.; Cao, Jackie; Chapin, Abby; Chen, Carina; Li, Zhiyin; Liu, Angela; Horst, Cody; Kaldjian, Alexander; Matyasz, Taylor; Scott, Kirstin Woody; Bui, Anthony L.; Campbell, Madeline; Duber, Herbert C.; Dunn, Abe C.; Flaxman, Abraham D. (2020-03-03).
1470:
3689:
Verzicco, Ignazio; Regolisti, Giuseppe; Quaini, Federico; Bocchi, Pietro; Brusasco, Irene; Ferrari, Massimiliano; Passeri, Giovanni; Cannone, Valentina; Coghi, Pietro; Fiaccadori, Enrico; Vignali, Alessandro; Volpi, Riccardo; Cabassi, Aderville (2020-05-19).
510:
PDE3 inhibitors also have an impact on the smooth muscles found in our blood vessels. By increasing cAMP levels, these medications cause the smooth muscles to relax. This relaxation has a significant benefit in our blood vessels as it leads to
3393:
Leivaditis, Vasileios; Grapatsas, Konstantinos; Papaporfyriou, Anastasia; Galanis, Michail; Koletsis, Efstratios; Charokopos, Nikolaos; Haussmann, Erich; Kaplunov, Vladislav; Papatriantafyllou, Athanasios; Dahm, Manfred (August 2023).
1719:
Navarro, Gemma; Cordomí, Arnau; Casadó-Anguera, Verónica; Moreno, Estefanía; Cai, Ning-Sheng; Cortés, Antoni; Canela, Enric I.; Dessauer, Carmen W.; Casadó, Vicent; Pardo, Leonardo; Lluís, Carme; Ferré, Sergi (2018-03-28).
4082:
Ahmad, Tariq; Miller, P. Elliott; McCullough, Megan; Desai, Nihar R.; Riello, Ralph; Psotka, Mitchell; Böhm, Michael; Allen, Larry A.; Teerlink, John R.; Rosano, Giuseppe M. C.; Lindenfeld, Joann (September 2019).
4908:"2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines"
833:. Whereas in clinically stable patients with sufficient perfusion, cardiac inotrope use is advised against. This caution is due to the heightened risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including
802:
Cardiotonic agents are typically employed as short-term and non-routine therapies for heart failure patients. They are specifically reserved for those with contractile dysfunction in the
50:, possess overlapping classifications due to their ability to engage multiple mechanisms of action. Their inotropic properties make cardiactonic agents critical in addressing inadequate
4239:"Current use of inotropes according to initial blood pressure and peripheral perfusion in the treatment of congestive heart failure: findings from a multicentre observational study"
3603:
Masarone, Daniele; Kittleson, Michelle M.; Pollesello, Piero; Marini, Marco; Iacoviello, Massimo; Oliva, Fabrizio; Caiazzo, Angelo; Petraio, Andrea; Pacileo, Giuseppe (2022-10-29).
3662:
Lim, S. P. R.; Batta, K.; Tan, B. B. (2003). "Calciphylaxis in a patient with alcoholic liver disease in the absence of renal failure: Calciphylaxis in alcoholic liver disease".
1198:"Rationale and design of the DIGIT-HF trial (DIGitoxin to Improve ouTcomes in patients with advanced chronic Heart Failure): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study"
841:, with hypotension and low blood flow (hypoperfusion), placing the patient at risk of multiorgan failure. In cardiogenic shock management, cardiotonic agents serve 2 functions.
507:. PKA acts as a switch, triggering a cascade of events that enhance the strength and efficiency of the heart's contractions. This ultimately leads to improved cardiac function.
5023:"Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, mortality, and risk factors for atrial fibrillation, 1990-2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017"
3011:
Li, Monica X.; Gelozia, Shorena; Danmaliki, Gaddafi I.; Wen, Yurong; Liu, Philip B.; Lemieux, M. Joanne; West, Frederick G.; Sykes, Brian D.; Hwang, Peter M. (2018-11-01).
118:. The accumulation of Na+ prompts its efflux from the cell, whilst concurrently allowing Ca2+ influx through this exchanger. Consequently, intracellular Ca2+ levels rise.
4614:"Inotropic therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. A clinical consensus statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology"
1425:"Cardiac arrhythmias, electrolyte abnormalities and serum cardiac glycoside concentrations in yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia) poisoning - a prospective study"
5021:
Dai, Haijiang; Zhang, Quanyu; Much, Arsalan Abu; Maor, Elad; Segev, Amit; Beinart, Roy; Adawi, Salim; Lu, Yao; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Wu, Jianhong (2021-10-28).
3255:"Effects of the calcium sensitizer OR-1896, a metabolite of levosimendan, on post-infarct heart failure and cardiac remodelling in diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rats"
2380:
679:, resulting in stronger contractions without excessive calcium accumulation. By reducing strain on the heart, this mechanism helps minimise the oxygen demand.
4669:
3396:"The Perioperative Use of Levosimendan as a Means of Optimizing the Surgical Outcome in Patients with Severe Heart Insufficiency Undergoing Cardiac Surgery"
4433:
Shankar, Aditi; Gurumurthy, Gayathri; Sridharan, Lakshmi; Gupta, Divya; Nicholson, William J; Jaber, Wissam A; Vallabhajosyula, Saraschandra (2022-02-07).
2656:"PDE3 inhibition with enoximone as first-line therapy for severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn during neonatal transport: a case report"
2270:
515:, which means the blood vessels widen. Vasodilation helps to reduce resistance against blood flow, allowing for better circulation throughout the body.
3453:
Beiras-Fernandez, Andres; Kornberger, Angela; Oberhoffer, Martin; Kur, Felix; Weis, Marion; Vahl, Christian-Friedrich; Weis, Florian (August 2019).
4493:
Laghlam, Driss; Benghanem, Sarah; Ortuno, Sofia; Bouabdallaoui, Nadia; Manzo-Silberman, Stephane; Hamzaoui, Olfa; Aissaoui, Nadia (2024-03-30).
1519:
Li, Xiaozhao; Ao, Xiang; Liu, Qiong; Yang, Jinghua; Peng, Weisheng; Tang, Rong; Zhong, Yong; Meng, Ting; Gan, Lu; Zhou, Qiaoling (2014-12-01).
473:
1402:
1114:
983:
914:
583:
2229:
Manolopoulos, Philip
Panagiotis; Boutsikos, Ioannis; Boutsikos, Panagiotis; Iacovidou, Nicoletta; Ekmektzoglou, Konstantinos (2020-04-10).
1947:
Rossi, Daniela; Pierantozzi, Enrico; Amadsun, David
Osamwonuyi; Buonocore, Sara; Rubino, Egidio Maria; Sorrentino, Vincenzo (April 2022).
3311:"Early Utilization of Mechanical Circulatory Support in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock | HeartRecovery.com"
2498:"Thrombin regulates intracellular cyclic AMP concentration in human platelets through phosphorylation/activation of phosphodiesterase 3A"
1845:"Ser1928 phosphorylation by PKA stimulates the L-type Ca2+ channel CaV1.2 and vasoconstriction during acute hyperglycemia and diabetes"
5089:
889:
892:, which quantifies the volume of blood expelled from the heart's lower chambers (ventricles) with each contraction. According to the
3253:
Louhelainen, Marjut; Merasto, Saara; Finckenberg, Piet; Vahtola, Erik; Kaheinen, Petri; Levijoki, Jouko; Mervaala, Eero (May 2010).
2329:
1521:"Intermittent low‑dose digoxin may be effective and safe in patients with chronic heart failure undergoing maintenance hemodialysis"
1494:
4881:
1902:"Phosphorylation of skeletal muscle calsequestrin enhances its Ca2+ binding capacity and promotes its association with junctin"
1662:"Cross-communication between Gi and Gs in a G-protein-coupled receptor heterotetramer guided by a receptor C-terminal domain"
893:
497:
489:
297:
3334:
Tsapenko, Mykola V; Tsapenko, Arseniy V; Comfere, Thomas BO; Mour, Girish K; Mankad, Sunil V; Gajic, Ognjen (October 2008).
4352:
Bistola, Vasiliki; Arfaras-Melainis, Angelos; Polyzogopoulou, Eftihia; Ikonomidis, Ignatios; Parissis, John (2019-11-04).
2356:
837:, detrimental heart structure remodelling, and even mortality. Heart failure can manifest in its life-threatening form of
1900:
Beard, Nicole A.; Wei, Lan; Cheung, Stephanie N.; Kimura, Takashi; Varsányi, Magdolna; Dulhunty, Angela F. (2008-10-01).
2381:"Increased Venous Return - Circulatory Effects - Physiological Effects Of Massage - Massage - Treatments - Physio.co.uk"
257:
3934:
Silvetti, Simona; Silvani, Paolo; Azzolini, Maria Luisa; Dossi, Roberto; Landoni, Giovanni; Zangrillo, Alberto (2015).
335:
Similar to the MoA of cardiac glycosides, elevated Ca2+ eventually translates into stronger cardiac contractile force.
323:, which is a compartment within cells that acts as the Ca2+ storage site. Phosphorylation results in the activation of
2816:"Pathophysiology of visual disorders induced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the treatment of erectile dysfunction"
2766:
575:
405:
39:
822:
285:
648:
100:
5084:
2987:
882:
3455:"Levosimendan as rescue therapy in low output syndrome after cardiac surgery: effects and predictors of outcome"
2875:"The role of cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, on oocyte maturation and subsequent pregnancy in mice"
1423:
D, Anandhi; Pandit, Vinay R.; Kadhiravan, Tamilarasu; R, Soundaravally; Prakash Raju, K. N. J. (February 2019).
300:. Thus, beta-agonists will lead to elevated cAMP levels, which further activate a cAMP-dependent protein called
84:
4354:"Inotropes in Acute Heart Failure: From Guidelines to Practical Use: Therapeutic Options and Clinical Practice"
115:
2873:
Li, Min; Yu, Yang; Yan, Jie; Yan, Li-Ying; Zhao, Yue; Li, Rong; Liu, Ping; Hsueh, Aaron J.; Qiao, Jie (2012).
3853:
2790:
1258:
813:
213:
126:
35:
821:
Specifically, in patients experiencing inadequate blood perfusion (with blood pressure below 80 mmHg), the
3558:"Levosimendan: A calcium-sensitizing agent for the treatment of patients with decompensated heart failure"
743:
569:
410:
320:
309:
293:
108:
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electrical signals that trigger the release of calcium ions. These calcium ions bind to a protein called
878:
771:
437:
292:, activation of Gs proteins ultimately activates adenylyl cyclase, which is responsible for converting
2015:
1901:
2886:
2742:
1733:
1292:
906:
228:
3750:
237:
Breastfeeding: amount found in breast milk is insignificant, harm caused to foetus not well studied
2714:
2558:
918:
781:
493:
485:
180:
3013:"The calcium sensitizer drug MCI-154 binds the structural C-terminal domain of cardiac troponin C"
3879:"Levosimendan Improves Clinical Outcomes of Refractory Heart Failure in Elderly Chinese Patients"
324:
1351:
901:
patients who remain symptomatic despite receiving treatment with a first-line combination of an
4085:"Why has positive inotropy failed in chronic heart failure? Lessons from prior inotrope trials"
2173:
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1978:
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1949:"The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Skeletal Muscle Cells: A Labyrinth of Membrane Contact Sites"
1913:
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Eisner, David A.; Caldwell, Jessica L.; Kistamás, Kornél; Trafford, Andrew W. (2017-07-07).
1102:
1065:
1049:
676:
504:
301:
289:
281:
1722:"Evidence for functional pre-coupled complexes of receptor heteromers and adenylyl cyclase"
66:. These conditions arise when the heart's ability to meet the body's needs is compromised.
4752:
442:
304:. PK-A plays a pivotal role in increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels through 2 mechanisms:
3519:"Unusual Excessive Swelling of the Tongue after Calcium Acetate Ingestion: A Case Report"
861:(vasoconstrictive) functions to constrict blood vessels to correct hypotension. Whereas,
4940:
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4800:
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4026:
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261:
General mechanism of action of beta-adrenergic agonists: activation of β1 / β2 receptors
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In our heart muscle cells, when the levels of cAMP rise, it activates a protein called
481:
397:
367:
313:
266:
220:
104:
27:
4196:
4141:
3951:
3766:
652:
Mechanism of action of calcium sensitizers: increase sensitivity of troponin C to Ca2+
5078:
4856:
3675:
3270:
2957:
2453:
1787:"Cross-talk between calcium and protein kinase A in the regulation of cell migration"
902:
854:
733:
565:
382:
176:
130:
63:
55:
42:, and calcium sensitizers. It is important to note that certain medications, such as
946:
4435:"A Clinical Update on Vasoactive Medication in the Management of Cardiogenic Shock"
2085:
910:
874:
760:
718:
687:
512:
428:
3813:
3145:
1440:
1155:
88:
Mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides (Digitalis): inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase
4923:
4753:"The Effect of Digoxin on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients with Heart Failure"
3981:
Hansen, Benjamin
Lautrup; Kristensen, Søren Lund; Gustafsson, Finn (2024-01-18).
3796:
Liu, Peng; Wang, Lu; Han, Dan; Sun, Chaofeng; Xue, Xiaolin; Li, Guoliang (2020).
3190:
2899:
2627:
2513:
457:
Immediate use in cardiogenic shock or severe hypotension at risk of organ damage
4768:
4254:
3088:
3028:
2230:
1036:
Ottolia, Michela; John, Scott; Hazan, Adina; Goldhaber, Joshua I. (2021-12-29).
921:- a heart rhythm disorder characterised by irregular electrical impulses in the
858:
790:
Positive effects in improving cardiac functions in paediatric (young) patients
777:
592:
388:
224:
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4312:
4238:
2596:
2405:
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1745:
1628:
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1005:
327:
on the surface of SR, resulting in Ca2+ release from this compartment into the
5038:
4450:
3573:
2247:
1860:
1802:
1678:
862:
846:
834:
826:
665:
611:
Compromised liver or kidney function with drugs that inhibit an enzyme called
554:
550:
417:
377:
363:
274:
270:
122:
5046:
4989:
4931:
4834:
4776:
4729:
4647:
4579:
4520:
4458:
4320:
4262:
4204:
4165:
4108:
4060:
4002:
3959:
3902:
3821:
3774:
3717:
3630:
3581:
3542:
3478:
3470:
3421:
3361:
3278:
3231:
3153:
3096:
3036:
2965:
2908:
2841:
2679:
2654:
van der Lee, Robin; Peels, Barbara; Koopman-Esseboom, Corine (January 2017).
2521:
2461:
2256:
2143:
1974:
1925:
1868:
1810:
1753:
1687:
1544:
1448:
1316:
1221:
1163:
1061:
3935:
3708:
3557:
3215:
2941:
2135:
1424:
870:
866:
830:
722:
559:
170:
165:
51:
43:
5064:
5007:
4981:
4949:
4842:
4737:
4655:
4597:
4538:
4476:
4414:
4387:
4369:
4338:
4280:
4222:
4126:
4068:
4010:
3967:
3920:
3839:
3782:
3735:
3648:
3589:
3534:
3496:
3439:
3379:
3296:
3239:
3171:
3114:
3054:
2973:
2926:
2859:
2697:
2608:
2539:
2479:
2417:
2310:
2210:
2151:
1992:
1933:
1886:
1828:
1771:
1705:
1640:
1608:
1562:
1456:
1324:
1239:
1181:
1079:
1017:
4784:
2119:
1536:
682:
Furthermore, calcium sensitizers provide an additional benefit. They open
4965:
3412:
2832:
2231:"Current use and advances in vasopressors and inotropes support in shock"
2174:"Adrenergic Agonists (Sympathomimetics) Nursing Pharmacology Study Guide"
1965:
1291:
Gheorghiade, Mihai; Adams, Kirkwood F.; Colucci, Wilson S. (2004-06-22).
1053:
947:"Cases | Pharmacotherapy Principles & Practice | McGraw Hill Medical"
850:
658:
519:
372:
331:(the universal fluid that bathes the different compartments inside cells)
23:
4570:
3894:
3621:
3605:"Use of Levosimendan in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: An Update"
2050:
690:
and improved blood flow. This action reduces the workload on the heart.
4825:
4720:
4051:
3751:"Mechanisms and Use of Calcium-Sensitizing Agents in the Failing Heart"
3352:
897:
727:
625:
328:
312:
results in their activation, leading to extracellular Ca2+ influx into
161:
96:
47:
4816:
4711:
4638:
4629:
4100:
4042:
3994:
2271:"Phosphodiesterase III Inhibitor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2197:
VanValkinburgh, Danny; Kerndt, Connor C.; Hashmi, Muhammad F. (2024),
1213:
114:
Moreover, cardiomyocytes possess another surface protein known as the
3877:
Zhang, Dengqing; Yao, Yuanqing; Qian, Jun; Huang, Jing (2015-08-20).
2671:
2436:
Gresele, Paolo; Momi, Stefania; Falcinelli, Emanuela (October 2011).
926:
823:
American Heart
Association / American College of Cardiology (ACC/AHA)
673:
629:
612:
288:. Due to the coupling nature between β1, Gs proteins, and the enzyme
4157:
3982:
477:
Mechanism of action of PDE III inhibitors: inhibition of PDE3 enzyme
3336:"Arterial pulmonary hypertension in noncardiac intensive care unit"
2940:
Lehmann, Andreas; Boldt, Joachim; Kirchner, Jürgen (October 2003).
1004:
Pirahanchi, Yasaman; Jessu, Rishita; Aeddula, Narothama R. (2024),
4966:"US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016"
3983:"Use of Inotropic Agents in Advanced Heart Failure: Pros and Cons"
3854:"Drug-induced QT prolongation and Torsades de Pointes - the facts"
2357:"Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
669:
240:
Renally impaired: consider reducing initial and maintenance doses
2942:"The role of Ca++-sensitizers for the treatment of heart failure"
488:. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down a molecule called
484:
exert their effects by blocking the activity of an enzyme called
5027:
European Heart
Journal - Quality of Care & Clinical Outcomes
2743:"How Do PDE-3 Inhibitors Work? - Uses, Side Effects, Drug Names"
1093:
Ohtsuki, Iwao; Morimoto, Sachio; Kitainda, Vivian (2021-01-01),
500:
is prevented, leading to increased levels of cAMP in our cells.
4554:"Inotropes do not increase mortality in advanced heart failure"
3798:"Acquired long QT syndrome in chronic kidney disease patients"
2086:"Dopamine: Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Interactions, Warnings"
1495:"Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility while taking digoxin"
817:
Cardiogenic shock leads to many harmful physiological effects
788:
Compelling indication in elderly patients with heart failure
518:
Furthermore, PDE3 inhibitors exhibit an additional effect on
4401:
Kosaraju, Ateet; Pendela, Venkata Satish; Hai, Ofek (2024),
4181:"Role of Inotropic Agents in the Treatment of Heart Failure"
3936:"A systematic review on levosimendan in paediatric patients"
1595:
Farzam, Khashayar; Kidron, Ariel; Lakhkar, Anand D. (2024),
1038:"The Cardiac Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger: From Structure to Function"
1140:"Calcium and Excitation-Contraction Coupling in the Heart"
4179:
Goldhaber, Joshua I.; Hamilton, Michele A. (2010-04-13).
2988:"Calcium Sensitizer - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
492:, which is the key signalling molecule in our body. When
1099:
Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry III (Third Edition)
3692:"Electrolyte Disorders Induced by Antineoplastic Drugs"
3216:"[Clinical significance of calcium sensitizer]"
2330:"Protein Kinase A - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1293:"Digoxin in the Management of Cardiovascular Disorders"
628:, a specific form of cell division that takes place in
1395:
Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Fourth Edition)
632:, which are specialized reproductive cells in females
235:
Pregnancy: can be used, may require dosage adjustment
4495:"Management of cardiogenic shock: a narrative review"
2791:"PDE3 Inhibitor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2559:"PDE3 Inhibitor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2438:"Anti-platelet therapy: phosphodiesterase inhibitors"
1389:
Papich, Mark G. (2016-01-01), Papich, Mark G. (ed.),
976:
Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry (Second Edition)
888:
Heart failure patients are stratified based on their
661:, which initiates the process of muscle contraction.
125:
is significant, as it prepares muscle fibres for the
3071:
Kuo, Ivana Y.; Ehrlich, Barbara E. (February 2015).
2351:
2349:
1471:"Cardiovascular Disease Medication During Pregnancy"
284:
are a subunit of a large family of receptors called
664:Calcium sensitizers function by binding to cardiac
3128:Priest, Birgit T; McDermott, Jeff S (2015-08-20).
2814:Moschos, Marilita M; Nitoda, Eirini (2016-10-19).
2628:"Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors | DrugBank Online"
974:, in Lennarz, William J.; Lane, M. Daniel (eds.),
3400:Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
2767:"Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Types and Purpose"
103:, an important protein located on the surface of
4409:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2603:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2412:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2305:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2235:Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine
2205:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1635:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1603:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1259:"Cardiac Glycosides: Types and What They Treat"
1012:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
624:Avoid usage during pregnancy as it can inhibit
3749:Kass, David A.; Solaro, R. John (2006-01-17).
3517:Dal, Aleyna; Taslidere, Bahadir (2023-04-30).
1397:, St. Louis: W.B. Saunders, pp. 241–242,
216:(blood flow to heart muscle suddenly blocked)
4670:"Ejection Fraction Heart Failure Measurement"
3459:The Journal of International Medical Research
978:, Waltham: Academic Press, pp. 681–687,
607:Psychological disorder (for example anxiety)
26:or stimulants, have a positive impact on the
8:
4751:Digitalis Investigation Group (1997-02-20).
4140:Bistola, V.; Chioncel, O. (September 2017).
2496:Zhang, Wei; Colman, Robert W. (2007-09-01).
1627:Alhayek, Soubhi; Preuss, Charles V. (2024),
1133:
1131:
736:(but no significant reduction in mortality)
177:Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
4882:"Atrial fibrillation - Symptoms and causes"
970:Haviv, H.; Karlish, S. J. D. (2013-01-01),
915:mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA)
595:(heart rate too fast) Rapid drop in Weight
413:(malfunction in heart's electrical system)
4552:Guglin, Maya; Kaufman, Marc (2014-05-20).
3077:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
2595:Padda, Inderbir S.; Tripp, Jayson (2024),
2297:Padda, Inderbir S.; Tripp, Jayson (2024),
2124:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
5054:
4997:
4939:
4824:
4719:
4637:
4587:
4569:
4558:International Journal of General Medicine
4528:
4510:
4466:
4377:
4328:
4270:
4212:
4116:
4050:
3910:
3829:
3725:
3707:
3638:
3620:
3486:
3429:
3411:
3369:
3351:
3286:
3161:
3104:
3044:
2916:
2898:
2849:
2831:
2687:
2529:
2469:
2246:
1982:
1964:
1876:
1818:
1761:
1695:
1677:
1552:
1229:
1171:
1069:
917:. It is also considered in patients with
319:Phosphorylation at specific sites on the
62:, as well as for long-term management of
2442:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
812:
697:
686:in the heart muscle cells, resulting in
647:
529:
472:
342:
256:
140:
83:
2404:Ramanlal, Riddhi; Gupta, Vikas (2024),
2172:RN, Iris Dawn Tabangcora (2017-07-11).
938:
4488:
4486:
4439:Clinical Medicine Insights. Cardiology
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3191:"Cardiotonic Agents | DrugBank Online"
3185:
3183:
3181:
3066:
3064:
2737:
2735:
2709:
2707:
2649:
2647:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2491:
2489:
2292:
2290:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
1101:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 695–700,
885:(medical device to assist the heart).
3664:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1525:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
584:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
464:3) Phosphodiesterase (III) inhibitors
101:sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase)
7:
2820:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1253:
1251:
1249:
894:European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
784:(abnormal repolarize time of heart)
3340:Vascular Health and Risk Management
3017:Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
2118:Sears, Malcolm R. (December 2002).
1006:"Physiology, Sodium Potassium Pump"
806:(lower chambers of the heart), low
286:G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
116:sodium-calcium (Na+/Ca2+) exchanger
4142:"Inotropes in acute heart failure"
1309:10.1161/01.CIR.0000132482.95686.87
1107:10.1016/b978-0-12-819460-7.00204-8
890:left ventricular ejection fraction
14:
4805:European Journal of Heart Failure
4700:European Journal of Heart Failure
4618:European Journal of Heart Failure
4197:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.899294
4089:European Journal of Heart Failure
4031:European Journal of Heart Failure
3952:10.2174/1570161112666141127163536
3767:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.542407
3073:"Signaling in Muscle Contraction"
1202:European Journal of Heart Failure
1095:"Structural Proteins | Troponin☆"
121:The interaction between Ca2+ and
3676:10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01141.x
3271:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00680.x
2958:10.1097/00075198-200310000-00002
2946:Current Opinion in Critical Care
2454:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04034.x
857:contribute mainly through their
445:(clogging of blood vessel wall)
40:phosphodiesterase III inhibitors
4757:New England Journal of Medicine
4297:"Treatments targeting inotropy"
4146:Continuing Cardiology Education
3259:British Journal of Pharmacology
2120:"Adverse effects of β-agonists"
1791:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
883:left ventricular assist devices
496:is inhibited, the breakdown of
3556:Lehtonen, Lasse (2004-09-01).
3523:Eurasian Journal of Toxicology
3214:Sakata, Yasushi (April 2013).
2715:"Phosphodiesterase inhibitors"
2597:"Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors"
2299:"Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors"
1785:Howe, Alan K. (October 2011).
1475:American College of Cardiology
798:Clinical role in heart failure
107:(cardiac muscle cells). Using
1:
3940:Current Vascular Pharmacology
3814:10.1080/0886022X.2019.1707098
3562:Current Heart Failure Reports
3146:10.1080/19336950.2015.1076597
1441:10.1080/15563650.2018.1499930
1156:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.310230
972:"P-Type Pumps: Na+,K+-ATPase"
769:Renal and hepatic impairment
208:Impaired renal function
4924:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193
3609:Journal of Clinical Medicine
2900:10.1371/journal.pone.0030649
2514:10.1182/blood-2006-10-052522
2199:"Inotropes and Vasopressors"
896:, among cardiotonic agents,
590:Gastrointestinal discomfort
265:Naturally produced hormones
4769:10.1056/NEJM199702203360801
4255:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053254
3089:10.1101/cshperspect.a006023
3029:10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.10.012
576:Peripheral Vascular Disease
438:Acute myocardial infarction
406:Decompensated heart failure
321:sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
273:or synthetic drugs such as
248:2) Beta-adrenergic agonists
5106:
4512:10.1186/s13613-024-01260-y
2406:"Physiology, Vasodilation"
2016:"Beta-agonist Medications"
1918:10.1016/j.ceca.2008.01.005
1746:10.1038/s41467-018-03522-3
765:Injection site irritation
325:ryanodine receptors (RyRs)
127:sliding filament mechanism
5090:Cardiovascular physiology
4451:10.1177/11795468221075064
3574:10.1007/s11897-004-0023-6
2248:10.21037/jeccm.2019.12.03
1861:10.1126/scisignal.aaf9647
1803:10.1016/j.ceb.2011.05.006
1679:10.1186/s12915-018-0491-x
1352:"Side effects of digoxin"
752:Isolated tongue swelling
16:Class of heart medication
4499:Annals of Intensive Care
4313:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy600
3471:10.1177/0300060519835087
1097:, in Jez, Joseph (ed.),
1042:Comprehensive Physiology
825:, recommends the use of
420:(abnormal heart rhythm)
183:(abnormal heart rhythm)
99:, primarily inhibit the
36:beta-adrenergic agonists
22:, also known as cardiac
5039:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa061
3883:Medical Science Monitor
3709:10.3389/fonc.2020.00779
2136:10.1067/mai.2002.129966
694:Pharmacotherapy profile
526:Pharmacotherapy profile
339:Pharmacotherapy profile
302:protein-kinase A (PK-A)
219:Electrolyte disorders (
214:Acute coronary syndrome
137:Pharmacotherapy profile
4982:10.1001/jama.2020.0734
4370:10.15420/cfr.2019.11.2
4358:Cardiac Failure Review
4301:European Heart Journal
3535:10.51262/ejtox.1236194
3130:"Cardiac ion channels"
818:
776:Patients with prolong
744:Pulmonary Hypertension
653:
639:4) Calcium sensitisers
570:Pulmonary Hypertension
505:protein kinase A (PKA)
478:
411:Atrioventricular block
262:
89:
4857:"Atrial fibrillation"
4445:: 11795468221075064.
3696:Frontiers in Oncology
3315:www.heartrecovery.com
2992:www.sciencedirect.com
2795:www.sciencedirect.com
2660:Clinical Case Reports
2563:www.sciencedirect.com
2361:www.sciencedirect.com
2334:www.sciencedirect.com
2275:www.sciencedirect.com
1726:Nature Communications
1537:10.3892/etm.2014.2013
816:
772:Electrolyte imbalance
748:Post-Cardiac Surgery
651:
476:
260:
87:
75:1) Cardiac Glycosides
58:conditions including
3413:10.3390/jcdd10080332
2833:10.2147/DDDT.S118015
1966:10.3390/biom12040488
1144:Circulation Research
1054:10.1002/cphy.c200031
713:Special populations
707:Common side effects
545:Special populations
539:Common side effects
358:Special populations
352:Common side effects
349:General Indications
310:L-type Ca2+ channels
156:Special populations
150:Common side effects
147:General indications
4571:10.2147/IJGM.S62549
4403:"Cardiogenic Shock"
3895:10.12659/MSM.893580
3858:www.medsafe.govt.nz
3622:10.3390/jcm11216408
2891:2012PLoSO...730649L
1738:2018NatCo...9.1242N
1429:Clinical Toxicology
919:atrial fibrillation
644:Mechanism of action
469:Mechanism of action
402:Severe hypotension
308:Phosphorylation of
253:Mechanism of action
181:Atrial Fibrillation
80:Mechanism of action
56:acute heart failure
3353:10.2147/vhrm.s3998
1629:"Beta 1 Receptors"
1597:"Adrenergic Drugs"
819:
684:potassium channels
654:
479:
389:Anaphylactic shock
263:
210:Thyroid disorders
93:Cardiac glycosides
90:
32:cardiac glycosides
20:Cardiotonic agents
4817:10.1002/ejhf.2333
4712:10.1002/ejhf.2333
4630:10.1002/ejhf.2814
4307:(44): 3626–3644.
4191:(14): 1655–1660.
4101:10.1002/ejhf.1557
4043:10.1002/ejhf.2333
3995:10.1159/000536373
1855:(463): eaaf9647.
1849:Science Signaling
1404:978-0-323-24485-5
1303:(24): 2959–2964.
1214:10.1002/ejhf.1452
1116:978-0-12-822040-5
985:978-0-12-378631-9
951:ppp.mhmedical.com
839:cardiogenic shock
795:
794:
739:Cardiogenic Shock
636:
635:
461:
460:
452:Diabetes mellitus
393:Cardiogenic shock
245:
244:
198:Vision disorders
60:cardiogenic shock
5097:
5085:Inotropic agents
5069:
5068:
5058:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4943:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4828:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4723:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4641:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4573:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4532:
4514:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4274:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4095:(9): 1064–1078.
4079:
4073:
4072:
4054:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3914:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3711:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3624:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3514:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3465:(8): 3502–3512.
3450:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3415:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3355:
3346:(5): 1043–1060.
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3220:Clinical Calcium
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3187:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2902:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2835:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2771:Cleveland Clinic
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2672:10.1002/ccr3.748
2651:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2592:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2508:(5): 1475–1482.
2493:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2385:www.physio.co.uk
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2130:(6): S322–S328.
2115:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2082:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2047:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2020:Cleveland Clinic
2012:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1968:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1681:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1592:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1531:(6): 1689–1694.
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1386:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1348:
1329:
1328:
1288:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1263:Cleveland Clinic
1255:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1048:(1): 2681–2717.
1033:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1001:
995:
994:
993:
992:
967:
961:
960:
958:
957:
943:
698:
620:(eye disorders)
530:
343:
314:cardiac myocytes
290:adenylyl cyclase
141:
123:Troponin C (TnC)
5105:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5020:
5019:
5015:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4890:
4888:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4866:
4864:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4492:
4491:
4484:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4419:
4417:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4158:10.1002/cce2.59
4139:
4138:
4134:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4023:
4022:
4018:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3516:
3515:
3504:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3195:go.drugbank.com
3189:
3188:
3179:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2632:go.drugbank.com
2626:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2611:
2594:
2593:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2313:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2213:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2159:
2117:
2116:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2068:
2059:
2057:
2055:go.drugbank.com
2049:
2048:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2000:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1594:
1593:
1570:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1388:
1387:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1332:
1290:
1289:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1247:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1020:
1003:
1002:
998:
990:
988:
986:
969:
968:
964:
955:
953:
945:
944:
940:
935:
804:left ventricles
800:
696:
646:
641:
586:(lung disease)
528:
482:PDE3 inhibitors
471:
466:
443:Atherosclerosis
440:(heart attack)
341:
255:
250:
139:
82:
77:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5103:
5101:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5033:(6): 574–582.
5013:
4976:(9): 863–884.
4955:
4918:(1): e1–e156.
4897:
4873:
4848:
4790:
4763:(8): 525–533.
4743:
4685:
4661:
4624:(4): 457–468.
4603:
4544:
4482:
4425:
4393:
4364:(3): 133–139.
4344:
4286:
4249:(1): e053254.
4228:
4171:
4152:(3): 107–116.
4132:
4074:
4016:
3973:
3946:(1): 128–133.
3926:
3869:
3845:
3788:
3761:(2): 305–315.
3741:
3681:
3654:
3595:
3568:(3): 136–144.
3548:
3502:
3445:
3385:
3326:
3302:
3265:(1): 142–152.
3245:
3226:(4): 575–582.
3206:
3177:
3140:(6): 352–359.
3120:
3083:(2): a006023.
3060:
3003:
2979:
2952:(5): 337–344.
2932:
2865:
2806:
2782:
2758:
2731:
2703:
2643:
2619:
2574:
2545:
2485:
2448:(4): 634–646.
2428:
2396:
2372:
2345:
2321:
2286:
2262:
2221:
2189:
2157:
2101:
2066:
2031:
1998:
1939:
1912:(4): 363–373.
1892:
1843:(2017-01-24).
1834:
1797:(5): 554–561.
1777:
1711:
1651:
1619:
1568:
1511:
1486:
1462:
1435:(2): 104–111.
1415:
1403:
1368:
1330:
1274:
1245:
1208:(5): 676–684.
1187:
1150:(2): 181–195.
1127:
1115:
1085:
1028:
996:
984:
962:
937:
936:
934:
931:
843:Norepinephrine
808:cardiac output
799:
796:
793:
792:
786:
767:
750:
731:
715:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
701:Drug examples
695:
692:
645:
642:
640:
637:
634:
633:
622:
618:ophthalmopathy
609:
588:
563:
547:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:Drug examples
527:
524:
470:
467:
465:
462:
459:
458:
455:
435:
415:
398:Cardiac arrest
386:
368:Norepinephrine
360:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:Drug examples
340:
337:
333:
332:
317:
267:norepinephrine
254:
251:
249:
246:
243:
242:
233:
229:hypomagnesemia
206:
185:
174:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:Drug examples
138:
135:
105:cardiomyocytes
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
70:Classification
68:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5102:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4901:
4898:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4686:
4675:
4674:www.heart.org
4671:
4665:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4426:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3889:: 2439–2445.
3888:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3870:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3802:Renal Failure
3799:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2885:(1): e30649.
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2826:: 3407–3413.
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1652:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
987:
981:
977:
973:
966:
963:
952:
948:
942:
939:
932:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:ACE inhibitor
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:phenylephrine
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
815:
811:
809:
805:
797:
791:
787:
785:
783:
779:
774:
773:
768:
766:
763:
762:
758:
755:
751:
749:
746:
745:
741:
740:
735:
734:Heart failure
732:
730:
729:
725:
724:
720:
717:
716:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
699:
693:
691:
689:
685:
680:
678:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
650:
643:
638:
631:
627:
623:
621:
619:
616:Pre-existing
614:
610:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
594:
589:
587:
585:
581:
578:
577:
573:
571:
567:
566:Heart Failure
564:
562:
561:
557:
556:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:
525:
523:
521:
516:
514:
508:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
475:
468:
463:
456:
454:
453:
449:
446:
444:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
426:
425:Hypertension
423:
419:
416:
414:
412:
408:
407:
403:
400:
399:
395:
394:
390:
387:
385:
384:
383:Isoproterenol
380:
379:
375:
374:
370:
369:
365:
362:
361:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
344:
338:
336:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
311:
307:
306:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
259:
252:
247:
241:
238:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
221:hypercalcemia
217:
215:
211:
207:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
186:
184:
182:
178:
175:
173:
172:
168:
167:
163:
160:
159:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
136:
134:
132:
131:heart failure
128:
124:
119:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
86:
79:
74:
69:
67:
65:
64:heart failure
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
5030:
5026:
5016:
4973:
4969:
4958:
4915:
4911:
4900:
4889:. Retrieved
4885:
4876:
4865:. Retrieved
4863:. 2017-10-20
4860:
4851:
4811:(1): 4–131.
4808:
4804:
4793:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4706:(1): 4–131.
4703:
4699:
4688:
4677:. Retrieved
4673:
4664:
4621:
4617:
4606:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4502:
4498:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4418:, retrieved
4406:
4396:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4304:
4300:
4289:
4246:
4242:
4231:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4092:
4088:
4077:
4037:(1): 4–131.
4034:
4030:
4019:
3986:
3976:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3861:. Retrieved
3857:
3848:
3808:(1): 54–65.
3805:
3801:
3791:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3699:
3695:
3684:
3670:(1): 34–36.
3667:
3663:
3657:
3615:(21): 6408.
3612:
3608:
3598:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3529:(1): 17–19.
3526:
3522:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3403:
3399:
3388:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3318:. Retrieved
3314:
3305:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3080:
3076:
3020:
3016:
3006:
2995:. Retrieved
2991:
2982:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2798:. Retrieved
2794:
2785:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:
2761:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:
2723:. Retrieved
2721:. 2023-07-14
2718:
2666:(1): 18–21.
2663:
2659:
2635:. Retrieved
2631:
2622:
2612:, retrieved
2600:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:
2505:
2501:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2421:, retrieved
2409:
2399:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2375:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:
2324:
2314:, retrieved
2302:
2278:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2214:, retrieved
2202:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:
2127:
2123:
2093:. Retrieved
2089:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:
2023:. Retrieved
2019:
1956:
1953:Biomolecules
1952:
1942:
1909:
1906:Cell Calcium
1905:
1895:
1852:
1848:
1837:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1729:
1725:
1714:
1669:
1665:
1654:
1644:, retrieved
1632:
1622:
1612:, retrieved
1600:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1503:. Retrieved
1501:. 2021-09-15
1498:
1489:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:
1465:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1408:, retrieved
1394:
1360:. Retrieved
1358:. 2021-09-15
1355:
1300:
1296:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:
1205:
1201:
1190:
1147:
1143:
1120:, retrieved
1098:
1088:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1021:, retrieved
1009:
999:
989:, retrieved
975:
965:
954:. Retrieved
950:
941:
911:beta-blocker
887:
875:levosimendan
820:
801:
789:
775:
770:
764:
759:
756:
753:
747:
742:
737:
726:
721:
719:Levosimendan
710:Precautions
704:Indications
688:vasodilation
681:
663:
655:
615:
606:
603:
600:
597:
591:
582:
579:
574:
568:
558:
553:
542:Precautions
536:Indications
517:
513:vasodilation
509:
502:
480:
450:
448:Arrhythmias
447:
441:
432:
429:Palpitations
427:
424:
421:
409:
404:
401:
396:
391:
381:
376:
371:
366:
355:Precautions
334:
280:
264:
239:
236:
218:
212:
209:
203:
201:Arrhythmias
200:
197:
195:Skin rashes
194:
191:
188:
179:
169:
164:
120:
113:
91:
19:
18:
4912:Circulation
4886:Mayo Clinic
4826:2434/966600
4721:2434/966600
4564:: 237–251.
4185:Circulation
4052:2434/966600
3755:Circulation
3023:: 145–151.
1732:(1): 1242.
1666:BMC Biology
1297:Circulation
879:transplants
859:vasopressor
847:epinephrine
835:arrhythmias
761:Palpitation
593:Tachycardia
422:Chest pain
418:Arrhythmias
364:Epinephrine
282:Gs proteins
271:epinephrine
225:hypokalemia
5079:Categories
4891:2024-04-05
4867:2024-04-05
4679:2024-04-05
4639:2183/37133
4420:2024-04-05
4407:StatPearls
3987:Cardiology
3863:2024-04-05
3406:(8): 332.
3320:2024-04-05
3200:2024-04-05
2997:2024-04-07
2800:2024-04-05
2776:2024-04-05
2752:2024-04-05
2725:2024-08-11
2637:2024-04-05
2614:2024-04-05
2601:StatPearls
2568:2024-04-05
2423:2024-04-07
2410:StatPearls
2390:2024-04-07
2366:2024-04-07
2339:2024-04-07
2316:2024-04-07
2303:StatPearls
2280:2024-04-07
2216:2024-04-05
2203:StatPearls
2183:2024-04-05
2178:Nurseslabs
2095:2024-04-05
2060:2024-04-05
2051:"Dopamine"
2025:2024-04-05
1959:(4): 488.
1646:2024-04-05
1633:StatPearls
1614:2024-04-05
1601:StatPearls
1505:2024-04-05
1480:2024-04-05
1410:2024-04-05
1362:2024-04-05
1268:2024-04-05
1122:2024-04-05
1023:2024-04-05
1010:StatPearls
991:2024-04-05
956:2024-04-05
933:References
863:dobutamine
827:Dobutamine
666:troponin C
601:Dizziness
598:Headaches
572:in babies
555:Cilostazol
551:Anagrelide
378:Dobutamine
275:dobutamine
192:Diarrhoea
187:Dizziness
28:myocardium
5047:2058-1742
4990:0098-7484
4932:0009-7322
4835:1388-9842
4777:0028-4793
4730:1388-9842
4648:1388-9842
4580:1178-7074
4521:2110-5820
4505:(1): 45.
4459:1179-5468
4321:0195-668X
4263:2044-6055
4205:0009-7322
4166:2059-1594
4109:1879-0844
4061:1388-9842
4003:0008-6312
3960:1875-6212
3903:1234-1010
3822:0886-022X
3775:0009-7322
3718:2234-943X
3631:2077-0383
3582:1546-9549
3543:2667-8675
3479:0300-0605
3422:2308-3425
3362:1176-6344
3279:0007-1188
3232:0917-5857
3154:1933-6950
3097:1943-0264
3037:2405-5808
2966:1070-5295
2909:1932-6203
2842:1177-8881
2680:2050-0904
2522:0006-4971
2462:0306-5251
2257:2521-3563
2144:0091-6749
1975:2218-273X
1926:0143-4160
1869:1945-0877
1811:0955-0674
1754:2041-1723
1688:1741-7007
1672:(1): 24.
1545:1792-0981
1449:1556-9519
1391:"Digoxin"
1317:0009-7322
1222:1388-9842
1164:0009-7330
1062:2040-4603
871:enoximone
867:milrinone
831:Milrinone
754:Headache
723:Milrinone
677:filaments
604:Insomnia
560:Milrinone
520:platelets
204:Vomiting
171:Digitoxin
166:Digitalis
153:Cautions
52:perfusion
44:Milrinone
24:inotropes
5065:32735316
5008:32125402
4950:38033089
4941:11095842
4843:35083827
4738:35083827
4656:36847113
4598:24899821
4539:38553663
4530:10980676
4477:35153521
4415:29489148
4388:31768269
4339:30295807
4281:35058261
4243:BMJ Open
4223:20385962
4127:31407860
4069:35083827
4011:38237564
3989:: 1–15.
3968:25440597
3921:26289557
3840:31878817
3783:16418450
3736:32509580
3649:36362634
3590:16036037
3497:30909776
3440:37623345
3431:10455812
3380:19183752
3297:20412071
3240:23545748
3172:26556552
3134:Channels
3115:25646377
3055:30417133
2974:14508145
2927:22292006
2879:PLOS ONE
2860:27799745
2698:28096983
2609:32644702
2540:17392505
2480:21649691
2418:32491494
2311:32644702
2211:29494018
2152:12464943
1993:35454077
1934:19230141
1887:28119464
1829:21665456
1772:29593213
1706:29486745
1641:30422499
1609:30480963
1563:25371716
1457:30073854
1325:15210613
1240:30892806
1182:28684623
1080:34964124
1018:30725773
913:, and a
851:dopamine
659:troponin
433:Anxiety
373:Dopamine
5056:8557444
4999:7054840
4785:9036306
4589:4038527
4468:8829716
4379:6848944
4330:7963133
4272:8783828
4214:2861129
4118:6774302
3912:4548701
3831:6968512
3727:7248368
3702:: 779.
3640:9659135
3488:6726822
3371:2605326
3288:2860214
3163:4850049
3106:4315934
3046:6218639
2918:3265514
2887:Bibcode
2851:5076796
2689:5224780
2531:1975837
2471:3195739
1984:9026860
1878:5297430
1820:3175278
1763:5871782
1734:Bibcode
1697:6389107
1554:4218698
1231:6607489
1173:5497788
1071:8773166
898:Digoxin
778:QT wave
757:Nausea
728:Digoxin
630:oocytes
626:meiosis
580:Asthma
329:cytosol
189:Nausea
162:Digoxin
97:digoxin
48:Digoxin
5063:
5053:
5045:
5006:
4996:
4988:
4948:
4938:
4930:
4861:nhs.uk
4841:
4833:
4783:
4775:
4736:
4728:
4654:
4646:
4596:
4586:
4578:
4537:
4527:
4519:
4475:
4465:
4457:
4413:
4386:
4376:
4337:
4327:
4319:
4279:
4269:
4261:
4221:
4211:
4203:
4164:
4125:
4115:
4107:
4067:
4059:
4009:
4001:
3966:
3958:
3919:
3909:
3901:
3838:
3828:
3820:
3781:
3773:
3734:
3724:
3716:
3647:
3637:
3629:
3588:
3580:
3541:
3495:
3485:
3477:
3438:
3428:
3420:
3378:
3368:
3360:
3295:
3285:
3277:
3238:
3230:
3170:
3160:
3152:
3113:
3103:
3095:
3053:
3043:
3035:
2972:
2964:
2925:
2915:
2907:
2858:
2848:
2840:
2747:RxList
2719:AMBOSS
2696:
2686:
2678:
2607:
2538:
2528:
2520:
2478:
2468:
2460:
2416:
2309:
2255:
2241:: 20.
2209:
2150:
2142:
2090:RxList
1991:
1981:
1973:
1932:
1924:
1885:
1875:
1867:
1827:
1817:
1809:
1770:
1760:
1752:
1704:
1694:
1686:
1639:
1607:
1561:
1551:
1543:
1499:nhs.uk
1455:
1447:
1401:
1356:nhs.uk
1323:
1315:
1238:
1228:
1220:
1180:
1170:
1162:
1113:
1078:
1068:
1060:
1016:
982:
927:stroke
873:, and
853:, and
674:myosin
613:CYP3A4
54:, and
2502:Blood
923:atria
909:), a
670:actin
296:into
95:like
5061:PMID
5043:ISSN
5004:PMID
4986:ISSN
4970:JAMA
4946:PMID
4928:ISSN
4839:PMID
4831:ISSN
4781:PMID
4773:ISSN
4734:PMID
4726:ISSN
4652:PMID
4644:ISSN
4594:PMID
4576:ISSN
4535:PMID
4517:ISSN
4473:PMID
4455:ISSN
4411:PMID
4384:PMID
4335:PMID
4317:ISSN
4277:PMID
4259:ISSN
4219:PMID
4201:ISSN
4162:ISSN
4123:PMID
4105:ISSN
4065:PMID
4057:ISSN
4007:PMID
3999:ISSN
3964:PMID
3956:ISSN
3917:PMID
3899:ISSN
3836:PMID
3818:ISSN
3779:PMID
3771:ISSN
3732:PMID
3714:ISSN
3645:PMID
3627:ISSN
3586:PMID
3578:ISSN
3539:ISSN
3493:PMID
3475:ISSN
3436:PMID
3418:ISSN
3376:PMID
3358:ISSN
3293:PMID
3275:ISSN
3236:PMID
3228:ISSN
3168:PMID
3150:ISSN
3111:PMID
3093:ISSN
3051:PMID
3033:ISSN
2970:PMID
2962:ISSN
2923:PMID
2905:ISSN
2856:PMID
2838:ISSN
2694:PMID
2676:ISSN
2605:PMID
2536:PMID
2518:ISSN
2476:PMID
2458:ISSN
2414:PMID
2307:PMID
2253:ISSN
2207:PMID
2148:PMID
2140:ISSN
1989:PMID
1971:ISSN
1930:PMID
1922:ISSN
1883:PMID
1865:ISSN
1825:PMID
1807:ISSN
1768:PMID
1750:ISSN
1702:PMID
1684:ISSN
1637:PMID
1605:PMID
1559:PMID
1541:ISSN
1453:PMID
1445:ISSN
1399:ISBN
1321:PMID
1313:ISSN
1236:PMID
1218:ISSN
1178:PMID
1160:ISSN
1111:ISBN
1076:PMID
1058:ISSN
1014:PMID
980:ISBN
907:ARNI
905:(or
829:and
498:cAMP
494:PDE3
490:cAMP
486:PDE3
298:cAMP
269:and
46:and
5051:PMC
5035:doi
4994:PMC
4978:doi
4974:323
4936:PMC
4920:doi
4916:149
4821:hdl
4813:doi
4765:doi
4761:336
4716:hdl
4708:doi
4634:hdl
4626:doi
4584:PMC
4566:doi
4525:PMC
4507:doi
4463:PMC
4447:doi
4374:PMC
4366:doi
4325:PMC
4309:doi
4267:PMC
4251:doi
4209:PMC
4193:doi
4189:121
4154:doi
4113:PMC
4097:doi
4047:hdl
4039:doi
3991:doi
3948:doi
3907:PMC
3891:doi
3826:PMC
3810:doi
3763:doi
3759:113
3722:PMC
3704:doi
3672:doi
3635:PMC
3617:doi
3570:doi
3531:doi
3483:PMC
3467:doi
3426:PMC
3408:doi
3366:PMC
3348:doi
3283:PMC
3267:doi
3263:160
3158:PMC
3142:doi
3101:PMC
3085:doi
3041:PMC
3025:doi
2954:doi
2913:PMC
2895:doi
2846:PMC
2828:doi
2684:PMC
2668:doi
2526:PMC
2510:doi
2506:110
2466:PMC
2450:doi
2243:doi
2132:doi
2128:110
1979:PMC
1961:doi
1914:doi
1873:PMC
1857:doi
1815:PMC
1799:doi
1758:PMC
1742:doi
1692:PMC
1674:doi
1549:PMC
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