485:
3321:
888:, act to restore the heart’s pumping function. To prevent further harm to the organs, cardiotonic agents are typically administered alongside oxygen, ventilatory support, and mechanical circulatory support (MCS). As hypoperfusion and organ dysfunction improve, it is recommended to gradually reduce the administration of these agents. However, certain patients who are unable to discontinue cardiotonic agents without experiencing recurrent heart failure symptoms, known as inotropic-dependent patients, may require prolonged usage. This serves as a bridge towards more invasive management approaches, such as
269:
660:
96:
825:
4306:
John G; de Boer, Rudolf A; Dietl, Alexander; Fischmeister, Rodolphe; Harjola, Veli-Pekka; Heymans, Stephane; Hilfiker-Kleiner, Denise; Holzmeister, Johannes; de
Keulenaer, Gilles; Limongelli, Giuseppe; Linke, Wolfgang A; Lund, Lars H; Masip, Josep; Metra, Marco; Mueller, Christian; Pieske, Burkert; Ponikowski, Piotr; Ristić, Arsen; Ruschitzka, Frank; Seferović, Petar M; Skouri, Hadi; Zimmermann, Wolfram H; Mebazaa, Alexandre (2019-11-21).
821:, and low blood pressure, placing them at risk of inadequate organ perfusion. While these agents assist in promoting perfusion, their potential for increased mortality and adverse side effects necessitates cautious administration at initially low doses, with careful adjustments under close monitoring. Given the diverse presentations of heart failure and individual patient characteristics, cardiotonic medication uses and preferences vary.
140:, which explains muscle contraction. With increased Ca2+ levels, interactions between Ca2+ and TnC intensify, leading to stronger contractions of the myocardiocytes. Therapeutic doses of cardiac glycosides have been shown to enhance cardiac contractility, benefiting patients with impaired cardiac function, such as those with
4812:"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC"
4707:"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC"
4038:"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC"
4305:
Maack, Christoph; Eschenhagen, Thomas; Hamdani, Nazha; Heinzel, Frank R; Lyon, Alexander R; Manstein, Dietmar J; Metzger, Joseph; Papp, Zoltán; Tocchetti, Carlo G; Yilmaz, M Birhan; Anker, Stefan D; Balligand, Jean-Luc; Bauersachs, Johann; Brutsaert, Dirk; Carrier, Lucie; Chlopicki, Stefan; Cleland,
1206:
Bavendiek, Udo; Berliner, Dominik; Dávila, Lukas
Aguirre; Schwab, Johannes; Maier, Lars; Philipp, Sebastian A.; Rieth, Andreas; Westenfeld, Ralf; Piorkowski, Christopher; Weber, Kristina; Hänselmann, Anja; Oldhafer, Maximiliane; Schallhorn, Sven; von der Leyen, Heiko; Schröder, Christoph (May 2019).
667:
Calcium is a vital element for regulating the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle. Calcium sensitizers are medications that increase the responsiveness of heart muscle cells to calcium, enabling more forceful contractions while conserving energy. Contraction of the heart muscle relies on
4809:
Authors/Task Force
Members; McDonagh, Theresa A.; Metra, Marco; Adamo, Marianna; Gardner, Roy S.; Baumbach, Andreas; Böhm, Michael; Burri, Haran; Butler, Javed; Čelutkienė, Jelena; Chioncel, Ovidiu; Cleland, John G.F.; Coats, Andrew J.S.; Crespo-Leiro, Maria G.; Farmakis, Dimitrios (January 2022).
4704:
Authors/Task Force
Members; McDonagh, Theresa A.; Metra, Marco; Adamo, Marianna; Gardner, Roy S.; Baumbach, Andreas; Böhm, Michael; Burri, Haran; Butler, Javed; Čelutkienė, Jelena; Chioncel, Ovidiu; Cleland, John G.F.; Coats, Andrew J.S.; Crespo-Leiro, Maria G.; Farmakis, Dimitrios (January 2022).
4035:
Authors/Task Force
Members; McDonagh, Theresa A.; Metra, Marco; Adamo, Marianna; Gardner, Roy S.; Baumbach, Andreas; Böhm, Michael; Burri, Haran; Butler, Javed; Čelutkienė, Jelena; Chioncel, Ovidiu; Cleland, John G.F.; Coats, Andrew J.S.; Crespo-Leiro, Maria G.; Farmakis, Dimitrios (January 2022).
911:
is specifically recommended as a second-line option for patients with an abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction (≤40%). Digoxin helps alleviate symptoms and reduce hospitalizations related to heart failure, but it does not offer any mortality-reducing benefits. Digoxin may be considered in
1853:
Nystoriak, Matthew A.; Nieves-Cintrón, Madeline; Patriarchi, Tommaso; Buonarati, Olivia R.; Prada, Maria Paz; Morotti, Stefano; Grandi, Eleonora; Fernandes, Julia Dos Santos; Forbush, Katherine; Hofmann, Franz; Sasse, Kent C.; Scott, John D.; Ward, Sean M.; Hell, Johannes W.; Navedo, Manuel F.
936:(the upper chambers of the heart). This abnormal electrical activity causes the atria to contract erratically, resulting in an irregular heartbeat. Treatment primarily focuses on restoring normal heart rhythm and controlling the heart rate to minimise the risk of complications, including
4622:
Gustafsson, Finn; Damman, Kevin; Nalbantgil, Sanem; Van Laake, Linda W.; Tops, Laurens F.; Thum, Thomas; Adamopoulos, Stamatis; Bonios, Michael; Coats, Andrew JS; Crespo-Leiro, Maria G.; Mehra, Mandeep R.; Filippatos, Gerasimos; Hill, Loreena; Metra, Marco; Jankowska, Ewa (April 2023).
940:. According to the ACC/AHA guidelines, intravenous digoxin (cardiac glycoside) can be used in atrial fibrillation (Afib) to assist heartbeats. In multicenter randomised controlled trials, intravenous digoxin was shown to be effective in controlling the heart rate compared to a placebo.
4916:
Joglar, José A.; Chung, Mina K.; Armbruster, Anastasia L.; Benjamin, Emelia J.; Chyou, Janice Y.; Cronin, Edmond M.; Deswal, Anita; Eckhardt, Lee L.; Goldberger, Zachary D.; Gopinathannair, Rakesh; Gorenek, Bulent; Hess, Paul L.; Hlatky, Mark; Hogan, Gail; Ibeh, Chinwe (2024-01-02).
533:, which are small cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Increased levels of cAMP in platelets prevent their activation and reduce their ability to form blood clots. By inhibiting platelet aggregation, PDE3 inhibitors contribute to maintaining healthy and smooth blood flow.
679:, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of heart muscle cells to naturally occurring calcium ions. This heightened sensitivity fosters a more efficient interaction between calcium and the contractile apparatus of the heart muscle. Consequently, calcium can more effectively bind to
41:(muscular layer of the heart) by enhancing its contractility. Unlike general inotropes, these agents exhibit a higher level of specificity as they selectively target the myocardium. They can be categorised into four distinct groups based on their unique mechanisms of action:
288:
can be collectively regarded as beta-agonists. Specifically, dobutamine selectively binds to β1 receptors located on the surface of specialised cardiac muscle cells. Relative to β2 receptors, β1 is the predominant type in terms of quantity and function within the heart.
122:(the cell’s energy currency), this protein facilitates the transport of extracellular potassium ions (K+) into the cell while exporting sodium ions (Na+) out, maintaining a balanced 1:1 exchange. Thus, when this protein is blocked, Na+ accumulates within cardiomyocytes.
1670:
Navarro, Gemma; Cordomí, Arnau; Brugarolas, Marc; Moreno, Estefanía; Aguinaga, David; Pérez-Benito, Laura; Ferre, Sergi; Cortés, Antoni; Casadó, Vicent; Mallol, Josefa; Canela, Enric I.; Lluís, Carme; Pardo, Leonardo; McCormick, Peter J.; Franco, Rafael (2018-02-28).
4247:
Nagao, Kazuya; Kato, Takao; Yaku, Hidenori; Morimoto, Takeshi; Inuzuka, Yasutaka; Tamaki, Yodo; Yamamoto, Erika; Yoshikawa, Yusuke; Kitai, Takeshi; Taniguchi, Ryoji; Iguchi, Moritake; Kato, Masashi; Takahashi, Mamoru; Jinnai, Toshikazu; Ikeda, Tomoyuki (2022-01-01).
4974:
Dieleman, Joseph L.; Cao, Jackie; Chapin, Abby; Chen, Carina; Li, Zhiyin; Liu, Angela; Horst, Cody; Kaldjian, Alexander; Matyasz, Taylor; Scott, Kirstin Woody; Bui, Anthony L.; Campbell, Madeline; Duber, Herbert C.; Dunn, Abe C.; Flaxman, Abraham D. (2020-03-03).
1481:
3700:
Verzicco, Ignazio; Regolisti, Giuseppe; Quaini, Federico; Bocchi, Pietro; Brusasco, Irene; Ferrari, Massimiliano; Passeri, Giovanni; Cannone, Valentina; Coghi, Pietro; Fiaccadori, Enrico; Vignali, Alessandro; Volpi, Riccardo; Cabassi, Aderville (2020-05-19).
521:
PDE3 inhibitors also have an impact on the smooth muscles found in our blood vessels. By increasing cAMP levels, these medications cause the smooth muscles to relax. This relaxation has a significant benefit in our blood vessels as it leads to
3404:
Leivaditis, Vasileios; Grapatsas, Konstantinos; Papaporfyriou, Anastasia; Galanis, Michail; Koletsis, Efstratios; Charokopos, Nikolaos; Haussmann, Erich; Kaplunov, Vladislav; Papatriantafyllou, Athanasios; Dahm, Manfred (August 2023).
1730:
Navarro, Gemma; Cordomí, Arnau; Casadó-Anguera, Verónica; Moreno, Estefanía; Cai, Ning-Sheng; Cortés, Antoni; Canela, Enric I.; Dessauer, Carmen W.; Casadó, Vicent; Pardo, Leonardo; Lluís, Carme; Ferré, Sergi (2018-03-28).
4093:
Ahmad, Tariq; Miller, P. Elliott; McCullough, Megan; Desai, Nihar R.; Riello, Ralph; Psotka, Mitchell; Böhm, Michael; Allen, Larry A.; Teerlink, John R.; Rosano, Giuseppe M. C.; Lindenfeld, Joann (September 2019).
4919:"2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines"
844:. Whereas in clinically stable patients with sufficient perfusion, cardiac inotrope use is advised against. This caution is due to the heightened risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including
813:
Cardiotonic agents are typically employed as short-term and non-routine therapies for heart failure patients. They are specifically reserved for those with contractile dysfunction in the
61:, possess overlapping classifications due to their ability to engage multiple mechanisms of action. Their inotropic properties make cardiactonic agents critical in addressing inadequate
4250:"Current use of inotropes according to initial blood pressure and peripheral perfusion in the treatment of congestive heart failure: findings from a multicentre observational study"
3614:
Masarone, Daniele; Kittleson, Michelle M.; Pollesello, Piero; Marini, Marco; Iacoviello, Massimo; Oliva, Fabrizio; Caiazzo, Angelo; Petraio, Andrea; Pacileo, Giuseppe (2022-10-29).
3673:
Lim, S. P. R.; Batta, K.; Tan, B. B. (2003). "Calciphylaxis in a patient with alcoholic liver disease in the absence of renal failure: Calciphylaxis in alcoholic liver disease".
1209:"Rationale and design of the DIGIT-HF trial (DIGitoxin to Improve ouTcomes in patients with advanced chronic Heart Failure): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study"
852:, with hypotension and low blood flow (hypoperfusion), placing the patient at risk of multiorgan failure. In cardiogenic shock management, cardiotonic agents serve 2 functions.
518:. PKA acts as a switch, triggering a cascade of events that enhance the strength and efficiency of the heart's contractions. This ultimately leads to improved cardiac function.
5034:"Global, regional, and national prevalence, incidence, mortality, and risk factors for atrial fibrillation, 1990-2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017"
3022:
Li, Monica X.; Gelozia, Shorena; Danmaliki, Gaddafi I.; Wen, Yurong; Liu, Philip B.; Lemieux, M. Joanne; West, Frederick G.; Sykes, Brian D.; Hwang, Peter M. (2018-11-01).
129:. The accumulation of Na+ prompts its efflux from the cell, whilst concurrently allowing Ca2+ influx through this exchanger. Consequently, intracellular Ca2+ levels rise.
4625:"Inotropic therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. A clinical consensus statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology"
1436:"Cardiac arrhythmias, electrolyte abnormalities and serum cardiac glycoside concentrations in yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia) poisoning - a prospective study"
5032:
Dai, Haijiang; Zhang, Quanyu; Much, Arsalan Abu; Maor, Elad; Segev, Amit; Beinart, Roy; Adawi, Salim; Lu, Yao; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi; Wu, Jianhong (2021-10-28).
3266:"Effects of the calcium sensitizer OR-1896, a metabolite of levosimendan, on post-infarct heart failure and cardiac remodelling in diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rats"
2391:
690:, resulting in stronger contractions without excessive calcium accumulation. By reducing strain on the heart, this mechanism helps minimise the oxygen demand.
4680:
3407:"The Perioperative Use of Levosimendan as a Means of Optimizing the Surgical Outcome in Patients with Severe Heart Insufficiency Undergoing Cardiac Surgery"
4444:
Shankar, Aditi; Gurumurthy, Gayathri; Sridharan, Lakshmi; Gupta, Divya; Nicholson, William J; Jaber, Wissam A; Vallabhajosyula, Saraschandra (2022-02-07).
2667:"PDE3 inhibition with enoximone as first-line therapy for severe persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn during neonatal transport: a case report"
2281:
526:, which means the blood vessels widen. Vasodilation helps to reduce resistance against blood flow, allowing for better circulation throughout the body.
3464:
Beiras-Fernandez, Andres; Kornberger, Angela; Oberhoffer, Martin; Kur, Felix; Weis, Marion; Vahl, Christian-Friedrich; Weis, Florian (August 2019).
4504:
Laghlam, Driss; Benghanem, Sarah; Ortuno, Sofia; Bouabdallaoui, Nadia; Manzo-Silberman, Stephane; Hamzaoui, Olfa; Aissaoui, Nadia (2024-03-30).
1530:
Li, Xiaozhao; Ao, Xiang; Liu, Qiong; Yang, Jinghua; Peng, Weisheng; Tang, Rong; Zhong, Yong; Meng, Ting; Gan, Lu; Zhou, Qiaoling (2014-12-01).
484:
1413:
1125:
994:
925:
594:
2240:
Manolopoulos, Philip
Panagiotis; Boutsikos, Ioannis; Boutsikos, Panagiotis; Iacovidou, Nicoletta; Ekmektzoglou, Konstantinos (2020-04-10).
1958:
Rossi, Daniela; Pierantozzi, Enrico; Amadsun, David
Osamwonuyi; Buonocore, Sara; Rubino, Egidio Maria; Sorrentino, Vincenzo (April 2022).
3322:"Early Utilization of Mechanical Circulatory Support in Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock | HeartRecovery.com"
2509:"Thrombin regulates intracellular cyclic AMP concentration in human platelets through phosphorylation/activation of phosphodiesterase 3A"
1856:"Ser1928 phosphorylation by PKA stimulates the L-type Ca2+ channel CaV1.2 and vasoconstriction during acute hyperglycemia and diabetes"
5100:
900:
903:, which quantifies the volume of blood expelled from the heart's lower chambers (ventricles) with each contraction. According to the
3264:
Louhelainen, Marjut; Merasto, Saara; Finckenberg, Piet; Vahtola, Erik; Kaheinen, Petri; Levijoki, Jouko; Mervaala, Eero (May 2010).
2340:
1532:"Intermittent low‑dose digoxin may be effective and safe in patients with chronic heart failure undergoing maintenance hemodialysis"
1505:
4892:
1913:"Phosphorylation of skeletal muscle calsequestrin enhances its Ca2+ binding capacity and promotes its association with junctin"
1673:"Cross-communication between Gi and Gs in a G-protein-coupled receptor heterotetramer guided by a receptor C-terminal domain"
904:
508:
500:
308:
3345:
Tsapenko, Mykola V; Tsapenko, Arseniy V; Comfere, Thomas BO; Mour, Girish K; Mankad, Sunil V; Gajic, Ognjen (October 2008).
4363:
Bistola, Vasiliki; Arfaras-Melainis, Angelos; Polyzogopoulou, Eftihia; Ikonomidis, Ignatios; Parissis, John (2019-11-04).
2367:
848:, detrimental heart structure remodelling, and even mortality. Heart failure can manifest in its life-threatening form of
1911:
Beard, Nicole A.; Wei, Lan; Cheung, Stephanie N.; Kimura, Takashi; Varsányi, Magdolna; Dulhunty, Angela F. (2008-10-01).
2392:"Increased Venous Return - Circulatory Effects - Physiological Effects Of Massage - Massage - Treatments - Physio.co.uk"
268:
3945:
Silvetti, Simona; Silvani, Paolo; Azzolini, Maria Luisa; Dossi, Roberto; Landoni, Giovanni; Zangrillo, Alberto (2015).
346:
Similar to the MoA of cardiac glycosides, elevated Ca2+ eventually translates into stronger cardiac contractile force.
334:, which is a compartment within cells that acts as the Ca2+ storage site. Phosphorylation results in the activation of
2827:"Pathophysiology of visual disorders induced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the treatment of erectile dysfunction"
2777:
586:
416:
50:
833:
296:
659:
111:
5095:
2998:
893:
3466:"Levosimendan as rescue therapy in low output syndrome after cardiac surgery: effects and predictors of outcome"
2886:"The role of cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, on oocyte maturation and subsequent pregnancy in mice"
1434:
D, Anandhi; Pandit, Vinay R.; Kadhiravan, Tamilarasu; R, Soundaravally; Prakash Raju, K. N. J. (February 2019).
311:. Thus, beta-agonists will lead to elevated cAMP levels, which further activate a cAMP-dependent protein called
95:
4365:"Inotropes in Acute Heart Failure: From Guidelines to Practical Use: Therapeutic Options and Clinical Practice"
126:
2884:
Li, Min; Yu, Yang; Yan, Jie; Yan, Li-Ying; Zhao, Yue; Li, Rong; Liu, Ping; Hsueh, Aaron J.; Qiao, Jie (2012).
3864:
2801:
1269:
824:
224:
137:
46:
832:
Specifically, in patients experiencing inadequate blood perfusion (with blood pressure below 80 mmHg), the
3569:"Levosimendan: A calcium-sensitizing agent for the treatment of patients with decompensated heart failure"
754:
580:
421:
331:
320:
304:
119:
1401:
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982:
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electrical signals that trigger the release of calcium ions. These calcium ions bind to a protein called
889:
782:
448:
303:, activation of Gs proteins ultimately activates adenylyl cyclase, which is responsible for converting
2026:
1912:
2897:
2753:
1744:
1303:
917:
239:
3761:
248:
Breastfeeding: amount found in breast milk is insignificant, harm caused to foetus not well studied
2725:
2569:
929:
792:
504:
496:
191:
3024:"The calcium sensitizer drug MCI-154 binds the structural C-terminal domain of cardiac troponin C"
3890:"Levosimendan Improves Clinical Outcomes of Refractory Heart Failure in Elderly Chinese Patients"
335:
1362:
912:
patients who remain symptomatic despite receiving treatment with a first-line combination of an
4096:"Why has positive inotropy failed in chronic heart failure? Lessons from prior inotrope trials"
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1989:
1971:
1960:"The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Skeletal Muscle Cells: A Labyrinth of Membrane Contact Sites"
1924:
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Eisner, David A.; Caldwell, Jessica L.; Kistamás, Kornél; Trafford, Andrew W. (2017-07-07).
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515:
312:
300:
292:
1733:"Evidence for functional pre-coupled complexes of receptor heteromers and adenylyl cyclase"
77:. These conditions arise when the heart's ability to meet the body's needs is compromised.
4763:
453:
315:. PK-A plays a pivotal role in increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels through 2 mechanisms:
3530:"Unusual Excessive Swelling of the Tongue after Calcium Acetate Ingestion: A Case Report"
872:(vasoconstrictive) functions to constrict blood vessels to correct hypotension. Whereas,
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4918:
4811:
4706:
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272:
General mechanism of action of beta-adrenergic agonists: activation of β1 / β2 receptors
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In our heart muscle cells, when the levels of cAMP rise, it activates a protein called
492:
408:
378:
324:
277:
231:
115:
38:
4207:
4152:
3962:
3777:
663:
Mechanism of action of calcium sensitizers: increase sensitivity of troponin C to Ca2+
5089:
4867:
3686:
3281:
2968:
2464:
1798:"Cross-talk between calcium and protein kinase A in the regulation of cell migration"
913:
865:
744:
576:
393:
187:
141:
74:
66:
53:, and calcium sensitizers. It is important to note that certain medications, such as
957:
4446:"A Clinical Update on Vasoactive Medication in the Management of Cardiogenic Shock"
2096:
921:
885:
771:
729:
698:
523:
439:
3824:
3156:
1451:
1166:
99:
Mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides (Digitalis): inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase
17:
4934:
4764:"The Effect of Digoxin on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients with Heart Failure"
3992:
Hansen, Benjamin
Lautrup; Kristensen, Søren Lund; Gustafsson, Finn (2024-01-18).
3807:
Liu, Peng; Wang, Lu; Han, Dan; Sun, Chaofeng; Xue, Xiaolin; Li, Guoliang (2020).
3201:
2910:
2638:
2524:
468:
Immediate use in cardiogenic shock or severe hypotension at risk of organ damage
4779:
4265:
3099:
3039:
2241:
1047:
Ottolia, Michela; John, Scott; Hazan, Adina; Goldhaber, Joshua I. (2021-12-29).
932:- a heart rhythm disorder characterised by irregular electrical impulses in the
869:
801:
Positive effects in improving cardiac functions in paediatric (young) patients
788:
603:
399:
235:
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4413:
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2607:
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1928:
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1016:
338:
on the surface of SR, resulting in Ca2+ release from this compartment into the
5049:
4461:
3584:
2258:
1871:
1813:
1689:
873:
857:
845:
837:
676:
622:
Compromised liver or kidney function with drugs that inhibit an enzyme called
565:
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428:
388:
374:
285:
281:
133:
5057:
5000:
4942:
4845:
4787:
4740:
4658:
4590:
4531:
4469:
4331:
4273:
4215:
4176:
4119:
4071:
4013:
3970:
3913:
3832:
3785:
3728:
3641:
3592:
3553:
3489:
3481:
3432:
3372:
3289:
3242:
3164:
3107:
3047:
2976:
2919:
2852:
2690:
2665:
van der Lee, Robin; Peels, Barbara; Koopman-Esseboom, Corine (January 2017).
2532:
2472:
2267:
2154:
1985:
1936:
1879:
1821:
1764:
1698:
1555:
1459:
1327:
1232:
1174:
1072:
3946:
3719:
3568:
3226:
2952:
2146:
1435:
881:
877:
841:
733:
570:
181:
176:
62:
54:
5075:
5018:
4992:
4960:
4853:
4748:
4666:
4608:
4549:
4487:
4425:
4398:
4380:
4349:
4291:
4233:
4137:
4079:
4021:
3978:
3931:
3850:
3793:
3746:
3659:
3600:
3545:
3507:
3450:
3390:
3307:
3250:
3182:
3125:
3065:
2984:
2937:
2870:
2708:
2619:
2550:
2490:
2428:
2321:
2221:
2162:
2003:
1944:
1897:
1839:
1782:
1716:
1651:
1619:
1573:
1467:
1335:
1250:
1192:
1090:
1028:
4795:
2130:
1547:
693:
Furthermore, calcium sensitizers provide an additional benefit. They open
4976:
3423:
2843:
2242:"Current use and advances in vasopressors and inotropes support in shock"
2185:"Adrenergic Agonists (Sympathomimetics) Nursing Pharmacology Study Guide"
1976:
1302:
Gheorghiade, Mihai; Adams, Kirkwood F.; Colucci, Wilson S. (2004-06-22).
1064:
958:"Cases | Pharmacotherapy Principles & Practice | McGraw Hill Medical"
861:
669:
530:
383:
342:(the universal fluid that bathes the different compartments inside cells)
34:
4581:
3905:
3632:
3616:"Use of Levosimendan in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: An Update"
2061:
701:
and improved blood flow. This action reduces the workload on the heart.
4836:
4731:
4062:
3762:"Mechanisms and Use of Calcium-Sensitizing Agents in the Failing Heart"
3363:
908:
738:
636:
339:
323:
results in their activation, leading to extracellular Ca2+ influx into
172:
107:
58:
4827:
4722:
4649:
4640:
4111:
4053:
4005:
2282:"Phosphodiesterase III Inhibitor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2208:
VanValkinburgh, Danny; Kerndt, Connor C.; Hashmi, Muhammad F. (2024),
1224:
125:
Moreover, cardiomyocytes possess another surface protein known as the
3888:
Zhang, Dengqing; Yao, Yuanqing; Qian, Jun; Huang, Jing (2015-08-20).
2682:
2447:
Gresele, Paolo; Momi, Stefania; Falcinelli, Emanuela (October 2011).
937:
834:
American Heart
Association / American College of Cardiology (ACC/AHA)
684:
640:
623:
299:. Due to the coupling nature between β1, Gs proteins, and the enzyme
4168:
3993:
488:
Mechanism of action of PDE III inhibitors: inhibition of PDE3 enzyme
3347:"Arterial pulmonary hypertension in noncardiac intensive care unit"
2951:
Lehmann, Andreas; Boldt, Joachim; Kirchner, Jürgen (October 2003).
1015:
Pirahanchi, Yasaman; Jessu, Rishita; Aeddula, Narothama R. (2024),
4977:"US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016"
3994:"Use of Inotropic Agents in Advanced Heart Failure: Pros and Cons"
3865:"Drug-induced QT prolongation and Torsades de Pointes - the facts"
2368:"Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
680:
251:
Renally impaired: consider reducing initial and maintenance doses
2953:"The role of Ca++-sensitizers for the treatment of heart failure"
499:. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down a molecule called
495:
exert their effects by blocking the activity of an enzyme called
5038:
European Heart
Journal - Quality of Care & Clinical Outcomes
2754:"How Do PDE-3 Inhibitors Work? - Uses, Side Effects, Drug Names"
1104:
Ohtsuki, Iwao; Morimoto, Sachio; Kitainda, Vivian (2021-01-01),
511:
is prevented, leading to increased levels of cAMP in our cells.
4565:"Inotropes do not increase mortality in advanced heart failure"
3809:"Acquired long QT syndrome in chronic kidney disease patients"
2097:"Dopamine: Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Interactions, Warnings"
1506:"Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility while taking digoxin"
828:
Cardiogenic shock leads to many harmful physiological effects
799:
Compelling indication in elderly patients with heart failure
529:
Furthermore, PDE3 inhibitors exhibit an additional effect on
4412:
Kosaraju, Ateet; Pendela, Venkata Satish; Hai, Ofek (2024),
4192:"Role of Inotropic Agents in the Treatment of Heart Failure"
3947:"A systematic review on levosimendan in paediatric patients"
1606:
Farzam, Khashayar; Kidron, Ariel; Lakhkar, Anand D. (2024),
1049:"The Cardiac Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger: From Structure to Function"
1151:"Calcium and Excitation-Contraction Coupling in the Heart"
4190:
Goldhaber, Joshua I.; Hamilton, Michele A. (2010-04-13).
2999:"Calcium Sensitizer - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
503:, which is the key signalling molecule in our body. When
1110:
Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry III (Third Edition)
3703:"Electrolyte Disorders Induced by Antineoplastic Drugs"
3227:"[Clinical significance of calcium sensitizer]"
2341:"Protein Kinase A - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1304:"Digoxin in the Management of Cardiovascular Disorders"
639:, a specific form of cell division that takes place in
1406:
Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Fourth Edition)
643:, which are specialized reproductive cells in females
246:
Pregnancy: can be used, may require dosage adjustment
4506:"Management of cardiogenic shock: a narrative review"
2802:"PDE3 Inhibitor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2570:"PDE3 Inhibitor - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2449:"Anti-platelet therapy: phosphodiesterase inhibitors"
1400:
Papich, Mark G. (2016-01-01), Papich, Mark G. (ed.),
987:
Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry (Second Edition)
899:
Heart failure patients are stratified based on their
672:, which initiates the process of muscle contraction.
136:
is significant, as it prepares muscle fibres for the
3082:
Kuo, Ivana Y.; Ehrlich, Barbara E. (February 2015).
2362:
2360:
1482:"Cardiovascular Disease Medication During Pregnancy"
295:
are a subunit of a large family of receptors called
675:Calcium sensitizers function by binding to cardiac
3139:Priest, Birgit T; McDermott, Jeff S (2015-08-20).
2825:Moschos, Marilita M; Nitoda, Eirini (2016-10-19).
2639:"Phosphodiesterase 3 Inhibitors | DrugBank Online"
985:, in Lennarz, William J.; Lane, M. Daniel (eds.),
3411:Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
2778:"Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors: Types and Purpose"
114:, an important protein located on the surface of
4420:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2614:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2423:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2316:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2246:Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine
2216:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1646:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1614:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1270:"Cardiac Glycosides: Types and What They Treat"
1023:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
635:Avoid usage during pregnancy as it can inhibit
3760:Kass, David A.; Solaro, R. John (2006-01-17).
3528:Dal, Aleyna; Taslidere, Bahadir (2023-04-30).
1408:, St. Louis: W.B. Saunders, pp. 241–242,
227:(blood flow to heart muscle suddenly blocked)
4681:"Ejection Fraction Heart Failure Measurement"
3470:The Journal of International Medical Research
989:, Waltham: Academic Press, pp. 681–687,
618:Psychological disorder (for example anxiety)
37:or stimulants, have a positive impact on the
8:
4762:Digitalis Investigation Group (1997-02-20).
4151:Bistola, V.; Chioncel, O. (September 2017).
2507:Zhang, Wei; Colman, Robert W. (2007-09-01).
1638:Alhayek, Soubhi; Preuss, Charles V. (2024),
1144:
1142:
747:(but no significant reduction in mortality)
188:Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
4893:"Atrial fibrillation - Symptoms and causes"
981:Haviv, H.; Karlish, S. J. D. (2013-01-01),
926:mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA)
606:(heart rate too fast) Rapid drop in Weight
424:(malfunction in heart's electrical system)
4563:Guglin, Maya; Kaufman, Marc (2014-05-20).
3088:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
2606:Padda, Inderbir S.; Tripp, Jayson (2024),
2308:Padda, Inderbir S.; Tripp, Jayson (2024),
2135:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
5065:
5008:
4950:
4835:
4730:
4648:
4598:
4580:
4569:International Journal of General Medicine
4539:
4521:
4477:
4388:
4339:
4281:
4223:
4127:
4061:
3921:
3840:
3736:
3718:
3649:
3631:
3497:
3440:
3422:
3380:
3362:
3297:
3172:
3115:
3055:
2927:
2909:
2860:
2842:
2698:
2540:
2480:
2257:
1993:
1975:
1887:
1829:
1772:
1706:
1688:
1563:
1240:
1182:
1080:
928:. It is also considered in patients with
330:Phosphorylation at specific sites on the
73:, as well as for long-term management of
2453:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
823:
708:
697:in the heart muscle cells, resulting in
658:
540:
483:
353:
267:
151:
94:
2415:Ramanlal, Riddhi; Gupta, Vikas (2024),
2183:RN, Iris Dawn Tabangcora (2017-07-11).
949:
4499:
4497:
4450:Clinical Medicine Insights. Cardiology
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3202:"Cardiotonic Agents | DrugBank Online"
3196:
3194:
3192:
3077:
3075:
2748:
2746:
2720:
2718:
2660:
2658:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2502:
2500:
2303:
2301:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
1112:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 695–700,
896:(medical device to assist the heart).
3675:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1536:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
595:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
475:3) Phosphodiesterase (III) inhibitors
112:sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase)
7:
2831:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1264:
1262:
1260:
905:European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
795:(abnormal repolarize time of heart)
3351:Vascular Health and Risk Management
3028:Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
2129:Sears, Malcolm R. (December 2002).
1017:"Physiology, Sodium Potassium Pump"
817:(lower chambers of the heart), low
297:G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
127:sodium-calcium (Na+/Ca2+) exchanger
4153:"Inotropes in acute heart failure"
1320:10.1161/01.CIR.0000132482.95686.87
1118:10.1016/b978-0-12-819460-7.00204-8
901:left ventricular ejection fraction
25:
4816:European Journal of Heart Failure
4711:European Journal of Heart Failure
4629:European Journal of Heart Failure
4208:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.899294
4100:European Journal of Heart Failure
4042:European Journal of Heart Failure
3963:10.2174/1570161112666141127163536
3778:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.542407
3084:"Signaling in Muscle Contraction"
1213:European Journal of Heart Failure
1106:"Structural Proteins | Troponin☆"
132:The interaction between Ca2+ and
3687:10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01141.x
3282:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00680.x
2969:10.1097/00075198-200310000-00002
2957:Current Opinion in Critical Care
2465:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04034.x
868:contribute mainly through their
456:(clogging of blood vessel wall)
51:phosphodiesterase III inhibitors
4768:New England Journal of Medicine
4308:"Treatments targeting inotropy"
4157:Continuing Cardiology Education
3270:British Journal of Pharmacology
2131:"Adverse effects of β-agonists"
1802:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
894:left ventricular assist devices
507:is inhibited, the breakdown of
3567:Lehtonen, Lasse (2004-09-01).
3534:Eurasian Journal of Toxicology
3225:Sakata, Yasushi (April 2013).
2726:"Phosphodiesterase inhibitors"
2608:"Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors"
2310:"Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors"
1796:Howe, Alan K. (October 2011).
1486:American College of Cardiology
809:Clinical role in heart failure
118:(cardiac muscle cells). Using
1:
3951:Current Vascular Pharmacology
3825:10.1080/0886022X.2019.1707098
3573:Current Heart Failure Reports
3157:10.1080/19336950.2015.1076597
1452:10.1080/15563650.2018.1499930
1167:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.310230
983:"P-Type Pumps: Na+,K+-ATPase"
780:Renal and hepatic impairment
219:Impaired renal function
4935:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193
3620:Journal of Clinical Medicine
2911:10.1371/journal.pone.0030649
2525:10.1182/blood-2006-10-052522
2210:"Inotropes and Vasopressors"
907:, among cardiotonic agents,
601:Gastrointestinal discomfort
276:Naturally produced hormones
4780:10.1056/NEJM199702203360801
4266:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053254
3100:10.1101/cshperspect.a006023
3040:10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.10.012
587:Peripheral Vascular Disease
449:Acute myocardial infarction
417:Decompensated heart failure
332:sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
284:or synthetic drugs such as
259:2) Beta-adrenergic agonists
5117:
4523:10.1186/s13613-024-01260-y
2417:"Physiology, Vasodilation"
2027:"Beta-agonist Medications"
1929:10.1016/j.ceca.2008.01.005
1757:10.1038/s41467-018-03522-3
776:Injection site irritation
336:ryanodine receptors (RyRs)
138:sliding filament mechanism
5101:Cardiovascular physiology
4462:10.1177/11795468221075064
3585:10.1007/s11897-004-0023-6
2259:10.21037/jeccm.2019.12.03
1872:10.1126/scisignal.aaf9647
1814:10.1016/j.ceb.2011.05.006
1690:10.1186/s12915-018-0491-x
1363:"Side effects of digoxin"
763:Isolated tongue swelling
27:Class of heart medication
4510:Annals of Intensive Care
4324:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy600
3482:10.1177/0300060519835087
1108:, in Jez, Joseph (ed.),
1053:Comprehensive Physiology
836:, recommends the use of
431:(abnormal heart rhythm)
194:(abnormal heart rhythm)
110:, primarily inhibit the
47:beta-adrenergic agonists
33:, also known as cardiac
5050:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa061
3894:Medical Science Monitor
3720:10.3389/fonc.2020.00779
2147:10.1067/mai.2002.129966
705:Pharmacotherapy profile
537:Pharmacotherapy profile
350:Pharmacotherapy profile
313:protein-kinase A (PK-A)
230:Electrolyte disorders (
225:Acute coronary syndrome
148:Pharmacotherapy profile
4993:10.1001/jama.2020.0734
4381:10.15420/cfr.2019.11.2
4369:Cardiac Failure Review
4312:European Heart Journal
3546:10.51262/ejtox.1236194
3141:"Cardiac ion channels"
829:
787:Patients with prolong
755:Pulmonary Hypertension
664:
650:4) Calcium sensitisers
581:Pulmonary Hypertension
516:protein kinase A (PKA)
489:
422:Atrioventricular block
273:
100:
4868:"Atrial fibrillation"
4456:: 11795468221075064.
3707:Frontiers in Oncology
3326:www.heartrecovery.com
3003:www.sciencedirect.com
2806:www.sciencedirect.com
2671:Clinical Case Reports
2574:www.sciencedirect.com
2372:www.sciencedirect.com
2345:www.sciencedirect.com
2286:www.sciencedirect.com
1737:Nature Communications
1548:10.3892/etm.2014.2013
827:
783:Electrolyte imbalance
759:Post-Cardiac Surgery
662:
487:
271:
98:
86:1) Cardiac Glycosides
69:conditions including
3424:10.3390/jcdd10080332
2844:10.2147/DDDT.S118015
1977:10.3390/biom12040488
1155:Circulation Research
1065:10.1002/cphy.c200031
724:Special populations
718:Common side effects
556:Special populations
550:Common side effects
369:Special populations
363:Common side effects
360:General Indications
321:L-type Ca2+ channels
167:Special populations
161:Common side effects
158:General indications
4582:10.2147/IJGM.S62549
4414:"Cardiogenic Shock"
3906:10.12659/MSM.893580
3869:www.medsafe.govt.nz
3633:10.3390/jcm11216408
2902:2012PLoSO...730649L
1749:2018NatCo...9.1242N
1440:Clinical Toxicology
930:atrial fibrillation
655:Mechanism of action
480:Mechanism of action
413:Severe hypotension
319:Phosphorylation of
264:Mechanism of action
192:Atrial Fibrillation
91:Mechanism of action
67:acute heart failure
3364:10.2147/vhrm.s3998
1640:"Beta 1 Receptors"
1608:"Adrenergic Drugs"
830:
695:potassium channels
665:
490:
400:Anaphylactic shock
274:
221:Thyroid disorders
104:Cardiac glycosides
101:
43:cardiac glycosides
31:Cardiotonic agents
18:Cardiotonic agents
4828:10.1002/ejhf.2333
4723:10.1002/ejhf.2333
4641:10.1002/ejhf.2814
4318:(44): 3626–3644.
4202:(14): 1655–1660.
4112:10.1002/ejhf.1557
4054:10.1002/ejhf.2333
4006:10.1159/000536373
1866:(463): eaaf9647.
1860:Science Signaling
1415:978-0-323-24485-5
1314:(24): 2959–2964.
1225:10.1002/ejhf.1452
1127:978-0-12-822040-5
996:978-0-12-378631-9
962:ppp.mhmedical.com
850:cardiogenic shock
806:
805:
750:Cardiogenic Shock
647:
646:
472:
471:
463:Diabetes mellitus
404:Cardiogenic shock
256:
255:
209:Vision disorders
71:cardiogenic shock
16:(Redirected from
5108:
5096:Inotropic agents
5080:
5079:
5069:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5012:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4954:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4839:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4734:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4652:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4584:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4525:
4501:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4392:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4285:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4106:(9): 1064–1078.
4090:
4084:
4083:
4065:
4032:
4026:
4025:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3844:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3722:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3653:
3635:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3525:
3512:
3511:
3501:
3476:(8): 3502–3512.
3461:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3426:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3384:
3366:
3357:(5): 1043–1060.
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3231:Clinical Calcium
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3198:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2913:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2846:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2782:Cleveland Clinic
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2683:10.1002/ccr3.748
2662:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2603:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2566:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2519:(5): 1475–1482.
2504:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2396:www.physio.co.uk
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2141:(6): S322–S328.
2126:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2093:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2058:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2031:Cleveland Clinic
2023:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1979:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1692:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1603:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1542:(6): 1689–1694.
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1397:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1359:
1340:
1339:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1274:Cleveland Clinic
1266:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1059:(1): 2681–2717.
1044:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
978:
972:
971:
969:
968:
954:
709:
631:(eye disorders)
541:
354:
325:cardiac myocytes
301:adenylyl cyclase
152:
134:Troponin C (TnC)
21:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5031:
5030:
5026:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4901:
4899:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4877:
4875:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4689:
4687:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4503:
4502:
4495:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4428:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4169:10.1002/cce2.59
4150:
4149:
4145:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4034:
4033:
4029:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3873:
3871:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3527:
3526:
3515:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3206:go.drugbank.com
3200:
3199:
3190:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2647:
2645:
2643:go.drugbank.com
2637:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2605:
2604:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2224:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2170:
2128:
2127:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2066:go.drugbank.com
2060:
2059:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2011:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1654:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1605:
1604:
1581:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1399:
1398:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1343:
1301:
1300:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1258:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1001:
999:
997:
980:
979:
975:
966:
964:
956:
955:
951:
946:
815:left ventricles
811:
707:
657:
652:
597:(lung disease)
539:
493:PDE3 inhibitors
482:
477:
454:Atherosclerosis
451:(heart attack)
352:
266:
261:
150:
93:
88:
83:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5114:
5112:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5044:(6): 574–582.
5024:
4987:(9): 863–884.
4966:
4929:(1): e1–e156.
4908:
4884:
4859:
4801:
4774:(8): 525–533.
4754:
4696:
4672:
4635:(4): 457–468.
4614:
4555:
4493:
4436:
4404:
4375:(3): 133–139.
4355:
4297:
4260:(1): e053254.
4239:
4182:
4163:(3): 107–116.
4143:
4085:
4027:
3984:
3957:(1): 128–133.
3937:
3880:
3856:
3799:
3772:(2): 305–315.
3752:
3692:
3665:
3606:
3579:(3): 136–144.
3559:
3513:
3456:
3396:
3337:
3313:
3276:(1): 142–152.
3256:
3237:(4): 575–582.
3217:
3188:
3151:(6): 352–359.
3131:
3094:(2): a006023.
3071:
3014:
2990:
2963:(5): 337–344.
2943:
2876:
2817:
2793:
2769:
2742:
2714:
2654:
2630:
2585:
2556:
2496:
2459:(4): 634–646.
2439:
2407:
2383:
2356:
2332:
2297:
2273:
2232:
2200:
2168:
2112:
2077:
2042:
2009:
1950:
1923:(4): 363–373.
1903:
1854:(2017-01-24).
1845:
1808:(5): 554–561.
1788:
1722:
1662:
1630:
1579:
1522:
1497:
1473:
1446:(2): 104–111.
1426:
1414:
1379:
1341:
1285:
1256:
1219:(5): 676–684.
1198:
1161:(2): 181–195.
1138:
1126:
1096:
1039:
1007:
995:
973:
948:
947:
945:
942:
854:Norepinephrine
819:cardiac output
810:
807:
804:
803:
797:
778:
761:
742:
726:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
712:Drug examples
706:
703:
656:
653:
651:
648:
645:
644:
633:
629:ophthalmopathy
620:
599:
574:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:Drug examples
538:
535:
481:
478:
476:
473:
470:
469:
466:
446:
426:
409:Cardiac arrest
397:
379:Norepinephrine
371:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
357:Drug examples
351:
348:
344:
343:
328:
278:norepinephrine
265:
262:
260:
257:
254:
253:
244:
240:hypomagnesemia
217:
196:
185:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:Drug examples
149:
146:
116:cardiomyocytes
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
81:Classification
79:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5113:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4909:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4758:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4697:
4686:
4685:www.heart.org
4682:
4676:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4437:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4243:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3900:: 2439–2445.
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3881:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3813:Renal Failure
3810:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2896:(1): e30649.
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2837:: 3407–3413.
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2408:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1663:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1008:
998:
992:
988:
984:
977:
974:
963:
959:
953:
950:
943:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:ACE inhibitor
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:phenylephrine
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
826:
822:
820:
816:
808:
802:
798:
796:
794:
790:
785:
784:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
766:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
751:
746:
745:Heart failure
743:
741:
740:
736:
735:
731:
728:
727:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
704:
702:
700:
696:
691:
689:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
661:
654:
649:
642:
638:
634:
632:
630:
627:Pre-existing
625:
621:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
605:
600:
598:
596:
592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
578:
577:Heart Failure
575:
573:
572:
568:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
542:
536:
534:
532:
527:
525:
519:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
486:
479:
474:
467:
465:
464:
460:
457:
455:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
436:Hypertension
434:
430:
427:
425:
423:
419:
418:
414:
411:
410:
406:
405:
401:
398:
396:
395:
394:Isoproterenol
391:
390:
386:
385:
381:
380:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
355:
349:
347:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:
322:
318:
317:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
270:
263:
258:
252:
249:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
232:hypercalcemia
228:
226:
222:
218:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
197:
195:
193:
189:
186:
184:
183:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
147:
145:
143:
142:heart failure
139:
135:
130:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
97:
90:
85:
80:
78:
76:
75:heart failure
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
5041:
5037:
5027:
4984:
4980:
4969:
4926:
4922:
4911:
4900:. Retrieved
4896:
4887:
4876:. Retrieved
4874:. 2017-10-20
4871:
4862:
4822:(1): 4–131.
4819:
4815:
4804:
4771:
4767:
4757:
4717:(1): 4–131.
4714:
4710:
4699:
4688:. Retrieved
4684:
4675:
4632:
4628:
4617:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4513:
4509:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4429:, retrieved
4417:
4407:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4315:
4311:
4300:
4257:
4253:
4242:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4160:
4156:
4146:
4103:
4099:
4088:
4048:(1): 4–131.
4045:
4041:
4030:
3997:
3987:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:
3859:
3819:(1): 54–65.
3816:
3812:
3802:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3710:
3706:
3695:
3681:(1): 34–36.
3678:
3674:
3668:
3626:(21): 6408.
3623:
3619:
3609:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3540:(1): 17–19.
3537:
3533:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3414:
3410:
3399:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3329:. Retrieved
3325:
3316:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3091:
3087:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3006:. Retrieved
3002:
2993:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:
2796:
2785:. Retrieved
2781:
2772:
2761:. Retrieved
2757:
2734:. Retrieved
2732:. 2023-07-14
2729:
2677:(1): 18–21.
2674:
2670:
2646:. Retrieved
2642:
2633:
2623:, retrieved
2611:
2577:. Retrieved
2573:
2516:
2512:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2432:, retrieved
2420:
2410:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:
2386:
2375:. Retrieved
2371:
2348:. Retrieved
2344:
2335:
2325:, retrieved
2313:
2289:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2225:, retrieved
2213:
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:
2138:
2134:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:
2069:. Retrieved
2065:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:
1967:
1964:Biomolecules
1963:
1953:
1920:
1917:Cell Calcium
1916:
1906:
1863:
1859:
1848:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1740:
1736:
1725:
1680:
1676:
1665:
1655:, retrieved
1643:
1633:
1623:, retrieved
1611:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1514:. Retrieved
1512:. 2021-09-15
1509:
1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1419:, retrieved
1405:
1371:. Retrieved
1369:. 2021-09-15
1366:
1311:
1307:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1158:
1154:
1131:, retrieved
1109:
1099:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1032:, retrieved
1020:
1010:
1000:, retrieved
986:
976:
965:. Retrieved
961:
952:
922:beta-blocker
898:
886:levosimendan
831:
812:
800:
786:
781:
775:
770:
767:
764:
758:
753:
748:
737:
732:
730:Levosimendan
721:Precautions
715:Indications
699:vasodilation
692:
674:
666:
626:
617:
614:
611:
608:
602:
593:
590:
585:
579:
569:
564:
553:Precautions
547:Indications
528:
524:vasodilation
520:
513:
491:
461:
459:Arrhythmias
458:
452:
443:
440:Palpitations
438:
435:
432:
420:
415:
412:
407:
402:
392:
387:
382:
377:
366:Precautions
345:
291:
275:
250:
247:
229:
223:
220:
214:
212:Arrhythmias
211:
208:
206:Skin rashes
205:
202:
199:
190:
180:
175:
131:
124:
102:
30:
29:
4923:Circulation
4897:Mayo Clinic
4837:2434/966600
4732:2434/966600
4575:: 237–251.
4196:Circulation
4063:2434/966600
3766:Circulation
3034:: 145–151.
1743:(1): 1242.
1677:BMC Biology
1308:Circulation
890:transplants
870:vasopressor
858:epinephrine
846:arrhythmias
772:Palpitation
604:Tachycardia
433:Chest pain
429:Arrhythmias
375:Epinephrine
293:Gs proteins
282:epinephrine
236:hypokalemia
5090:Categories
4902:2024-04-05
4878:2024-04-05
4690:2024-04-05
4650:2183/37133
4431:2024-04-05
4418:StatPearls
3998:Cardiology
3874:2024-04-05
3417:(8): 332.
3331:2024-04-05
3211:2024-04-05
3008:2024-04-07
2811:2024-04-05
2787:2024-04-05
2763:2024-04-05
2736:2024-08-11
2648:2024-04-05
2625:2024-04-05
2612:StatPearls
2579:2024-04-05
2434:2024-04-07
2421:StatPearls
2401:2024-04-07
2377:2024-04-07
2350:2024-04-07
2327:2024-04-07
2314:StatPearls
2291:2024-04-07
2227:2024-04-05
2214:StatPearls
2194:2024-04-05
2189:Nurseslabs
2106:2024-04-05
2071:2024-04-05
2062:"Dopamine"
2036:2024-04-05
1970:(4): 488.
1657:2024-04-05
1644:StatPearls
1625:2024-04-05
1612:StatPearls
1516:2024-04-05
1491:2024-04-05
1421:2024-04-05
1373:2024-04-05
1279:2024-04-05
1133:2024-04-05
1034:2024-04-05
1021:StatPearls
1002:2024-04-05
967:2024-04-05
944:References
874:dobutamine
838:Dobutamine
677:troponin C
612:Dizziness
609:Headaches
583:in babies
566:Cilostazol
562:Anagrelide
389:Dobutamine
286:dobutamine
203:Diarrhoea
198:Dizziness
39:myocardium
5058:2058-1742
5001:0098-7484
4943:0009-7322
4846:1388-9842
4788:0028-4793
4741:1388-9842
4659:1388-9842
4591:1178-7074
4532:2110-5820
4516:(1): 45.
4470:1179-5468
4332:0195-668X
4274:2044-6055
4216:0009-7322
4177:2059-1594
4120:1879-0844
4072:1388-9842
4014:0008-6312
3971:1875-6212
3914:1234-1010
3833:0886-022X
3786:0009-7322
3729:2234-943X
3642:2077-0383
3593:1546-9549
3554:2667-8675
3490:0300-0605
3433:2308-3425
3373:1176-6344
3290:0007-1188
3243:0917-5857
3165:1933-6950
3108:1943-0264
3048:2405-5808
2977:1070-5295
2920:1932-6203
2853:1177-8881
2691:2050-0904
2533:0006-4971
2473:0306-5251
2268:2521-3563
2155:0091-6749
1986:2218-273X
1937:0143-4160
1880:1945-0877
1822:0955-0674
1765:2041-1723
1699:1741-7007
1683:(1): 24.
1556:1792-0981
1460:1556-9519
1402:"Digoxin"
1328:0009-7322
1233:1388-9842
1175:0009-7330
1073:2040-4603
882:enoximone
878:milrinone
842:Milrinone
765:Headache
734:Milrinone
688:filaments
615:Insomnia
571:Milrinone
531:platelets
215:Vomiting
182:Digitoxin
177:Digitalis
164:Cautions
63:perfusion
55:Milrinone
35:inotropes
5076:32735316
5019:32125402
4961:38033089
4952:11095842
4854:35083827
4749:35083827
4667:36847113
4609:24899821
4550:38553663
4541:10980676
4488:35153521
4426:29489148
4399:31768269
4350:30295807
4292:35058261
4254:BMJ Open
4234:20385962
4138:31407860
4080:35083827
4022:38237564
4000:: 1–15.
3979:25440597
3932:26289557
3851:31878817
3794:16418450
3747:32509580
3660:36362634
3601:16036037
3508:30909776
3451:37623345
3442:10455812
3391:19183752
3308:20412071
3251:23545748
3183:26556552
3145:Channels
3126:25646377
3066:30417133
2985:14508145
2938:22292006
2890:PLOS ONE
2871:27799745
2709:28096983
2620:32644702
2551:17392505
2491:21649691
2429:32491494
2322:32644702
2222:29494018
2163:12464943
2004:35454077
1945:19230141
1898:28119464
1840:21665456
1783:29593213
1717:29486745
1652:30422499
1620:30480963
1574:25371716
1468:30073854
1336:15210613
1251:30892806
1193:28684623
1091:34964124
1029:30725773
924:, and a
862:dopamine
670:troponin
444:Anxiety
384:Dopamine
5067:8557444
5010:7054840
4796:9036306
4600:4038527
4479:8829716
4390:6848944
4341:7963133
4283:8783828
4225:2861129
4129:6774302
3923:4548701
3842:6968512
3738:7248368
3713:: 779.
3651:9659135
3499:6726822
3382:2605326
3299:2860214
3174:4850049
3117:4315934
3057:6218639
2929:3265514
2898:Bibcode
2862:5076796
2700:5224780
2542:1975837
2482:3195739
1995:9026860
1889:5297430
1831:3175278
1774:5871782
1745:Bibcode
1708:6389107
1565:4218698
1242:6607489
1184:5497788
1082:8773166
909:Digoxin
789:QT wave
768:Nausea
739:Digoxin
641:oocytes
637:meiosis
591:Asthma
340:cytosol
200:Nausea
173:Digoxin
108:digoxin
59:Digoxin
5074:
5064:
5056:
5017:
5007:
4999:
4959:
4949:
4941:
4872:nhs.uk
4852:
4844:
4794:
4786:
4747:
4739:
4665:
4657:
4607:
4597:
4589:
4548:
4538:
4530:
4486:
4476:
4468:
4424:
4397:
4387:
4348:
4338:
4330:
4290:
4280:
4272:
4232:
4222:
4214:
4175:
4136:
4126:
4118:
4078:
4070:
4020:
4012:
3977:
3969:
3930:
3920:
3912:
3849:
3839:
3831:
3792:
3784:
3745:
3735:
3727:
3658:
3648:
3640:
3599:
3591:
3552:
3506:
3496:
3488:
3449:
3439:
3431:
3389:
3379:
3371:
3306:
3296:
3288:
3249:
3241:
3181:
3171:
3163:
3124:
3114:
3106:
3064:
3054:
3046:
2983:
2975:
2936:
2926:
2918:
2869:
2859:
2851:
2758:RxList
2730:AMBOSS
2707:
2697:
2689:
2618:
2549:
2539:
2531:
2489:
2479:
2471:
2427:
2320:
2266:
2252:: 20.
2220:
2161:
2153:
2101:RxList
2002:
1992:
1984:
1943:
1935:
1896:
1886:
1878:
1838:
1828:
1820:
1781:
1771:
1763:
1715:
1705:
1697:
1650:
1618:
1572:
1562:
1554:
1510:nhs.uk
1466:
1458:
1412:
1367:nhs.uk
1334:
1326:
1249:
1239:
1231:
1191:
1181:
1173:
1124:
1089:
1079:
1071:
1027:
993:
938:stroke
884:, and
864:, and
685:myosin
624:CYP3A4
65:, and
2513:Blood
934:atria
920:), a
681:actin
307:into
106:like
5072:PMID
5054:ISSN
5015:PMID
4997:ISSN
4981:JAMA
4957:PMID
4939:ISSN
4850:PMID
4842:ISSN
4792:PMID
4784:ISSN
4745:PMID
4737:ISSN
4663:PMID
4655:ISSN
4605:PMID
4587:ISSN
4546:PMID
4528:ISSN
4484:PMID
4466:ISSN
4422:PMID
4395:PMID
4346:PMID
4328:ISSN
4288:PMID
4270:ISSN
4230:PMID
4212:ISSN
4173:ISSN
4134:PMID
4116:ISSN
4076:PMID
4068:ISSN
4018:PMID
4010:ISSN
3975:PMID
3967:ISSN
3928:PMID
3910:ISSN
3847:PMID
3829:ISSN
3790:PMID
3782:ISSN
3743:PMID
3725:ISSN
3656:PMID
3638:ISSN
3597:PMID
3589:ISSN
3550:ISSN
3504:PMID
3486:ISSN
3447:PMID
3429:ISSN
3387:PMID
3369:ISSN
3304:PMID
3286:ISSN
3247:PMID
3239:ISSN
3179:PMID
3161:ISSN
3122:PMID
3104:ISSN
3062:PMID
3044:ISSN
2981:PMID
2973:ISSN
2934:PMID
2916:ISSN
2867:PMID
2849:ISSN
2705:PMID
2687:ISSN
2616:PMID
2547:PMID
2529:ISSN
2487:PMID
2469:ISSN
2425:PMID
2318:PMID
2264:ISSN
2218:PMID
2159:PMID
2151:ISSN
2000:PMID
1982:ISSN
1941:PMID
1933:ISSN
1894:PMID
1876:ISSN
1836:PMID
1818:ISSN
1779:PMID
1761:ISSN
1713:PMID
1695:ISSN
1648:PMID
1616:PMID
1570:PMID
1552:ISSN
1464:PMID
1456:ISSN
1410:ISBN
1332:PMID
1324:ISSN
1247:PMID
1229:ISSN
1189:PMID
1171:ISSN
1122:ISBN
1087:PMID
1069:ISSN
1025:PMID
991:ISBN
918:ARNI
916:(or
840:and
509:cAMP
505:PDE3
501:cAMP
497:PDE3
309:cAMP
280:and
57:and
5062:PMC
5046:doi
5005:PMC
4989:doi
4985:323
4947:PMC
4931:doi
4927:149
4832:hdl
4824:doi
4776:doi
4772:336
4727:hdl
4719:doi
4645:hdl
4637:doi
4595:PMC
4577:doi
4536:PMC
4518:doi
4474:PMC
4458:doi
4385:PMC
4377:doi
4336:PMC
4320:doi
4278:PMC
4262:doi
4220:PMC
4204:doi
4200:121
4165:doi
4124:PMC
4108:doi
4058:hdl
4050:doi
4002:doi
3959:doi
3918:PMC
3902:doi
3837:PMC
3821:doi
3774:doi
3770:113
3733:PMC
3715:doi
3683:doi
3646:PMC
3628:doi
3581:doi
3542:doi
3494:PMC
3478:doi
3437:PMC
3419:doi
3377:PMC
3359:doi
3294:PMC
3278:doi
3274:160
3169:PMC
3153:doi
3112:PMC
3096:doi
3052:PMC
3036:doi
2965:doi
2924:PMC
2906:doi
2857:PMC
2839:doi
2695:PMC
2679:doi
2537:PMC
2521:doi
2517:110
2477:PMC
2461:doi
2254:doi
2143:doi
2139:110
1990:PMC
1972:doi
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