44:
1101:
108:
1046:
63:
85:
1011:. It is also sometimes found in damp or semi-flooded and shaded forest areas. The plant tends to occupy locations near a water source, providing its roots with consistent hydration via groundwater from the saturated soil. It may be found growing slightly away from or closer to the water, and may even be found growing
1162:
requires rich, fairly deep soil which remains reliably moist—yet sufficiently aerated—all year-round; alternatively, it may be grown as an accent plant in or along ponds, fountains or other garden water features, with its pot positioned so it can always access water. If not planted in or around a
1186:
This plant is easily propagated by seed or by dividing-out the young plants, which are seen forming around the older, more mature plants each year. Although the plant is generally considered a perennial, they may be short-lived, or behave more as a "long-term annual".
1649:
In the nursery this plant is cultivated in marshy conditions, forming dark-green leaves which are purple underneath. In aquariums the leaves turn a beautiful shade of light-green, with stems 10-30 cm tall and 5-10 cm wide. Widely used in
2228:
1654:
in so-called "plant streets". In open aquariums it grows above the water surface, where it forms very beautiful scarlet flowers and the leaves regain their colour. Can be used in garden ponds.
1079:('great lobelia'). As is typical of the genus, all display the characteristic "lip" petal near the opening of the flower and a "milky" secretion when the plant is broken.
1971:
2046:
2208:
1496:
Caruso, C. M.; Peterson, S. B.; Ridley, C. E. (2003), "Natural selection on floral traits of
Lobelia (Lobeliaceae): spatial and temporal variation",
1919:
1984:
1932:
1427:
1418:
2108:
1480:
1535:
2243:
2248:
2213:
2238:
1763:
1567:
1958:
92:
2025:
1451:
1198:
hobbies, the species is used somewhat frequently; at least one new variety has been developed and is available commercially,
1989:
1691:
1423:
2134:
1844:
1176:
1354:
2233:
2121:
2051:
2020:
1583:
107:
2223:
1214:
use this plant as an ingredient of "schumaakwe cakes" and used it externally for rheumatism and swelling. The
1116:
2126:
1380:
1030:
are usually vibrant red, have five deep lobes, and are up to 4 cm across; they are produced via an erect
1171:
tends to prefer for its roots to stay cool, something achieved when grown in dappled sun or part shade. The
1911:
1859:
1815:
1906:
1777:
1143:
43:
1180:
1064:
224:
1937:
1409:
1331:
2061:
1880:
1651:
1093:
1034:, up to 70 cm (28 in) tall, during the summer and into the fall. Some forms with white (f.
1475:
1608:
1271:
1191:
1075:
52:
2038:
1532:
2180:
2113:
1279:
1247:
939:
248:
102:
2172:
1976:
1100:
2082:
2002:
1867:
1759:
1715:
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni
Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 (p. 56)
1563:
1557:
1515:
1112:
2218:
2087:
1741:
1505:
1326:
1215:
1000:
995:
which grows up to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall. It is found primarily in wet places, such as
992:
954:
2069:
1539:
1484:
1140:
1069:
1045:
970:
950:
145:
1826:
1666:
1308:
1246:, thus rendering the species potentially harmful if ingested. Various negative physical
2100:
2095:
1633:
1250:
may manifest upon consuming even small or mid-sized quantities of the plant, including
132:
2202:
1997:
1317:
1012:
996:
962:
240:
191:
72:
67:
1015:, with some or all of the plant submerged and its flowers rising from the surface.
2185:
1872:
1218:
smoked the dried leaves as a substitute for tobacco. It may also have been chewed.
1849:
2139:
2162:
2033:
2012:
1945:
1809:
1211:
1195:
1836:
1800:
17:
1283:
1239:
1023:
1893:
989:
181:
1519:
2152:
2074:
1510:
2147:
1794:
1275:
1259:
1255:
1243:
1235:
1172:
974:
171:
158:
1924:
1267:
1139:, likely due to the similarity of the flower's color to the vesture of
1022:
are up to 20 cm (8 in) long and 5 cm (2 in) broad,
946:
201:
1533:
Cardinal Flower – Spectacular
Scarlet Blossoms That Hummingbirds Adore
1091:
is red, and is primarily pollinated by the ruby-throated hummingbird (
1950:
1263:
1251:
1031:
1027:
966:
958:
1771:
1963:
1898:
1132:
1099:
1044:
1008:
119:
1546:
14 (3). online at
Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Accessed 23 May 2006.
1287:
1136:
1019:
1885:
1775:
1084:
1004:
1390:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017
957:
Campanulaceae native to the
Americas, from southeastern
1758:. Peterson Field Guides, Houghton, Mifflin 1990 edn.
1614:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 61
2229:
Plants used in traditional Native
American medicine
1784:
1667:"Lobelia collections Aquarium Plants Factory APF"
1332:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64317175A67729977.en
1234:contains a number of naturally-occurring, toxic
1083:has blue flowers and is primarily pollinated by
1202:'Mini', with small and compact green leaves.
8:
1744:. North Carolina State University Extension.
1562:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 244–.
1135:; the name 'cardinal flower' was in-use by
961:south through the eastern and southwestern
1772:
1638:Tropica Aquarium Plants (official website)
1131:was first introduced to Europe in the mid-
83:
61:
42:
31:
1509:
1330:
1026:to oval, featuring a toothed margin. The
1736:
1734:
1428:United States Department of Agriculture
1419:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1299:
833:(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) S.Watson
261:
1559:Taylor's Encyclopedia of Garden Plants
909:(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) C.Presl
885:(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) C.Presl
325:(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kuntze
293:(Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Kuntze
7:
2062:e5532815-8ec8-4d33-98d6-faa715f420a5
1446:
1444:
2209:IUCN Red List least concern species
1754:Foster, Steven and James A. Duke.
1452:"Lobelia cardinalis - Plant Finder"
1318:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
25:
2127:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:142115-2
1756:Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants
1726:Sacred Smudging in North America
1175:'Queen Victoria' has gained the
106:
1456:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
1:
1696:Www.TropicaAquariumPlants.com
1671:www.AquariumPlantsFactory.com
1424:Agricultural Research Service
809:Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
601:Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
2244:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1692:"Lobelia cardinalis 'Mini'"
1192:freshwater planted aquarium
1177:Royal Horticultural Society
1042:) flowers are also known.
2265:
2249:Flora of the United States
2214:NatureServe secure species
1556:Frances Tenenbaum (2003).
1498:American Journal of Botany
1388:Plants of the World Online
27:Species of flowering plant
1724:Guédon, Marie-Françoise.
1609:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1544:Plants & Gardens News
254:
247:
230:
223:
103:Scientific classification
101:
81:
59:
50:
41:
34:
2239:Plants described in 1753
1325:: e.T64317175A67729977.
1206:Medicinal and other uses
1059:is related to two other
1073:('Indian tobacco') and
981:Description and habitat
314:Dortmanna phyllostachya
282:Dortmanna engelmanniana
1728:, Walkabout Press 2000
1584:"RHS Plant Selector -
1531:Donaldson, C. (1999).
1307:Maiz-Tome, L. (2016).
1120:
1049:
1511:10.3732/ajb.90.9.1333
1361:. Arlington, Virginia
1181:Award of Garden Merit
1150:Growing and cultivars
1117:Columbia Co., Florida
1103:
1065:Eastern United States
1063:species found in the
1048:
898:Rapuntium longifolium
738:Lobelia phyllostachya
1742:"Lobelia cardinalis"
1634:"Lobelia cardinalis"
1353:NatureServe (2024).
1111:on the banks of the
1094:Archilochus colubris
874:Rapuntium cordigerum
746:Lobelia porphyrantha
306:Dortmanna longifolia
266:Dortmanna cardinalis
1226:As a member of the
1076:Lobelia siphilitica
906:Rapuntium splendens
890:Rapuntium gramineum
866:Rapuntium coccineum
858:Rapuntium cardinale
773:Otto & A.Dietr.
757:Otto & A.Dietr.
749:Decne. ex Groenland
722:Lobelia marryattiae
337:(J.McNab) H.St.John
322:Dortmanna splendens
274:Dortmanna cordigera
53:Conservation status
1816:Lobelia cardinalis
1786:Lobelia cardinalis
1586:Lobelia cardinalis
1538:2009-02-16 at the
1483:2007-10-11 at the
1477:Lobelia cardinalis
1412:Lobelia cardinalis
1383:Lobelia cardinalis
1357:Lobelia cardinalis
1311:Lobelia cardinalis
1280:dilation of pupils
1200:Lobelia cardinalis
1129:Lobelia cardinalis
1121:
1050:
986:Lobelia cardinalis
953:in the bellflower
931:Lobelia cardinalis
798:Lobelia schiedeana
714:Lobelia longifolia
534:Lobelia cardinalis
522:Lobelia cardinalis
510:Lobelia cardinalis
498:Lobelia cardinalis
486:Lobelia cardinalis
474:Lobelia cardinalis
462:Lobelia cardinalis
450:Lobelia cardinalis
438:Lobelia cardinalis
426:Lobelia cardinalis
414:Lobelia cardinalis
402:Lobelia cardinalis
390:Lobelia cardinalis
378:Lobelia cardinalis
366:Lobelia cardinalis
354:Lobelia cardinalis
342:Lobelia cardinalis
330:Lobelia cardinalis
298:Dortmanna graminea
234:Lobelia cardinalis
216:L. cardinalis
36:Lobelia cardinalis
2234:Flora of Colombia
2196:
2195:
2083:Open Tree of Life
1778:Taxon identifiers
1588:'Queen Victoria'"
1113:Ichetucknee River
927:
926:
918:
910:
902:
894:
886:
882:Rapuntium fulgens
878:
870:
862:
854:
846:
838:Lobelia splendens
834:
826:Lobelia splendens
822:
814:Lobelia splendens
810:
806:Lobelia splendens
802:
794:
786:
774:
766:
762:Lobelia propinqua
758:
750:
742:
734:
730:Lobelia mucronata
726:
718:
710:
702:
694:
693:(Engelm.) E.Wimm.
682:
670:
658:
650:
638:
626:
614:
602:
594:
586:Lobelia cordigera
582:
574:Lobelia cordigera
570:
562:Lobelia cordigera
558:
554:Lobelia cordigera
550:
542:
530:
518:
506:
494:
493:(Engelm.) McVaugh
482:
470:
458:
446:
434:
422:
410:
398:
386:
374:
362:
350:
338:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
290:Dortmanna fulgens
286:
278:
270:
96:
76:
16:(Redirected from
2256:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2103:
2091:
2090:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1993:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1953:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1901:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1773:
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1752:
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1745:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1688:
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1677:
1663:
1657:
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1619:
1613:
1605:
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1580:
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1529:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1493:
1487:
1474:Missouriplants:
1472:
1466:
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1463:
1462:
1448:
1439:
1438:
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1406:
1400:
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1371:
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1368:
1366:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1304:
1216:Penobscot people
1154:In cultivation,
993:herbaceous plant
916:
908:
900:
892:
884:
876:
868:
860:
852:
850:Lobelia texensis
844:
832:
820:
808:
800:
792:
785:(L.Nagy) E.Wimm.
784:
772:
764:
756:
754:Lobelia princeps
748:
740:
732:
724:
716:
708:
700:
692:
686:Lobelia graminea
681:(L.Nagy) E.Wimm.
680:
674:Lobelia graminea
668:
662:Lobelia graminea
656:
654:Lobelia graminea
648:
636:
624:
612:
600:
593:(Paxton) E.Wimm.
592:
581:(Paxton) E.Wimm.
580:
568:
556:
548:
546:Lobelia coccinea
540:
528:
516:
504:
492:
481:(Paxton) McVaugh
480:
468:
456:
445:(E.Wimm.) Bowden
444:
432:
420:
408:
396:
384:
372:
360:
348:
336:
324:
317:(Engelm.) Kuntze
316:
309:(C.Presl) Kuntze
308:
300:
292:
284:
276:
268:
236:
111:
110:
90:
87:
86:
70:
65:
64:
46:
32:
21:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2224:Flora of Mexico
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2070:Observation.org
2068:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2011:
2010:MichiganFlora:
2009:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1957:
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1700:
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1660:
1652:Dutch aquariums
1642:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
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1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
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1577:
1570:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:Wayback Machine
1530:
1526:
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1490:
1485:Wayback Machine
1473:
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1347:
1337:
1335:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1224:
1208:
1152:
1126:
1070:Lobelia inflata
1038:) and pink (f.
983:
971:Central America
951:flowering plant
936:cardinal flower
923:
778:Lobelia punicea
770:Lobelia punicea
717:(C.Presl) A.DC.
706:Lobelia kerneri
642:Lobelia fulgens
630:Lobelia fulgens
618:Lobelia fulgens
606:Lobelia fulgens
598:Lobelia fulgens
549:(Moench) Stokes
514:pseudosplendens
505:(Paxton) Bowden
260:
259:
243:
238:
232:
219:
105:
97:
88:
84:
77:
66:
62:
55:
28:
23:
22:
18:Cardinal flower
15:
12:
11:
5:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:wfo-0000814269
2177:
2167:
2157:
2144:
2131:
2118:
2105:
2092:
2079:
2066:
2056:
2043:
2030:
2017:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1903:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1854:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1806:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1747:
1730:
1717:
1708:
1683:
1658:
1625:
1600:
1575:
1568:
1548:
1524:
1504:(9): 1333–40,
1488:
1467:
1440:
1401:
1372:
1345:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1223:
1220:
1207:
1204:
1163:water source,
1151:
1148:
1141:Roman Catholic
1125:
1122:
1081:L. siphilitica
997:riparian zones
982:
979:
925:
924:
922:
921:
920:
919:
914:Tupa ignescens
911:
903:
895:
893:(Lam.) C.Presl
887:
879:
877:(Cav.) C.Presl
871:
863:
855:
847:
835:
823:
811:
803:
795:
790:Lobelia ramosa
787:
775:
767:
759:
751:
743:
735:
727:
719:
711:
703:
695:
683:
671:
659:
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639:
627:
615:
603:
595:
583:
571:
559:
551:
543:
531:
519:
507:
495:
483:
471:
459:
447:
435:
423:
421:(Lam.) McVaugh
411:
409:(Lam.) McVaugh
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
339:
327:
319:
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303:
295:
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117:
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112:
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98:
82:
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78:
60:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2261:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
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2204:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
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2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
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2110:
2106:
2102:
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2018:
2014:
2008:
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1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
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1939:
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1807:
1802:
1796:
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1787:
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1779:
1774:
1765:
1764:0-395-92066-3
1761:
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1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1589:
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1569:0-618-22644-3
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1232:L. cardinalis
1229:
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1089:L. cardinalis
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818:atrosanguinea
815:
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698:Lobelia ignea
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541:(Raf.) Rothr.
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385:(Cav.) Bowden
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301:(Lam.) Kuntze
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225:Binomial name
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192:Campanulaceae
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68:Least Concern
58:
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37:
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30:
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629:
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613:(Hook.) Voss
609:
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393:
389:
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358:angustifolia
357:
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329:
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305:
297:
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273:
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233:
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165:
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139:
126:
35:
29:
2034:NatureServe
1946:iNaturalist
1810:Wikispecies
1433:21 December
1286:, and even
1284:convulsions
1212:Zuni people
1196:aquascaping
1190:Within the
1013:aquatically
646:pyramidalis
578:marryattiae
454:integerrima
269:(L.) Kuntze
146:Angiosperms
93:NatureServe
2203:Categories
2170:WisFlora:
2101:kew-352312
2096:Plant List
1857:Calflora:
1461:2022-01-18
1394:2 December
1365:11 January
1294:References
1272:exhaustion
1264:salivation
1240:lobelanine
1169:cardinalis
1160:cardinalis
1109:cardinalis
1087:, whereas
1057:cardinalis
1024:lanceolate
1001:riverbanks
943:L. fulgens
861:(L.) Mill.
765:J.W.Loudon
666:intermedia
622:multiflora
590:multiflora
478:multiflora
394:glandulosa
1912:242413597
1593:2 October
1236:alkaloids
1144:Cardinals
1124:Etymology
990:perennial
634:propinqua
529:H.St.John
502:propinqua
457:Alph.Wood
442:hispidula
430:hispidula
397:N.Coleman
382:cordigera
373:Alph.Wood
210:Species:
182:Asterales
116:Kingdom:
2160:VASCAN:
2148:Tropicos
2039:2.153707
2003:64317175
1977:11058066
1964:142115-2
1801:Q1396837
1795:Wikidata
1618:25 March
1536:Archived
1520:21659233
1481:Archived
1276:weakness
1260:diarrhea
1256:vomiting
1248:symptoms
1244:lobeline
1222:Toxicity
1173:cultivar
975:Colombia
945:), is a
538:texensis
418:graminea
406:graminea
249:Synonyms
188:Family:
172:Asterids
159:Eudicots
73:IUCN 3.1
2219:Lobelia
2153:5502376
2021:MoBotPF
1925:5408269
1338:23 July
1268:fatigue
1230:genus,
1228:Lobelia
1061:Lobelia
1028:flowers
947:species
901:C.Presl
830:fulgens
782:kerneri
741:Engelm.
733:Engelm.
678:kerneri
669:E.Wimm.
569:E.Wimm.
566:fatalis
517:McVaugh
433:E.Wimm.
416:subsp.
370:candida
349:J.McNab
203:Lobelia
198:Genus:
178:Order:
120:Plantae
91: (
89:Secure
71: (
2109:PLANTS
2088:665771
2075:427530
2059:NZOR:
2026:278870
1886:577775
1850:242070
1824:AoFP:
1762:
1701:12 May
1676:12 May
1643:12 May
1566:
1518:
1252:nausea
1032:raceme
1020:leaves
1009:swamps
967:Mexico
959:Canada
955:family
934:, the
869:Moench
801:Heynh.
725:Paxton
709:L.Nagy
701:Paxton
649:Paxton
637:Paxton
625:Paxton
469:Bowden
285:Kuntze
2140:10394
2114:LOCA2
2052:76578
1990:34505
1972:IRMNG
1951:48038
1938:22456
1899:LOBCA
1873:3VRHJ
1860:10072
1834:APA:
1612:(PDF)
1133:1620s
1040:rosea
988:is a
917:Payer
845:Hook.
842:ignea
840:var.
828:var.
821:Hook.
816:var.
793:Burb.
780:var.
688:var.
664:var.
644:var.
632:var.
620:var.
588:var.
576:var.
564:var.
536:var.
526:rosea
512:var.
500:var.
488:var.
476:var.
464:var.
452:var.
428:var.
404:var.
392:var.
368:var.
361:Vatke
356:var.
344:var.
166:Clade
153:Clade
140:Clade
127:Clade
2173:4100
2163:4182
2122:POWO
2047:NCBI
1998:IUCN
1985:ITIS
1959:IPNI
1933:GRIN
1920:GBIF
1894:EPPO
1845:APNI
1837:1333
1827:3462
1760:ISBN
1703:2024
1678:2024
1645:2024
1620:2018
1595:2020
1564:ISBN
1516:PMID
1435:2017
1396:2020
1367:2024
1340:2023
1323:2016
1288:coma
1242:and
1210:The
1194:and
1137:1629
1085:bees
1036:alba
1018:The
1005:bogs
969:and
940:syn.
853:Raf.
657:Lam.
557:Cav.
346:alba
334:alba
258:List
2181:WFO
2135:RHS
2013:703
1907:FNA
1881:EoL
1868:CoL
1506:doi
1385:L."
1327:doi
1290:.
1183:.
1179:'s
1097:).
1007:or
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676:f.
608:f.
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75:)
20:)
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